Chapter 1 Artificial Intelligence ( Ai )

Human Resource Management & Psychology| 2019 CHAPTER 1 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) Fadillah Ismail1, Adnan Ali Hassan al Hosaini2,Chan Shiau Wei3, Rumaizah Ruslan4, Khadijah Maulad Bahrol5 1,2,3,4,5 Faculty of Technology Management and Business, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 1.0 CONCEPT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE “Artificial intelligence” is a synthetic term which – due to its suggestive potential – has caused many misunderstandings and false expectations. Its origin can be traced back to the year 1956. This year was important in many aspects. For example, the book “Automata Studies” came out, compiling now famous articles in the field of cybernetics (Shannon & McCarthy, 1956). Since the first appearance of the words “artificial intelligence”, usually associated with John McCarthy’s 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Project, interest in the topic and research into the development of intelligent machines has seen several ups and downs. Artificial intelligence (AI) is an important technology that supports daily social life and economic activities. It contributes greatly to the sustainable growth of Japan’s economy and solves various social problems (Lu, Li, Chen, Kim, Serikawa, 2018). Artificial intelligence refers to the ability of a computer or a computer-enabled robotic system to process information and produce outcomes in a manner similar to the thought process of humans in learning, decision making and solving problems (Intelligence, 2017). By extension, the goal of AI systems is to develop systems capable of tacking complex problems in ways similar to human logic and reasoning. 1 ISBN 978-967-2306-31-3 | 2019 Besides that, according to Shukla Shubhendu & Vijay (2013), artificial intelligence is the study of thoughts that convey into being machines that react to incitement predictable with conventional reactions from people, given the human limit with respect to examination, judgment and expectation. Each such machine ought to take part in basic evaluation and determination of contrasting suppositions inside itself. Delivered by human expertise and work, these machines should act in concurrence with life, soul and sensitivity, however as a general rule, they are impersonations. AI replaces labor in tasks that it used to perform. This displacement effect tends to reduce the demand for labor and wages. But it is counteracted by a productivity effect, resulting from the cost savings generated by automation, which increase the demand for labor in non-automated tasks (Acemoglu & Restrepo, 2018). In certain books and writers likewise expound on AI that the expression "artificial intelligence" is characterized as frameworks that consolidate modern equipment and programming with expand databases and learning based handling models to show qualities of effective human decision making. The criteria for artificial systems incorporate the accompanying:  Functional: the system must be equipped for playing out the capacity for which it has been structured;  Able to manufacture: the system must be equipped for being made by existing producing forms;  Design able: the structure of the system must be conceivable by originators working in their social setting; and  Marketable: the system must be seen to work well for some reason enough, when contrasted with contending approaches, to warrant its structure and manufacture. Artificial intelligence significantly diminishes or takes out the hazard to people in numerous applications. Powerful artificial intelligence reasoning programming serves to completely build up the high accuracy machine abilities of robots, regularly liberating them from direct human control and boundlessly improving their efficiency. At the point when a robot cooperates with a luxuriously populated and variable world, it utilizes it faculties to assemble information and afterward contrast the sources of info and desires that are imbed in its reality display. Along these lines, the adequacy of the robot is 2 Human Resource Management & Psychology| 2019 constrained by the precision to which its programming models this present reality. 1.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF AI AND ITS APPLICATION AT WORKPLACE Artificial intelligence also has a lot of importance in business. It is mostly used in the area of logistics by shipping companies to ensure they have the ability to move various cargo they are dealing with in the most appropriate fashion. Through the proper installation of a computer system, it can direct and monitor the movement of thousands of cargoes in various parts of the world, to the point that they have the ability to reach the desired destination in time and make the particular company involved in such a case quite competitive. An example of such companies is the Port Botany container terminal found in Sydney, Australia (Modgil & Prakken, 2013). What the system puts in place can monitor various cargo that moves around to different destinations to ensure they have the ability to meet the needs of the different clients who could be in need of their products. The process aids in the proper movement of such products quite efficiently, given the fact that any problems that may be identified in the same could be dealt with in a way that would help ensure success. Through the use of artificial intelligence, logistics and shipping companies have the ability to identify any mishaps that could have happened in the supply chain for the purpose of increasing the chances of the best outcomes on some of the actions they would have put in place to achieve success. The finance and banking industry also make use of artificial intelligence to ensure they have the ability to monitor various activities that take place. Through the process, they can assess the different issues to make sure that suspicious acts such as fraud do not take place. Systems put in place are bound to look for the various malpractices that individuals could be involved in and obliged to bring in some problems about different forms of losses that companies could make at the end (Nadimpalli, 2017). Through the given case, there is a chance that they can help reduce the possibility of losses that the institutions could make. The process also contributes to strengthening the case of trading to ensure it goes on in a manner that would be desirable in the case of increasing the chances of better outcomes, about the different activities with which they are involved. Through such an action, the industry is also able to retain some level of sanity through ensuring other sectors that depend on finance are not put at 3 ISBN 978-967-2306-31-3 | 2019 risk. The various amounts of money that investors could have brought in place could be used in the most desirable manner, in the case of ensuring that they do not predispose them to additional losses that would otherwise be handled for the general success of other industries. Artificial intelligence has also been of great benefit about standardization. As customer awareness becomes more enhanced in various parts of the world, the need for the increase in the quality of products given out by different companies has also been of the essence. Through the particular case, companies have become obliged to ensure the various goods and products they put in place have the ability to attract and even retain many customers. One of the best methods that companies have had to rely on is the case of ensuring they have the potential to provide goods that are standardized (Jones, 2008). Through the process, they have a high possibility to retain the very element of success on having some level of consistency with the different products they put out on the market. Such an action is quite imperative as it increases the chances of the best outcomes of having products that meet the various quality dimensions put into place for the purpose of having benefits to customers. Companies, therefore, make use of artificial intelligence to increase the level of standardization they carry out on their products for the case of improving the chances of having the best outcomes. Artificial intelligence has also been put into use in areas that would be of great harm to human life. The case, therefore, ensures that companies have the ability to protect the lives of different people who work for them through the process of substituting human subjects with artificial intelligence (Dreyfus, 1992). One of the areas in which such a case is applied is in the mining industry. Some of the underground mines are usually quite dangerous for human subjects. In such a case, mining companies have been able to create vehicles and machines that can operate underground without being manned by people. In the event of any accidents such as the collapse of the walls of the mines, the different equipment used in the process of mining could be damaged, but the general lives of different people involved in the activities could be well-preserved. Some mining companies combine the use of both human and artificial intelligence for the purpose of attaining the kind of outcomes that would be desirable towards having the best outcomes as they relate to protecting the general lives of various individuals who regularly work in the mining industry (Hovy, Navigli & Ponzetto, 2013). The use of such systems is also critical as it helps to assess the general situation found in the inner parts of the world. Through the given case, they can 4 Human Resource Management & Psychology| 2019 clearly identify some of the problems that could be associated with the inner parts of the ground for the purpose of increasing the chances for the best outcomes. The process also has a chance of showing some of the actions that the company could do to provide safe strategies for different employees who work in the mines, with a view to reducing the chances of harm. 1.2 IMPACT OF AI In spite of enthusiastic interest regarding the AI revolution in policy circles, there is a lag in the economic research of AI and robotics. Currently, there are two types of studies on this subject: 1) theoretical arguments from the viewpoint of growth theory and 2) inferences from past innovations voiced by labour economists. In the field of growth theory, the “singularity” hypothesis has been widely discussed. According to a standard endogenous growth model, if AI and robots increasingly replace labour, then capital share will rise, and the economic growth rate will accelerate. If AI and robots were to completely replace labour, growth rates would explode (Fernald & Jones, 2014). However, using economic growth theory and available data, Nordhaus (2015) conducted several calculations whether we are rapidly approaching to singularity and concluded that we will not reach this point in the near future. In the field of labour economics, substitution of human labour by AI and robots is hotly discussed. Although this discussion is a natural extension of numerous studies on the relationship between ICT and labour, the estimation by Frey & Osborne (2013) on the number of jobs at risk to be replaced by future computerization, including advances in Machine Learning (ML) and Mobile Robotics (MR) has attracted the attention of media and policy practitioners to this issue. According to Frey & Osborne (2013), roughly 47 percent of the total US employment is at risk for computerization. However, according to Autor (2015), automation and technological progress has not led to the obsolescence of human labour. In fact, automation and labour are highly complementary, particularly for employees that are adaptable, creative, and solutions-oriented. Based on the historical lessons learned since the Industrial Revolution, Mokyr, Vickers, & Ziebarth (2015) argues that computers and robots will create new products and services and that these product innovations will result in unimaginable new occupations. 5 ISBN 978-967-2306-31-3 | 2019 1.3 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Without venturing into the limit less territory of specialized determinations, recorded beneath are bits of knowledge into the upsides and downsides of man-made brainpower. Like everything else in reality, man-made consciousness accompanies it’s very a lot of points of interest and drawbacks. Its preferences influence its benefactors to swear by it, and its weaknesses help the cynic get progressively vocal about their contentions. 1.3.1 PROS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE The influence of AI over the market has eventually enhanced and the pattern is going to be increasing in the next few years (Dasoriyaa, Rajpopat, Jamar & Maurya (2018). The relentless and repetitive errand is getting supplanted by occupation replication utilizing mechanized robots and machines (Anon, 2017). It has made the specialists work progressively agreeable and quicker as the electronic wellbeing reports will be used. It helps in giving prior determination. It diminishes the expense. Indeed, the medical procedure should be possible with the guide of robots. In the event that it is finished with robots, at that point more exactness and shorter medical clinic stays can be accomplished. Radio Surgery can be used to work the tumours (Kumar, Kharkwal, Kohli, & Choudhary, 2016). Fraud Detection should be possible in banks which can guarantee security. Face identification can be utilized in cameras when the banks are shut, and at whatever point it distinguishes any individual, it will send a notice to the administrator, ring the caution or call the police. Space investigation should be possible utilizing wise robots. They are fit for existing in the threatening condition of the space. So it won't be an issue for bots to make due in the territory for a considerable length of time which isn't same in the instance of people. While playing a PC diversion, we are managing brilliant bots which are pre-customized for every one of the moves. Numerous such sets are accessible in the market where the arrangements are predefined as per the conditions. Emotional suppositions are missing in the bots which give them an edge over people. This causes them to think intelligently and settle on choices judiciously. They can be utilized for doing hazardous errands by modifying different parameters including time and speed. It can help them to act rapidly which isn't for the situation of people. With the assistance of AI, it is feasible for an understudy who is sick to go to the class basically. 6 Human Resource Management & Psychology| 2019 1.3.2 CONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Artificial Intelligence is limiting the human efforts and is trying to diminish the human intercession to immaterial. This would remove the occupations and would lead to joblessness which is certainly not something to be thankful for. Most of the things are computerized. Like the one in the PC diversion. By playing it for quite a while, we can make sense of the deficiencies in the diversion and play the amusement in like manner. This mechanized framework, for the present, is restricted to the gaming framework. Samsung in the coming cell phone arrangement thought of an iris scanner highlight. It distinguishes the iris of the client and at that point opens the telephone. Numerous programmers utilized a hack for it as well. They snapped a photo of the individual from a separation of 5 meters and afterward made a print of it on a plastic covered sheet and voila, the telephone got opened. Along these lines, this is the ticket finding a hack automatically can harm the security concern. This hacking can be a security issue; be that as it may, the cell phone was not sufficiently brilliant to recognize between an individual and a plastic-covered sheet. This leads to a downside in the field of AI. In this world, the necessities are evolving constantly and to adapt up to this changes; the software engineers should be refreshed with the innovation. This overhaul would include high upkeep and fix cost. Many individuals think about knowledge as nature's blessing. They imagine that it isn't right and ought not to be utilized or introduced in a machine to make it fill in as we need for our advantage. When people will in general do work, they make sense of the little traps and increase some involvement while working which is not in the situation of bots or robotized machines. They are simply made to take a shot at their own without adapting any new abilities. While performing medical procedure, human's feelings are included up to a little degree. However, when machines convey out their capacities, no assessments are appended. They do not know the morals and different ideals of this present reality which may end up being a hindrance. Elon Musk, prime supporter and CEO of Tesla Inc., is known for his cutting edge vision (Dowd, 2017). He conceives that Artificial Insight ought to scare us since it might prompt the obliteration of humankind and can be unsafe to the people in the coming time. He even looks at the Man-made consciousness to Apocalypse. Many actualities that are given by the artificial insight frameworks probably won't be correct (Hulburt, 2017). In this way, it isn't conceivable to be solid on every one of the focuses that are referenced by the System. 7 ISBN 978-967-2306-31-3 | 2019 1.4 CONCLUSION The field of artificial intelligence is genuinely a captivating one. In the same way as other new advances, AI is changing our lives each day. It is very conceivable that the not so distant future will convey keen machines to make life increasingly helpful and agreeable for us all. Albeit some may contend something else, there is no compelling reason to fear man-made reasoning. Like every single other machine, AI machines do what human software engineers instruct them to do. There is, in any case, a need to comprehend AI, for it is through understanding that we can make the AI innovation generally helpful. While master frameworks can be very useful to people, there are undertakings that present master frameworks basically can't achieve. To come back to our past precedent, the spell checking utility can check mechanics of an article. In any case, it can't check extremely vital parts of an article, for example, substance and rationale. Along these lines, it is just an imperceptibly accommodating editor. It would be a significantly more equipped editor in the event that it could distinguish intelligent weaknesses, etc. To do as such, a specialist framework must probably make psychological associations between items. Simulated intelligence simply completed with its time of early stages. It has repercussions that yet stay obscure to everybody. The exertion and research can bring the astonishing advancements. There are additionally results which can't be anticipated when the PC starts to have a problem solving attitude. A PC can be utilized in various ways relying upon the client's needs. REFERENCES Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2018). Artificial Intelligence, Automation and Work. doi:10.3386/w24196 Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/ pros-cons-artificial-intelligence-mikefekety [Accessed 13 Dec. 2017]. Autor, David H. (2015), “Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 3-30. Dasoriya, R., Rajpopat, J., Jamar, R., & Maurya, M. (2018). The Uncertain Future of Artificial Intelligence. 2018 8th International Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science & Engineering (Confluence).doi:10.1109/confluence. 2018.8442945 8 Human Resource Management & Psychology| 2019 Dowd, M. (2017). Elon Musk’s Billion-Dollar Crusade to Stop the A.I. Apocalypse. [online] The Hive. Available at: https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/03/elon-musk-billiondollarcrusade-to-stop-ai-space-x [Accessed 13 Dec. 2017]. Dreyfus, H. L. (1992). What computers still can't do: A critique of artificial reason. MIT press. Fernald, John G. and Charles I. Jones (2014), “The Future of US Economic Growth,” American Economic Review, Vol. 104, No. 5, pp. 44-49. Frey, Carl Benedikt and Michael A. Osborne (2013), “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?” Oxford Martin School. Hovy, E., Navigli, R., & Ponzetto, S. P. (2013). Collaboratively built semi-structured content and Artificial Intelligence: The story so far. Artificial Intelligence, 194, 2-27. Hurlburt, G., 2017. How Much to Trust Artificial Intelligence?. IT Professional, 19(4), pp.7-11. Intelligence, A. (2017). Robotics-2017. Leveraging artificial intelligence and robotics for sustainable growth. Jones, M. T. (2008). Artificial intelligence: a systems approach. Laxmi Publications, Ltd.. Kumar, N., Kharkwal, N., Kohli, R. and Choudhary, S., 2016, February. Ethical aspects and future of artificial intelligence. In Innovation and Challenges in Cyber Security (ICICCS-INBUSH), 2016 International Conference on (pp. 111-114). IEEE. Lu, H., Li, Y., Chen, M., Kim, H., & Serikawa, S. (2017). Brain Intelligence: Go beyond Artificial Intelligence. Mobile Networks and Applications, 23(2), 368– 375.doi:10.1007/s11036-017-0932-8 Modgil, S., & Prakken, H. (2013). A general account of argumentation with preferences. Artificial Intelligence, 195, 361-397. Mokyr, J., Vickers, C., & Ziebarth, N.L. (2015), “The History of Technological Anxiety and the Future of Economic Growth: Is This Time Different?” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 31-50. Nadimpalli, M. (2017). Artificial intelligence risks and benefits. Artificial intelligence, 6(6). Nordhaus, William D. (2015), “Are We Approaching an Economic Singularity? Information Technology and the Future of Economic Growth,” NBER Working Paper, No. 21547. Shannon, C. E., & McCarthy, J. (1956). Automata studies: annals of mathematical studies (34). Princeton, NJ. 9 ISBN 978-967-2306-31-3 | 2019 Shukla Shubhendu, S., & Vijay, J. (2013). Applicability of Artificial Intelligence in Different Fields of Life. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research, 1(1), 28-35. 10