Zero Waste Pandansimo Master Plan, A Green Urban Design Approach

Arte-Polis 5 Intl Conference – Reflections on Creativity: Public Engagement and the Making of Place 1 Zero Waste Pandansimo Master Plan, A Green Urban Design Approach Arif KUSUMAWANTO1, Ferdy SABONO2, Zulaikha Budi ASTUTI3 1 Associate Professor at Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, University of Gadjah Mada. 2 Master Student at Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, University of Gadjah Mada. 3 Researcher at Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, University of Gadjah Mada. INDONESIA [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Zero waste concepts pursue people to do active process in the waste management by applying the principle of 3R: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. It supports the objective of sustainable design to meet social and economic needs through architecture while minimizing the impacts to the environment. This is the chance of architects and urban planners to take part for helping urban areas to ga in better quality of life. “Pantai Baru Pandansimo” in Bantul Yogyakarta is a developing marine tourist area. It has a beautiful landscape of touristic area because of the Casuarina plantation which brings comfort microclimate. It is attracting people to come and enjoy this beach. In this development phase, waste generation are shown. To solve the problems, the villagers found a community development group to organize themselves in managing the beach, Gadjah Mada University proposed green urban design for the new master plan, and Bantul Regency fully supports the implementation of research results in their annual programs. Although the implementation of the master plan has not completed yet, the public engagement is intensively attached in this process Keywords: Zero Waste Concepts, Master Plan, Green Urban Design, Public Engagement. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, waste is one of the causes of environmental damage in the various regions. The high rate population growth will produce more waste comparing to the period before. In a touristic area, the more it can attract visitors, the more garbage is generated. Pantai Baru is the coastal area that is recently developed as a marine tourist site in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Province. It has new image of the landscape, the activities of the villagers, and the renewable energy implementation which have attracted more people to come. The number of visitors has increased yearly, in 2010: 36.004 people and in 2012 it becomes 129.848 people. Zero Waste Pandansimo Master Plan, A Green Urban Design Approach. Arif KUSUMAWANTO, Ferdy SABONO, Zulaikha Budi ASTUTI. Arte-Polis 5 Intl Conference – Reflections on Creativity: Public Engagement and the Making of Place 2 Pantai Baru recently faces waste problems. The increasing number of waste is happened due to the increasing number of visitors. Lack of handling and processing waste management, supply of physical facilities, and minimum provision of dumpster’s supplied in case of quantity, condition and capacity of trash, lead to the accumulation of wastes. In order to create a better area of Pantai Baru, a master plan is proposed. It is an approach through design praxis and spatial analysis to help people manage the waste easier. The circulation system and street networks are designed to be wellconnected to support waste mobility from the produce points to the waste handle infrastructures. The zero waste concepts will put added value into the waste to be new products to support the villager’s daily activities. The process of designing the master plan has involved the villagers, the government of Bantul Regency, and the researchers from Gadjah Mada University. The villagers as the main roles for the development are cooperative to have idea sharing about their concern to the beach developments. It is supported by the Bantul Regency who accommodates the villagers and the researchers to implement the master plan concepts. The engagement of those three stakeholders determines the successfully of the master plan implementation. ZERO WASTE CONCEPTS Definition of zero waste according to the Zero Waste International Alliance (2004) is: “a goal that is ethical, economical, efficiently and visionary, to guide people in changing their lifestyles and practices to emulate sustainable natural cycles, where all discarded materials are designed to become resources for others to use. Zero Waste means designing and managing products and processes to systematically avoid and eliminate the volume and toxicity of waste and materials, conserve and recover all resources, and not burn or bury them. Implementing Zero Waste will eliminate all discharges to land, water or air that are a threat to planetary, human, animal or plant health.”. The application of the concept of zero waste in the 3R General Guidelines Settlements and Regions are divided into two methods, those are: (1) handling of waste should no longer be based solely on the collection activity of transport and garbage disposal and (2) handling of household waste and the region area is expected to implement the minimization efforts by reducing, reusing and recycling waste generated. There are some cities who has implemented zero waste concepts in their solid waste management city, those are: San Francisco, Stockholm, and Adelaide. According to research which is conducted by Zaman and Lehman (2013), San Francisco becomes closest to achieving zero waste than the other two cities due to its emphasis on reusing solid waste. San Francisco has struggled to involve all of the citizens in order to separate the trash and recycle all of possible trash which still can be source for other goods. GREEN URBAN DESIGN Green urban design is formulated by Kyushu University as Sustainable Habitat System in a mathematic model as in Figure 1 below. It is a simple model of T=WD. Zero Waste Pandansimo Master Plan, A Green Urban Design Approach. Arif KUSUMAWANTO, Ferdy SABONO, Zulaikha Budi ASTUTI. Arte-Polis 5 Intl Conference – Reflections on Creativity: Public Engagement and the Making of Place 3 Figure 1. the theory of T= W - D Source: Kawase (2007) The result of this green urban design theory is Throughput which theoretically should be reached at maximum results. To reach this condition, the Welfare value should be at a maximal condition which is influenced by safety, relief, health, and comfort. The impact of the urban design should be at the minimum level especially to environmental damage which is influenced by Life Cycle Energy, Life Cycle CO2, and Life Cycle Cost. Car-free zone, pedestrian area and biking area are the implementation of the green urban concepts. It reduces energy consumption, air pollution and makes people healthier. To encourage people want to walk, the walkable and compact area should be designed. The using of renewable energy is contributed to the reducing environmental damage however the safety methods should be the first concern in the implementation. The waste recycling process will protect earth from several pollutions and provide new useful products for human daily life. The balance should be kept in order to achieve safety, relief, healthy, and comfort as the welfare indicators. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM Sustainable tourism is defined by the United Nations World Tourism Organization as tourism that delivers positive economic, social and environmental outcomes with consideration to the needs of the visitor, industry, community, and environment. It is the respond of tourist development nowadays which always brings impacts to its area itself. Sustainable tourism has been derived from the sustainability definition of Brundtland Report (1987) as tourism that meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. Sustainable tourism should involve economic aspect: sustainable tourism projects should be profitable and provide jobs for the local economy in short and long term, social aspect: sustainable tourism should be acceptable to the majority of people who live in the area (including promoters, employers and local community), and environment aspect: sustainable tourism aims to safeguard the environment from its own intrinsic value and as a resource for tourism. Sustainable tourism is difficult to be achieved in the implementation. Though, Dumbraveanu (2004) concluded that sustainable tourism theory is useful in to planning for tourism activities. Zero Waste Pandansimo Master Plan, A Green Urban Design Approach. Arif KUSUMAWANTO, Ferdy SABONO, Zulaikha Budi ASTUTI. Arte-Polis 5 Intl Conference – Reflections on Creativity: Public Engagement and the Making of Place 4 Public Engagement in the Master Plan of Pandansimo Baru Beach Proposing Process Due to the willingness of the villagers to have developing beach area in a longest time, the villagers are really concerning to their beach development. They do realize that clean and comfort beach is the main points to keep visitors coming. They do realize that tourism industry will generate economic welfare and they do realize that tourist industry also can destroy their investment if mismanagement is happened. Pantai Baru beach at the beginning is a renewable energy park as the research area of energy hybrid by National Research Agency. In this remote coastal area a neighborhood is exist and have an energy distribution problems. As the agriculture villages, most of the villagers have livestock which can produce renewable energy through biogas processing of the manure. At the next development, people start to visit this beach for leisure and enjoy sea food which served by the villagers who opened restaurants. There is a new energy demand for cooking in the restaurants’ kitchens which can be supported by the biogas energy. Since at that time, the green behavior has been attached in the villagers’ daily activities. When the waste problems came, the researchers and the villagers have depth discussion to solve the problems. Both of them identified the waste generation based on the land use system. This area consists of the housing area (3,5 Ha) has been inhabited by 30 houses of villagers who work as fisherman or farmer or tourist entrepreneur. This housing area produce 585 L per day of household garbage in average and 87,75 L per day of plastic garbage. The livestock complex (1,7 Ha) consists of 120 cow-houses which produces manure for 400 L per day. The open green area (12 Ha) consists of paddy’s fields which produce organic garbage. There are also fish ponds which cultivate by the villagers to produce freshwater fishes. The tourist area (6,8 Ha) consists of renewable energy complex and the beach which generates plastic garbage: 128,7 L per day, organic waste from the restaurants: 105 L per day, and leaves waste: 264 L per day. Figure 2. existing condition of Pandansimo Baru Beach Source: overlay on Google Earth 2014 Zero Waste Pandansimo Master Plan, A Green Urban Design Approach. Arif KUSUMAWANTO, Ferdy SABONO, Zulaikha Budi ASTUTI. Arte-Polis 5 Intl Conference – Reflections on Creativity: Public Engagement and the Making of Place 5 According to zero waste concepts, waste is new sources for another product. From the waste identification and territory identification, waste of Casuarina leaves can be recycled as compost fertilizer (Darmawi, 2013). Waste of fish bones and shrimp skins can be recycled to be fish food. The fish food can supply the demand of fish food in this area since some villagers also cultivated ground fish to supply the restaurants (Fitriyani, 2013). The socialization of recycling process of leaves waste and fish waste has been done in 2013. The villagers are intensively participated. Figure 3. the socialization of recycling leaves waste and fish waste Afterward, the villagers agree to provide a place to do recycle of leaves waste and the Government will provide the machine to process the compost. Today, the implementation and procurement is still in process. The fish waste has attracted one of the villagers to collect the waste and process it to be fish food individually. The small amount of fish waste is difficult to be processed by group therefore the existence of individual recycler will help the area from the pollution of fish waste. In sum, if Pantai Baru is recycling the waste, all of leaves waste can be composted, an-organic waste can be sold, and 60% of fish waste can be changed to be fish food. The waste reduction can be reached significantly (see Diagram 1). Diagram 1. graphic of waste production with and without management Source: Sabono (2013), Darmawi (2013), Fitriyani (2013) To adopt the villagers needs and to have well-managed waste, a master plan is proposed. Based on the architectural analysis, there are some physicals elements which forming this area to be green based on zero waste concepts. Those are: land use, waste management, green open space, signage, and car-free zone. (1) Land Use is considering the land proportion for waste processing. The existence of this facility will create a new attraction for Pandansimo Baru Beach and enhance its Zero Waste Pandansimo Master Plan, A Green Urban Design Approach. Arif KUSUMAWANTO, Ferdy SABONO, Zulaikha Budi ASTUTI. Arte-Polis 5 Intl Conference – Reflections on Creativity: Public Engagement and the Making of Place 6 education tourism. (2) Waste management is including waste buns facilities, waste separating house, composting house, and the system to collect the waste. (3) Green open space and vegetation as the dominant elements in the area represent the green concepts. (4) Signage and marker elements to inform the visitors about the site including waste disposal locations and the zero waste concepts which is implemented in this area (5) Car-free zone is including street networking which separates the hard modes, soft modes, and pedestrian. Parking facilities accommodates the consequence of car-free area. The pedestrian path is designed as the main lines which will provoke people to do more walk. To support the pedestrian path, in the surrounding line will be put bench for resting and waste bins every 50 meter. The layout of master plan can be seen on the Figure 4 below. Figure 4. master plan of Pandansimo Baru Beach Source: Sabono (2013) The master plan concept has been socialized to the villagers and Bantul Regency. In July 2013, the Head of Bantul Regency and the Dean of Faculty of Engineering of Gadjah Mada University declared Pantai Baru Pandansimo as Zero Waste Area. Figure 5. socialization of the master plan concept to the villagers and the declaration of Pantai Baru Pandansimo as zero waste area by The Head of Bantul Regency in July 2013 Source: Sabono (2013) After the declaration ceremony, Bantul Regency put some information posters to warn visitors to take care of their trashes. They also put more trash baskets in the beach to avoid trash strewn. The villagers especially the tourist entrepreneur has put Zero Waste Pandansimo Master Plan, A Green Urban Design Approach. Arif KUSUMAWANTO, Ferdy SABONO, Zulaikha Budi ASTUTI. Arte-Polis 5 Intl Conference – Reflections on Creativity: Public Engagement and the Making of Place 7 more attention to the fish waste which has been discarded separately to be collected by the head of kampong who will recycle it. GREEN URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS ON PANDANSIMO BARU BEACH Although the master plan has not applied completely, there are some advantages of green and zero waste concepts which can be fruit filled by this area. In order to examine how green is the master plan of Pantai Baru Pandansimo, here is its qualitative analysis. The examination will be according to Kawase (2007), the theory of green urban design. Table 1 is the resume. Table 1. T= W-D resume for Pandansimo Baru Beach (qualitatively) T = W-D Welfare > Damage W= Welfare Sa: Safety The pedestrian path will make this area safer for walking and the existence of Casuarina trees will make this area safer from wind and abrasion. More (+) R: Relief The culinary areas will attract visitors to enjoy the food and bring economic values and the using of renewable energy will reduce the amount of money to provide gasoline. More (+) H: Health The number of waste will be reduced by applying the zero waste concepts in the master plan and encouraging people to do walk in the tourist area will make the air quality fresher. More (+) C: Comfort Doing leisure in this area will bring more comfort. Less air pollution and land pollution from the waste. The existence of Casuarina trees will create shadow which makes the area cooler. More (+) Se: Sense This tourist area will give opportunity to the people to have social contacts. More (+) D: Environmental damage. Life Cycle Energy By walking, the energy of motor vehicle can be safe. It is cheap and healthy. Less The renewable energy available will bring this area to the sustainable energy stage. (-) Life Cycle CO2 By processing the waste becomes fertilizer compost and other products will reduce the CH4 and CO2 productions. Less Life Cycle Cost Environment cost is lesser since the reduction of pollution number. Less (-) (-) Qualitatively, each element of the zero waste concepts on the master plan of Pandansimo Baru Beach contributes on the increasing number of welfare components and the reducing number of environmental damage. CONCLUSIONS The proposing of a master plan should involve the stakeholders in order to understand the area better, to know the problems and to meet it with the solvers. The villagers are attached in the design process from planning until action phase and the government has fully supported the process. The master plan will guide the waste management process which based on the 3R principles. Based on the architectural analysis, there are some physicals elements which forming this area to be green based on zero waste concepts. Those are: land Zero Waste Pandansimo Master Plan, A Green Urban Design Approach. Arif KUSUMAWANTO, Ferdy SABONO, Zulaikha Budi ASTUTI. Arte-Polis 5 Intl Conference – Reflections on Creativity: Public Engagement and the Making of Place 8 use, waste management, green open space, signage, and car-free zone. Through this forming, the waste reduction is predicted for 60% while for the homogenous waste such as manure and Casuarina leaves can totally be recycled. The green urban design analysis (Kawase, 2007) on this master plan qualitatively shows that the welfare shows higher condition and the environmental damage is lesser. This master plan can be considered as design praxis to achieve sustainable tourism area. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors acknowledge Indonesian Ministry of Education for the research fund in the scheme of Comprehensive Research 2013. Acknowledgement is addressed to Faculty of Engineering of Gadjah Mada University, Department of Architecture and Planning Faculty of Engineering of Gadjah Mada University, Bantul Regency for the research collaboration, and the villagers of Pantai Baru Pandansimo. BIBLIOGRAPHY DARMAWI, Ahmad (2013) Composting process of Casuarina Leaves as an Effort to create Zero Waste Area in Pandansimo Baru Beach. Yogyakarta: Unpublished Thesis of Magister of Engineering System of Gadjah Mada University DUMBRAVEANU, Daniela (2004) Principles and Practice of Sustainable Tourism Planning. Part of Publication in Strategia de ecoturism a Romaniei: cadru theoretic de dezvoltare, Minmisterul Transporturilor, Constructiilor si Tursimului, Autoritatea Nationala pentru Turism: Bucuresti, Romania Pitoreasca FITRIYANI, Rizky (2013) Recycling Fish Bones Wastes as Fish Food to to create Zero Waste Area in Pandansimo Baru Beach. Yogyakarta: Unpublished Thesis of Magister of Engineering System of Gadjah Mada University KAWASE, Hiroshi (2007) Architecture of Habitat System for Sustainable Development. International Symposium, The 21st century COE Program, December 2007, p.1-2. KUSUMAWANTO, Arif and MILLATI, Ria (2013) The Implementation of Zero Waste Concepts in the Development Stage of Pandansimo Baru Beach. Yogyakrta: Unpublished Research Report of Research and Development Council of Gadjah Mada University SABONO, Ferdy (2013) Perancangan Konsep Zero Waste pada Master Plan Panta Baru Pandansimo. 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