Sampaloc's Sacred Ground: The Franciscan Backstory (1613-1918)
Martin Gaerlan2014
visibility
…
description
16 pages
link
1 file
The Most Holy Trinity Church of Balic-Balic, Sampaloc, Manila, stands on the former sacred ground of Cementerio Balic-Balic (1890-1918) built by Friar Ramon Caviedas OFM (*1849-1918). This book, the first of a two book project, attempts to situate the history of the Most Holy Trinity Church within the context of Fr. Ramon's life and Sampaloc's Franciscan heritage. This study includes archival, photographic, and cartographic materials about Sampaloc's beginnings as a Franciscan convent in 1613 climaxing with the Battle of Balic-Balic during the Philippine American War (1899) and the closure of Manila's Spanish colonial cemeteries (1913-1918).
Sign up for access to the world's latest research.
checkGet notified about relevant papers
checkSave papers to use in your research
checkJoin the discussion with peers
checkTrack your impact
Related papers
Where is Sampaloc? Cartographic Reflections At the Edges of Spanish and American Colonial Manila
2013
Where is Sampaloc? This paper attempts to answer this question primarily from the use of selected cartographic details taken from historical maps produced during the Spanish and early American colonial period (dated from 1779 to 1903). Specifically, this paper explores the possible reasons why the Franciscan friars chose a particular spot in Sampaloc to build their convent in 1613 and how this area developed as a center of Filipino Franciscan lay spirituality and grew as a parish at the edge or outskirts of Manila. The change in Sampaloc’s boundary brought about by the armed collision of the Spanish and American colonial powers (1898-1903) will be discussed especially in terms of Sampalocs’ role in the Spanish defensive plan for the city of Manila. Finally, this paper will show how the so called “Primo de Rivera Line” was used by the Americans to change the boundary of Sampaloc and Manila.
BIOGRAPHICAL CATALOGUE OF THE RELIGIOUS FRANCISCAN PROVINCE OF SAN GREGORIO MAGNO OF THE PHILIPPINES FROM THE FIRST ARRIVALTO MANILA SINCE 1577 UP TO OUR DAYS
This is a partial and rough translation of the Spanish original book of Eusebio Gomez Platero’s “Catalogo Biografico de los Religiosos Franciscanos de la Provincia de San Gregorio Magno de Filipinas desde 1577 en que llegaron los primeros hasta las de nuestras dias,” accessed 10 Dec. 2015 @http://bdh-rd.bne.es. Translated by Dominador N. Marcaida Jr., using the online translator provided by spanishdict.com and the “Diccionario Nuevo de las dos Lenguas Española é Inglesa” by Frs. Tomas Connelly and Tomas Higgins. During more than three centuries from the year 1521 up to 1896, fanatic missionaries went on their frenetic rampage to discover new lands in order to plant their old religion in East Asia and to name them for their king. It was thus that the Spaniards discovered almost all the Philippines in this way. In translating Platero’s work from the Spanish original into the English language, it is our intention to help researchers trace the root for some of the present-day familiar Filipino surnames from the surnames used by the Franciscan friars who founded or ministered the early Philippine towns.
The Sacred Images, Patronages and Rituals of Obando Church, Bulacan, Philippines: A Historical Investigation
Philippiniana Sacra, 2023
Obando, Bulacan is famous for its fertility dance ritual that is celebrated in the middle of May in front the sacred images of Saint Paschal Baylón, Our Lady of Salambao, and Saint Clare of Assisi. Following a postcolonial trend of scholarship, many assume that this dance ritual existed prior to the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, and was merely subsumed under Catholic discourse to facilitate the conversion of the natives to Christianity. Using mostly 19 th century Spanish publications, and 20 th century American and Filipino publications, and viewing the sacred images, their patronages and rituals as a Deleuze-Guattarian assemblage, this paper challenges this rather naïve postcolonial line of thinking by arguing that the Obando assemblage that we more or less know today took more than three centuries to configure. This research paper does not only proffer a more textually grounded historical account of the configuration and reconfigurations of this popular religious assemblage, but also the first journal publication on the history of Obando Church's sacred images, patronages, and rituals. This paper therefore is an attempt to initiate
Religion and Revolution: The Roman Catholic Church in Candon, Ilocos Sur, Philippines, 1897 to 1906
College of Social Sciences, UP Baguio, 2019
The research at hand seeks to explore the connection between religion and social upheavals in the years 1897 to 1906 coinciding with the second phase of the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War as well as the general rehabilitation and transition to civil government in Candon, Ilocos Sur. It attempts to give nuance to historical events and nodal points which are normally explored in terms of the political aspect of history through an exploration of the changing and transitory roles of religion during these social upheavals. The following sections provides an overview of the entire study, its background, significance, the objective of the study, and limit the study to a spatial, temporal, and topical context. It attempts to situate the study within a general context as well as give a general overview of the study at hand. Further, the chapter provides the topics, questions, and goals which the study aims to satisfy. The study uses the available sources -- both primary and secondary -- found in the National Archives of the Philippines, the main libraries in the University of the Philippines Baguio and the University of the Philippines Diliman, the Archives of the Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia, the City Library of Candon City, and an interview with Barangay Captain Albert Abaya – grandnephew of Revolutionary Hero Isabelo Abaya – and have these sources subjected to interpretation through a framework based on New Political History which will be further discussed in the third chapter of this research.
A Visual Documentation of Fil-Hispanic Churches Part X: Parish Church and Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary, Manaoag, Pangasinan
2013
Manaoag so baley á ngaran, say Inay Dios á Cataoan, Marian sancasimpitan, Virgen ya Arid Cataoenan, Patrona tayon sancablian, dia lanti pinayaoaran. (In a town named Manaoag, the Mother of the Lord God, Mary most chaste, Virgin [Mother] of the King of Heaven, our most precious Patroness, here has appeared.) 1 Mission on the frontier T he pilgrimage center of Manaoag began as a mission station accepted in the Augustinian Provincial Chapter on the 31 st of October, 1600. It was an annex of Lingayen, itself established by the same Order in 1586 as their principal church in the province of Pangasinan. To get to Manaoag, the missionaries sailed eastward along the Lingayen gulf, entered the Angalacan River just before the present town of San Fabian, and passed the communities of Mangaldan and San Jacinto. Though Manaoag was the final destination along this river, a trail from here led to the distant Caraballo mountains and the Cagayan Valley, a vital route that was to be developed by later missionaries. Manaoag was nestled on hilly ground by the Baloquing River that flowed into the larger Angalacan. The mission was dedicated to Saint Monica, mother of Saint Augustine. It was turned over to the care of the Dominicans in 1605, who officially entrusted it a year later to the vicar (the equivalent of a parish priest) of Mangaldan, Fr. Juan de San Jacinto. The initial community at Santa Monica found itself a target of attacks from the nearby hill tribes. Thus Fr. San Jacinto transferred the town to its present site on a hill across the Baloquing from the
CATALOGING & BASELINING THE FILIPINO-SPANISH CHURCHES OF THE DIOCESE OF MAASIN ON THE ISLAND OF LEYTE (FPA Demeterio III, GC Fernandez and LAL Liwanag)
Aletheia Printing and Publishing House, 2020
A book on the history and status of conservation and preservation of 7 heritage structures on the south and south-western parts of Leyte that were left behind by the Spanish Jesuit and Augustinian missionaries, and Filipino secular priests from the then Diocese of Cebu.
Review of "Philippine Churches after the Spanish Regime: Quae Mari Sinico and Beyond"
Philippiniana Sacra, 2021
THE JUBILEE CHURCHES OF THE DIOCESE OF MALOLOS FOR THE 500 YEARS OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos - Ang Sandigan, 2022
This paper is a brief historical profile of selected churches in the Diocese of Malolos, the local Catholic Church in the province of Bulacan and the city of Valenzuela in the Philippines. These 30 churches featured in this work were selected as the jubilee churches for the national celebration of the 500 years of Christianity in the Philippines. The significantly large number of churches selected in the Diocese was response not only to the vibrant faith of Bulakeño Catholics but as a way for devotees to appreciate the churches in their respective towns and cities as well as a grace despite the restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Written by the author for The Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos - Ang Sandigan (https://malolosdiocese.ph/shrines-and-pilgrimage-sites/).
Bautista, J. (2010) Figuring Catholicism: An Ethnohistory of the Santo Niño de Cebu. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press (Introduction)
This book is about a statue of Christ as a boy worshiped by millions of Filipinos from all walks of life. Today the Santo Niño --said to be the same wooden figure brought to the islands by Ferdinand Magellan at the moment of his 1521 "discovery" of the Philippines--is enshrined in a bullet-proof glass case in a Basilica that hosts throngs of devotees during its Friday novenas. The author combines ethnography with historiography and discourse analysis to study how our most prevalent assumptions about the figure are produced and disseminated. What ideas have sustained such assumptions after all this time? How did the figure become such a popular "national" treasure? To what can we attribute the Santo Niño's appeal outside the official doctrines of the Catholic faith? This book looks at historical documents, popular songs, news articles, poems, and oral accounts to address such questions. In doing so, the book describes the contours of a "figured" Catholicism as the context in which we can think about the Santo Niño in ways we have not done before.
i
“Cuando el estandarte de Castilla se reflejó en las ondas de Pacifico, y
cuando después, sustentado por el brazo de Magallanes, tremoló al viento en
aquellas volcánicas regiones, impregnando sus laureles de los efluvios del
champaca y del sampaloc, quiso devolver el ardiente beso que imprimia en su
fondo el astro rey, esparciendo en los nuevos dominios españoles los
purísimos destellos del Cristianismo."
Aristedes Saez de Urraca, Madrid a Filipinas: Impresiones de Viaje,
1889, p. 149
“When Castille’s flag reflected in the waves of the Pacific, and when
afterwards, supported by the strength of Magellan’s arms, it waved into the
winds of those volcanic regions, impregnating its laurels with the fragrance of
champaca and sampaloc, it wanted to return the ardent kiss of the sun,
spreading Christianity's pure light in those new Spanish dominions."1
A Two Book Project:
ii
Sampaloc’s Sacred Ground
The Franciscan Backstory (1613-1918)
Most Holy Trinity Parish, Balic-Balic, Sampaloc, Manila. 2014
On High Ground*
The Trinitarian Journey (1925-2000)
Most Holy Trinity Parish, Balic-Balic, Sampaloc, Manila. 2015
*Note: Working Title. The second book starts with the re-opening of the closed funerary chapel of Cementerio Balic-Balic and ends in
2000 (Year of the Trinity, Jubilee Year Celebration of the Roman Catholic Church). Due for publication May 2015.
iii
Sampaloc’s Sacred Ground
The Franciscan Backstory (1613-1918)
Most Holy Trinity Parish,
Balic-Balic, Sampaloc, Manila
Martin R. Gaerlan
2114 Santísima Trinidad
Balic-Balic, Sampaloc, Manila
iv
Copyright
Philippine Copyright © 2014
Copyright and Published By Martin R. Gaerlan and Gaerlan Management Consulting
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
First Printing – August 2014
Printed by CentralBooks Quezon City
ISBN 978-971-95603-1-9
Quotations, citations and image reproductions done with proper crediting of source institution to the best possible knowledge of the
author and that said materials are under public domain. Should there be any concern about copyright, please contact the author.
Cover Concept and Digital Layout by Martin R. Gaerlan.
Front Cover: Facade of Sampaloc’s Twin Churches (Source: Ateneo de Manila University); Corporate Seal of Parroquia de
Sampaloc, Arrabal de Manila (Source: National Archives of the Philippines); Portrait of Fr. Ramón Caviedas OFM (Source: Archivo
Franciscano Ibero-Oriental Madrid).
Back Cover: Sampaloc Map (Source: University of Michigan Library); Facade of Cementerio Balic-Balic-Funerary Chapel circa 1899
(Source: National Library of the Philippines), Back View of Former Funerary Chapel of Balic-Balic Cemetery circa 1969 (Source:
Msgr. Isidro Jose Collection); Funeral Procession in Front of Former Funerary Chapel of Balic-Balic Cemetery circa 1930’s (Source:
Lucina Ramos-Reyes Collection).
5
To my wife,
family,
friends,
fellow parishioners –
Beyond time and place,
Sampaloc’s Sacred Backstory continues....
6
In Commemoration
Quadricentennial Anniversary
Sampaloc, Manila
(1613-2013)
95th Anniversary – Death of Fr. Ramón Caviedas OFM,
Builder of Cementerio Balic-Balic
(1918-2013)
88th Anniversary – Re-opening of Cementerio Balic-Balic’s Chapel
(1925-2013)
85th Anniversary - Dedication of Parroquia Balic-Balic
to the Santísima Trinidad
(1928-2013)
7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction – Three Anniversaries 1
Requiem on a Hill 5
1925 Silence Broken 5
1882 An Unexpected Beginning 10
1877 Men in Brown 12
1613 Health Spot 16
1621 Temporary Visitors 17
1639 Chinese Rebellion 22
1636 Hunger 24
1736 Printing Press 24
1783 The Twin Churches 29
1872 Cavite Mutiny 32
1889 When the Earth Trembled 35
1630 Tears of St. Francis 38
1881 Rebuild a Church 43
1882 Flowing Waters and Tears 47
8
1882 October Storm 51
1848 Cemetery Divide 55
1857 Old Sampaloc Cemetery 58
1884 Petition For A Burial Ground 59
1884 Location, Location, Location 62
1886 Promenade de Sampaloc 74
Streets of Sampaloc 77
1890 Bury My Heart in Balic-Balic 83
1897 The Franciscan Split 85
1896 Collision At the Edge 87
1899 Battle of Balic-Balic 90
1901 When the Edge Moved 98
Born of Peace, War’s Orphans 103
1902 Filthy Clean 104
1913 Requiem for Spanish Manila’s Cemeteries 115
1918 A Franciscan’s Resting Place 123
Proposed Historical Marker 124
Epilogue 125
Endnotes 129
9
Appendices 145
Appendix 1: List of Parish Priests Assigned to Sampaloc (1616-1898)
Appendex 2: Total Population, Baptism, Burial, Crude Birth Rate, Crude Death Rate of Sampaloc, Manila, 1862-1897
Appendix 3: List of People Born in Barrio Balic-Balic, Sampaloc, Manila – 1896
Appendix 4: Request for Exhumations, Buried in Balic-Balic Cemetery, Archdiocese of Manila
Appendix 5: Declaracion para Fincas Urbanas – Sampaloc 1890.
Appendix 6: Rosenstock’s Manila City Directory – Sampaloc, circa 1904-1905
Appendix 7: Partial List of Books Printed by the Convento de de N. S. de Loreto del Pueblo de Sampaloc (1736-1798)
Bibliography 168
About the Author
176
10
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1. 65th Fiesta Sovenior Program Cover (Author’s Collection) 1
2. Sacred Ground: Out of the Box Photo Exhibit.(Author’s Collection) 2
3. 75th Fiesta Celebration (Author’s Collection 3
4. Archbishop Michael J. O’Doherty (Author’s Collection) 4
5. Trinidad Fernandez y Rodriguez (Author’s Collection) 4
6. Original Main Altar, Most Holy Trinity Church circa 1930’s (Lucina-Ramos Reyes Collection) 5
7. Janiuay Cemetery, Iloilo (La Illustracion Española y Americana, Author’s Collection) 6
8. Funerary Chapel, Balic-Balic Cemetery (Harper’s History of the War in the Philippines, Philippine National Library) 7
9. Balic-Balic Cemetery Tombstone Remnants, Ang Gubat Residence (Author’s Collection) 8
10. Fr. Ramón Caviedas OFM(Archivo Franciscano Ibero-Oriental Madrid) 9
11. Nuestra Señora de los Angeles, Intramuros (Franciscan Archives of the Philippines) 10
12. Fr. Ramón Caviedas OFM Appointment Letter (Archdiocesan Archives of Manila) 11
13. Franciscan Parishes in Manila 1882 12
14. Lumbang Church, Laguna Intramuros (Franciscan Archives of the Philippines) 13
15. 1819 Map of Manila and suburbs (Biblioteca Nacional de España) 14
16. Historical Marker, Sampaloc (Lopez Memorial Museum & Library) 17
17. Mother Jerónima de las Asuncion (Museo del Prado) 18
11
18. By The River, 1869 Map of Manila (National Archives of the Philippines) 19
19. Orillas del Rio de Sampaloc 1879 (Lopez Memorial Museum & Library) 20
20. 1869 Visita de Solocan Map (National Archives of the Philippines) 21
21. Apparition of St. Francis During 1693 Chinese Revolt (Philippine Magazine, August 1929 University of Michigan) 22
22. Imprente en el Convento de Nuestra Señora de Loreto (Biblioteca Nacional de España) 25
23. 1797 Nuestra Señora de Consolacion (Biblioteca Nacional de España) 26
24. Conclusion de las Flores de Mayo (National Library of the Philippines) 27
25. Funeral Memorial King Carlos IV (Biblioteca Nacional de España) 28
26. Sampaloc’s Twin Churches Twice Over – Present (Author’s Collection) 30
27. Sampaloc’s Twin Churches Twice Over – Past (http://www.arkitektura.ph) 30
28. Sampaloc’s Religious Center circa 1924 (Ateneo de Manila University) 31
29. La Virgen de Loreto Novena circa 1930 (Author’s Collection) 32
30. Sampaloc’s Moveable Feast Archdiocesan Archives of Manila) 33
31. Barrio San Anton, Sampaloc (Imagionario Colonial, National Museum of the Philippines) 34
32. Earthquake Manila, Iglesia Santo Domingo (Author’s Collection) 36
33. Walter H. Young (archive.com) 37
34. 1858 San Augustin Church (The Illustrated London News, January 2, 1858, Author’s Collection) 41
35. San Agustin Church from Iris Street (Ebay) 41
36. 1881 VOT Façade Renovation Plan (National Archives of the Philippines) 42
37. VOT Façade circa 1924 (Ateneo de Manila University) 42
38. Tower of Beauty (Lopez Memorial Museum & Library) 43
39. VOT Tower from Bustillos (Author’s Collection) 44
40. Twin Towers of Sampaloc (Author’s Collection) 45
12
41. Our Lady of Loreto (Stephan & Ulla Rama Collection) 46
42. Carriedo Fountain, Sampaloc Rotunda (Author’s Collection) 47
43. Carriedo Postage Stamp (Author’s Collection) 47
44. Sampaloc Rotunda (Lopez Memorial Museum & Library) 48
45. King Alfons II and Queen Marie Christine (New York Public Library) 49
46. 1882 October Typhoon Destruction (Author’s Collection) 51
47. John Foreman (Gutenberg.org) 51
48. 1856 Typhoon Destroys Sampaloc (Filipina Heritage Library) 52
49. 1882 Storm Destroys Barrio San Anton (La Illustracion Española y Americana, XLVII, Biblioteca Nacional de España) 52
50. Storm by Manila’s Shore (Author’s Collection) 53
51. Sampaloc Parochial Seal (Familysearch) 54
52. Governor General Narciso Claveria (National Archives of the Philippines) 55
53. Funerary Cross, San Pedro Macati Cemetery 1899 (University of Michigan) 56
54. 1899 Architectural Plan, San Pedro Macati Cemetery (Archdiocesan Archives of Manila) 57
55. 1882 Location of Old Sampaloc Cemetery (Centre Excursionista de Catalunya) 58
56. Number of Burials at Old Sampaloc Cemetery (FamilySearch) 58
57. 1884 Petition to Build New Sampaloc Cemetery (National Archives of the Philippines) 59
58. Number of Deaths in Sampaloc (Chart, Author) 60
59. Child’s Funeral Procession Santa Ana (Harvard University/archive) 61
60. Funeral Postcard circa 1900 (Author’s Collection) 62
61. Funeral Postcard circa 1900 (Author’s Collection) 64
62. 1881 Paco Cemetery Location Plan (National Archives of the Philippines) 65
63. 1863 Santa Cruz Cemetery Location Plan (National Archives of the Philippines) 66
13
64. Flooded Bustillos Street (Author’s Collection) 67
65. Funeral Procession by the River (Author’s Collection) 67
66. 1882 Tondo’s Other Cemetery Location (Centre Excursionista de Catalunya) 68
67. 1898 Tondo’s Lecheros Cemetery Location (National Archives of the Philippines) 69
68. Sampaloc Population Growth 1649-1904 (Author’s Collection) 70
69. 1852 Sampaloc Fields and Hills Map (Institute Cartografic de Catalunya) 72
70. 1898 Urban Sampaloc Map (University of Texas at Austin) 73
71. Promenade de Sampaloc (Lucon et Palaouan I-X , Southeast Asia Visions, Cornell University Library) 74
72. Promenade de Sampaloc (U.S. Library of Congress) 74
73. Promenade de Sampaloc (Bibliothèque Nationale de France) 75
74. Street Scene of Sampaloc (Our New Possessions: The Philippine Islands, Author’s Collection) 75
75. Talisay Trees Calle Alix (National Anthropological Institute, Smithsonian Library) 75
76. 1879 Tree Planting Location Map (National Archives of the Philippines) 76
77. 1880 House Plan Celestina y Fernandez (National Archives of the Philippines) 77
78. Doña Aleja Atayde, Vuida de Gruet (Lopez Memorial Museum & Library) 78
79. Jose M. Lago House Plan (National Archives of the Philippines) 79
80. 1897 Don Antonio la Puente House Plan (National Archives of the Philippines) 80
81. Barrio Sampaloc House (BNE) 80
82. Nipa Houses, Sampaloc (Smithsonsian Institution) 80
83. View of April 23, 1894 San Anton, Sampaloc Fire (Lopez Memorial Museum & Library) 81
84. 1908 Balic-Balic Fire (Lopez Memorial Museum & Library) 82
85. Main Cemetery Gate, Balic-Balic, Sampaloc (National Library of the Philippines) 83
86. 1891 Completion of Sampaloc funerary chapel (Archdiocesan Archives of Manila) 84
14
87. 1897 Sale of Half of Sampaloc Cemetery (Archdiocesan Archives of Manila) 85
88. Fr. Antonio Martin de Vidales OFM (Lopez Memorial Museum & Library) 85
89. 1899 Death Certificate (FamilySearch) 86
90. 1898 Dead Filipino Insurgent in Nagtahan (British Library) 87
91. Spanish Soldiers of War (BNE) 88
92. General Primo de Rivera Waiving Olive Branch of Peace (todocolleciones) 88
93. 1898 Primo de Rivera Defensive Life (BNE) 89
94. Calle Bustillos Troop Patrol (Souvenir of the 8th Army Corp 1899, Filipinas Heritage Library) 90
95. War Refugees Return via Calle Alix, Sampaloc (The San Francisco Call, October 16, 1898. U.S. Library of Congress) 91
96. Santa Mesa Where the Fighting Began (U.S. Library of Congress) 92
97. Capt. Edgar A. Wedgewood (Author’s Collection) 93
98. Utah Battery, La Loma Cemetery Wall (Author’s Collection) 94
99. Bury Me in Balic-Balic. (The Graphic, September 23, 1899, Author’s Collection) 95
100.
American General Staff, Blockhouse 4 (John Stewart Post Number One, Veterans of Foreign Wars) 96
101.
102.
Destroyed Balic-Balic Visita (Benito J. Legarda, Jr.) 96
Victorious American General Staff, Sampaloc Cemetery (National Library of the Philippines) 97
List of Sampaloc Barrios 1893 (Archdiocesan Archives of Manila) 99
103.
104.
1895 Disappearing Blockhouse No. 5 (National Archives of the Philippines) 100
105.
106.
107.
1903 Index Map of Manila (Author’s Collection) 102
Georg Haufe and Espiridiona Family (Stephan & Ulla Rama Collection) 103
108.
109.
1901 Map of Manila (Author’s collection) 101
1912 Paco Cemetery Postcard (Author’s Collection) 104
Festival of the Dead Paco Cemetery (National Library of the Philippines) 105
15
Paco Cemetery Bone Pit Postcard (Author’s Collection) 106
110.
111.
Guarding the Dead (Our Islands and their People, 1899, Author’s Collection) 107
112.
1901 Maytubig American and Native Cemetery Map ( University of Chicago) 108
1792 Manila’s Oldest Cemetery Plan (National Archives of Spain) 110
113.
114.
115.
Capilla del Cementerio de Binondo circa 1900 (BNE) 113
116.
Binondo’s Funerary Chapel (Author’s Collection) 113
117.
North Cemetery Aerial View (Author’s Collection) 114
118.
1920 North Cemetery Map (University of Chicago) 114
North Cemetery Mausoleum Postcard (Author’s Collection) 115
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
Burials at Balic-Balic Cemetery (Author’s Collection) 116
Chinese Cemetery Chapel Postcard (Author’s Collection) 117
Santa Cruz Cemetery Gate (National Library of the Philippines) 117
Balic-Balic Cemetery Niches (Enriquita Pascua Collection) 118
Alfonso Ramos and Elena Espinosa (Lucina Ramos-Reyes Collection) 119
125.
1918 Request for Exhumation (Lucina-Ramos Reyes Collection) 120
126.
Fr. Carlos Cabido (Archivo Franciscano Ibero-Oriental Madrid) 121
127.
128.
129.
Binondo’s La Loma Cemetery Gate (BNE) 112
1918 Death Certificate Fr. Ramón Caviedas (FamilySearch) 122
Franciscan Common Ground La Loma Cemetery (Author’s Collection) 123
R.I.P. Fr. Ramon Caviedas OFM (Archivo Franciscano Ibero-Oriental Madrid) 124
16
Related papers
A Natural Science Approach to Consciousness
Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 2010
American Civil Religion After Trump: Twilight or Rebirth?
Religion and American Politics: Domestic and International Contexts, 2024
How does variable pay relate to pay satisfaction among Canadian workers?
International Journal of Manpower, 2013
The Birth of Scientific Controversies The Dynamics of the Arabic Tradition and Its Impact on the Development of Science: Ibn al-Haytham’s Challenge of Ptolemy’s Almagest
The Unity of Science in the Arabic Tradition, 2008
What about Dinner? Chemical and Microresidue Analysis Reveals the Function of Late Neolithic Ceramic Pans
Molecules, 2021
Methodology for burned areas delimitation and fire severity assessment using Sentinel-2 data. A case study of forest fires occurred in Spain between 2018 and 2023
Recent Advances in Remote Sensing, 2024
Agriculture 5.0 and Explainable AI for Smart Agriculture: A Scoping Review
Emerging science journal, 2024
Monitoring and Compliance Mechanisms
Elisa Morgera and Jona Razzaque (eds), Biodiversity and Nature Protection Law. Elgar Encyclopedia of Environmental Law Series (Edward Elgar 2017), 2017
Enrique Giesch. El profeta rojo
Enrique Giesch. El profeta Rojo, 2019
Employees’ deviant workplace behavior, employee external prestige, and job satisfaction: Evidence from Nigeria
Human resources management and services, 2024
Tax Audits and Tax Compliance in Rivers State Internal Revenue Service, Nigeria
Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2020
Transtornos da identidade de gênero na infância - escritos selecionados
Revista Brasileira de Psicanálise, 2011
Three Major Causes of Metabolic Retinal Degenerations and Three Ways to Avoid Them
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023
Weapon injuries in the crusader mass graves from a 13th century attack on the port city of Sidon (Lebanon)
PLOS ONE, 2021
Bile Duct Drainage Using a Short Double-Balloon Endoscope for a Hematoma due to Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Roux-en-Y Reconstruction
Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology research, 2015
Development of left ventricular remodeling in mitral regurgitation: Influence of etiology and treatment
Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2003
American Human Trafficking Policy: A Tool of Rewarding Friends and Punishing the Enemies States
Journal of Power, Politics & Governance, 2016
Language acquisition and identity negotiation: Discursive positioning of Indonesian adolescents learning English
Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 2024