Zaria historical research

Estudios Públicos, 2019

Many philosophers claim that intuitions are evidential. Yet it is hard to see how introspecting one's mental states could provide evidence for such synthetic truths as those concerning, for example, the abstract and the counterfactual. Such considerations have sometimes been taken to lead to mentalism-the view that philosophy must concern itself only with matters of concept application or other minddependent topics suited to a contemplative approach-but this provides us with a poor account of what it is that philosophers take themselves to be doing, for many of them are concerned with the extra-mental facts about the universe. Evidentialism therefore gestates a disaster for philosophy, for it ultimately demands an epistemology for the investigation into such matter as the abstract and the modal that simply will not be forthcoming. We make a di erent suggestion: at intuitions are inclinations to believe. Hence, according to us, a philosophical argument does well, as a socio-rhetorical matter of fact, when it is founded on premises philosophers are generally inclined to believe, whether or not those inclinations to believe connect appropriately to the extra-mental facts. Accordingly, the role of intuitions (inclinations to believe) in philosophical methodology is non-evidential, and the question of how they could be used as evidence falls away.

Master of Art Dissertation, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 2024

This dissertation explores the interplay between climate crisis and visual representation in Xiang Shengmo’s (ca. 1597-1659) Snow, Shadow, and Fisherman, a pivotal hanging scroll rendered during the Little Ice Age Ming China (1368-1644). Central claim to my dissertation is that Snow, Shadow, and Fisherman functions as a social agency to convey the artist’s cultural response to the ecological crisis. This dissertation, therefore, is divided into four sections. My discussion begins with Xiang Shengmo and the thick description of our unstudied centerpiece, Snow, Shadow, and Fisherman. The second section deciphers the pictorial goals via paratextual elements– poem and seals– on the visual and the understanding of what sort of climate change is behind the curtain. The third section examines how the artist addressed climate change through the visual mode- intimate landscape- to convey his sentiment. The Last section sets out to scrutinise the power of social agency, therefore, in adopting a comparative stance of pictorials between Flemish and China, exploring how climate change affected artistic production, practice, and the cultural concern hidden in plain sight.

Agenda Larinoamericana'2018, pág 42-43. http://latinoamericana.org/digital/2018WorldLatinAmericanAgenda.pdf

Perhaps the most profound and decisive philosophical question would be the conception of nature (cosmos), God (theos) and ourselves (anthropos), and the corresponding relationships among these three poles. Some have called this the «anthropo-theo-cosmic» question. On how we conceptualize in our own minds these entities and their relationships depends all the rest of our thoughts and actions. It is the central nucleus of all philosophy, and of all spirituality and religion. We can establish that God exists or does not exist, that God is a celestial being or nature itself; that we exist, or that we do not exist but rather are forms of the Absolute without any duality at all. Obviously, the position we take will act as the basic axiom (or paradigm) that determines the total structure of our thinking and of our spirituality. This question is worth our inquiry.

Problem 1.1 The value of is 3.14159265. . . If C is the circumference of a circle and r is its radius, determine the value of r/C to four significant digits. Solution: C D 2 r )

bài trình bày cho Hội thảo về Phục hồi Chức năng Dựa vào Cộng đồng, Hạ Long, Việt Nam, 2-3/4/2010) Tác giả: Trish Kane, Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn, Trung tâm Phát triển Công tác Xã hội, Việt Nam.

Attempts to elucidate the kinds of “thing” or “things” to which the term shamanic journeying image is referentially linked must grapple with two related questions: what is the fundamental nature of shamanic journeying images, and how might the origin of a shamanic journeying image be found? The first question is ontological, concerned with the nature and essence of shamanic journeying images. In contrast, the second is epistemological and methodolgical, concerned with how to acquire knowledge of shamanic journeying images. We demonstrate how inductive and deductive reasoning, the private language argument, and reification render problematic the resolution of both. Finally, we present a method to preliminarily formulate an ontology and epistemology of shamanic journeying imagery.

Proibida a cópia e-ou a reprodução deste ebook, sem a prévia autorização do autor, por quaisquer meios ou processos existentes ou que venham a ser inventados, especialmente por programas de computado, sistema gráfico, micro filmagens, fotográficos, videográficos; bem como a inclusão de qualquer parte desta obra em qualquer sistema de processamento de dados.

The formation of inorganic nitrate is the main sink for nitrogen oxides (NO x = NO + NO 2 ). Due to the importance of NO x for the formation of tropospheric oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical (OH) and ozone, understanding the mechanisms and rates of nitrate formation is paramount for our ability to predict the atmospheric lifetimes of most reduced trace gases in the atmosphere. The oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate ( 17 O(nitrate)) is determined by the relative importance of NO x sinks and thus can provide an observational constraint for NO x chemistry. Until recently, the ability to utilize 17 O(nitrate) observations for this purpose was hindered by our lack of knowledge about the oxygen isotopic composition of ozone ( 17 O(O 3 )). Recent and spatially widespread observations of 17 O(O 3 ) motivate an updated comparison of modeled and observed 17 O(nitrate) and a reassessment of modeled nitrate formation pathways. Model updates based on recent laboratory studies of heterogeneous reactions render dinitrogen pentoxide (N 2 O 5 ) hydrolysis as important as NO 2 + OH (both 41 %) for global inorganic nitrate production near the surface (below 1 km altitude). All other nitrate production mechanisms individually represent less than 6 % of global nitrate production near the surface but can be dominant locally. Updated reaction rates for aerosol uptake of NO 2 result in significant reduction of nitrate and nitrous acid (HONO) formed through this pathway in the model and render NO 2 hydrolysis a negligible pathway for nitrate formation globally. Although photolysis of aerosol nitrate may have implications for NO x , HONO, and oxidant abundances, it does not significantly impact the relative importance of nitrate formation pathways. Modeled 17 O(nitrate) (28.6 ± 4.5 ‰) compares well with the average of a global compilation of observations (27.6 ± 5.0 ‰) when assuming 17 O(O 3 ) = 26 ‰, giving confidence in the model's representation of the relative importance of ozone versus HO x (= OH + HO 2 + RO 2 ) in NO x cycling and nitrate formation on the global scale.