Impact of Urbanisation on Sericulture Development In Karnataka

Journal of Rural Development Vol. 29 April - June 2010 No. 2 CONTENTS 1. Impact of Urbanisation On Sericulture Development in Karnataka 113 – P. Kum aresan, Jaishankar and S.M.H. Qadri 2. Livelihood Dependence on Common Property Land Resources - 125 A Field Study in Himachal Pradesh – MS Pathania, G D Vashist, KD Sharm a and Harbans Lal 3. Diversification of Agriculture in Uttar Pradesh : 141 Need for Policy Reorientation – Fahim uddin 4. Micro-finance and Rural Self-employment through Self-Help Groups : 157 A Study of Select Districts in Orissa and Haryana – K. K. Tripathy and Sudhir K. Jain 5. Mushroom Cultivation Using Agricultural Wastes As a Sustainable 173 Livelihood Alternative for Resource Poor SC/ ST Rural Women – K P Raghuprasad, N .R. Gangadhrappa and V.L.Madhu Prasad 6. Rural Non-Agricultural Employment in Karnataka : 181 Emerging Issues and Evidences – R. R. Biradar and N.S. Kusugal 7. Participatory Learning and Action for Sustainable Rural Development In India - A Case Study of Didhsari Village, Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand – D. Gangopadhyay and A. K. Mukhopadhyay 8. Coastal Aquaculture, Rural Livelihoods and Environment Insight from Orissa, India – Kishor C Sam al, Mark Flaherty and Dolagobinda Pradhan 229 199 9. An Analysis of Factors Influencing Internet Use by Agricultural 249 Officers and Experts : A Case Study in Yazd Province of Iran – H.Sh.Fam i, Z. Golshiri and H. Varm azyari BOOK REVIEW 1. Managing Rural Finances in India by Dr. Gursharan Singh Kainth – Dr. B.K.Swain Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. 2, April - June : 2010 261 Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. (2) pp. 113 - 123 NIRD, Hyderabad. IMPACT OF URBANISATION ON SERICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN KARNATAKA P. Kumaresan*, Jaishankar** and S.M.H. Qadri* ABSTRACT Sericulture is an agro-based labour intensive activity, which plays a significant role in the development of rural economy in India. Karnataka is the leading producer of silk in India, w hich contributes for about 50 per cent of the m ulberry raw silk production in the country.In Karnataka,the silk production is concentrated in the southern region comprising Bangalore-Urban, Bangalore-Rural, Ramanagaram, Chikkaballapura, Kolar and Tumkur districts. The speedy urbanisation and the possible fall out of im plem entation of Special Econom ic Zones (SEZ) in the surrounding areas of Bangalore in the recent years have led to diversion of land and labour for non-agricultural uses. Changes in the climate, pressure on the availability of w ater etc. are the other factors adversely affecting sericulture development in the southern region. In this context, the study was taken up to analyse the im pact of urbanisation on productivity, profitability and expansion of sericulture in the peri-urban areas of Bangalore. The com pound annual grow th rate com puted for area u n d er m u lb erry in d if f eren t t a lu ks in Ba n g a lo re-Urb a n , Ba n g a lo re-Ru ra l a n d Ram anagaram districts for the period betw een 1996-97 and 2007-08 indicated a sharp decline in the area under m ulberry, invariably in all taluks. The study also revealed the prom inence of the sm all sized sericulture farm s and higher econom ic efficiency in the peri-urban region com pared to sericulture farm s in Mandya district of Karnataka. The m ajor constraints faced by the farm ers in practising sericulture in the urban areas w ere difficulty in the availability of labour, higher labour wages, pollution, high input costs and irrigation water problem s. Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. 2, April - June : 2010 Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. (2) pp. 125 - 139 NIRD, Hyderabad. LIVELIHOOD DEPENDENCE ON COMMON PROPERTY LAND RESOURCES– A FIELD STUDY IN HIMACHAL PRADESH MS Pathania, G D Vashist, KD Sharma and Harbans Lal* ABSTRACT The grazing of animals on CPRlands was maximum during winter followed by rainy season. The dependence on CPR products w as noticed higher on m arginal farm s than sm all farm s indicat ing t hat dependence on CPR lands decreased w it h increase in landholding size. The quantity of stones and sand collected from com m on lands (nallah and sm all river) was higher than the quantity collected from own lands. On all farm s, the different CPR products contributed Rs 17,425 per farm per year to the total incom e. The m axim um contribution (30.76 per cent) w as m ade by grazing follow ed by m aterial extracted from m ining (29.33 per cent) and fodder (19.80 per cent). Fuelw ood, tim ber, farm implements, stacking sticks, fencing, NTFP, leaves for compost contributed from 0.02 to 7.17 per cent to the total incom e generated from the CPRs by the households. Keeping in view the im portance of CPRs, there is an urgent need to increase productivity of CPR lands and to ensure the involvement of local people in the management of these resources. Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. 2, April - June : 2010 Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. (2) pp. 141 - 156 NIRD, Hyderabad. DIVERSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURE IN UTTAR PRADESH : NEED FOR POLICY REORIENTATION Fahimuddin* ABSTRACT Crop diversification in favour of more remunerative and high valued crops has been reckoned as an important strategy to increase the income and employment opportunities of the farmers in the State of Uttar Pradesh. It has been adopted in the 'Agricultural Policy of Uttar Pradesh' which has emphasised the need for diversification of existing agriculture towards high value crops and develop appropriate infrastructure to accomplish regional specialisation in production of com m odities best suited to their respective bio-physical endow m ent and im proving the sustainability of soil and w ater resources. In the era of econom ic liberalisation and WTO regim e, crop diversification in agriculture best suits to the m arket oriented developm ent strategy. In view of this, an attem pt has been m ade in the paper to evaluate the pattern of crop diversification achieved during the postliberalisation period in the State of Uttar Pradesh and suggest policy m odifications. The study noted that agricultural economy of Uttar Pradesh has been largely food crop based during the econom ic reform period as it was before. Wheat and rice are still the principal crops in the State. The pace of commercialisation in agriculture has been found to be slow in the State. Even the m ost com m ercialised western region has shown declining trend in its area under commercial crops in 2006-07 as against 1990-1991. Majority of the districts in Western, Eastern and Bundelkhand regions have lost their area of com m ercial crops during 2006-07 against the level of 1990-91. In this way majority of districts in Uttar Pradesh have slipped dow n from their ranks in 2006-07 as com pared to their position in the year 1990-91 as far as the level of com m ercialisation in agriculture was concerned. The role of cropping intensity in boosting the area of cash crops has been found to be negligible. The observed trends are deterrent in achieving the objectives of Agricultural Policy of Uttar Pradesh which has emphasised the speedy commercialisation of agriculture through cultivation of high value crops by crop intensification. The trend necessitates the infrastructural support and im proving the delivery m echanism of prom otional policies of farm sector in the State. Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. 2, April - June : 2010 Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. (2) pp. 157 - 171 NIRD, Hyderabad. MICRO-FINANCE AND RURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT THROUGH SELF-HELP GROUPS : A STUDY OF SELECT DISTRICTS IN ORISSA AND HARYANA K. K. Tripathy* and Sudhir K. Jain** ABSTRACT This paper, drawing upon a prim ary research conducted in 2006-07 in t wo districts each of Haryana and Orissa States, assesses the governance issues in the operations of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in rural India. Varim ax analysis of the perform ance param eters identifies the underlying factors w hich have an im pact on the governance of SHGs, and the performance of micro-finance ventures. The main problem areas are found to be low financial base due to the absence of appropriate credit linkages, non-provision of socioecon om ic in cen t ives t o m em b ers, an d t h e lack of grou p com m it m en t t o t ask accom plishm ent . The result s underline t he need for an int egrat ed approach t o program m e governance in rural areas. The paper concludes w ith policy lessons w hich can help in im proving the im plem entation of rural self-em ploym ent program m es. Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. 2, April - June : 2010 Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. (2) pp. 173 - 180 NIRD, Hyderabad. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION USING AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS A SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD ALTERNATIVE FOR RESOURCE POOR SC/ST RURAL WOMEN K P Raghuprasad, N .R. Gangadhrappa and V.L.Madhu Prasad * ABSTRACT Emancipation of women is an important indicator of economic development. Rural w om en are w ell organised in recent years through Self-Help Groups (SHGs), but no significant efforts are m ade for them to venture into entrepreneurial activities. The study w as undertaken to know the im pact of extension intervention in adopting m ushroom cultivation among the resource poor scheduled caste / scheduled tribe (SC/ST) rural women using locally available agricultural wastes in four districts of Karnataka State viz., Shimoga, Mandya, Hassan, and Tum kur where agricultural wastes such as areca husk, coffee husk, sugarcane trash and coconut coir pith are available respectively, in abundant quantit y. The results revealed that there has been an appreciable im provem ent in the m ean score of knowledge on all aspects of mushroom cultivation before-and-after the interventions. They got fairly good crop and the average yield of m ushroom per spaw n pocket that ranged from 0.90 kg to 1.10 kg w ith the sale price lying betw een Rs.40 and Rs.52 per kg. Based on the study, it is recommended to promote mushroom cultivation through capacity building, extending facilities for creating the required infrastructure and developing local m arkets for m ushroom s in the m id-day m eal schem e, hospitals, hostels and prisons. Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. 2, April - June : 2010 Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. (2) pp. 181 - 197 NIRD, Hyderabad. RURAL NON-AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT IN KARNATAKA : EMERGING ISSUES AND EVIDENCES R. R. Biradar and N.S. Kusugal* ABSTRACT There has been a moderate shift of workers away from agriculture in favour of rural non-agricultural em ploym ent (RNAE) with varying degrees across gender, activities and zones in the State. The shifting of male and female workers towards RNAEwas determined by several factors categorised into the agricultural grow th-induced factors, distressinduced factors, hum an capital form ation and degree of urbanisation. The results of correlation m atrix suggest that the expansion of m ale RNAE w as determ ined by the agricultural grow th-induced factors and that of fem ale RNAE w as determ ined by the distress/ poverty-induced factors. The expansion of RNAE m ight be due to som e distressinduced factors, but it was not necessarily in residual sector. Although it was a multivariate phenom enon, the rate of literacy has em erged as an im portant factor in prom otion of m ale as w ell as fem ale RNAE in the State. Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. 2, April - June : 2010 Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. (2) pp. 199 - 227 NIRD, Hyderabad. PARTICIPATORY LEARNING AND ACTION FOR SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA - A CASE STUDY OF DIDHSARI VILLAGE, UTTARKASHI, UTTARAKHAND D. Gangopadhyay and A. K. Mukhopadhyay* ABSTRACT For any developm ent facilitator, a potential paradox can arise w hen assisting in self-reliant participatory developm ent. This occurs w hen the facilitator tries to help and encourage people to develop them selves and in doing so underm ines their self-reliance and sustainability, the very aim of developm ent. Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) exercise was carried out during 25 to 29 April, 2009 at Didhsari, Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand, India. Som e of the critical factors like socio-econom ic condition of the village including present st at us of agricult ure, educat ion and healt h, povert y, unem polym ent and livelihoods of the people and people’s perception on the Panchayati Raj Institutions were studied and analysed. Besides, a few self-sustainable and em ploym ent generation program m es w ere identified based on societal needs and an action plan w as proposed through participatory approaches. The study w ould be helpful for the planners and adm inistrators not only in better realisation of the socio-econom ic condition of the villagers but also in successful im plem entation of the proposed integrated approaches for sustainable rural developm ent in Didhsari and surrounding villages. Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. 2, April - June : 2010 Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. (2) pp. 229 - 247 NIRD, Hyderabad. COASTAL AQUACULTURE, RURAL LIVELIHOODS AND ENVIRONMENT Insight from Orissa, India Kishor C Samal*, Mark Flaherty** and Dolagobinda Pradhan*** ABSTRACT The paper exam ines t he diverse im pact s of coast al shrim p aquacult ure on communities in Orissa (India). Shrimp farming has played an important role in generating em ploym ent opportunities and raising per capita incom e. This, in turn, has resulted in decreased dependency on agricult ure and art isan fisheries for food and incom e. Unfortunately, the development of shrimp farming has also had a detrimental impact on coastal ecosystem s. Environm ental degradation and concerns over shrim p farm ing pract ices, now t hreat en t he long-t erm viabilit y of shrim p farm ing. Unless suit able m easures are taken to overcom e the problem s faced by the local farm ers, the potential that shrimp farming has to provide a basis for sustainable livelihoods will not be realised. Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. 2, April - June : 2010 Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. (2) pp. 209 - 227 NIRD, Hyderabad. AN ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING INTERNET USE BY AGRICULTURAL OFFICERS AND EXPERTS: A CASE STUDY IN YAZD PROVINCE OF IRAN H.Sh.Fami, Z. Golshiri and H. Varmazyari* ABSTRACT Inform ation technology plays an im portant role in agricultural developm ent. Applicat ion of t h is t ech n ology is on e of t h e m ain st rat egies in t h e agricult ural developm ent policy fram ework in Iran. Accordingly, this study w as conducted in Yazd province of Iran with the m ain objective of investigating the status of internet use by the agricultural officers and experts of the area. A survey m ethod was adopted for the study and 153 people were selected as sample out of 971 agricultural officers and experts working throughout the province. A questionnaire w as developed as the tool of study. The m ain scales of the questionnaire were found to be valid and reliable. The results showed that a m ajority of the respondents used internet at high extent. The respondents revealed that they use internet generally to find out new public and expert inform ation on agriculture. According to the study there w as significant relationship betw een internet use of the respondents and their age, attitude tow ards applying IT for agricultural developm ent, educational level, w orking experience and som e other variables. Step-w ise regression analysis indicated that three variables, viz., skill to use internet, access to internet and attitude towards applying inform ation technology (IT) for agricultural developm ent t ot ally account ed for 73 per cent of variat ion in t he ext ent of int ernet use by t he respondents. The findings revealed that five factors/components containing 25 variables determined about 78.53 per cent of variations of internet use for agricultural development: Positive attitude towards internet use, Enhancing professional competency to use internet, Organisational support to provide necessary prerequisites, Easy and reliable access to internet and Reduction of personal internet connection cost. Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 29, No. 2, April - June : 2010