Novel approaches for sustainable development of horticulture

ISBN 939138396-3 9 789391 383961 HORTICULTURE a division of NIPA GENX ELECTRONIC RESOURCES & SOLUTIONS P. LTD. New Delhi-110 034 Dr. Pranava Pandey is Assistant Professor-cum-Junior Scientist (Horticulture-Fruit Science) at the Department of Horticulture, Veer Kunwar Singh College of Agriculture, Dumraon, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar. He has done B.Sc. (Agri.) from NDUA&T, Ayodhya and M.Sc. (Ag.) Horticulture from Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi and Doctorate (Ph.D.) in Horticulture (Pomology) from Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. He was awarded ICAR-SRF (PGS) in Fruit Science. He has more than 7 years of experience in teaching, research, extension and training. He has published several research papers in reputed peer reviewed national and international journals, book chapters, technical bulletins, extension folder and popular articles. His research work is oriented towards crop production and improvement of fruit crops. Dr. Avnish Kumar Pandey is currently working as Assistant Professor, Department of Fruit Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat. He has completed his B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture from CSAUA&T, Kanpur, (U.P.), M.Sc. Fruit Science (Hort.) from Dr. YSPUH&F, Solan, (H.P.) and received ICAR-JRF award and further completed Ph.D. in Fruit Science (Hort.) from NDUA&T, Ayodhya, (U.P.). He has more than 5 years of experience in teaching, research and extension. Dr. Pandey has supervised eight P.G. students and handled several research projects. He has been awarded Young Scientist Award (2017). He has published more than 35 research papers national and international reputed journal, 3 review papers, 15 book chapters, 7 popular articles and 1 book. He is member of several national and international scientific societies. Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, is Assistant Professor in the Department of Vegetable Science at ASPEE College of Horticulture & Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat and has professional experience of more than 17 years. He has worked in different capacity in various private and public organizations before joining to the present post. He completed graduation (Agri.), Master’s (2001) and doctorate degree (2006) in the discipline of Vegetable Science with “Certificate of Honour” in Master’s programme from CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur 176062 (HP), India and has guided 9 M.Sc. students in various aspects of protected cultivation and currently guiding 1 M.Sc. and 2 Ph.D. students. He is handling one In-house project on “Research in Vegetable Crops under Protected Conditions Phase-II” Co-PI and also PI of a project “Vegetable Grafting to Mitigate Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Vegetable Crops” under RKVY. He has published 47 research papers, more than 45 popular articles in vernacular languages and contributed to 11 recommendations for farming community. He has delivered more than 35 lectures as resource person in seminar, training programmes etc. He has undergone more than 15 competence building programmes. He has contributed to formation of Vision-2050 of the College, 3 farmers-oriented booklets and written 3 books. He has also been recognized by ASM Foundation, New Delhi for Keynote presentation in a Global Conference during 2014. Dr Sanjeev Kumar is recipient of Young Scientist Award, 2016 and Best Scientist National Award, 2018. He is affiliated to 6 professional societies and 2 academic bodies, and is patron member of ‘The Horticultural Society of Gujarat’. He organized a national seminar on “Technologies and Sustainability of Protected Cultivation for Hi-Valued Vegetable Crops” during February 01-03, 2018. He was also a ‘Certified Trainer’ of ASCI for protected cultivation and has successfully conducted skill development training as Training Coordinator during 2018. HORTICULTURE Basic Principles and Recent Approaches Pranava Pandey Assistant Professor-cum-Junior Scientist Department of Horticulture Veer Kunwar Singh College of Agriculture, Dumraon Bihar Agricultural University Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar A.K. Pandey Assistant Professor Department of Fruit Science ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry Navsari Agricultural University Navsari, Gujarat Sanjeev Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Vegetable Science ASPEE College of Horticulture & Forestry Navsari Agricultural University Navsari, Gujarat a division of NIPA GENX ELECTRONIC RESOURCES & SOLUTIONS P. LTD. New Delhi-110 034 a division of NIPA GENX ELECTRONIC RESOURCES & SOLUTIONS P. LTD. 101,103, Vikas Surya Plaza, CU Block L.S.C.Market, Pitam Pura, New Delhi-110 034 Ph : +91 11 27341616, 27341717, 27341718 E-mail:[email protected] www: www.nipabooks.com For customer assistance, please contact Phone: + 91-11-27 34 17 17 Fax: + 91-11- 27 34 16 16 E-Mail: [email protected] © 2022, Publisher ISBN: 978-93-91383-96-1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher or the copyright holder. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly reliable sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author/s, editor/s and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity, accuracy or completeness of all materials or information published herein or the consequences of their use. 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Composed and Designed by NIPA. Preface Horticultural crops play an important role in nutritional security, economic viability and are very well adopted into the predominant intensive cropping systems prevailing in different parts of our country. India continues to be the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables across the globe, however, productivity of most of the horticultural commodities is very marginal and much lower in comparison to global trends and is still a challenge and a matter of great concern. The export earnings from fresh and processed fruits and vegetables, floriculture products and horticultural seed and planting material have achieved greater heights during last decade. Of late, there has been a shift in the consumption pattern of fruits and vegetables and accordingly the supply side has to gear up to meet the demand requirements in terms of quantity, quality and seasonality. Horticultural crops are per se rich in essential nutrients, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber etc. and have the potential to bring down the magnitude of malnourished population and improve the health of children in the country. With the projected population of 1.62 billion by 2050 and considering the standard dietary requirement of 400 g per capita, the domestic requirement of fruits and vegetables would be 400 million tonnes. However, taking into account post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables to the tune of 20%, it is estimated that the production should at least be 480 million tonnes. Considering the growing demand for processed products and potential exports, the production target should be around 500 to 600 million tonnes. The increase in demand will be faced with challenges such as dwindling natural resources particularly land, irrigation water and conventional energy sources. Horticultural crops with their high productivity will play a crucial role in boosting food production and thereby the availability. A significant change in climate on a global scale has greater impact on current agricultural practices and consequently food supply is being affected all around. Climate change per se is not necessarily harmful; the problems arise from extreme events that are difficult to predict. So, identification of climate-resilient horticultural crops should also be dealt positively in anticipation to such change. Thus, the efforts have been made so to compile the book entitled “Horticulture: Basic Principles and Recent Approaches” for students, teachers, research scholars as well as budding horticulturists. This book covers most of the areas of horticulture including from traditional to recent advances. The emphasis has not only laid on definitions and technical terms, but also on the concepts and their applications. Special care has been taken so that the rigour of science is not lost while simplifying the language. We hope and trust that this book will help the students to understand basic and advance techniques and their utility in a very simple way. An attempt has been made to design chapters of the book based on the current curricula and syllabi of ICAR. We are thankful to our respective home institutes; VKS College of Agriculture, Dumraon and Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar and Navsari Agricultural viii Horticulture: Basic Principles and Recent Approaches University, Navsari for invariable motivation in the preparation of this text. The constant encouragement and constructive criticism have motivated us to bring this manuscript to the present form. We are very grateful for a number of friends and colleagues in encouraging us to start the work, persevere with it and finally to publish the book. Devotion and dedication of esteemed authors of different chapters of the book is highly acknowledged for preparing, reviewing, refining and finalization of the manuscript in a set pattern and helping to bring it in the presentable form. We are highly thankful to the publisher for accepting our proposal and publishing the book without any complexities and delay. Last but not the least, we owe the obvious support and sacrifice of our families. It would be unrealistic to assume that the book is free from errors and the suggestions will be highly appreciated for making improvement in this manuscript. Editors Contents Preface ................................................................................................................. vii List of Contributors ............................................................................................... xi 1. Horticulture: Importance and Scope ...................................................... 1 Pranava Pandey 2. Novel Approaches for Sustainable Development of Horticulture ......... 7 Sanjeev Kumar, Alka Singh, T.R. Ahlawat, Shailendra K. Dwivedi and Dushyant D. Champaneri 3. Horticultural and Botanical Classification of Plants ............................ 23 Pranava Pandey 4. Seed Dormancy and Germination ....................................................... 33 Hetal Rathod, A.K. Pandey, Mital Dudhat and Madineni Tejaswini 5. Nursery Management ......................................................................... 43 S.K. Acharya, R.K. Jat, Mukesh Kumar and Dhara J. Barot 6. Plant Propagation ................................................................................ 57 Pranava Pandey and A.K. Pandey 7. Establishment of An Orchard .............................................................. 69 Pranava Pandey 8. Training and Pruning ........................................................................... 75 Pranava Pandey and A.K. Pandey 9. High Density Plantation ....................................................................... 79 R.K. Jat, M.L. Jat, S.K. Acharya and Mukesh Kumar 10. Water Management in Horticultural Crops ......................................... 85 Amit Kumar and Jagdeesh P. Rathore 11. Fertilizer Application in Horticultural Crops ........................................ 95 Pranava Pandey x Horticulture: Basic Principles and Recent Approaches 12. Juvenility and Flower Bud Differentiation ......................................... 103 Pranava Pandey 13. Unfruitfulness .................................................................................... 107 Pranava Pandey 14. Post Harvest Management of Horticultural Crops ............................ 123 Shailendra K. Dwivedi, A.K. Pandey, Ankit Pandey and Vivek Tiwari 15. Maturity Indices of Fruits and Vegetables ......................................... 153 Pranava Pandey 16. Precision Farming and Protected Cultivation Concepts and Analysis ...................................................................... 165 Sanjeev Kumar, A.K. Pandey, Hetal Rathod, Dushyant D. Champaneri and S.N. Saravaiya 17. Insect Pest Management in Fruit Crops ............................................ 199 Snehal M. Patel, H.V. Pandya, V.P. Prajapati, P.R. Patel and Hemant Sharma 18. Disease Management in Fruit Crops ................................................. 213 V.P. Prajapati, P.R. Patel, Hemant Sharma, H.V. Pandya and Snehal M. Patel List of Contributors Alka Singh, Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat Amit Kumar, Division of Fruit Science, Faculty of Horticulture SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir Ankit Pandey, College of Horticulture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Campus Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh A.K. Pandey, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat Dhara J. Barot, College of Horticulture, S.D. Agricultural University, Jagudan, Gujarat Dushyant D. Champaneri, Department of Vegetable Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat H.V. Pandya, Department of Plant Protection, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat Hemant Sharma, Department of Plant Protection, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat Hetal Rathod, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat Jagdeesh Prasad Rathore, Division of Fruit Science, Faculty of Horticulture, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir M.L. Jat, College of Horticulture, S.D. Agricultural University, Jagudan, Gujarat Madineni Tejaswini, Department of Vegetable Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture & Forestry Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari ,Gujarat Mital Dudhat, Department of Vegetable Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture & Forestry Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat Mukesh Kumar, College of Horticulture, S.D. Agricultural University, Jagudan, Gujarat. P.R. Patel, Department of Plant Protection, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat Pranava Pandey, Department of Horticulture, Veer Kunwar Singh College of Agriculture, Dumraon, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar R.K. Jat, College of Horticulture, S.D. Agricultural University, Jagudan, Gujarat S.K. Acharya, College of Horticulture, S.D. Agricultural University, Jagudan, Gujarat S.N. Saravaiya, Department of Vegetable Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture & Forestry Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat Sanjeev Kumar, Department of Vegetable Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture & Forestry Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat xii Horticulture: Basic Principles and Recent Approaches Shailendra K. Dwivedi, College of Horticulture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Campus, Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh Snehal M. Patel, Department of Plant Protection, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat T.R. Ahlawat, Department of Fruit Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat V.P. Prajapati, Department of Plant Protection, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat Vivek Tiwari, Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR), DRDO, Base Lab, Chandigarh. Request for full chapter on Research Gate 2 Novel Approaches for Sustainable Development of Horticulture Sanjeev Kumar, Alka Singh, T.R. Ahlawat, Shailendra K. Dwivedi and Dushyant D. Champaneri Horticulture has emerged as one of the potential agricultural enterprises in accelerating the growth of economy in India. It offers not only a wide range of options to the farmers for crop diversification, but also provides ample scope for sustaining large number of agro-industries which generate huge employment opportunities. Horticulture has been evolving in form of horticulture industry in our country owing to its significant role in nutritional security, poverty alleviation and employment generation. The production of fruits, vegetables and flowers has acquired much importance in recent times due to their increasing demand. India has a wide variety of climate and soil on which different horticultural crops such as fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, medicinal and aromatic plants, plantation crops and spices are cultivated successfully. Horticultural crops could serve an ideal way of achieving sustainability in small holdings, increasing employment, improving environment, providing an enormous export potential and above all achieving nutritional security. Despite these advantages, India’s share in the global market is insignificant accounting for only 1.7% of the global trade in vegetables and 0.5% in fruits and less than 0.5% in flowers. Hence, continuous efforts are required for strengthening the horticulture sector through novel sustainable updated and applied technologies. The major arenas as new dimensions to augment the horticulture sector are given below: 1. Quality planting material 2. Enhanced Nutrient Use Efficiency 3. Plasticulture and its alternatives ISBN 939138396-3 9 789391 383961