Reflex PAN to Buli in North Maluku

Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 148 Sixth International Conference on Languages and Arts (ICLA 2017) Reflex PAN to Buli in North Maluku Burhanuddin Nur Ahmadi Ratna Yulida Postgraduate Doctoral of Linguistics and Departement Language and Art Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS) and Universitas Mataram (Unram) Surakarta and Mataram, Indonesia [email protected] Lecturer Departement of Education Language and Art Universitas Mataram (Unram) Mataram, Indonesia [email protected] Lecturer Departement of Education Language and Art Universitas Mataram (Unram) Mataram, Indonesia whlombok @gmail.com Abstract – Buli language belongs to one of Austronesian languages, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, the Subgroup of South Halmahera. As a member of Austronesian languages, this article intends to present linguistic evidence, phonological aspects which may clarify and highlight the issues. The explanation to the issues applies a top-down approach by considering the realization of ProtoAustronesian phoneme into Buli language. The results of identification process indicate that there are PAN’s phonemes which are still retained and those having undergone innovation. Both those reflexes belonging to retention and innovation can each be regular and nonregular. Keywords: reflex, Proto-Austronesia, top-down approach, retention, innovation I. INTRODUCTION Historically lingustically, Buli is included in the Southern Halmahera Group, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, along with the Maba / Patani, Sawai, Gane, Taba, and Gebe languages. Regarding this group, Blust (1978) did not include Gebe in this subgroup, but Kamholz (2014) and Burhanuddin (2017) included it. According to Blust (1978) and Kamholz (2014), the languages of South Halmahera are comprised of two subgroups, the Central-Eastern South Halmahera and Southern-South Halmahera. The Central-Eastern South Halmahera subgroup consists of Buli, Maba/Patani, Sawai, and Gebe. Now SouthernSouth Halmahera is made up of Gane and Taba. Blust (1978) there is no linguistic evidence of grouping with keywords of phonological and lexical similarities, except Kamholz (2014). Kamholz (2014), supports the grouping, by proposing morphological evidence of the multiple plural subject plots for afik {f-} for the Southern Halmahera Subgroup, for the CentralEastern South Halmahera languages having the first inalienable marker belonging to the plural inclusive {-r / - d}. In addition, bookmark storage is inalienable for Southern-South Halmahera languages, whereas in the Central-Eastern South Halmahera languages. As the evidence of phonology and lexicons explaining this historical relation is not specific. The language of Buli is used in East Halmahera District, Buli Sub-district, Buli Village and Buli Origin of North Maluku Province, with a total number of speakers of approximately 2,520 (Lewis et al., 2017). In North Maluku there are two language families, namely Austronesia (AN) and Non-Austronesian (NAN). Austronesian languages are commonly used in South Halmahera, whereas Non-Austronesian languages are used in North Halmahera. The languages included in the Austronesian clan are Buli, Maba, Sawai, Gebe, Gane, Taba, while the Non-Austronesians are Tobelo, Galela, Ternate, Morotai, and Western Makian. Therefore, the Proto-Austronesian (PAN) reflex study into Buli is one of the attempts to prove Buli as a member of the Austronesian or Non-Austronesian family. This paper does not intend to present the evidence of phonology and lexicon about the classification of geneology, because it must involve five other languages. This paper only presents a picture of the Proto-Austronesian phonemes reflex to Buli as a member of the South Halmahera Group as a first step to test the hypothesis. That is, looking at the Proto-Austronesian (PAN) reflex into the Buli language. Of course with the record of this study followed the study of PAN reflex in five other South Halmahera languages. In other words, this study is the first step to test the hypothesis about the historical relation of the languages of South Halmahera. In addition, this study is also important to see the pattern or type of sound changes in Buli language itself. II. METHOD To answer the problem to be explained, data collection has been collected using library method by collecting PAN etimon that has been reconstructed by Trussell and Blust (2015) in Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. In addition, an interview method was used to collect 200 revised basic vocabularies of Blust (1980) and 800 cultural vocabularies contained in Buli. The collected data is then analyzed using a top-down approach, a method of shared innovation (Adelaar, 2005; Blust, 2008 and 2013; and Holton and Robinson, 2014)). A top-down approach is used to view the realization of PAN changes into Buli, both in the form of retention and innovation. Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 113 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 148 III. FINDING AND DISCUSSION Before the PAN reflex is proposed in Buli, it is worth mentioning the kind of PAN phonemes reconstructed by Blust (2013). According to Blust (2013), PAN phonem consists of 24 consonants (/ p, t, C, c, k, q, b, d, z, j, g, N, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, s, S, h, l, r, R, y, and w/), four vowels (/ i, u, ǝ, and a/), and four diphthongs (-aw, -ay, -uy, dan -iy). These phonemes are the basis for seeing their realization in Buli. As for the results of Burhanuddin's (2017) identification, in Buli language consists of 20 consonants (/p, t, c, k, q, n, ɲ, ŋ, s, h, l , r, y, and w/) and eight vowels (/ i, u, ǝ, e, ɛ, a, o, and ɔ /). Here is presented how the reflection of PAN into the language of Buli. A. PAN *p PAN *p changes to /f/ regulary in Buli language at the initial and intervocal position, whereas at the end position is irregular (and it is possible that the properties are regular if the data is expanded). In addition to being /f/, PAN *p changes to /ø/ in the final position, as well as in the initial position of retention, each of which is irregular. Gloss PAN Buli Rule when *pica offhis *p > f/#stingray *paRi fa turtle *pǝɲuɁ fɛn, etc pare *pariaɁ pǝpare *p > p/#- thin four taste *tipis *Sǝpat *tǝpǝŋ mlifis pifaat tɔfaŋ, etc *p > f/#-# centipede *Sipan lilitaŋ *p > t/#-# roof blow *Ɂatǝp *tiyup yataf ufaq *p > f/#-# smoke *Ɂasǝp memeyas *p > ø/-# B. PAN *t PAN *t is still maintained in Buli language at all positions. Only, in the initial position and the inter-vocalic is regular, while the final position is irregular. Gloss three taste thin blow PAN *tǝlu *tǝpǝŋ *tipis *tiyup Buli pitɔl tɔfaŋɔ mlifis ufaq, etc Rule *t > t/#- roof lice moss *Ɂatǝp *kutu *lumut yataf ut lulumit, etc *t > t/#-# coconut fiber sea *bunut *lahut punit ɔlat *t > t/-# C. PAN *C PAN * C in all positions changed to / t / in Buli language, ie at the initial and final position is irregular, while the final position is regular. Gloss cry year PAN *Caŋis *CawiN Buli (n)taŋis taun Rule *C > t/#- die *maCay mat *C > t/#-# 114 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 148 eye egg *maCa *ɁiCǝluR mta tɔlɔ sky *laŋiC laŋit *C > t/-# D. PAN *k PAN * k in Buli language is still preserved in the initial position and is regular. In addition, PAN *k at the initial position changes to /m/, /b/, and /g/, while in the final position disappears, which of which is irregular. Only in the inte-vocalic position is regularly changed to /ø/. Gloss lice gargle clean PAN *kutu *kumuR *kǝrsik Buli kut famumi beresi Rule *k > k/#*k > m/#*k > b/#- dig worm *kalih *kulay gali gugula *k > g/#- wood you nephew *kaSiw *kaSu *kam-anak ay au fanɔk, etc *k > ø/#- I raft *aku *dakit yaq, ai ɛt *k > ø/#-# root bird horn *manuk *tanduk *wakaR mani tadu waq *k > ø/-# *k > ø/-# E. PAN *Ɂ PAN * Ɂ nothing is preserved in Buli, but innovated in all positions. Innovation PAN * Ɂ in initial position to /g/, /ø/, /y/ /f/, /m/, /ɲ/, /t/, /w/; be /ø/ in the inter-vocalic position; and be /f/ and /s/ at the final position of which is irregular. The change to /ø/ at the final position occurs regularly. Gloss salt egg PAN *ɁasiRa *ɁiCǝluR Buli gasiɁ tɔlɔ Rule *Ɂ > g/#*Ɂ > ø/#- salty roof *Ɂasin *Ɂatǝp payasiŋ yataf *q > y/#- married gargle sand cucumber shark *Ɂasawa *ɁumuR *Ɂǝnay *Ɂatimun *ɁiSu fasaw famumi ɲiɲɛn titimin wɔi *Ɂ > f/#*Ɂ > m/#*Ɂ > ɲ/#*Ɂ > t//#*Ɂ > w/#- thigh pee *paɁa *miɁmiɁ fiar panama *Ɂ > ø/#-# blood swollen *daRaɁ *baRǝɁ laflaf bɔs *Ɂ > f/-# *Ɂ > s/-# water pee pare turtle *kǝmiɁ *pariaɁ *pǝɲuɁ fanami pǝpare fɛn *Ɂ > ø/-# 115 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 148 F. PAN *b PAN * b changes to / p / occurs on a regular basis, whereas /b/ and /m/ occurs irregularly. The inter-vocal position becomes /p/, /f/, and /ø/ each is irregular. Gloss coconut fiber waking (from sleep) ridge PAN *bunut *baŋun *bubuŋan Buli punit paliŋ pupuŋan Rule *b > p/#- pig star fruit *babuy *baliŋbiŋ bɔu malibi *b > b/#*b > m/#- *bubuŋan ridge mouse grandchild pig *labaw *bubu *babuy pupuŋan luf bu bɔu *b > p/#-# *b > f/#-# *b > ø/#-# G. PAN *d PAN * d at initial position innovates to /l/ regularly and becomes /t/ irregularly. In addition, PAN *d becomes /ø/ at the initial and inter-vocalic positions are irregular respectively. Gloss flat hear blood PAN *dataR *dǝŋǝR *daRaɁ this raft that Buli lata tlɔŋa laflaf *dini *dakit *adi ɛt i Rule *d > l/#- tanɛ *d > t/#*d > ø/#*d > ø/#-# H. PAN *z. *j, *g PAN *z changes to /f/ is irregular in initial position. PAN *j in the inter-vocal position to /h/, in the final position to /t/, wich is irregular. As for, PAN *g being /g/ in the initial position occurs irregularly. Gloss Walk PAN *zalan Buli fan Rule *z > f/#- name worm *ŋajan *Ɂulǝj ŋahɲo gugulat *j > h/#-# *j > t/-# scratch *garut gag *g > g/#- I. PAN *m PAN *m in inter-vocal retention regularly, whereas at the initial and final positions are irregular. In addition, PAN *m in the inter-vocal position changes to /ø/ irregularly. Gloss PAN Buli Rule bird *manuk mani *m > m/#eye *maCa mta hand cucumber five *kamay *Ɂatimun *lima kakamɔq titimin pilim *m > m/#-# you nephew *Simu *kam-anak au fanɔk *m > ø/#-# six *ǝnǝm wɔnam *m > m/-# 116 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 148 drink *inum dɔm J. PAN *n PAN * n in the initial position changes to /d/ and /n/ which are irregular in nature, whereas in the final position it becomes /n, ŋ, l, and ɲ/ which are irregular in nature. Changes to /n/ and /ŋ/ are possible to occur regularly if the data is expanded. PAN *ɲ in the middle position changes to /n/ and at the end position to /n/, each irregularly. Gloss PAN Buli Rule drink *inum dɔm *n > d/#bird *manuk mani *n > n/#ridge cucumber *bubuŋan *Ɂatimun pupuŋan titimin *n > n/-# centipede salty *Sipan *Ɂasin lilitaŋ payasiŋ *n > ŋ/-# name waking (from sleep) *ŋajan *baŋun ŋahɲo paliŋ *n > ɲ/-# *n > l/-# K. PAN *N, *ɲ, and *ŋ PAN * N at the initial position turns into PHS *m, *l, and *S each occurring irregularly. Likewise in the end position experiencing irregular retention. Gloss PAN Buli Rule see *Nǝŋ mɛm *N > m/#sap *NitǝɁ litlit *N > l/#breath *NiSawa tawaq *N > ø/#year *CawiN taun *N > n/-# PAN *ɲ in the initial position of retention and /n/ in the inter-vocal position, each of which occurs irregularly. As for, PAN *ŋ at all position have retention irregulary. In addition to retention, PAN *ŋ changes to /ø/ in the inter-vocal and final positions that occur irregularly. At the final position, PAN *ŋ also changes to /m/ irregularly. Gloss dew turtel PAN *ɲamuR *pǝɲuɁ Buli ɲiɲemi fɛn Rule *ɲ > ɲ/#*ɲ > n/#-# name sky star fruit *ŋanan *laŋiC *baliŋbiŋ ŋahɲo laŋit malibi *ŋ > ŋ/#*ŋ > ŋ/#-# *ŋ > ø/#-# taste see star fruit *tǝpǝŋ *Nǝŋ *baliŋbiŋ tɔfaŋ mɛm malibi *ŋ > ŋ/-# *ŋ > m/-# *ŋ > ø/-# L. PAN *s PAN *s retains at all positions, only in the inter-vocal position that occurs regularly, whereas in the initial and final positions occur irregularly. In addition, PAN *s has innovated to /c/ in the initial position, being /w/ and /ø/ in the inter-vocal position, each irregular. Gloss PAN Buli Rule nine *siwa siwe *s > s/#milk *susu cuway *s > c/#salt one clean *ɁasiRa *isa *kǝrsik gasiq p(i,u)sa beresi, etc *s > s/#-# milk *susu cuway *s > w/#-# 117 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 148 gum cry *gusi *Caŋis igo (n)taŋis *s > ø/#-# *s > s/-# M. PAN *S PAN *s at initial position changes to /p, l, ø/ in Buli, each is irregular. In the inter-vocal position changes to /ø/ regularly and /y/ irregularly. The final position changes to /s/ irregularly. Gloss four centipede wash (hand) PAN *Sǝpat *Sipan *SuraS Buli pifaat lilitaŋ uwas Rule *S > p/#*S > l/#*S > ø/#- you wood shark breath *kaSu *kaSiw *ɁiSu *NiSawa au ay wɔi tawaq *S > ø/#-# water *waSiR waya *S > y/#-# tuma (lice egg) wash (hand) *lisǝɁǝS *SuraS lɔwas uwas *S > s/-# O. PAN *h and *l PAN * h in the inter-vocal position and the end turns to PHS * ø irregularly, so also the change to / s / at the end position occurs irregularly. Gloss PAN Buli Rule sea *lahut ɔlat *h > ø/#-# keep *jagah jaga *h > ø/-# dig *kalih gali thin *pipih malifis *h > s/-# PAN *l undergoes irregular retention in all positions, while in the inter-vocal position also innovates to /ø/ irregularly. Gloss PAN Buli Rule sky *laŋiC laŋit *l > l/#lalat *laŋaw laŋ dig *kalih walk deaf gali *Zalan *bǝŋǝl *l > l/#-# fan lɔŋapaq *l > ø/#-# *l > l/-# P. PAN *r and *R PAN *r retains regular inter-vocal position in Buli. In addition, PAN *r has been innovated to /w/ and /ø/ irregularly in intervocal positions. Gloss PAN Buli Rule pare *pariaɁ pǝpare *r > r/#-# clean *kǝrsik beresi wash (hand) scratch *SuraS *garut uwas gag *r > w/#-# *r > ø/#-# PAN *R in the inter-vocal and final position changes to *ø irregularly. The final position changes to /Ɂ/ irregularly. Gloss PAN Buli Rule salt *ɁasiRa gasiɁ *R > ø/#-# stingray *paRi fa blood *daRaɁ laflaf swollen *baRǝɁ bɔs 118 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 148 gargle hear egg *kumuR *dǝŋǝR *ɁiCǝluR famumi tlɔŋa tɔlɔ *R > ø/-# water *waSiR wayaɁ *R > Ɂ/-# Q. PAN *w and *y PAN *w retains regularly in the inter-vocal position, while in the initial position has irregular retention. In addition, in the inter-vocal position, PAN * w undergoes irregular changes to /ø/ in the inter-vocal position. The PAN *y in the inter-vocal position experienced deletion in the inter-vocal position irregularly. Gloss PAN Buli Rule eight *walu piway *w > w/#water *waSiR wayaq root *wakaR waq married nine year *Ɂasawa *siwa *CawiN fasaw siwe taun *w > w/#-# blow tiyup ufaq *y > ø/#-# *w > ø/#-# R. PAN *a PAN *a experiences irregular retention and experiences irregular erosion of each in all positions. In the penultimate syllabe, PAN * a changes to /ǝ/ irregularly. In the ultima silabe turns into /o/ and /e/ each occurs irregularly. As for the final position, PAN *a changes to /e/, /o/, and /aw/ each occurs irregularly. Gloss PAN Buli Rule I *aku yaɁ *a > a/#that *adi i *a > ø/#cry paria swollen mouse *Caŋis *pariaɁ *baRǝɁ *labaw (n)taŋis pǝpare bɔs luf *a > a/#K*a > ǝ/#K*a > ø/#K*a > ø/#K- ridge horn *bubuŋan *tanduk pupuŋan tadu *a > a/-K# root walk *wakaR *zalan waɁ fan *a > ø/-K# name nephew pare *ŋajan *kamanak *pariaɁ ŋahɲo fanɔk pǝpare *a > o/-K# one *isa nine when fine p(i,u)sa *siwa *pica *lima married *a > e/-K# *Ɂasawa *a > a/-# siwe offhis pilim *a > e/-# *a > o/-# *a > ø/-# fasaw *a > aw/-# S. PAN *ǝ PAN *ǝ becomes /ɔ/ at the initial position, into /ɛ/ at the penultimate and ultima silabes, into /i/ on the penultimate silabe, and into /e/ and /ø/ on the ultima silabe each occurring irregularly. The change to /ɔ/ on the penultimate silabe and /a/ on the ultima silabe each occurs on a regular basis. Gloss PAN Buli Rule 119 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 148 six *ǝnǝm wɔnam *ǝ > ɔ/#- egg hear taste three *ɁiCǝluR *dǝŋǝR *tǝpǝŋ *tǝlu tɔlɔ tlɔŋa tɔfaŋ pitɔl, etc *ǝ > ɔ/#K- four sand *Sǝpat *Ɂǝnay pifaat ɲiɲɛn *ǝ > i/#K- turtle *pǝɲuɁ fɛn *ǝ > ɛ/#K- taste hear six *tǝpǝŋ *dǝŋǝR *ǝnǝm tɔfaŋ tlɔŋa wɔnam, etc *ǝ > a/-K# swollen smoke *baRǝɁ *Ɂasǝp bɔs memeyas *ǝ > ø/-K# clean see *kǝrsik *Nǝŋ beresi mɛm *ǝ > e/-K# *ǝ > ɛ/-K# T. PAN *i PAN *i in Buli, on the penultimate and ultima silabes having their respective retention regularly. PAN *i also experienced retention at both start and end positions but each was irregular. In addition to being /i/, PAN *i is in the initial position and becomes /ø/, becomes /u/ and /ɛ/ on the ultima sylabe, each occurring regularly. Gloss PAN Buli Rule drink *inum dɔm *i > ø/#one *isa p(u,i)sa *i > i/#cucumber five when *Ɂatimun *lima *pica titimin pilim offhis, etc *i > i/#-K blow egg *tiyup *ɁiCǝluR ufaq tɔlɔ *i > ø/#K- sky water pee star fruit *laŋiC *miɁmiɁ *baliŋbiŋ laŋit fanami malibi, etc *i > i/-K# year raft *CawiN *dakit taun ɛt *i > u/-K# *i > ɛ/-K# stingray gum *paRi *gusi fa igo *i > ø/-# *i > i/-# U. PAN *u PAN *u in the ultima silabe becomes /i/ and the final position becomes /ø/ each occurs regularly, whereas it becomes *i and *a irregular. In the initial position to be /u/ and /o/, be /ɔ/ and /ø/ in the ultima silabe, and /u/ and /o/ in the final position, each occurring irregularly. Gloss PAN Buli Rule moss *lumut lulumit *u > u/#Kridge *bubuŋan pupuŋan gum *gusi igo *u > o/#K- 120 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 148 cucumber moss bird *Ɂatimun *lumut *manuk titimin lulumit mani, etc *u > i/-K# egg sea *ɁiCǝluR *lahut tɔlɔ ɔlat *u > ɔ/-K# drink *inum dɔm *u > ø/-K# milk lice I three *susu *kutu *aku *tǝlu sus kut yaɁ pitɔl, etc *u > ø/-# you shark *kaSu *ɁiSu au wɔi *u > u/-# *u > o/-# V. PAN *ay and*aw PAN *-ay becomes /a/, /ɛ/, /ɔ/, and /ø/ at the final position which each is irregular. The PAN * aw disappeared regularly at the final position in Buli. Gloss PAN Buli Rule worm *kulay gugulat *ay > a/-# sand *Ɂǝnay ɲiɲɛn *ay > ɛ/-# hand *kamay kakamɔq *ay > ɔ/-# die *aCay mat *ay > ø/-# mouse *labaw flies luf *laŋaw laŋ *aw > ø/-# IV. CONCLUSION The above description implies that, PAN sounds are retention and innovation. Both retention and innovation, each of which occurs regularly and irregularly. The description of the PAN reflex into Buli is expected to be the first step in proving the Blust hypothesis (1978), in relation to the historical relation of the languages of South Halmahera. The South Halmahera languages are divided into two main sub-groups, namely the Central-Eastern South Halmahera (consisting of Buli, Maba/Patani, and Sawai) and Southern-South Halmahera (consisting of Gane and Taba). Of course, to prove the hypothesis, it takes a study that is similar to this study by taking four other languages of the study object. By knowing the tendency to change the reflex PaN into Buli language and the four other languages, it can be determined the form of innovation with the five languages so that it can be determined level or genealogy kinship in general. References Adelaar, K.A. (2005). Malayo-Sumbawan. Oceanic Linguistics Journal, Nomor 44: 357-388. Honolulu: University of Hawaii. Blust, Robert A. (978). Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: a subgrouping argument. 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