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Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine
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9 pages
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The paper is dedicated to studying the genesis and building the typechronology of metal axes of early period of yamna culture of Ukraine using all the artifacts and archaeological complexes, available for the author. Currently the reare two main theories of metal axes of Eastern Europe origins: «Maykop» and «Samara». The main theses of «Maykop» theory are presented in works of E. N. Chernyh, S. N. Kornievsky and A. L. Nechytailo. Detailed historiographic referative representation of this theory was recently preformedby V. A. Derhachev, which readers should get acquainted themselves. From my point of view the main problem of this theory is that on the line of ax is connections Baniabik-Maykop-Novosvobodnaya of Central Europe and North Caucasus, declared by the authors of this theory, terra incognita called «Ukraine» is located. The alternative theory, which I call «Samara», and which is systematically ignored by the authors and followers of «Maykop» theory, including V. A. Derhachev...
Ryndina N.V., Degtyareva A D. Non-ferrous Metal of the Yamnaya Cultural-Historical Area from Sites of Ukraine: morphology and production technology, 2018
Data of an analytical study of non-ferrous metal of the Yamnaya cultural-historical area of Ukraine are generalized by methods of the spectral analysis, x-ray microanalysis and metallographic analysis. The received results confirmed by mor-phological and typological characteristics of tools allowed us to classify the North Black Sea center of metal production as metalworking with the leading western Balkan-Carpathian direction of metallurgical contacts. During the Early Bronze Age a new model of organization of metal production appeared which persisted until the end of the Middle Bronze Age and is characterized by the use of low-alloyed arsenical bronze, forge and, in smaller degree, foundry techniques of tools produc-tion in the steppe zone of Eastern Europe. Skills and manufacturing techniques of the tools were determined by composition of availability of the initial raw material, i. e. arsenical bronze, to the craftsmen. Metal production demonstrates almost full unification and standardization of making tools and jewelry of low-alloyed arsenical bronze during shape-forming forging, to a lesser extent, using foundry techniques in unilateral molds with subsequent manufacturing of an item by heating it to 400—500°C. There were metallurgical communications of Yamnaya tribes of the Northern Black Sea coast with the syn-chronous Corded Ware Cultures, which, in particular, is manifested in distribution of Yamnaya tools on the sites of the Corded Ware Cultures and in possible acquisition of tin-arsenic alloys in the form of ingots from the Central European area.
Палеоантропологические материалы начала эпохи металла Поволжья, Приуралья и Западного Казахстана: ямные курганные культуры, 2024
The collective monograph is dedicated to the anthropological materials that were obtained in the process of archaeological research of the burial monuments of burial mound (kurgan) type of the Volga region, the Cis-Ural region and Western Kazakhstan dating back to 36-22 centuries BC. In the illustrated publication available material, mainly craniological, is published. Absolute dates, demographic, morphogenetic and genealogical reconstructions obtained during the process of study are shown; paleopathological and other informative aspects of life of the ancient population are described; a gallery of sculptural and graphic reconstructions made on the basis of the human skulls is also presented here. The book is intended for scientists in the field of ancient Eurasian history, paleoanthropologists, archaeologists, ethnologists, as well as for general readers, who are interested in the processes of development, adaptation and expansion of paleopopulations during one of the early periods of differentiation of Indo-European linguistic group.
The paper is dedicated to studying the genesis and building the type chronology of metal axes of early period of yamna culture of Ukraine using all the artifacts and archaeological complexes, available for the author. Currently there are two main theories of metal axes of Eastern Europe origins: “Maykop” and “Samara”. The main theses of “Maykop” theory are presented in works of E. N. Chernyh, S. N. Kornievsky and A. L. Nechytailo. Detailed historiographic referative representation of this theory was recently preformed by V. A. Derhachev (Derhachev 2018), which readers should get acquainted themselves. From my point of view the main problem of this theory is that on the line of axis connections Baniabik-Maykop-Novosvobodnaya of Central Europe and North Caucasus, declared by the authors of this theory, terra incognita called “Ukraine” is located. The alternative theory, which I call “Samara”, and which is systematically ignored by the authors and followers of “Maykop” theory, including V. A. Derhachev, was initiated by myself in 1990s. (Klochko 1994, p.105, fig. 30: 1-5; Klochko 2001, p. 68-70, fig. 23: 1-4; Klochko 2006, p. 45, fig. 21: 1-4; Klochko V.I., L. Klochko 2013, p. 51-54, fig. 7, 12; Klochko 2016, p. 291, fig. 7: В). Which means it is 25 years old by now. New artifacts, found in recent years, allowed me to modernize my theory and use it as the basis for the new type chronology of metal axes of early period of yamna culture of Ukraine, presented in this paper and come to following conclusions: Metal axis of Baniabik type originated from axis of Samara type of Eneolithic age, in the society of yamna culture Middle Dnipro Land of early bronze age, in the cultural and technological center of yamna culture of Eastern Europe. Speaking of Baniabik treasure, it should be considered a treasure of long-term accumulation, judging by the different-time axis of yamna culture, presented there. This depository had probably originated in a sacred ground of yamna culture tribes, which occurred during their long-term migrations from Middle Dnipro Land to Transylvania. Therefore Baniabik type axis can be considered as archaeological markers of ancient indoeuropeans migrations to Central Europe. They are the ones to bring new “Caucasus” technologies to Central Europe, however not from the Caucasus, but from Ukraine. Key words: Ukraine, early bronze age, yamna culture, metal axis, typology and chronology.
Degtyareva A.D., Ryndina N.V. Models of non-ferrous metal production in the western and eastern areas of the Yamnaya culture. Kratkie Soobshcheniya Instituta Arkheologii, 256, 2019
the paper summarizes data from the analytical studies of non-ferrous metal in two areas of the Yamnaya (Pit-grave) culture, i. e. the western area (the North Pontic region) and the eastern area (the Southern Urals and the Middle tobol basin). Methods of spectral, atomic emission, electron microprobe and metallographic analyses were employed. the materials described demonstrate existence of two different metal production models used by the Yamnaya population. the difference in the models is stipulated by different directions of historical and metallurgical contacts, availability of accessible ore deposits, maintenance of traditional technologies or development of innovation methods of arsenical bronze production. certain technological similarities between the Urals and the North Pontic metalworking were identifiedonly for the early development stage of the North Pontic center of metal production. In the subsequent period metal production of the Yamnaya population groups which lived in the North Pontic region demonstrates other technological traditions of producing tools and jewelry from low-alloyed arsenical bronze that came from western raw material sources. the Urals craftsmen employed techniques of casting heavy tools from local Kargaly oxidized copper in open and composite closed moulds with high-temperature modes of heat treatment.
2024
The article deals with the Early Metal Age stone axes kept in the Sovetsk District Museum of Regional Studies named after A.S. Lebedev. According to morphological features, in accordance with the classification of battle bored axes of Balanovo culture by O.N. Bader and A.Kh. Khalikov, these stone items were typologized by the authors, five types of stone axes were distinguished on this basis. Such stone axes of the Early Metal Age were the most widespread among the representatives of the Balanovo culture of corded ware in the Bronze Age in the Upper and Middle Volga area, which indicates close cultural relationship between the bearers of the above-mentioned culture of the Vyatka River basin and the Volga region. The chronological boundary of the use of these stone axes is determined by the end of the III – 1st quarter of the II millennium BC. A special place in the collection above-mentioned is occupied by a zoomorphic shaped axe – the axe-hammer. The presence in the collection of the Sovetsk Museum of a figured axe-hammer, the location of which is associated with the surroundings of Sovetsk (Kirov region), is presumably a reflection of cultural contacts of the Balanovo culture population, inhabited the Vyatka River basin, with the bearers of the asbestos ceramics culture at a certain stage of their development.
Kunstkamera, 2018
Проанализирован половозрастной состав 611 погребенных в могильниках ямной культурной общности Волго-Уралья, Калмыкии и Степного Приднепровья. Для всех групп Волго-Уралья характерно значительное преобладание погребений мужчин, большое количество пожилых людей обоего пола, малое количество детей, больший средний возраст смерти у мужчин по сравнению с женщинами. Данные закономерности не зависят от способа группировки материала и верны для разных территорий и хронологических периодов. Для женской части популяции данного региона характерно большое количество погребенных крайних возрастных когорт-15-19 и более 50 лет. Группы из Калмыкии и Степного Приднепровья в целом обнаруживают те же закономерности, за исключением меньшего числа пожилых женщин в приднепровских могильниках. Анализ главных компонент по пяти палеодемографическим признакам (средний возраст смерти мужчин и женщин, процент детской смертности, доля мужчин в погребениях, число пожилых людей обоего пола суммарно) показал своеобразие половозрастной структуры ямных могильников по сравнению с широким кругом популяций эпох неолита и бронзы степной и лесостепной зон Евразии.
VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII № 4 (47) , 2019
The article describes morphological and typological characteristics of non-ferrous metal, determines the for-mulae of alloys, as well as identifies techniques used for the production of tools by the Alekseyevka-Sargary cul-ture from the South Trans-Urals (15th/14th and 12th/11th BC). We carried out the morphological and typological study of the non-ferrous metal along with the X-ray fluorescence (Institute of Archaeology RAS, Institute of Mine-ralogy UB RAS; X-MET3000TX analysers from Oxford Instruments Analytical, M1 Mistral from Bruker Nano GmbH) and metallographic (Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS; Zeiss Axio Observer D1m microscope) analyses. A total of 19 tools exhibiting morphology inherent to the tool collections of the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture were selected for the study. These tools comprised random finds and items from the settlements of the Chelyabinsk and Kurgan regions of Russia, as well as from the Kostanay Region of Kazakhstan: daggers, а spearhead, sick-les, socketed chisels, a spear end cap and single-blade knives. A group of tools and weapons characteristic of all Eurasian cordoned-ware cultures was distinguished — daggers with handguards and socketed grooved chisels. In addition, weapons characteristic of the sites attributed to the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture (Saryarka, Altai, and Semirechye) were identified within the weapon complex of the South Trans-Urals. These weapons included bush hooks of the Sosnovaya Maza type, knives having marked handles, spearheads with holes and socketed straight-blade chisels. The metal of the South Trans-Urals is distinguished by the marked heterogeneity of its chemical composition with the predominance of low-alloyed bronzes Cu–Sn, Cu–Sn–As and Cu–As (66.7 %). There are 4 pure copper items, as well as products from the complex alloy Cu–Sn–As–Ni–Co and products with elevated iron concentrations (up to 2.68 %). These data indicate that the population experimented in the course of metal-lurgical processing of raw materials; they transitioned to smelting metal from sulphide ores or to the smelting of copper with sulphide or silicate nickel ores of the Ufaley Massif (deposits in the Chelyabinsk Region). South Ural craftsmen produced bronze and copper primarily using technologies for casting tools in one-sided (with flat cov-ers) and two-sided moulds. The casting was followed by refining operations using the cold forming technology with the intervals of low-temperature forging modes. This choice of temperature is justified in the procession of low-alloyed bronze. Clearly, the centre for metal production of the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture in the South Trans-Urals was a metallurgical one, with the development of both oxidised and sulphide deposits in the South Urals. Innovative technologies of smelting copper with chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, and nickel-containing ores were introduced. The complex of tools attributed to the Alekseyevka-Sargary tribes from the Tobol area is generally identical to the bronze inventory from Saryarka, Altai and Kyrgyzstan. Local craftsmen employed the traditional technologies of processing copper and bronze commonly used in the centres for metal production throughout the area of the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture, working primarily with bronzes low-alloyed by tin. As in previous eras, tin ingots and products were delivered from Central Kazakhstan and Ore Altai, but in much smaller quantities. The small number of products and the data of an analytical study indicate the relocation of the main centres for metal production of the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture from the Urals region (as compared to the big centres of Petrovka and Alakul cultures) to Central and Eastern Kazakhstan, up to Xinjiang in China.
Bronze Age archaeological sites in the Samara valley are studied for nearly half of century. Archaeologists had found several places of their compact concentration; the burial micro area in Utevka is the most prominent. As a result of investigation of kurgan burial complex Leshevskiy I, archaeologists discovered the graves belonging to the late stage of Pit grave culture. The metal knife which was found in the grave № 2 of the kurgan № 2 has wide round of analogies from Eastern Ural to steppe Black sea region. Unusual shape of the blades allows us to assume that the knives had many functional purpose: they could be used as battle weapons and as adzes.
VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII , 2021
The article presents data on the morphological and typological characteristics of the trade tools of the Petrovka Culture of the South Trans-Urals and middle Tobol River region, originating from the sites of Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, and Tyumen Regions (77 specimens in total; 126 specimens in total including knives). According to the radiocarbon dating, the chronological period of the Petrovka sites in the Southern Trans-Urals spans the 19th through 18th centuries B.C. The distribution of tools into types was based on the techniques of typological division of the artifacts, taking into account their shape, presence of certain qualitative features, as well as consideration of the geographical and cultural areal of similar articles. The produce of the Southern Trans-Urals center is repre-sented by a diverse set of metal tools and by functioning of large settlements with metallurgical specialization — Kulevchi 3, Ustye 1, and Shibaevo 1. In the typology of the tool complex of the Petrovka Culture of the Southern Trans-Urals and the Middle Pre-Tobol region, common Eurasian types dominate, being genetically associated with the centers of the Middle Bronze Age of the Circumpontian Metallurgical Province — the Late Yamnaya-Poltavkino, Catacomb Culture, and metal-producing centers of the Corded Ware Culture — Volsk-Lbische and Balanovo. A pronounced variety of the morphotypes of the tools, especially knives, is characteristic of the initial stage of ethnogenesis of the cultures of the forest-steppe and steppe zone of Eurasia during the transitional pe-riod from the MBA to the LBA. Common Eurasian types of tools are characteristic of the cultures of the 1st phase of the Eurasian (West Asian) metallurgical province of the forest-steppe and steppe belt from the Don region to the Irtysh region: Abashevo; Sintashta; Early Srubnaya (Pokrovka); Petrovka (Early Alakul). Specific groups of tools inherent in the tribes of the Petrovka Culture were revealed: axes with a massive head; medium-curved sick-les with a prominent handle; socketed spearheads without eyelets and raised ribs along the edge of the socket; forged arrowheads with a through socket; knives with a straight prominent handle — double-edged and single-edged; knives with a forged open socket. In the appearance of some types of tools among the Petrovka population of the Trans-Urals, such as forged socketed tools — chisels, knives, arrows, double-edged knives with a prominent handle, and sickles with a small curvature, the influence of the Abashevo stereotypes of production is discernible. In the meantime, sufficient data have been obtained on the direct imports or on the conjugation of types of the metal tools and weapons of the Sintashta, Petrovka, and Seima-Turbino Cultures in closed complexes.
МеТалообробка у населення Правобережної лісосТеПової україни за доби Пізньої бронзи НАЦІОНАЛЬНА АКАДЕМІЯ НАУК УКРАЇНИ ІНСТИТУТ АРХЕОЛОГІЇ КИЇв ▪ 2011 УДК 903.05(477.4)"6377" ББК Т4(4УКР 9Пра)263.11 514.6 ISBN 978-966-02-6110-5 © Т.Ю. Гошко, 2011 © Інститут археології НАН України, 2011 Гошко Т.Ю. Металообробка у населення Правобережної Лісостепової України за доби пізньої бронзи. -Київ: ІА НАН України, 2011. -128 с., 39 рис., 15 табл.
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