TURKISH-ALBANIAN MACEDONIAN RELATIONS Past, Present and Future

TURKISH - ALBANIAN MACEDONIAN RELATIONS Past, Present and Future E d ito rs Mehmet Bulut & Mesut Idriz A D A M -A C T O R 2 0 1 2 A n k a r a C en ter f o r T h o u g h t a n d R esea rch ( A D A M / A C T O R ) , P u b lic a tio n s ilk a d im M a h . Ye§il V a d i sok. N o : 1 3 / A D ik m e n /A n k a r a , T u rk e y W ith the colla b ora tio n o f In te r n a tio n a l B a lk a n U n iv e rs ity (IB U ), S ko p je , M a ced on ia a n d th e sp o n so rh ip o f T u r k is h I n te r n a tio n a l C o o p e ra tio n a n d D ev elo p m en t A g e n c y ( T ÎK A ) . T U R K IS H - A L B A N I A N M A C E D O N I A N R E L A T I O N S P ast, P resent a n d F u tu re E d ito rs: P r o f D r. M e h m e t B u lu t, Y ild in m B e y a z it U n iv e rs ity P r o f D r. M e s u t Id riz , G a z ik e n t U n iv e rs ity C o p yrig h t @ 2 0 1 2 A n k a r a C en ter f o r T h o u g h t a n d R esea rch ( A D A M /A C T O R ) O u te r cover designer: ib ra h im A ltu n c u A ll rig h ts reserved. N o p a r t o f th is b oo k m a y be reproduced or tr a n s m itte d in a n y fo r m or b y a n y m ean s, electronic or m echa nica l, in c lu d in g p h o to c o p y in g , recording, or a n y in fo r m a tio n sto ra g e a n d re tr iv a l system , w ith o u t w r itte n p e rm issio n fr o m th e P u b lish er. O p inio n s, in te rp re ta tio n s a n d su g g estio n s exp ressed in th is b o o k belo ng to its a u th o rs, n o t to th e ed ito rs a n d in s titu tio n s , A D A M / A C T O R , I B U a n d T ÎK A . IS B N : 9 7 8 - 6 0 5 - 8 8 6 7 6 - 2 - 8 T u rk ey CONTENTS PA ST , P R E SE N T A N D F U T U R E O F T U R K IS H -A L B A N IA N - M A C E D O N IA N R E L A T IO N S M eh m et B u lu t - M es u t I d r i z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A N E V A L U A T IO N O F C U R R E N T S T A T E O F IS L A M IC M A N U S C R IP T S IN M A C E D O N IA A N D FU T U R E PR O SPE C T S M es u t Id r iz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 S H A P IN G T H E N A T IO N : T H E M O D E L S O F M A C E D O N IA N , T U R K IS H A N D A L B A N IA N ID E N T IT Y IN L A T E O T T O M A N P E R IO D S tra sh k o S to ja n o v sk i - D im ita r L jo ro vski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 T H E I M A G E O F T H E ‘T U R K ’ I N A L B A N I A N L I T E R A T U R E D U R IN G C O M M U N IS M : T H E C A S E O F IS M A IL K A D A R E E nis S u ls ta r o v a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7 IN T E R E T H N IC R E L A T IO N S IN M A C E D O N IA : A N O V E R V IE W O F T H E C U R R E N T M A C E D O N IA N -A L B A N IA N -T U R K IS H C O H A B IT A T IO N A N D C H A L L E N G E S IN E T H N IC D IV E R S IT Y W IT H C U L T IV A T IN G E U R O PE A N V A LU ES A b d u lla A z i z i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 T U R K A N D T U R K E Y P E R C E P T IO N A T A L B A N IA N S IN T H E B E G IN N IN G O F 2 1 st C E N T U R Y A li P a j a z it i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3 H IS T H E R E A F R E E M O V E M E N T O F T U R K IS H A N D M A C E D O N IA N W O R K E R S IN T O T H E E U R O P E A N U N IO N ? B ilja na C h a v k o s k a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 iii iv Contents T U R K IS H P O L IT IC S T O W A R D S T H E W E S T E R N BA LK A N S M e v lu d in I b i s h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 3 TH E N E W E R A IN T H E B A L K A N S : E C O N O M Y , G L O B A L IZ A T IO N A N D M . IN T E G R A T IO N M u r a t A r s la n - M u s t a f a A c a r - A . E m r e A k e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 1 T H E T U R K IS H -M A C E D O N IA N C O O P E R A T IO N F IG H T A G A IN S T O R G A N IZ E D C R IM E A N D T E R R O R IS M IN T H E A fr im O s m a n i ............................................................................................................. 1 7 1 T H E E F F E C T O F M IN O R IT Y R IG H T S O N T H E P O L IT IC A L A N D E C O N O M IC T R A N S F O R M A T IO N O F M A C E D O N IA F e h m i A g c a .................................................................................................................. 1 8 3 T U R K IS H -M A C E D O N IA N R E L A T IO N S IN T H E C O N T E X T O F F O R E IG N P O L IC Y V IS IO N O F A K PA R TY M u h a m e d A l l ............................................................................................................... 1 9 9 IN V E S T M E N T O P P O R T U N IT IE S IN T H E W E S T E R N BA LK AN S § e r m in § e n tu r a n - Y u r d a l a k a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 5 E C O N O M IC P E R F O R M A N C E O F T H E B A L K A N S IN T H E L IG H T O F D IV E R S IT Y M e tin T o p r a k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 9 R E N E W A L O F T H E A L B A N O -M A C E D O N IA N A N D T U R K IS H R E L A T IO N S : T H E P E R S P E C T IV E S O F C O R R ID O R V III A n a N i k o d i n o v s k a ..................................................................................................... 2 5 9 E C O N O M IC R E L A T IO N S B E T W E E N T U R K E Y A N D T H E B A L K A N C O U N T R IE S R e c a i A y d i n - B ila ll K a s a m i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 7 PA ST, PR ESEN T A N D FUTURE O F T U R K IS H -A L B A N IA N M A C E D O N IA N R E L A T IO N S INTRODUCTION s a consequence A o f its g e o p o litic a l p o s itio n , th r o u g h th e ages, T u r k is h -A lb a n ia n - M a c e d o n ia n r e la tio n s d is p la y e d a d is tin c t h is ­ to r ic a l, c u ltu r a l, a n d s o c io - e c o n o m ic h o m o g e n e ity . A h is to r y o f th e s e r e g i o n s i n g e n e r a l is a n in s e p a r a b le p a r t o f t h e E a s t e r n a n d t h e W e s t ­ e r n h i s t o r y a n d c i v iliz a tio n s . T h e c o m m o n le g a l, s o c io - e c o n o m ic a n d c u ltu r a l h is to r y is d o c u m e n te d re c o rd s th e p re s e n tly k ept in and v a rio u s p re se rv e d a rc h iv e s B a lk a n c o u n tr ie s . T h e d o c u m e n te d in m illio n s o f w ritte n th ro u g h o u t T u rk e y s o u rc e s w h ic h d e a l w ith and th e T u r k is h , A lb a n ia n a n d M a c e d o n ia n c o m m u n itie s a re p rim a rily th e O t­ to m a n a rc h iv a l m a te ria ls , w h e re th e ju d ic ia l re c o r d s c o n s id e re d th e p rim a ry o n e s . T h e c o u rt ( q a d i sijil) a r e s ijils c o n s t i t u t e a n e x t e n s i v e c o lle c tio n a n d , a re in g e n e ra l, p e r h a p s th e m o s t im p o r ta n t s o u rc e fo r in fo rm a tio n a b o u t s o c ia l life a n d a c tu a l le g a l s t a t u s o f v a r io u s c o m ­ m u n itie s u n d e r O tto m a n ru le . W h ile s tu d y in g th e p ro c e s s o f Is la m iz a tio n in th e A lb a n ia n and M a c e d o n ia te rr ito r ie s in th e p a s t, th re e p o in ts n e e d to b e re m e m b e re d . F irs tly , th e p e o p le o f th e s e re g io n s , b o th M u s lim s a n d n o n -M u s lim s , liv e d fo r c e n tu r ie s to g e th e r s id e b y s id e in v illa g e s a n d to w n s . S e c o n d ­ ly , t h e i m p a c t o f O t t o m a n i n s t i t u t i o n s , l a w s a n d l e g a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i n s o c ie ty a s a w h o le w a s g r e a t. F in a lly , a s o p h is tic a te d O tto m a n c u ltu r e th a t w a s b e in g p e rc e iv e d a n d e m u la te d a s b e in g a “ p re s tig e c u ltu r e ” 1 2 Mehmet Bulut & Mesut Idriz b y th e n a tiv e p e o p le s in e v ita b ly h a d a n im p a c t o n th e lo c a l c u ltu r e a s w e ll, a n d c o n s e q u e n tly In a lc ik c la im s , w e r e on th e re lig io n its e lf . A ll t h e s e fa c to rs , a s c h a n n e ls o f “ a c c u ltu r a tio n ” in th e H a lil B a lk a n s , a n d n o t “ a s s i m i l a t i o n ” .1 H o w e v e r , i t is n o t r i g h t t o a s s u m e t h a t o n ly th e n a tiv e p e o p le s w e r e im p a c te d b y th e O tto m a n s , fo r th e O tto m a n s in t u r n b o rro w e d a n d a d o p te d v a rio u s th in g s fro m th e lo c a l in h a b it­ a n ts , s u c h a s th e m e th o d s o f a g r ic u ltu r e , n o r m s r e la tin g to t h e i r d a ily ro u tin e a n d th e a rts . O tto m a n c u ltu r e im p a c te d s tr o n g ly o n la n g u a g e , th e a r ts , a n d in g e n e ra l o n th e d a ily r o u tin e in th e B a lk a n s . T h is w a s th e c a se w ith M a c e d o n ia n a n d A lb a n ia n m ilie u . T h u s , it m a y b e s a id th a t w ith th e d o m in a tio n b y th e O tto m a n E m p ire , fo lk c u ltu r e s o f th e B a lk a n s w e re e n ric h e d b y th e ir a s s o c ia tio n w ith th e O tto m a n -M u s lim b e s t te s tim o n y to t h i s p r o c e s s o f e n r i c h m e n t is t h e c u ltu re . T h e B a lk a n la n g u a g ­ e s . T h e re a re lite ra lly a la rg e n u m b e r o f O tto m a n - T u r k is h (in c lu d in g A ra b ic a n d P e r s ia n ) w o r d s w h ic h w e r e b o r r o w e d b y th e B a lk a n la n ­ g u ag es. T h e se w o rd s w e re , a n d d a ily s o c ia l and c u ltu ra l in te ra c tio n s , s till a re , m o s tly a lth o u g h th e used in n u m b e r o f w o rd s m ay v a ry d e p e n d in g o n th e r e g io n .2 T h e p r e s e n t v o lu m e , c o m p ris in g o f f o u r te e n c h a p te rs b y c o n tri­ b u tio n s o f v a rio u s d is tin g u is h e d T u rk is h , A lb a n ia n a n d M a c e d o n ia n a c a d e m ic ia n s , is y e t a n o th e r w o r k to w a r d s u n d e r s ta n d in g th e T u rk - is h -A lb a n ia n -M a c e d o n ia n r e la tio n s b y lo o k in g a t th e p a s t, e x a m in in g th e p r e s e n t a n d a s s u m in g th e fu tu re . F irs t th r e e c h a p te rs o f th is w o rk d e a l w ith th e h is to ry , lite ra tu re , a rts , a n d s c h o la rs h ip . In th e c h a p te r o n e , th e a u th o r tr ie s to s tu d y a n d e v a lu a te s th e c o u ld b e /a r e c u rre n t s ta te fo u n d o f Is la m ic m a n u s c r ip ts a v a ila b le o r th a t in t h e p r e s e n t d a y M a c e d o n ia . U n d o u b te d ly th e I s la m ic m a n u s c r i p t a n d l i t e r a t u r e in t h e w o r l d is a m o n g t h e m o s t s ig ­ n ific a n t fie ld o f s tu d y c o v e rin g a lm o s t a ll th e d is c ip lin e s a n d s u b je c ts . T h e s e m a n u s c r ip t lite r a tu r e s a re a v a ila b le in M u s lim 1 c o u n trie s a n d b o th th e ir n u m b e r a re o v e r a fe w H a lil I n a lc ik , “T h e T u r k s a n d t h e B a l k a n s ”, i n M u s lim and non- m illio n . T h o u g h T u r k is h R e v ie w o f B a lk a n S tu d ie s , 1 ( 1 9 9 3 ) , p p . 2 6 -2 7 . 2 M e s u t Id r iz , T h e B a lk a n C i ty o f O t to m a n M a n a s tir (B ito la ), ( K u a l a L u m p u r : P e l a n d u k , 2 0 1 0 ), pp. 2 5 0 -2 7 5 . Turkish - Albanian Macedonian Relations Past, Present and Future 3 s o m e o f th e in s titu tio n s c a ta lo g u e d a n d e v e n fe w d ig itiz e d th e m , y e t so m e o f th e m la c k in v e n t o r y s u r v e y . A n d A n a lly i t o f f e r s s o m e in s ig h t fo r f u tu r e w o r k s th a t c a n b e d o n e in th is a r e a o f th e r ic h Is la m ic h e r it­ age. I n th e c h a p te r tw o , th e a u th o r s a d d r e s s th e c o lle c tiv e id e n tity s ta ­ tu s in th e la te O tto m a n n a tio n a l id e n tiA c a tio n p e r io d , w h it s p e c iA c a tio n o n o f f u tu r e T u rk is h , A lb a n ia n re lig io u s ’ a n d and M a c e d o n ia n n a tio n a l p r o je c ts . T h r o u g h in c o r p o r a tio n o f h is to r ic a l fa c ts a n d s tu d y o f th e m o d e rn s ta g e s sam e th e o rie s o f n a tio n a lis m , th e a u th o rs try to d e te c t th e o f b u ild in g in s titu tio n a l th e m e n tio n e d c o n te x ts in p ro to -n a tio n a lis m s . th e O tto m a n E m p ire S h a rin g m akes th e s im ila r p a tte r n s o f la te n a tio n a l id e n tity c o n s tru c tio n s a n d p ro d u c tio n o f c e r­ ta in a s p e c ts o f m u tu a l c u ltu r a l h e rita g e . T h e b a s e s o f th is id e n tity , a c ­ c o r d in g to th e a u th o r s , a re to b e s e e n in to th e O tto m a n m ille t s y s te m . T h e tr a n s f o r m a tio n o f r e lig io u s in to n a tio n a l in c o r p o r a te s b o th b a s ic m o d e ls -te rrito ria l a n d e th n o -lin g u is tic , b u t th e A n al n a tio n a l p ro d u c t m a in ly a d d re s s e s o n th e s e c o n d o n e . In th e s e n s e o f T u rk is h id e n tity t h e r e i s c o n t i n g e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h r e e p o w e r f u l i d e o l o g i e s o f 1 9 th c e n tu ry -P a n -O tto m a n is m , P a n -Is la m is m and P a n -T u rk is m w h it th e A n a l p r o d u c t o f th e m o d e r n s e c u la r T u r k is h n a tio n . I n th e M a c e d o n i­ a n e x a m p le th e y a ls o n o tic e th r e e id e o lo g ic a l s ta g e s : P a n -O rth o d o x y , P a n -S la v is m a n d N a tio n a lis m i n w h ic h i n t h e l a s t o n e i t c a n b e c le a r ly n o tic e d th e p o litic a l a n d p r o to - e th n ic s ta g e s . T h e A lb a n ia n m o d e l e x ­ a m p l e is c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e p r e v io u s t w o n a t i o n a l p r o je c t a p p r o a c h e s a n d g e n e ra te s p r o to -n a tio n a l, a n d th e n n a tio n a l h o m o g e n e ity th ro u g h p o litic a l e x p lo ita tio n o f c e rta in e th n ic c h a ra c te ris tic s . C h a p te r th r e e d e a ls w ith th e h is to r y o f A lb a n ia n lite ra tu re , w h e re t h e a u t h o r s u r v e y s t h e p r e j u d i c e s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e i m a g e o f t h e ‘T u r k ’ in A lb a n ia n c u ltu r e d u r in g c o m m u n is m , in th e f ra m e w o rk o f th e d is ­ c o u rs e o f O rie n ta lis m . It ta k e s a s a c a s e s tu d y th e lite ra ry w o rk s o f th e re n o w n e d w r ite r Is m a il K a d a re . I t a rg u e s th a t K a d a re , in h is d e p ic tio n o f t h e T u r k a s a r c h e n e m y o f t h e A lb a n i a n n a t i o n , e m p lo y e d t h e c li­ chés and s te re o ty p e s b o rro w e d fro m th e E u ro p e a n O rie n ta lis t tra d i­ tio n , in w h ic h th e T u rk s la rg e ly a re p r e s e n te d a s th e b a rb a ric m irro r t o E u r o p e . T h e i n t e n d e d e f f e c t o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f ‘O r i e n t a l T u r k ’ Mehmet Bulut & Mesut Idriz 4 in A lb a n ia n lite r a tu r e s w a s to e m p h a s iz e th e m o d e rn ity o f A lb a n ia n s o c ia lis t s o c ie ty a n d to id e o lo g ic a lly ju s tif y t h e lo n e ly ro a d o f A lb a ­ n ia n c o m m u n is m , a g a in s t " A s ia tic ” R u s s ia n a n d C h in e s e r e v is io n is ts . T hese d e ro g a to ry im a g e s o f th e ‘O r i e n t ’ a n d th e ‘T u r k ’ c o n t i n u e to th riv e in th e p u b lic d e b a te s , d e s p ite th e fa c t th a t s u c h e s s e n tia lis t a n d e x c lu s iv e v ie w p o in ts s e e m o c ra tic and open s o c ie ty a n d E u ro p e . T h e o re tic a lly , e n ta lis m p ro v id e s a n O rie n ta lis m to th e b e in c o m p a tib le w ith in te g ra tin g a u th o r in te re s tin g b u ild in g a d e m ­ A lb a n ia in c la im s , A lb a n ia n case, b ecau se a m u ltic u ltu ra l v e rs io n o f O ri­ it d e m o n s tra te s th a t is p r im a r ily a c u ltu r a l d is c o u r s e t h a t p e r s is ts in v a r io u s c o n te x ts a n d h a s n e ith e r fix e d g e o g ra p h y , n o r a n y fix e d s u b je c ts a n d o b je c ts . C h a p te r s b e tw e e n f o u r a n d s ix c o v e r m a in ly w ith th e c h a lle n g e s o f th e c o n te m p o ra ry s o c ia l h is to r y . C h a p te r f o u r f o c u s e s o n te r e th n ic r e la tio n s in M a c e d o n ia , th e c o e x is te n c e b e tw e e n th e th e in ­ M ac­ e d o n ia n s , A lb a n ia n s a n d th e T u rk is h u p to d a te a n d th e o p p o r tu n itie s fo r im p ro v in g th e ir r e la tio n s in te r m s o f th e c u r r e n t c h a lle n g e s . T h e a u th o r a ls o to u c h e s th e p ro -a c tiv e and c ritic a l a p p ro a c h o n o f f ic ia l p o lic ie s r e g a r d in g th e a c tiv itie s , in s titu tio n a l s u p p o r t a n d p o s itiv e le g ­ is la tio n d e d ic a te d w h ic h in c lu d e to th is is s u e . In th is re g a rd , h e c itiz e n s o f th e s e th re e in c lu d e s a s u rv e y c o m m u n itie s , w h e re th e y ex­ p re s s th e ir o p in io n s a n d c o n c e rn s o n th e p a th to w a rd s a b e tte r fu tu re in M a c e d o n ia w ith e q u a l o p p o r tu n itie s fo r a ll a n d e q u a l in s titu tio n a l tr e a tm e n t. A tte n tio n is p a id to th e o b lig a tio n s o f M a c e d o n ia t h a t a r is e in th e p a th o f in te g r a tio n in th e E u ro p e a n U n io n a n d e ff o rts to w a r d s a c h ie v in g E u r o p e a n v a lu e s in th e c u ltiv a tio n o f e th n ic d iv e rs ity . T he a tio n a u t h o r o f c h a p t e r fiv e ta c k le s w ith re fe re n c e to th e th e re a litie s T u rk is h -A lb a n ia n o f p re s e n t s itu ­ in flu e n c e s . A lb a n ia n s a s o n e o f th e c u ltu ra l, e th n ic , p o litic a l a n d e c o n o m ic fa c to r o f B a lk a n P e n in s u la w e re p a r t o f O tto m a n E m p ire a n d P a x O tto m a n ic a . B u t a f t e r 1 9 1 3 u p to n o w th e y liv e d in d if f e r e n t r e g im e s a n d s ta te s , c o p in g w ith c ru c ia l c h a lle n g e s o f p r o te c tin g th e a u th e n tic c o d e o f e th n ic a l a n d r e ­ lig io u s id e n tity . L o o k in g fr o m n a tio n a lis tic v ie w p o in t th e g a in e d in d e ­ p e n d e n c e fro m a g re a t p o w e r a n d c h o o se d to fo rm th e ir o w n n a tio n a l s ta te , b u t e v e n a f te r o n e c e n tu r y o f “ d iv o r c e ” , th e r e is a n e m o tio n a l Turkish - Albanian Macedonian Relations Past, Present and Future 5 li n k b e t w e e n T u r k s , T u r k e y a n d A lb a n i a n s d i s p e r s e d i n s ix B a lk a n s o ­ c ie tie s . H o w e v e r, th e h a r d a n d u n s c r u p u lo u s a n ti- O tto m a n a n d a n tiT u r k p r o p a g a n d a d id n o t s u c c e e d to c u t th is in v is ib le tie b e tw e e n th is t o n a t i o n s . H is a r g u e m e n t s i n h is p r e s e n t a t i o n is b a s e d o n a e m p ir ic a l s tu d y , q u e s tio n n a ir e a p p lie d in 2 0 0 8 -2 0 0 9 w ith 5 7 1 re s p o n d e n ts fro m A lb a n ia , M a c e d o n ia a n d K o so v o , in c lu d in g q u e s tio n s o n k o n w le d g e o f T u r k is h la n g u a g e , o n p e r c e p tio n o f f u tu r e o f T u rk e y , m e a n in g o f T u r ­ k e y f o r t h e m , t h e b e s t B a lk a n c ity , is s u e o f s p o r t, m u s ic , e tc . I n c h a p t e r s ix , t h e a u t h o r o b s e r v e s a v e r y c r u c ia l i s s u e o f t h e fre e m o v e m e n t o f w o r k e r s , w h i c h is o n e o f t h e f o u r f r e e d o m s o f t h e E U i n ­ te rn a l m a rk e t. T h e m ig ra n t w o rk e rs w h o m o v e fro m s ta te e n jo y c e rta in rig h ts s tip u la te d b y th e E U L aw o n e in to a n o th e r (acquis co m tnun au - ta ir e ). H e r a r t i c l e u s e s a n o b j e c t i v e a p p r o a c h t o m a k e a c o m p a r i s o n o f th e rig h ts e n jo y e d b y th e w o rk e rs fro m EU th e th ir d c o u n try w o rk e rs , in p a rtic u la r fro m m e m b e r s ta te s w ith T u rk e y a n d th e R e p u b ­ lic o f M a c e d o n i a . I n t h i s d i r e c t i o n , t h e p r i m a r y g o a l o f t h e a u t h o r is to EU m ake an a n a ly s is o f th e A s s o c ia tio n A g re e m e n ts a n d T u r k e y a s w e ll a s E U c ru c ia l le g a l a c t w h ic h and re g u la te s th e th e s ig n e d b e tw e e n R e p u b lic o f M a c e d o n ia , a s a s ta tu s o f th e T u rk is h and th e M a c e d o n i a n w o r k e r s in t h e E U . T h e r e f o r e , s p e c ia l e m p h a s i s is g iv e n to th e c a s e la w p r a c tic e o f th e E u r o p e a n C o u r t o f J u s tic e fo llo w in g th e s ig n in g o f th e A s s o c ia tio n A g r e e m e n t b y a n d b e tw e e n th e E u ro p e a n U n io n and T u rk e y . F u rth e rm o re , th e a rtic le tr a n s itio n a l a rra n g e m e n ts w h ic h e a c h n e w e la b o ra te s th e m e m b e r s ta te is s u e o f s ig n s w ith th e E u ro p e a n U n io n re g a rd in g th e tr a n s itio n a l p e rio d fo r fre e m o v e ­ m e n t o f th e w o rk e rs. C h a p te rs T u rk is h in b e tw e e n sev en and fo re ig n p o lic y to w a r d s th e e le v e n illu s tra te s p rim e ra ly th e B a lk a n c o u n tr ie s a n d M a c e d o n ia p a rtic u la r, im p a c t o f g lo b a liz a tio n and in te g ra tio n , a n d c o o p e ra ­ tio n . I n c h a p te r s e v e n , th e a u t h o r b e le iv e s th a t t h e is s u e o f p o litic a l, c u ltu r a l a n d s o c ia l r e la tio n s h ip a n d c o o p e r a tio n a m o n g s t T u r k e y a n d t h e W e s t e r n B a lk a n s is a c o m p le x a n d a v e r y b r o a d is s u e t h a t in d e e d r e q u ir e s m o re s p a c e a n d tim e in o r d e r to in v e s tig a te th o r o u g h ly a n d o b se rv e s c ie n tific a lly . A t th e b e g in n in g he to u c h e s s h o rtly on th e h is to r ic a l d im e n s io n o f T u r k is h p o litic s a s a s o r t o f in c e n tiv e fo r h is Mehmet Bulut & Mesut Idriz 6 a rtic le . T h e n h e c o n tin u e s w ith t o d a y ’s T u r k e y e c o n o m ic a l d im e n s io n th e F ro m tio n to w a rd s re g io n a n d its p o litic a l a n d o f th e W e s te rn B a lk a n s . th e c o n s tr u c tio n o f h is a r tic le i t is e v id e n tly t h a t h is m a in i n t e n ­ is n o t t o e x p la in w h y T u r k e y s h o u ld h a v e a g o o d p o litic a l a n d e c o n o m ic a l r e la tio n s h ip w ith th e W e s te r n B a lk a n s b u t r a th e r w h y th e c o u n trie s w ith in th e W e s te r n B a lk a n s s h o u ld h a v e a g o o d r e la tio n s h ip w ith T u r k e y o n p o litic a l, e c o n o m ic a l, c u ltu r a l a n d s o c ia l d im e n s io n s . C h a p te r e ig h t d is c u s s e s th e B a lk a n s fro m th e p e rs p e c tiv e o f r e c e n t e c o n o m ic , s o c ia l a n d g e o g r a p h ic a l c h a n g e s . T h e a u th o r s e v a lu a te th e c u r r e n t e c o n o m ic a n d tr a d e r e la tio n s a m o n g th e c o u n tr ie s o f re g io n , e s p e c ia lly b e tw e e n th e B a lk a n s a n d T u rk e y . I n th is s tu d y tr a d e p o te n ­ tia ls in th e r e g io n a re a ls o a n a ly z e d . A f te r t h e b r e a k u p o f th e S o v ie t U n io n , th e r e h a v e b e e n s e rio u s c o n flic ts , e th n ic b lo o d s h e d a n d w a rs in th e B a lk a n s . A c c o rd in g to th e a rtic le , th e s e p r o b le m s p o is o n e d th e r e la tio n s a n d c o o p e r a tio n a m o n g t h e B a lk a n c o u n trie s . H o w e v e r, th e B a lk a n s h a s b e e n in v o lv e d in a p r o c e s s o f tr a n s itio n , a n d m a n y s ta te s h a v e b e e n fo rm e d o r r e s tr u c tu r e d in th e re g io n . R e g io n a l c o o p e ra tio n and in te g ra tio n have been in c re a s in g w ith m a n y in itia tiv e s and de­ s ire s fo r a c c e s s io n in to E U . A ls o in th e r e g io n , to s o m e e x te n t m a c ro e c o n o m ic s ta b iliz a tio n , p ric e and tra d e lib e ra liz a tio n , p riv a tiz a tio n , a n d s tr u c tu r a l re fo rm s h a v e b e e n a c h ie v e d . T h e r e fo re , th e a u th o r s a s ­ su m e th a t a n e w e ra fo r th e re g io n h a s b e g u n , w h e re b y th e y d is c u s s th e e ffe c ts o f th e r e c e n t g lo b a l fin a n c ia l c r is e s o n th e re g io n in a w o r ld t h a t is g e t tin g m o r e a n d m o r e g lo b a liz e d . In c h a p te r n in e , a v e ry im p o r ta n t a n d c ru c ia l is s u e is d e a lt, w h e r e th e a u th o r b a s e d on th e fa c tu a l e v id e n c e s a n d re v e a ls th e T u r k is h - M a c e d o n ia n c o o p e r a tio n in g a n iz e d c rim e a n d te r r o r is m s ta te th e o ffic ia l r e c o r d s fig h t a g a in s t o r ­ in e ith e r re g io n . T h e e ffe c t o f m in o r ity r ig h t o n th e p o litic a l a n d e c o n o m ic tr a n s f o r ­ m a tio n o f t h e B a lk a n s is a h ig h ly s ig n if ic a n t m a t t e r . T a k in g i n t o c o n ­ s id e r a tio n th is im p o r ta n t s u b je c t, th e a u th o r o f c h a p te r te n e x p la in s th i s tr a n s f o r m a t i o n w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o M a c e d o n ia . S in c e 1 9 9 1 , f r o m t h e d a y th a t M a c e d o n ia b e c a m e a n in d e p e n d e n t s ta te , e th n ic A lb a n ia n s a n d o th e r m in o ritie s w e re c o n s titu tio n a lly re m a rk e d a s s e c o n d -c la s s c itiz e n s , la c k e d e q u a l s o c io - e c o n o m ic o p p o r tu n itie s a n d w e r e u n d e r ­ Turkish - Albanian Macedonian Relations Past, Present and Future re p re s e n te d in p u b lic a d m in is tra tio n . M a tte rs 7 changed d ra m a tic a lly a f te r t h e c iv il w a r i n 2 0 0 1 . D u e t o a d e q u a t e i n t e r n a t i o n a l m e d ia tio n , c iv il w a r w a s p r e v e n t e d a n d t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e A lb a n ia n m i n o r ity s ig ­ n ific a n tly im p ro v e d . M a c e d o n i a 's p o litic s is c h a ra c te riz e d by e th n ic p o litic s , m is tr u s t a n d n a tio n a lis tic te n d e n c ie s . H e c la im s th a t a m e n ta l change is n e c e ssa ry in th e p o litic a l v ie w s o f M a c e d o n ia n a n d A lb a ­ n ia n p o litic ia n s . T h e y s h o u ld s ta n d b e h in d th e im p le m e n ta tio n o f th e O h r id a g r e e m e n t. T h e in te r n a tio n a l c o m m u n ity s h o u ld r e m a in a c tiv e ­ ly i n v o l v e d i n t h e d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n p r o c e s s , a s i t w o u l d s t r e n g t h e n t h e p o s itio n o f th e m in o rity g ro u p s. H e f u r th e r c la im s th a t e d u c a tio n a l im p r o v e m e n t is a n a b s o lu te n e c e s s ity in c r e a tin g e c o n o m ic p ro g re s s , e q u a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s a n d i n t e g r a t i o n i n M a c e d o n ia n s o c ie ty . I n a d e q u a te s t a n d a r d s o f e d u c a tio n o f t h e e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s c a n le a d t o s o c ia l e x c lu ­ s io n a n d fu e ls ra d ic a lis m . F o r th a t re a s o n , th e in te r n a tio n a l c o m m u ­ n i t y s h o u l d p r o m o t e a n d s u p p o r t i n t e r c u l t u r a l d ia lo g u e t h r o u g h lo c a l p r o je c ts o r g a n iz e d b y b o t h lo c a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l N G O s . C h a p te r e le v e n fo c u s e s m a in ly o n T u rk is h -M a c e d o n ia n re la tio n s in th e c o n te x t o f fo r e ig n p o lic y v is io n e d o n ia , b e in g one o f th e o f th e ru lin g A K m o s t in flu e n tia l c o u n trie s in P a rty . M a c ­ th e B a lk a n s re g io n a n d d u e to its g e o s tr a te g ic a n d g e o p o litic a l p o s itio n , b e g in n in g fro m In th e 1 9 9 0 ’s e s t a b l i s h e d 1 9 9 0 ’s T u r k i s h fo re ig n s tro n g p o litic a l r e la tio n s w ith p o lic y a p a r t fro m th e T u rk e y . d e v e lo p m e n t o f b i­ la te r a l r e la tio n s w a s c h a r a c te r iz e d b y th e s u p p o r t o f v a rio u s re g io n a l in c e n tiv e s in B a lk a n s , in th e c o u n trie s fro m te rm s o f e n h a n c in g th e re la tio n s b e tw e e n th e re g io n a n d p ro v id in g a d d itio n a l im p u ls e in th e s p irit o f d e v e lo p m e n t o f T u rk is h - M a c e d o n ia n re la tio n s . T h e a u th o r a s s u m e s t h a t th e n e w v is io n o f T u r k is h fo re ig n p o lic y fro m w a r d s , t h a t is m a in ly b a s e d o n t h e 2000 on­ stra te g ic d e p th do ctrine, h a d a n d i s s till h a v in g s ig n ific a n t r e fle c tio n s o n th e d ip lo m a tic a c tiv itie s o f th is s ta te in in te rn a tio n a l e q u ilib riu m a n d in th e c o u n tr ie s o f B a lk a n s p e ­ n in s u la , in c lu d in g M a c e d o n ia . H e f u r h te r b e le iv e s th a t a s a r e s u lt o f th i s n e w c o n c e p t o f th e T u r k is h fo r e ig n p o lic y , T u r k is h - M a c e d o n ia n r e la tio n s a r e d e v e lo p e d n o t o n ly in th e tr a d itio n a l s c o p e (p o litic s a n d d e fe n s e ), b u t th e s e re la tio n s a re c h a ra c te riz e d w ith in -d e p th e c o n o m ­ ic a l a n d c u l t u r a l c o l la b o r a t io n . Mehmet Bulut & Mesut Idriz 8 C h a p te r s b e tw e e n tw e lv e a n d fif te e n d e a l e x c u ls iv e ly w ith th e is ­ s u e s o f e c o n o m ic i n v e s t m e n t a n d t r a d e b e t w e e n T u r k e y a n d t h e B a l­ k a n c o u n tr ie s w ith s p e c ia l fo c u s o n M a c e d o n ia n a n d A lb a n ia n te r r ito ­ rie s . T h e a u th o r s o f th e s e c h a p te r s u n a n im o u s ly b e lie v e th a t c o u n tr ie s in th e W e s te r n B a lk a n re g io n o ffe r h u g e p o te n tia l fo r in v e s tm e n t a n d tra d e , b e c a u s e th e s e c o u n tr ie s a re e ith e r c a n d id a te o r p o te n tia l c a n d i­ d a te c o u n trie s fo r a c c e s s io n to th e E U a n d h a v e p u t E u ro p e a n in te g ra ­ tio n a s th e s tra te g ic p rio rity . I n c h a p t e r tw e lv e , t h e a u t h o r g iv e s s o m e d e t a i l e d i l l u s t r a t i o n s o n th e in v e s tm e n t o p p o r tu n itie s in th e B a lk a n s a s th e E U is th e re g io n ' s b ig g e s t tr a d in g p a r tn e r . M o re o v e r, F re e T r a d e A g re e m e n t in th e S o u th E a s t E u ro p e a n re g io n k n o w n a s C E F T A w a s s ig n e d in 2 0 0 6 b e tw e e n A lb a n ia , B o s n ia a n d H e r z e g o v in a , C r o a tia , K o s o v o , M a c e d o n ia , M o l­ d a v ia , S e rb ia a n d M o n te n e g r o d e f in in g u n iq u e f re e tr a d e z o n e in th is re g io n and s u b s titu tin g a ll b ila te r a l a g r e e m e n ts T h is a g re e m e n t a im s to c re a te fre e tra d e a p p lie d a re a in c lu d in g p re v io u s ly . m o d e rn is ­ s u e s as c o m p e titio n , g o v e rn m e n t p ro c u r e m e n t a n d in te lle c tu a l p r o p ­ e rty rig h ts w ith in s in g le s y s te m o f ru le s . I n fa c t, C E F T A se rv e s as a p r e p a r a tio n t o c o u n tr y fo r fu ll E U m e m b e r s h ip .A lb a n ia h a s p o te n tia l in to u ris m , e n e rg y a n d a g ric u ltu re s e c to rs . T o u r is m , a g r ic u ltu r e a n d fo o d p ro c e s s in g in d u s try , a u to m o tiv e , m in in g a n d m e ta l p ro c e s s in g , e n e rg y , w o o d a n d tr a n s p o r t s e c to rs o ffe r in v e s tm e n t p o te n tia l in B o s­ n ia a n d H e rz e g o v in a . C ro a tia a s m o s t a d v a n c e d c o u n tr y in th e re g io n h a s d e v e lo p e d to u r is m to rs c re a tin g a n d it is o n e o f f a s te s t g r o w in g e c o n o m ic s e c ­ e m p lo y m e n t o p p o rtu n itie s . T e x tile p o r ta n t p a r t o f M a c e d o n ia n econom y and and e x p o rts sh o es o f th e s e a re im ­ s e c to rs a c c o u n t fo r o n e fo u rth o f to ta l e x p o rts . T h e re fo re , c o u n try o ffe rs in ­ v e s tm e n t o p p o r tu n itie s fo r d ir e c t in v e s tm e n ts a s w e ll a s o u ts o u r c in g a n d j o i n t v e n t u r e s w i t h lo c a l c o m p a n ie s . I n M o n t e n e g r o e c o n o m y is b a s e d o n to u ris m a n d s e r v ic e s a n d p o t e n t i a l f o r i n v e s t m e n t is o f f e r e d in t h e s e s e c to r s . B e s id e t o u r i s m , a g r i c u l t u r e a ls o h a s f a v o r a b le c o n d i ­ tio n s fo r g r o w th . S e rb ia h a s in v e s tm e n t o p p o r tu n itie s in I n f o r m a tio n C o m m u n ic a tio n T e c h n o lo g y s e c to r w ith h ig h ly s k ille d w o rk fo rc e , in a g ric u ltu re s e c to r w ith fa v o ra b le c lim a te and a u to m o tiv e s e c to r. In o th e r w o rd , th e W e s te r n B a lk a n c o u n tr ie s o ffe r m a n y in v e s tm e n t o p ­ p o r tu n itie s fo r th e E u r o p e a n c o u n tr ie s , T u r k e y a n d A s ia . Turkish - Albanian Macedonian Relations Past, Present and Future 9 T h e a u th o r o f c h a p te r th ir te e n d is c u s s e s th e e c o n o m ic p e rf o r m ­ a n c e o f th e B a lk a n s fro m th e p e rs p e c tiv e o f d iv e rs ity . H e e m p h a s iz e s th a t th e B a lk a n c o u n tr ie s h a v e s u ff e re d b y b e in g s itu a te d b e tw e e n th e W e s te rn in g th e B lo c k a n d c o ld w a r. In th e E a s te rn B lo c k f o r n e a r ly h a l f a c e n t u r y d u r ­ a d d itio n , th e fa c to r o f re lig io n is a n o t h e r m a in e l e m e n t i n t h e r e g i o n ’s c o n f l i c t s . T h e r e g i o n ’s e c o n o m i e s a r e n e i t h e r w e a lth y n o r s u b s is te n c e , b u t in b e tw e e n . T h e B a lk a n c o u n trie s , e x c e p t T u rk e y , w ith th e ir p o p u la tio n s iz e a n d a g e s tr u c tu r e a re n o t e x p e c te d t o c o m p e n s a t e E U ’s a g i n g p r o b l e m . T h e m a i n p r o b l e m is s till e th n o - r e lig io n o n e . T h e m o s t im p o r ta n t p r o b le m in th e B a lk a n s o f th e re g io n f o r t h e w o r ld w h e r e e v e ry b o d y liv e s in is th e ille g a l a c tiv itie s t h a t o c ­ c u r o v e r th e re g io n . T h e B a lk a n c o u n tr ie s n e e d to a d o p t th e ir s o c ia l a n d p o litic a l s y s te m s to th e w e s te r n in v e n te d s o c ia l, p o litic a l a n d id e ­ o lo g ic a l v a lu e s a n d s y s te m s . O n e v e ry im p o r ta n t in s tr u m e n t fo r th is a d a p ta tio n is e d u c a tio n o f a w id e ly s p o k e n E u ro p ea n l a n g u a g e , i.e ., E n g lis h , G e r m a n o r F re n c h . T u rk e y s e e m s a v e ry u s e fu l a lte rn a tiv e fo r th e re g io n to c o n ta c t to o th e r g o o d s a n d la b o r m a r k e ts . R is in g R u s s ia is a n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t a l t e r n a t i v e t o b e n e f i t i n t e r m s o f f o r e ig n tr a d e . T h e m o s t r is k y p o i n t is t h e p o l a r i z a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r i e s . T h is m e a n s in e v ita b le c o n flic ts a n d h o t f ig h ts b o th d o m e s tic a lly a n d e x te rn a lly . In c h a p te r fo u rte e n , th e re n e w a l o f th e a rtic le o ffers a n e w A lb a n o -M a c e d o n ia n and T u rk is h p e rs p e c tiv e o n re la tio n s , th a t th e is th r o u g h th e f a m o u s C o r r id o r V III. T h r o u g h th e h is to r y A lb a n ia , M a c ­ e d o n ia a n d T u rk e y w e re tra d itio n a lly b o u n d e d a n d c o n n e c te d b y th e fa m o u s ro m a n p a th V ia E g n a tia , w h i c h n o t o n l y r e p r e s e n t e d a n i m p o r ­ ta n t tra n s p o rt, c o m m e rc ia l a n d in te rc u ltu ra l lin k b e tw e e n tra d e n e tw o rk b u t a ls o a p ro m in e n t p e o p le s , d iffe re n t c u ltu re s and re lig io n s . V ia E g n a tia b e i n g a r o a d o f a m i l l e n n i u m o l d t r a d i t i o n , w h i c h e n d e d b y th e b e g in n in g o f th e 1 st W o rld W a r , le a v in g b e h in d o n ly a c u l­ tu r a l a n d a rc h e o lo g ic a l h e r ita g e o f w h a t w a s o n c e th e b ig g e s t n e x u s b e tw e e n th e E a s t a n d W e s t. T o d a y , th e re v iv a l o f V ia E g n a tia i s r e p ­ r e s e n te d b y th e fa m o u s C o r r id o r V III, s e ttle d a n d e s ta b lis h e d b y th e P a n -E u ro p e a n C o n fe re n c e s h e ld in P ra g u e , C re te and H e ls in k i d u r ­ in g th e la s t d e c a d e o f th e p a s t c e n tu r y . T h e a u th o r b e le iv e s th a t th is C o r r id o r is s e t to r e p r e s e n t n o t o n ly a m u ltim o d e l tr a n s p o r t n e tw o r k b u t a lso a n a x is fo r a p o s s ib le d e v e lo p m e n t o f e n e rg y a n d te le c o m ­ Mehmet Bulut & Mesut Idriz 10 m u n ic a tio n n e tw o r k s , w h ic h w ill lin k th e E U a n d o v e rse a s c o u n trie s w ith th e E a s t A s ia , th r o u g h th e B a lk a n s . In s p ite o f th e n a s c e n t in itia ­ tiv e s a im e d th e to a c c o m p lis h th e M em o ran d u m d e liv e ry o f th e o f U n d e rs ta n d in g s ig n e d A lb a n ia , M a c e d o n ia , B u lg a ria , G re e c e and in C o rrid o r, c ro w n e d 2002 T u rk e y , b e tw e e n s till n o by I ta ly , c o n c re te a c tio n s h a v e b e e n re c o rd e d d u r in g th e p a s t y e a rs , d u e to p o litic a l a n d e c o n o m ic o b s ta c le s a s w e ll a s to la c k o f fin a n c ia l c o n s tr u c tio n s . L o o k ­ in g in f u tu r e p e r s p e c tiv e th r o u g h th e le n s o f c o n te m p o r a r y c o n s te lla ­ tio n s o f th e I n te r n a tio n a l R e la tio n s a n d th e W o r ld O r d e r , s h e c la im s th a t th e m o s t tru th f u l w a y o f re -e s ta b lis h in g th e ag es an d tra d itio n a l re la tio n s is b e tw e e n th e c o u n tr ie s o f T u rk e y a n d o th e r) re la tio n s in a m o re is t o b e tw e e n E ast an d th e bond­ W est (th a t V ia E g n a tia a x i s , i . e . A l b a n i a , M a c e d o n i a , s tre n g th e n m a rk e d th e m ille n n iu m a n d p rio ritiz e th e e x is tin g in te r ­ E u ro p e a n p e rs p e c tiv e , e s p e c ia lly ta k in g a d v a n ta g e o f th e I n s tr u m e n ts fo r P re -A c c e s s io n o f th e E U a n d b y lo b ­ b y in g fo r g r e a te r fin a n c ia l in s tr u m e n ts f r o m th e fu tu re b u d g e t fra m e ­ w o rk 2 0 1 4 - 2 0 2 0 . L a s t c h a p t e r g iv e s a n o v e r v ie w o n t h e e c o n o m ic r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n T u rk e y a n d th e B a lk a n c o u n tr ie s b y re fe r e n c e to th e c o m m o n h is to r y o f t h e p a s t a s w e l l a s t h e p r e s e n t . T u r k e y ’s l i n k s w i t h t h e o t h e r B a l ­ k a n c o u n t r i e s a r e lo n g a n d s tr o n g , d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t m o r e t h a n fiv e c e n tu rie s , th e s e c o u n trie s h a v e b e e n p a r t o f a c o m m o n s y s te m th e O tto m a n E m p ire . T h is fa c t e n a b le s th e s e c o u n trie s , e v e n w ith in to d a y a fte r a lm o s t a h u n d r e d y e a rs o f f u n c tio n in g a s in d e p e n d e n t c o u n trie s , t o m a i n t a i n t h e s e ti e s c r e a te d f o r m o r e t h a n fiv e c e n t u r i e s . A l t h o u g h to d a y a ll o f t h e s e c o u n trie s m a in s tra te g ic g o a l is to be a m em ber c o u n try o f E U , th e a u th o rs re m in d th a t w e s h o u ld n o t fo rg e t th e c o m ­ m o n p a s t. W ith in th e o c c u rrin g in te g ra tio n p ro c e s s e s , s tr u c tu ra l a d ­ ju s tm e n ts ta k e p la c e in th e s e c o u n tr ie s , w h ic h m a y a ls o c o n tr ib u te to c re a te th e ir c o m p e titiv e p o s itio n in th e in te r n a tio n a l a re a . T h e b a s ic e le m e n t fo r e s ta b lis h in g o f th e s e e c o n o m ic re la tio n s b e tw e e n T u rk e y a n d th e o th e r B a lk a n c o u n tr ie s in th e la s t c e n tu r y is T u r k is h - A m e r ic a n r e la tio n s e s p e c ia lly a f te r th e C o ld W a r w h e n th e U n ite d S ta te s o f A m e ric a (U S A ) e m e rg e d a s a d o m in a n t p o w e r. O n th e o th e r h a n d , th e e x is te n c e o f p e o p le o f B a lk a n o r ig in in T u r k e y is a n o th e r c ru c ia l f a c t o r t h a t a f f e c t s T u r k e y ’s B a l k a n p o l i c y . O w i n g t o t h e w a v e s o f m a s s Turkish - Albanian Macedonian Relations Past, Present and Future m ig ra tio n to T u rk e y fro m th e B a lk a n s s in c e th e la te 11 1 9 th c e n t u r y u p u n t i l n o w , o n e f i f t h o f T u r k e y ’s p o p u l a t i o n i s o f B a l k a n o r i g i n . D u r i n g th e c ris is a n d w a r s in th e B a lk a n s , th e s e g r o u p s w e r e o n e o f th e m o s t e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e f a c t o r s i n T u r k e y ’s p o l i c y t o w a r d s t h e r e g i o n . I n c o n c l u s i o n , w e w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k , f i r s t o f a ll, t h e c o n t r i b u t o r s to th is v o lu m e , in w h ic h w ith o u t th e ir in p u t a n d re s e a rc h th is w o rk w o u l d n o t h a v e a s s u m e d it s p r e s e n t a p p e a r a n c e . I t is a h a p p y p r iv ile g e to a c k n o w le d g e e ith e r d ire c tly A n k a ra C e n te r ou r in d e b te d n e s s o r in d ire c tly fo r T h o u g h t to th o s e c o n trib u te d and to R e se a rc h in s titu tio n s th is s tu d y , a m o n g (A D A M ), T u rk is h n a tio n a l C o o p e ra tio n a n d D e v e lo p m e n t A g e n c y tio n a l B a lk a n U n iv e r s ity w h ic h have th e m In te r­ (T IK A ) a n d I n te r n a ­ (IB U ). N e ith e r p u b lis h e r n o r th e e d ito rs a re r e s p o n s ib le fo r a n y s h o rtc o m in g s c o m m itte d b y th e c o n trib u to rs . M e h m e t B u lu t M e s u t Id riz RENEW AL OF TH E ALBANOM A C E D O N IA N A N D T U R K IS H R E L A T IO N S : T H E P E R S P E C T IV E S O F C O R R ID O R V III A n a N ik o d in o v s k a A 1 s th e th e m e o f th is p u b lic a tio n a n d th e s e m in a r th a t it p re c e d e d is P a st, P r esen t a n d F u tu r e o f th e T u r k is h - A lb a n ia n a n d M a cedo nia n r e la tio n s i t s e e m s n a t u r a l t o t a l k a b o u t r e l a t i o n s h i p s a n d c o n n e c t i o n s b e tw e e n th e c o u n trie s o f s o u th e a s te rn E u ro -A s ia n a x is . A lth o u g h th e s e th r e e c o u n trie s a re g e o g ra p h ic a lly n o t d ire c tly re la te d , b u t h is ­ to ric a lly , s o c io lo g ic a lly , e c o n o m ic a lly , p o litic a lly a re p a r t o f a w id e r c o m m u n ity . A c u lin a ry and c u ltu ra lly th e y e x a m p le o f th is e x is tin g b o n d is th e s o le p r e s e n c e o f s a r m a in M a c e d o n ia n a n d T u r k is h c u s in e o r d o lm a in A lb a n ia n , o r b e t t e r y e t th e p r e s e n c e o f c a c ik o r ta r a tu r , b a k la v a , b u r e k , k o f te a n d m a n y o t h e r d e lic a c ie s t h a t g iv e u s t h e g e n ­ e ra l id e a o f th e u n d is p u te d in te rc o n n e c tio n . T h e in te n s ity o f th is h is to ric a l re la tio n s h ip , a n d h e n c e c u ltu ra l, s o c io lo g ic a l, p o li tic a l a n d e c o n o m ic , is m o s t a p p a r e n t d u r i n g t h e p e ­ rio d o f th e p re se n c e o f th e O tto m a n E m p ire in th e re g io n th ro u g h th e c e n tu rie s . T h e E m p ire tra d itio n a lly c o n n e c te d th e E a s t a n d W e s t, u n itin g a ll c o u n trie s a lo n g O tto m a n E m p ire an e n d le s s c u s to m a ry U n io n . T o d a y , th e le a v e s b e h in d m any m o d e rn n a tio n s in c lu d in g its t h r o n e t h e R e p u b lic o f T u r k e y , a n d c o u n tr ie s t h a t w e s p e a k o f to d a y , t h a t is R e p u b lic o f M a c e d o n ia a n d R e p u b lic o f A lb a n ia . A t th e b e g in ­ 1 L e c tu r e r a t t h e U n iv e r s it y o f G o c e D e lc e v . [ a n a .n ik o d in o v s k a @ u g d .e d u .m k ] 259 Ana Nikodinovska 260 n in g o f th e 2 1 s t c e n tu ry , w e e n c o u n te r th e s e c o u n trie s w ith te ris tic s o f d e v e lo p e d p lu ra lis tic m a rk e t eco n o m y , b a se d on p o litic a l s y s te m d e m o c ra tic a fu n c tio n in g s o c ie ty th a t re s p e c ts rig h ts a n d fu n d a m e n ta l v a lu e s o f f re e d o m s u c h th e s e c o u n trie s p e rfo rm and c h ara c ­ hu m an a n d t h e r u l e o f la w , a n d a s fu lly a n d in d e p e n d e n tly in in t e r n a tio n a l re la tio n s . L o o k in g in a b r o a d e r in te r n a tio n a l c o n te x t, th e s e c o u n trie s a re p r e s e n t in th e U n ite d m any o f th e N a tio n s , th e w o r l d ’s i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s W o rld T ra d e O rg a n iz a tio n and lik e o th e rs , a n d c e r ta in ly in th e re g io n a l c o n te x t, th e y a re a lre a d y m e m b e r s ta te s o r a s p irin g s ta te s fo r m e m b e rs h ip o f th e E u ro p e a n and E u ro -A tla n tic in s titu tio n s . In s p ite o f t h i s v iv id in tro d u c to ry p re s e n ta tio n , th e m a in fo c u s o f t h i s w r iti n g is t h e f a m o u s C o r r i d o r V III, n o t o n ly b e c a u s e i t c o n ­ n e c ts M a c e d o n ia , A lb a n ia a n d T u rk e y b u t a ls o because it h a s a fa r m a jo r r e a c h in c lu d in g o th e r s ta te s s u c h a s Ita ly a n d B u lg a ria a n d o th e r b o u n d a r y s ta te s . T h u s C o r r id o r V III r e p r e s e n ts a n im p o r ta n t s e g m e n t o f h u m a n e x is te n c e a n d a n e v e n m o re im p o r ta n t e le m e n t o f e v e ry d a y lif e t h a t a f f e c t s u s a ll. H is to ric a lly , d riv in g fo rc e tra n s p o rt o f e v e ry and tra n s p o rt n e tw o rk s c o n s titu te d s o c ie ty . T r a n s p o r t m e a n t c o n n e c tiv ity , tra v e l, p u r p o s e , p r o s p e r ity . W h e n th e tra d e , w e t a l k a b o u t C o r r i d o r V II I, i t is e s s e n tia l to m e n tio n th a t its p re d e c e s s o r w a s th e fa m o u s V ia E g n a tia ro a d n e tw o r k w h ic h w a s e s ta b lis h e d b y th e a n c ie n t R o m a n s in th e II c e n tu ry B C . T h e m a in p u rp o s e fo r th e c o n s tr u c tio n o f V ia E g n a tia w a s to c o n n e c t th e W e s t w ith th e E a s t a n d th u s to c o n n e c t th e c o lo n ie s o f th e o ld R o m a n E m p ir e w ith th e c e n te r . T h is r o u te w a s a n e x te n s io n of V ia A p ia ( I t a l y ) w i t h t h e F a r E a s t , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t e d a l i n k b e ­ tw e e n th e A d ria tic S e a to th e A e g e a n a n d w h ic h it e x te n d e d th r o u g h D y rra c h iu m , L y c h n id o s , H e r a k le ia L y n k e s tid o , T h e s s a lo n ic a th r o u g h A m p h ip o lis , P h ilip p i, N e a p o lis , T r a in a o p o lis , A p r o i, P e r in tu s , M e la n t i a s u n t i l C o n s t a n t i n o p l e ( B y z a n t i u m ) t h a t i s t o d a y ’s I s t a n b u l , t o t h e B la c k S e a . T h e ro a d w as b u ilt d u rin g 4 4 y e a rs, and in th e y e a rs to c o m e it re p re s e n te d th e m a in ro a d o f a th o u s a n d y e a rs o ld tr a d itio n th a t m a d e p o s s ib le n o t o n ly th e s p re a d o f C h ris tia n ity b u t a ls o c o n ­ tr ib u te d to th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f a c o n tin u o u s tr a d itio n o f tr a d e , tr a n s ­ Turkish - Alb anian M acedonian Relat ions Past , Present and Fut ure p o rt a n d c o m m u n ic a tio n c iv iliz a tio n s o f w h ic h re p re s e n tin g M ic h e le F a so lo th e c o re sp e a k s in 261 a x is b e tw e e n tw o L a v ia E g n a tia h is b o o k I. D a A p o l l o n i a e D y r r a c h i u m a d H e r a k le ia Lynkestidos, th e is s u e d in R o m e in 2 0 0 3 . In o rd e r e n tire ly to n e w re v iv e re la tio n s h ip s tio n a l re la tio n s w ith th e s tru c tio n m o s t k ey , b e tw e e n E u ro p e a n o f W e s t C o rrid o r a n d M a c e d o n ia E a st, a n d m ille n n iu m in th e U n io n , p a n -E u ro p e a n im p o rta n t, b e tw e e n th is o ld tra d itio n c o n te m p o ra ry B a lk a n th e E U a n d c o n s te lla tio n s a n d th e a n d stip u la te d n e tw o rk s , a lso re s to re s th e A sia n in c lu d in g th e re la tio n s h ip S o u rc e : h ttp ://e n .w ik ip e d ia .o rg /w ik i/V ia _ E g n a tia B e rlin w a ll a n d (h e ld E le lsin k i 1 9 9 7 ), w a s c o rrid o rs d e v e lo p e d re sp e c tiv e ly a n d fo r c o n ­ u s b e tw e e n th e lin k s T u r­ o f V ia E g n a tia o f p a n -E u ro p e a n fe re n c e s th e A lb a n ia . n . 1: R o u t e id e a c o u n trie s tra d itio n a l P ic tu re T h e e sta b lish o f in te rn a ­ o u tlin e d w h ic h th u s to c o u n trie s tra n s p o rt V III, a n d in p ro v id e s w ith in P ra g u e th e w a s th e 1 9 9 1 , b o rn th re e in a fte r th e P a n -E u ro p e a n C re te e s ta b lis h m e n t fall o f th e o f 10 in 1 9 9 4 c o n ­ a n d in p a n -E u ro p e a n 262 Ana Nikodinovska c o rrid o rs w ith in C e n tra l, E a s te rn a n d S o u th e a s te r n E u ro p e . T h e p u r ­ p o s e o f th e s e P a n -E u ro p e a n c o r r i d o r s is t o s u c c e s s fu lly c o n n e c t th e fo rm e r E a s te rn - E u r o p e a n b lo c k to th e b r o a d e r tr a n s - E u r o p e a n n e t­ w o rk s p ro v id e d b y th e E u r o p e a n U n io n a n d th e E u r o p e a n in te g r a tio n p ro cesses. P ic t u r e n .2 : M a p o f t h e t e n P a n - E u r o p e a n T r a n s p o r t C o r r id o r s S o u r c e : h ttp : //e n .w ik ip e d ia .o r g /w ik i/P a n - E u r o p e a n _ c o r r id o r s S p e c if ic a lly , C o r r i d o r V II I tio n s y s te m th a t ru n s a lo n g re p re s e n ts th e a m u ltim o d a l e a s t-w e s t a x is and tra n s p o rta ­ c o n s is ts o f sea a n d riv e r p o r ts , a irp o r ts , m u ltim o d a l p o r ts , r o a d s a n d ra ilw a y s , w ith a to ta l le n g th o f 1 2 7 0 k m in ra il tr a c k s a n d 9 6 0 k m o f ro a d s. T h e d ra ft o f C o r r id o r V III s ta n d s little o u t fro m th e o rig in a l r o u te o f V ia E g n a tia a n d c o n n e c ts B a r i, D u r r e s , T ir a n a , B ito la , S k o p je , S o fia , D i m i tr o v g r a d , B u rg a s, V a rn a a n d th ro u g h o n e o f its b r a n c h e s i t is a s s o c ia te d w ith C o rrid o r IV w h ic h r e la te s to T u rk e y , th r o u g h D im itr o v g r a d a n d c o n ­ n e c ts to E d irn e a n d Is ta n b u l. Turkish - Albanian Macedonian Relations Past, Present and Future 263 T h e C o r r i d o r is n o t o n ly a s im p l e r o a d t r a n s p o r t n e t w o r k , b u t it is a ls o a n a x is fo r th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f e n e rg y a n d te le c o m m u n ic a tio n s n e tw o r k w h ic h w ill c o n n e c t th e c o u n tr ie s o f th e E u r o p e a n U n io n w ith th e C a s p ia n b a s in , a n d w h ic h c a n p ro v id e re lia b le p o w e r s o u rc e s s u c h a s t h e n o t v e r y p o p u l a r o i l a n d g a s . I n t h i s c o n t e x t , i t ’s w o r t h y o f m e n ­ tio n in g th e p ro p o s e d U n ite d S ta te s A M B O p ro je c t fo r th e c o n s tru c ­ tio n o f a p ip e lin e a n d g a s p ip e lin e w h ic h is s u p p o s e d to p a s s th r o u g h M a c e d o n i a a n d A l b a n i a 2. T h e re a l s to ry b e h in d C o rrid o r V III c o n s is ts n o t so m u c h in in ­ f r a s tr u c tu r e , a s s u c h , b u t in th e w a y th a t th e C o r r id o r w ill fa c ilita te th e d is s e m in a tio n a n d th e e x p a n s io n o f tr a d e a fte r its c o n s tru c tio n . It w ill p r o v id e fa r b e tte r a c c e s s to w o r ld m a r k e ts a n d to ra w m a te ria ls n e e d e d fo r la n d in d u s tr ie s a n d f u r th e r m o r e , it w ill h a v e e v e n a g r e a te r s ig n ific a n c e s in c e it w ill r e p r e s e n t th e v ita l a r te r y th a t w ill fa c ilita te c o m m u n ic a tio n b e tw e e n d if f e r e n t c u ltu r e s a n d r e lig io n s a n d w ill a ls o enhance in te r c u ltu r a l d ia lo g u e b e tw e e n n e ig h b o rin g s ta te s . F ro m a g e o - s tr a te g ic p o s itio n , th e C o r r id o r w ill in c lu d e in te n s iv e c o m m e rc ia l tra ffic , w h ic h can a ris e im p o rta n c e a m o n g fro m th e e x p lo ita tio n o th e r th in g s , a s m e n tio n e d o f e n e rg y re so u rc e s in th e above, C a s p ia n re g io n , th e C a u c a s u s a n d C e n tr a l A s ia . F u rth e r s te p s have been ta k e n to w a rd s fra m e w o rk . T h u s , in 2 0 0 2 a M e m o ra n d u m th e re a liz a tio n o f th is o f U n d e rs ta n d in g h a s b e e n s ig n e d b e tw e e n Ita ly , A lb a n ia , M a c e d o n ia , B u lg a ria , G re e c e a n d T u r ­ k e y , in b a s e o f w h ic h w a s c re a te d re p re s e n ta tiv e s fro m h e a d q u a rte rs M e m o ra n d u m th e S te e rin g b o a rd (c o m p o sed o f th e P a rtie s ) a n d a te c h n ic a l s e c re ta r ia t w ith its s y m b o lic a lly s itu a te d in B a ri a t F ie r d e l L e v a n te . T h is o u tlin e s th e c o m m o n w ill o f th e p a r tie s p lu s th e E u ­ r o p e a n C o m m is s io n ( w h ic h a p p e a r s a s a n in te r e s te d p a rty ) a s w e ll a s s e ts th e p o lic ie s f o r u n d e r ta k in g f u r th e r a c tiv itie s . N o n e th e le s s , a c tiv ­ itie s h a v e b e e n d e la y e d b e c a u s e o f d if f ic u ltie s to g e t th r o u g h fin a n c e a n d a ls o d u e t o p o litic a l a n d e c o n o m ic o b s ta c le s , s u c h a s th e fin a n c ia l c ris is t h a t h a s th r e a te n d e v e lo p m e n t in g e n e ra l. 2 A n o t h e r c o m p e t it iv e p r o je c t t o A M B O is t h e s o c a lle d b y p a ss e s th e s e c o u n tr ie s . S o u th S tr e a m p ro je ct w h i c h i n s t e a d 264 Ana Nikodinovska T he com m on in te re s ts o f th e s e c o u n trie s fo r th e p ro m o tio n of C o r r id o r V III a re n u m e r o u s . B e s id e s th e in f r a s tr u c tu r a l d e v e lo p m e n t o f a tra n s p o rt n e tw o rk tu r e ) , th e y a im be f u lly (w h ic h in c lu d e s ro a d , ra il a n d a ir in f r a s tr u c ­ a t c re a tin g a s ta b le a n d p ro s p e r o u s re g io n th a t w o u ld in te g ra te d in to E u ro p e a n and E u ro -A tla n tic s tru c tu re s , as w e ll a s a im to a c h ie v e e c o n o m ic in te g r a tio n th r o u g h th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f m u tu a l tr a d e , w h ic h in t u r n w ill a g a in c o n tr ib u te t o t h e r a p id a n d su c c e ssfu l in te g ra tio n in to th e s in g le e c o n o m ic m a rk e t. T h is show s o ff th e ir c le a r E u ro p e a n p e rs p e c tiv e a n d th e ir w id e r in te r e s t to w a rd s th e s ta b iliz a tio n o f th e w h o le re g io n . In a d d itio n , it s h o u ld b e n o te d th e p a rtic u la r in te r e s t o f T u rk e y e s p e c ia lly to w a rd s e s ta b lis h in g s i n c e T u r k e y ’s p r e s e n c e in M a c e d o n i a is th e C o rrid o r, m a rk e d by TA V a irlin e s o n M a c e d o n ia n a irp o rts . W ith in th e E u r o p e a n tr a n s p o r t p o lic y , in s p ite o f t h e fa c t t h a t th e P a n -E u ro p e a n c o rrid o rs w e re fu n d in g such as IP A a b in itio f i n a n c i a l l y s u p p o r t e d ( t h r o u g h p re -a c c e s s io n P H A R E a n d S A P A R D , a n d th ro u g h in s tru m e n ts - p re v io u s a d d itio n a l lo a n s fro m IS P A , th e E u ro ­ p e a n In v e s tm e n t B a n k ), c u rre n tly th e y a re n o t p r e s e n t a t th e T o p 3 0 lis t o f p rio rity p ro je c ts o f th e E u ro p e a n U n io n , w h ic h a re o th e rw is e re s e rv e d fo r th e p rio rity lin e s o f tra n s - E u r o p e a n m u ltim o d a l n e tw o rk . F u rth e rm o re , fro m th e p re p a ra tio n s fo r th e c o n s tru c tio n o f th e n e w b u d g e t a r y f r a m e w o r k 2 0 1 4 - 2 0 2 0 i t c a n b e s e e n t h a t t h e E U ’s f o c u s is a l m o s t e n t ir e ly t u r n e d t o w a r d s i n t e r n a l t r a n s p o r t i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h th e ris k n e w ly a rriv e d M e m b e r S ta te s , a n d re m a in in g c o m p le te ly e x c lu d e d th a t in d e e d fro m th e som e p ro p o sa l c a n d id a te s (as i t is th e c a se fo r T u rk e y ). N e v e r th e le s s , n e w in te r n a tio n a l d e v e lo p m e n ts s u c h a s g lo b a l c li­ m a te c h a n g e a n d re c e n t u n fo rtu n a te e v e n ts th a t h it th e J a p a n e s e c o a s t and n o rth e rn A fric a , a s w e ll a s t h e a n tic ip a tio n o f th e new E u ro p e 2 0 2 0 s t r a t e g y , a r e s t a r t i n g t o a l t e r t h e E u r o p e a n U n i o n ’s p r i o r i t y a x e s . F u rth e rm o re , E U ’s p re v io u s e x p e rie n c e w ith in te rn a l c ro s s -p rio rity tr a n s p o r ta tio n p ro je c t (h a lf o f w h ic h a re n o t c o m p le te d ) to g e th e r w ith th e p ro p o s a ls fo r re v is io n o f th e T ra n s - E u r o p e a n tr a n s p o r t, b r o u g h t th e M in is te rs o f T r a n s p o r t o f th e U n io n m e m b e r s ta te s to c o n c lu d e o n t h i s F e b r u a r y ’s M i n i s t e r i a l m e e t i n g i n B u d a p e s t , t h a t t h e p r i o r i t y Turkish - Albanian Macedonian Relations Past, Present and Future 265 f o c u s s h o u ld b e r e a llo c a te d to w a r d s p r o je c ts t h a t f in a n c e th e s o c a lle d c o re n e tw o r k s , w h ic h a re e n v ir o n m e n ta lly c le a n , a n d th a t is th e tr a n s ­ p o r t ra il n e tw o rk s . In lig h t o f th e s e d e v e lo p m e n ts , th e fo c u s o f th e c o n s tru c tio n of C o rrid o r V III s h o u ld b e c e n te re d to w a rd s th e c o n s tru c tio n o f th e ra il­ w a y n e t w o r k , w h i c h is f u lly c o m p l e m e n t a r y n o t o n ly w i t h t h e p r io r i­ tie s o f th e E u ro p e a n U n io n b u t a ls o w ith th e p rio ritie s o f th e c o u n ­ trie s by c o n c e r n e d , e s p e c ia lly T u r k e y w h ic h w o u ld a c h ie v e B o sp h o ru s s ig n ific a n t g o a ls s tra it. T h u s , s u p p o rtin g th is p ro je c t o f e n v iro n m e n ta l p ro te c tio n a ll s ta k e h o ld e r s c o n c e rn e d and o f th e engaged in th is C o r r id o r s h o u ld ta k e a d v a n ta g e o f th e ir p riv ile g e d p o s itio n s a n d n e g o tia tin g s k ills a n d s h o u ld u s e th e m to o b ta in fin a n c ia l a g r e e m e n ts th a t w ill s u p p o r t th is in itia tiv e . E s p e c ia lly , th is c o u ld b e p o s s ib le b y p ro m o tin g a p riv a te m a jo r p o s s ib ilitie s p u b lic p a r tn e r s h ip w h ic h in r e tu r n c o u ld h a v e o f fin a n c in g such la rg e in f r a s tr u c tu r e p r o je c ts a s C o r r id o r V III. In s te a d o f c o n c lu s io n - a s im p le q u o te fro m a n u n k n o w n a u th o r: “A l l o f life is a jo u rn e y . W h ic h p a th s w e ta k e , w h a t w e lo o k back on, a n d w h a t w e lo o k fo r w a r d to , is u p to us. W e d e te rm in e o u r d e stin a tio n , w h a t kin d o f ro a d w e w ill ta k e to g e t th ere, a n d h o w h a p p y w e are w h e n w e g e t th ere ”. 266 Ana Nikodinovska References (iH ii,■: K o p u d o p V I I I “, C D o p y iw A H n . i i r m K a , 6 p o j A , « e K e M B p i i 2 0 0 5 . La via E g na tia I. D a A p o llo n ia e D yrra ch iu m a d H erakleia L yn kesti- F A S O L O , M ic h e le : dos, I s t i t u t o G r a f i c o E d i t o r i a l e R o m a n o , R o m a , 2 0 0 3 . M O G A V E R O , D a n ie la : “C r o c e v ia M a r N e r o ” , O s s e r v a to r io B a lc a n i e C a u c a s o , a v a ila b le at h ttp : //w w w .b a lc a n ic a u c a s o .o r g /a r e e /R o m a n ia /C r o c e v ia - M a r - N e r o -9 4 1 9 7 (a c c e ss e d o n 2 1 .0 5 .2 0 1 1 ) R A N K I N , J e n n ife r : v o ic e , ‘‘C o m m i s s i o n a v a ila b le at la u n c h e s r a d ic a l tr a n s p o r t p la n ” , E u r o p e a n h tt p : //w w w .e u r o p e a n v o ic e .c o m /a r t ic le /2 0 1 1 /m a r c h / c o m m is s io n - la u n c h e s - r a d ic a l- t r a n s p o r t - p la n /7 0 6 7 1 .a s p x (a c c e sse d on 2 8 .0 3 .2 0 1 1 ) R A N K I N , J e n n i f e r : " L ife i n t h e s l o w la n e ” , E u r o p e a n v o ic e , a v a ila b le a t h t t p : / / w w w .e u r o p e a n v o ic e .c o m /a r t ic le /im p o r t e d /lif e - in - t h e - s lo w - la n e /6 8 1 4 0 . a sp x (a c c e s s e d o n 0 3 .0 6 .2 0 1 0 ) R A N K I N , J e n n ife r : “ S lo w - m o v in g t r a n s p o r t p r o je c ts fa c e f u n d in g a x e ”, E u ro ­ p e a n v o ic e , a v a ila b le a t h t t p : / / w w w . e u r o p e a n v o i c e . c o m / a r t i d e / i m p o r t e d / s lo w - m o v in g - t r a n s p o r t - p r o j e c t s - fa c e - f u n d in g - a x e /6 9 2 2 7 .a s p x (a ccessed on 21.10.2010) R E N S S E N , S o n ja v a n : “A c le a n e r fu tu r e ? ” , E u r o p e a n v o ic e , a v a ila b le a t h t t p : / / w w w .e u r o p e a n v o ic e .c o m /a r t id e /im p o r t e d /a - d e a n e r - f u t u r e - /6 9 6 8 4 .a s p x (a c c e s s e d o n 0 9 .1 2 .2 0 1 0 ) D o c u m e n ts Energy Road m ap 2 0 5 0 , C O M ( 2 0 1 1 ) 8 8 5 / 2 , a v a i l a b l e a t h t t p : / / e c . e u r o p a . e u / e n e r g y /e n e r g y 2 0 2 0 /r o a d m a p /d o c /c o m _ 2 0 11 _ 8 8 5 2 _ e n .p d f (a c c e s s e d o n 1 0 .1 1 .2 0 1 1 ) W h ite Paper - R oa dm ap to a Single European Tra nsport A re a p e titiv e and resource efficient tra nsp ort system , 2011, a v a ila b le at COM To w ards a com­ (2 0 1 1 ) 144, M arch h t t p : //e u r le x .e u r o p a .e u /L e x U r iS e r v /L e x U r iS e r v . d o ? u r i= C O M :2 0 1 1 :0 1 4 4 :F I N :E N :P D F (a c c e s s e d o n 1 2 .0 5 .2 0 1 1 ) O ffic ia l W e b s ite s : w w w .e u r o p a .e u w w w .e s t e r i.it w w w .c o r r id o r 8 .o r g /in d e x .p h p ? la n g = it