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2012
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9 pages
1 file
Sustainability of the traditional tank-village irrigation system had been maintained in the past simply not only from structural maintenance. Each and every component of the eco-system was given due consideration. The attention was paid not only on macro-land uses such as paddy land, settlement area, chena lands, tank bed, etc. but also on micro-land uses such as goda wala, iswetiya, gasgommana, perahana, kattakaduwa, tisbambe, kiul-ela, etc.
A case study was carried out in the Maha Kanumulla village tank cascade (Anuradhapura) to understand the present status of land and water resource utilization in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. The study consists of tank water balance study, ground water survey and socio economics survey in order to determine the potentiality and present level of resource use. Results show tbat the existing village tank hydrology does not encouragre efficient use of water under the present system of land, water and structural management. The irrigable lowland under village tank has been seriously fragmented with respect to the ownership, so that any introduction of better water management method would be challenging. The traditional shifting cultivation has exploited almost all catchment areas of village tanks and been waiting for strategic action towards a gradual recovery while using the land for agriculture as the demand for Iand cannot be overwhelmed. Investigation on the potentiality of groundwater for small scale irrigated farming would be useful. The paper makes some suggestions to improve the system hydrology and optimum use of land for farming. KEY WORDS: Land and Water Resources, Village Tanks
Surface water reservoirs are utilized in many countries for different purposes such as drinking and domestic purposes, agriculture, industries, power generation etc. In Sri Lanka reservoirs of various sizes are found as network of reservoir-stream combinations and many are multifunctional in providing services to human, animal and natural environment. Small tanks among them play a remarkable role in supporting the life of peasant communities. In the traditional tank-village agricultural system, which has been evolved through various hardships caused due to natural disasters many sustainable features are found with respect to conservation and effective use of water. In the past traditional agriculture had been manipulated to absorb any weather vagaries by shifting the cultivation time and selecting cultivation practices. Traditional communities made every attempt to conserve soil, water, and natural habitat. Food security was one of the in-built aspects of their culture. Use of groundwater for agriculture was never practised by them, and it assured the water security. There was a broad diversity in flora and fauna. Sharing resources equally and the equity of ownership were the most striking features of their culture, which led to build up a peaceful and sustainable rural society. Environmental pollution had never been an issue for them to bother. With the disappearance of these features the whole system was subjected to deteriorate socially, physically and economically making the community vulnerable to disasters. The paper discusses some strategies to rehabilitate the system through adoption of most appropriate approaches such as physical resource conservation, restoration of ecologically important features, tank storage improvement, strengthening institutional mechanism, attitudinal changes etc. to bring back the sustainability, which evade the poverty and vulnerability of the small tank community to natural disasters. KEY WORDS: Rural traditional systems, vulnerability to drought, natural resources conservation, tank rehabilitation technology
2018
Traditional tank is a vital element in a village. Most of villagers rely on it to fulfill their water requirements mainly for agriculture and some extent to other domestic purposes. The subsequent governments are also actively involved in development activities of the tanks but due to lack of attention taken to govern those projects and lack of technology and knowledge it will lead to failure of some development attempts as identified by the villagers. Therefore, villagers have suggested adopting proper monitoring systems to assess the quality of contractors’ works, and they asked to get their opinion for the development projects carried out in their area. They stressed the importance of using their knowledge gained through experience to develop tank systems. Villagers are moving away from the tank environs because most of the tanks are not properly operational and not efficient and water in those tanks is not clean enough for drinking, meal preparation, bathing and some of other domestic purposes due to siltation, accumulation of poisonous agro chemicals and garbage and growth of invasive species. In order to ensure proper functioning of the tank system its components of ecosystem (gasgommana, kattakaduwa etc) are important but, due to illegal felling of trees, use of commons for cultivation, and development of the area for other recreational activities these components are fading away from the system. This also led to the break down the system stability. At the village level, people should get together and establish community based organizations to protect the tank system. Among them Farmer Organizations and fisheries societies will play a vital role. In addition, Welvidane, monks in the temple and relevant Government Officers must actively contribute to the tank development activities. As mentioned by the villagers’ wild animal attack and drought are severe problems for their agricultural activities. Further, they have mentioned that by developing the tank system they can get rid of those problems and earn a higher income and finally raise their living standard. Moreover, the development of one tank will bring benefits to more than one village.
Rural tanks are the smallest water bodies situated in the rural area of semi-arid tropical parts of India. They are life saving mechanism and most important indigenous technology, which has been established by our past generation to catch and store the rain water that enables rural poor to utilize the water resources for their needs. Rural tanks are an important feature in the socio-economic and cultural system in the southern Rural India. They play a very crucial role in the process of sustainable rural development, by extend of irrigation, drinking water and all other purposes of rural community. Rural tanks, which are relatively small, shallow storage constitute about a third of all minor works in use. In India, it is estimated to 2,08,000 rural tanks irrigating 3.5 million hectares. Rural tanks were given more importance before Independence. But they were properly maintained and their benefits have not been reached to the rural poor due to various reasons of heavy silting, weeding, severe encroachment and some unavoidable natural calamities viz., flood and drought. The system of rural tanks is mainly based on indigenous practice of appropriate technology for the benefit of Rural people and Rural environment in sustainable basis. This system has been entirely damaged which resulted in reduction of tank capacity, crop production. In this connection an attempt has been made to study about Rural Tanks and their importance which contribute to sustainable rural development. It is also aimed to highlight various issues related to the technological system of Rural Tanks which promote rural environment. To conclude, Rural tanks are the basic of the livelihood of Rural poor and also their technological system are the useful mode to conserve the rainwater towards store and save the water resources for the future generations.
2014
Tank irrigation has been prevalent in the different States of India. Being a very old irrigation system, tanks were traditionally considered to be assets by the princely states and created by state funds. However, their maintenance has always been neglected by the rulers. Many of village irrigation tanks have lost their capacity due to silting, weed growth and structural erosion. Feeder channels are not functioning due to encroachment and distribution network has been disrupted. Tanks are basic resource for irrigation, drinking water, domestic use for people and animals, recharging ground water, fuel wood and timber, fish production, fodder, environment and silt and sand for construction. Current scenario of tank irrigation is discouraging. Thus, the present study is intended to study the importance of surface (tank) water irrigation in the development of irrigation and awareness of the farmers about tank management.
umconference.um.edu.my, 2011
The tank-village system consists of an integrated farming system including rainfed upland farming (seasonal and homestead), and tank irrigated farming associated in some places with agro-well cultivation. Although a considerable amount of rainfall is received by the system, overall water use efficiency is not at a satisfactory level hence the agriculture is frequently affected with water shortage. The situation can be improved if a proper integrated approach is adopted for water resource management. Initially, before integrating the water sources several strategies would be possible to upgrade the situation. They are: (a) response farming to climate; (b) in-situ use of rainfall; (c) improvement of water storing efficiency in the tank; (d) improved land use and land management practices for catchment to generate high runoff; and (e) methods to achieve optimum water productivity in irrigated lands. Secondly, tank water budgeting approach has to be adopted for seasonal planning with farmer participation. Thirdly, information on hydrological situation and ground water potential must be made available for integrated planning. Finally, an integrated water management plan can be developed with farmers' participation aiming to increase the efficiency of water resource use and improve the farmer income. The paper discusses the pre-requisites for and the process of integrated water resource management planning which would be applicable for the tank-village farming system in Sri Lanka. Key words: Tank water budgeting, ground water prediction, hydrological situations, agro-well farming.
Vavuniya district of Sri Lanka consists of nearly 674 minor irrigation tanks which are in a cascade system supplying water for 10900 ha (10900 × 10 4 m 2 ) of paddy land. But there is no documentation available for the cascade systems. In the recent past effort was taken to rehabilitate some of those tanks with the available source of funding. Since there is hardly any knowledge on the pattern of those cascades, the tanks for rehabilitation were selected randomly. As a result, the neighborhood tanks were inundated and the livelihoods of the poor farmers in those tanks were severely affected. The objective of the study was to identify the cascade system and to assess the tank performance. Kovilkulam Agrarian Centre in Vavuniya was selected for this pilot study. GIS platform was used to identify cascade systems among the tanks in Kovilkulam Agrarian Centre in which 83 tanks were located including abandoned tanks. This study identified 17 tank cascade systems consisting 66 tanks and 17 isolated tanks. Among those 66 tanks, 30 tanks were randomly selected to assess the tank performance. Cropping intensity (CI) and hydrological endowment were used to assess the performance of the tanks. Results revealed that 64% of tanks were with good hydrological endowment whereas 36% were with poor hydrological endowment. Average tank density was one tank per 2.65 km 2 in the study area. The average yield under minor tank irrigation systems, good hydrologically endowed tanks and poor hydrologically endowed tanks were 4456 kg/ha (0.44 kg/m 2 ), 5092 kg/ha (0.51 kg/m 2 ) and 3876 kg/ha (0.39 kg/m 2 ) respectively. The average cropping intensity of good and poor hydrologically endowed tanks was statistically tested using t-test and found to be significant. Nearly 90% of the good hydrologically endowed tanks had the CI of greater than one. This study could be extended to the whole district and to the adjacent districts. Documentation of the cascade system would be useful to carry out rehabilitation activities which are essential to improve the tank performance in this district where tanks are the main source of water for irrigation.
In Sri Lanka, farmers prefer to grow paddy because it is their staple food. The most common reason given for the shortfall is the lack of sufficient irrigation water to rescue crop when the rainfall is lean. The lack of irrigation water is dependant of two aspects. One is the lack of storage and the other is the poor water management. Out of the two, the latter is considered very important because it is an activity that can be easily influenced from the first day of recognition. Therefore, the aim of this study is to carry out a systematic case study application demonstrating the potential to investigate the possibility of increasing land and water productivity through the management of crop types (Paddy, green gram, soya bean and cowpea) grown in each season. Irrigation department guidelines were used for computation of irrigation demand, evapotranspiration requirements and selection of the value of crop growth stages, crop factors and land preparation for Maha season and Yala season with 105 days and 135 days duration for paddy and OFC respectively. Land preparation water requirement, farm loss and the project efficiency were assumed as uniform inputs for all spatial units. Reservoir water balance model based on Irrigation Department guideline was applied to determine the smallest capacity of reservoir that would be required for cultivation of the largest required irrigable area for a pre-determined cropping pattern and intensity for both seasons. After computation of irrigation demand and reservoir water balance modeling, it was found that in all four options, full command area (100%) could be cultivated while in Yala season this result differs as follows. In option 1, paddy was considered for 16% of the command area, while in option 2 this cultivation could be as 10 % of the command area paddy and 28% of the command area green gram. In option 3 and option 4, the cultivable areas were found as 10% for paddy along with 19% for soya beans and 10% for paddy along with 21% for cowpea respectively. Consequently, the second option in which 10 % of the command area was considered for paddy and 28% of the command area for Green Gram was found as a best option to be practiced under Labunoruwa Irrigation Tank in order to increase the water productivity.
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