RV 1.32 Grammatical & Etymological Notes

INTRODUCTION TO VEDIC – LENT 2014 (MJCS) COMMENTARY TO RV 1.32 RV.1.32: TO INDRA FROM HIRAṆYASTŪPA ĀN̄GIRASA (TRIṢṬUBH) 1a. indrasya : ‘Indra’ G.sg. o-stem –asya < *-osi̯o cf. OAv. –ahyā; Hom. –οιο; OLat. VALESIOSIO (Lapis Satricanus). nú : ‘now’ part. < PIE *nū̆ ; Gr. νυ (encl.), Hitt. nu, Lat. nu-dius, Goth. nu, Lith. nù, nũ. vīríyāṇi : ‘manly deeds’ A.pl.n. < *u̯ ihx-r-ii̯o-, relational adjective from *u̯ ihx-ró- Yaɣnōbhī (Modern East Iranian) preserves /wir/ 'man' (Sogd. wyr, MPers. wīr), root noun *u̯ ihx- > Lat. vīs ‘strength, power’ prá vocaṃ: 1.sg. augmentless reduplicated thematic aorist < *u̯ e-u̯ kʷ-o-m = Gr. εἶπον. Accent is borne by the preverbal particle pra ‘forth’ (Gr. πρό, Lat. prō). 1b. yani : A.pl.n. rel.pron. < *i̯o- (cf. Gr. ὅς). cakā́ ra : 3.sg. perf. √kr̥ - ‘do’ < *kʷe-kʷór-e (PIE *kʷerPres. kr̥ ṇóti < *kʷr̥ -néu̯ -ti; cf. Hitt. root pret. 3.sg. kuerta ‘schnitt’ *kʷer-/kʷr̥ -). prathamā́ ni : A.pl.n. prathama- ‘very earliest, very first’ superl. *pro-tm̥ mo-. The source of the aspiration is unclear. Cf. Gr. πρό-τερος of the comparative degree. vajrī́ : N.sg.m. vajrín- ‘the club (vájra-) bearer’ *u̯ ag̑ -ró- > vájra- ‘club’ perhaps rel. to Gr. ἅγνυµι ‘break, shatter’ < *ϝαγ-, Μελέαγρος (°ϝαγρος ~ vájra-), Hitt. u̯ ak- ‘bite’ 1c. áhann: 3.sg.aor.act. ‘he slew’ < *h₁é-gʷʰen-t (Gr. pres. θείνω, aor. ἔπεφνον). áhim: A.sg.m. ‘serpent’, cf. YΑv. aži-, Gr. ὄφις < *h₃egʷʰi-. ánu ... tatarda: 3.sg.pf. √tard- + anu: ‘release, make flow’. apás : A.pl.f. ‘waters’ ap- < PIE *h₂ep- cf. Hitt. ḫa-pa-a (allative ‘zum Fluß’), TochA/B āp-, OPruss. ape, Lith. ùpė. 1d. pra ... abhinat: 3.sg. ‘cleave’ √bhed- < PIE *bʰei̯d- (cf. Lat. findō, OEng. bītan, Gr. φείδοµαι). vakṣáṇā: A.pl.f. ‘bellies’ (vakṣáṇā-). párvatānām: G.pl.m. ‘mountains’ (párvata- adj. ‘stony’) cf. YAv. pauruuatā- ‘mountains’ all from PIE *pér-u̯ n̥ t-o- ‘stony, having stone’ cf. Hitt. peru (N.-A.sg.), perun-i (D.-L.sg.) ‘stone’ 2a. śiśriyāṇáṃ: A.sg.m.pf.mid.part. √śri- ‘lie’ < *k̑ lei̯- ‘lean’ (cf. Gr. κλίνω, Lat. clināre) 2b. tváṣṭāsmai = tváṣṭā + asmai. tváṣṭā N.sg.m. tváṣṭr̥ - Pr.N. ‘(the god) Tvaṣṭar’ = YAv. θβōǝštar- m. ‘builder, creator’. asmai D.sg. anaphoric pron. ayám. svaríyaṃ: A.sg.m.adj. ‘resounding, roaring, crashing’. tatakṣa: 3.sg.perf.act. √takṣ- ‘fashion, create’ < PIE *tetk̑ - cf. OAv. tatašā; Acrostatic Root Pres. *tḗtk̑ -/tétk̑ - in Ved. tāṣṭi, OAv. tāšt, Lat. tešu, OCS тешѫ. 2c. vāśrā́ : N.pl.f.adj. ‘lowing’; probably deadjectival *vāś-ra- from verbal root √vāś- ‘bellow, roar’. iva: comparative particle (perhaps comparable to Hitt. iu̯ ar ‘nach Art von, wie’ (MAYRHOFER). dhenávaḥ: N.pl.f. ‘(milch)cows’ cf. YAv. daēnu- ‘female animal’ Khot. dīnū, MPers. dēnōdag ‘female, milk’, Khwarez. δy(n) ‘woman’. Built to √dhay-/dhi- > PIIr. *dʰai̯-n(é)u- syándamānā: N.pl.f.pres.mid.part. √syand- ‘move quickly, flow’ (root exclusively Indic). 2d. áñjaḥ: adv. ‘right, on the right way; swiftly, direct’, perh. derived from √añj- ‘anoint’ (PIE *h₃engʷ-, cf. Lat. unguere ‘anoint’, OIr. imb, OHG ancho, OPruss. anctan ‘butter’, etc.). samudrám: A.sg.m. lit. ‘the gathering together of waters (i.e. the sea)’ < sam + *udr- ‘water’ (cf. udán- ‘water’), originally a heteroclite -r/n- stem in PIE, cf. Gr. ὕδ-ωρ, ὕδ-ατος, Hitt. u̯ atār, u̯ itenaš. áva jagmur: 3.pl.pf.act.ind. √gam- ‘come, go’ (PIE *gʷem- : Gr. βαίνω, Lat. ueniō, etc.) + ava ‘down’. ā́paḥ: N.pl.f. ‘waters’ cf. above. 3a. vr̥ ṣāyámāṇo: N.sg.m.pres.mid.part.cs. √vr̥ ṣ- ‘be eager, act like a vr̥ ṣa- (bull)’ vr̥ ṣa- prob. < *(h₂)u̯ r̥ sēn- ‘male; male animal’ cf. Gr. (Att.) ἄρρην; full-grade forms in Ion., Cret. ἔρσην. avr̥ ṇīta: 3.sg.impf.mid.ind. √var- ‘choose’ (IX) < PIE *h₁e-u̯ l̥-n-h₁-to (PIE *u̯ elh₁- : cf. Lat. uolō, Goth. wiljan, 1 INTRODUCTION TO VEDIC – LENT 2014 (MJCS) COMMENTARY TO RV 1.32 Lith. vélti, OCS велитъ) sómaṃ: A.sg.m. ‘soma, intoxicating drink’ (YAv. haoma-, MPers. hōm); possib. PIIr. *sau̯ -ma- from *sau̯ - ‘press’. 3b. tríkadrukeṣu: L.pl. trí-kadru-ka- ‘three in number, brown?’; tri- ‘three’ < *tri- (zero-grade in composition. Cf. Gr. (Boeot.) τρι-πεζα ‘three-legged (table)’ in contrast to τράπεζα < *(kʷ)tu̯ r̥ -pedi̯h̥ ₂ ‘four-legged; table’ (cf. Myc. e-ne-wo-pe-za ‘nine-legged table’, etc.). + adj. kadrū- ‘brown (describing soma vessels)’ + -ka- deadjectival suffix. apibat: 3.sg.imperf.act.ind. ‘drink’ < *h₁e-piph₃-e-t, cf. Lat. bibō, Gr. πίνω, etc. sutásya G.sg.m. ‘the pressed (juice)’ p.p.p. to √sav- ‘press’ < PIIr. *sau̯ - : Ved. sunóti ‘press (soma), YAv. hunaoiti ‘press (haoma)’. 3c. ā́ ... adatta: 3.sg.mid.impf. √dā-¹ ‘give’ < PIE *deh₃- : Gk. δί-δω-µι, Lat. dāre; + ā ‘take’. sā́yakam: A.sg.m.adj. ‘intended or fitted to be discharged or hurled’. maghávādatta: = maghávā adatta. maghávā N.sg.m.adj. maghávan- ‘possessing or distributing gifts, bountiful, liberal, munificent’; derived maghá-van- (maghá- ‘gift, reward’) cf. OAv. maga- ‘sacrifice, sacrifical gift’, magauuan-, m. probably ‘sacrificer’. 3d. enam 3.A.sg.encl.pron. ‘him’. prathamajā́m: comp. prathama- ‘(very) first’ cf. above. + °jā́ ‘offspring, family’ root noun < *g̑ enh₁-, i.e. ‘the firstborn’. áhīnām G.pl.m. áhi- ‘serpent’ cf. above. 4a. yád: part. ‘when’. indrā́han = indrá (V.sg. ‘I.’) + ahan 2.sg.impf.act.ind. ‘you slew’. 4b. ā́n: part. āt ‘and (then)’ cf. OAv., YAv. āat̰ ‘id.’. māyínām: G.pl.adj. māyin- possessive adjective in -in- ‘(one) possessing deception, deceiver’. ámināḥ: 2.sg.impf. (IX.P) + pra ‘bring to naught’ √mi-² ‘lessen, diminish, destroy’ pres. minā́ ti, PIE *mei̯hx-, cf. Gk. µείων, Lat. minor, minuō, Goth. mins ‘less’. prótá: prá (PIE *pro : Gk. πρό, etc.) utá. māyā́ḥ A.pl. ‘magical power; lie, deception’, cf. OAv., YAv. humāiia- ‘mit guten Kräften begabt’, PIIr. *māi̯ā-. 4c. sū́riyaṃ: A.sg.m. ‘sun’ sū́ rya- < *suh₂-l-ii̯o- ~ *suh₂-el/n- : Pre-Pr.Gk. *seh₂-u̯ el-ii̯o- > Pr.Gk. *hāu̯ elii̯o- : Cret. αβελιος, Dor., Aeol., Arc. ᾱελιος, Hom., Ion. ἠέλιος, Att. ἥλιος; Goth. sauil, ON sól, Eng. sun, NHG Sonne; Lith. sáulė, Lett. saũle. janáyan: 2.sg.pres.cs. √jan- ‘beget’; PIE *g̑ onh₁-éi̯e/o‘cause to beget; bring into existence’ (cf. Gk. γένος < *g̑ enh₁-os-Ø, etc.). dyā́m: A.sg.m. ‘sky’ < *di̯ēm from earlier *di̯eu̯ m by STANG’s Law (Lat. diem, Gk. A.sg. Ζήν, etc.). uṣā́saṃ: A.sg.f. ‘dawn’ (uṣas-) < *h₂eu̯ s-ō̆ s- : OAv., YAv. ušah-, Pr.Gk. *au̯ hōs- > Lesb. αὔως, Att. ἔως, etc., Lat. aurora < *au̯ sos-a-. 4d. tādī́tnā: indecl. correl. ‘at that time’ (ἅπαξ, cf. MAYRHOFER EWA for details). śátruṃ A.sg.m. ‘enemy’ (śatru-), etymology unclear. ná: ‘not’, PIE *ne : Lat. ne(-sciō), ne(-quis), Goth. ni, Lith. nè, OCS не, etc. kílā: part. ‘indeed’ vivitse 2.sg.mid.pf. √vid-² ‘obtain’ here in the sense of ‘possess, have’ orig. same with PIE *u̯ ei̯d- ‘see’. 5a. vr̥ tráṃ: A.sg.m. vr̥ trá- ‘(the dragon) Vr̥ tra’ lit. ‘resistance, opposition’ cf. OAv. N.sg. vǝrǝθrǝm[.]ǰā ‘opposition-smasher’ (= Ved. vr̥ trahan-), YAv. vǝrǝθra- ‘resistance, opposition’, vǝrǝθraǰan- ‘opposition-smasher’, vǝrǝθraγna- n. ‘smashing-of-the-opposition, victory; (the god) Vǝrǝθraγna’, Bactr. ορλαγνο, MPers. wahrām ‘Wargod; (the god) Victory’, Arm. vahagn ‘(the god) Vahagn’ (LW via Iranian). vr̥ tratáraṃ: A.sg.m. comp. to vr̥ trá-. víaṃsam: A.sg.m. ‘broadshouldered’ prep. vi- ‘apart’ + aṃsa- ‘shoulder’, PIE *hxomso-, cf. Gk. ὦµος < *hxōmso-. 5b. índro: N.sg.m. ‘(the god) Indra’. mahatā́: I.sg.m.adj. ‘great’ (mahat-); derivation generally understood as based on a stem *meg̑ -h₂-. vadhéna: I.sg. ‘deadly weapon’ cf. √vadh- ‘beat, kill’, OAv. vadar- n. ‘deadly weapon’ YAv. vaδa- m. ‘id.’. 2 INTRODUCTION TO VEDIC – LENT 2014 (MJCS) COMMENTARY TO RV 1.32 5c. skándhāṃsīva = skándhāṃsi iva. skándhāṃsi N.pl.n. ‘tree trunks’ kúliśenā = kúliśena ā. kúliśa, m. ‘axe’ (etymology unclear) ā ... vívr̥ kṇā: N.pl.n. p.p.p. ‘cut into pieces’. 5d. śayata: 3.sg.inj.mid. ‘lies’ √śī- < PIE *k̑ ei̯- : Gk. κείµαι. upapŕ̥ k N.sg.m.adj. (upapr̥ ́ c-) ‘adhering to, holding fast to’ + G. (pr̥ c- of uncertain etymology). pr̥ thivyā́ḥ: G.sg.f. ‘earth’ (pr̥ thivī-) PIE *pl̥th₂u̯ -ih₂- : Gk. Πλάταια, cf. πλατύς < *pl̥th₂-ú-. 6a. ayoddhéva = ayoddhā́ iva. ayoddhr̥ - ‘non-fighter, coward’ < *n̥ -i̯eu̯ dʰ-ter-, √yudh- ‘fight’, remote possibility of relation with Lith. judùs ‘streitsüchtig’. durmáda N.sg.m.adj. dur-máda- ‘badly intoxicated, drunk’ dur- = dus- (‘bad’ prefix), cf. Gk. δυσ- in δύσκολος ‘unsatisfied’, lit. ‘with bad guts, a bellyache’, mada-, m. ‘hilarity, excitement, intoxication’. ā́ ... juhvé: 3.sg.pres.mid. √hu- ‘call upon’ + ā and mid. ‘challenge’ (PIE *g̑ ʰeu̯ - ‘pour’ : Gk. χέω; prob. also Goth. guþ n., ON gud, etc. ‘god’). hí: part. ‘indeed, surely, yea’, possibly PIE *g̑ ʰi : OAv., YAv. zī, Gk. -χι, in ναί-χι ‘yes, assuredly’. 6b. mahāvīráṃ: A.sg.m. ‘great hero’. tuvibādhám: A.sg.m. ‘who opresses many’ tuvi° (only found in composition) < *teu̯ hx-, cf. Gk. ταΰς· µέγας, πολύς (Hesych.), Lat. tumēre, Lith. tùkti ‘fett werden’, Russ. тути ‘fett werden’ + bādhá-, m. ‘harrasser, tormentor’ cf. vb. bā́ dhate √bādh- ‘harrass, pain, trouble, grieve’, cf. YAv. auui.bāδ(a)- in Yt. 10,134 auui.bāδa fratǝrǝsaiti ‘through the hardship he was afraid’ (without certain etymology). r̥ jīṣám: A.sg.m. epithet of Indra, possib. ‘expeller (of enemies)’ after MONIER-WILLIAMS, etymologically connected with √r̥ j-² ‘sich gerade ausstrecken, sich in streckte Bewegung setzen’ < *h₃reg̑ - : Gk. ὀρέγω, Lat. regō. 6c. nā́tārīd = ná atārīd. atārīd: 3.sg.aor.sg. √tr̥ ̄ - ‘get through, cross (something); escape’ (pres. tárati) < PIE √*terh₂- ‘durchkommen, überqueren’; athem. root pres. in Hitt. taraḫmi, pret. tarḫun < *terh₂-/tr̥ h₂- ‘overcome, be able’, cf. Lat. in-trō, -trāre ‘enter’. asya: G.sg.m.3.pers. anaphoric pronoun ‘his’. sámr̥ tiṃ: A.sg.f. ‘coming together, contact’ sam- prev. ‘together’ PIE *sem/*som/*sm̥ (copulative prefix) ‘together’ (adv. form of *sem- ‘one’), cf. Lat. sim-plex, Gk. *ἁ- in ἀδελφός < *sm̥ gʷelbʰ-ó- ‘sibling (of the same womb)’, r̥ -¹ < *h₁er- ‘go’ (*h₁r̥ -sk̑ e/o- : Hitt. āraskizzi, Ved. r̥ ccháti, OPers. -arsatiy, Gk. ἔρχοµαι), + abstract forming suffix *-ti-. vadhā́nāṃ: G.pl.m. vadha- (cf. 5b. above). 6d. rujā́nāḥ: N.sg. ‘broken’ (√ruj- ‘break, break open, break to pieces’) root prob. PIE *leu̯ g-, cf. Gk. ἀ-λυκ-το-πέδη ‘unbreakable fetter’, Arm. andamaloyc ‘gichtbrüchig’. sáṃ ... pipiṣa: 3.sg.perf. √piṣ- ‘crush, bruise, grind’ índraśatruḥ: N.sg.m. tatpuruṣa-compound = índrasya śatruḥ ‘enemy of Indra’. 7a. apā́d: N.sg.m. ‘footless’ N.sg. a-pā́ t, < *n̥ -pōd-s, A.sg. pā́ d-am < *pod-m̥ , I.sg. pad-ā < *pedeh₁; cf. Gk. ποῦς, ποδός, Arm. ot-n, OEng. fēt, Lat. pēs, pedis. ahastó: N.sg.m. ‘handless’ from a-hastá< *g̑ ʰés-to-, cf. *g̑ ʰés-r̥ : Gk. χείρ, Hitt. keššar-, Arm. jer̄ n (pl. jer̄ k‘). TochA, tsar, TochB ṣar. apr̥ tanyad: 3.sg.impf.act.ind. pr̥ tanya- ‘to attack, assail, fight against’, denominal verb to pr̥ tanā‘fight, meeting in battle’. (etymology unclear). 7b. ā́sya: ā́ asya. The syntax here is elliptical. The syntactic units are ā ... jaghāna (Indra is the subject), asya ... sā́ nau, and sā́ nau is further governed by the preposition ádhi. ā ... jaghāna 3.sg.perf.act.ind. ‘he slew’ < *gʷʰe-gʷʰón-e. ádhi: prep. ‘over’ (etymology unclear). sā́ nau L.sg. ‘backside’. 3 INTRODUCTION TO VEDIC – LENT 2014 (MJCS) COMMENTARY TO RV 1.32 7c. GELDNER suggests for this line “Der verschnittene (Stier), der dem Bullen gewachsen sein wollte,” vŕ̥ ṣṇo G.sg.m. ‘male, male animal’ < PIE *u̯ r̥ s-n-os; cf. Gk. (Ion.) ἄρσην, (Thess.) ορσεν; fullgrade in Cret. ερσεν; OPers. aršan- ‘man, male’, Lat. verrēs ‘ram’, Arm. ar̄ n ‘ram’, Lith. ver̃ šis ‘bull calf’ vádhriḥ N.sg.m.adj. vádhri- ‘castrated’ pratimā́nam: N.sg.n. ‘image’ prati- prep./prev. ‘to, towards’ (Gk. πρός) + māna- ‘opinion, notion, conception, idea’ < presumably an o-grade substantive *món-o-, cf. PIE *men- ‘think, consider’. búbhūṣan N.sg.m.part.act. desiderative √bhū< *bʰu-bʰuhx-s-n̥ t-s ‘wanting to be’. 7d. purutrā́: indecl. puru- (πολυ-) + adv. suff. -trā ‘in many directions’ aśayad 3.sg.impf.act.ind. √śī-/śay-, cf. 5d. above. víastaḥ N.sg.m.adj. ‘dismembered, lit. being-apart’ prev. vi- ‘apart’ + verbal adj. √as- ‘be’. 8a. nadáṃ: A.sg.m. ‘reed’ probably derived from √nad- ‘shout, cry’. ná (comparative particle), originally identical with ná ‘not’ i.e. ‘not (unlike) in the manner of (+acc.)’. bhinnám: A.sg.m.p.p.p. to √bhid- ‘split, break apart, cut apart’ pres. bhinátti, PIE *bʰei̯d- Lat. findō/fissum ‘split’, OEng. bītan, NHG beißen, Engl. bite, etc. amuyā́: I.sg.f. pron. amu- ‘that’ used in adverbial sense ‘in that manner’. śáyānam: A.sg.m.mid.part. √śī-/śay-. 8b. máno rúhāṇā áti yanti: GELDNER interprets this line as “gingen aufstiegend die Gewässer des Manu hinweg.” rúhāṇā: pres.mid.part. √ruh- ‘rise up’ áti: prev. < *n̥ ti ‘beyond, over’ (cf. OAv. aitī, Lat. ante, Lith. ant, Arm. ti, Eng. and), yanti: 3.pl.pres.act.ind. √e-/i- ‘go’ < *h₁ei̯- : Gk. εἶµι, Lat. eō. Alternatively, “(the waters) rising up, go flowing for mankind.” Cf. LANMAN and GELDNER for further details on the textual crux. 8c. yā́ś cid: N.pl.m. rel. + indef. ‘whatever things’ cf. *i̯od-kʷid > Gk. (Lesb.) ὄττι. ́ mahinā I.sg.m. mahiman- ‘greatness, might, glory’ < *meg̑ -h₂-mn̥ -eh₁. paryátiṣṭhat: 3.sg.impf.act.ind. sthā- ‘stand’ < *steh₂- (Gk. ἵστηµι, Lat. stare, etc.) + pari- prev. ‘around’ i.e. ‘emcompass’. 8d. tā́sām: G.pl.m. pers. pron. here correlative to yāḥ. patsutaḥśīr: N.sg.m. patsutaḥ-śī- ‘lying at the feet’ patsu L.pl.m. ‘at the feet’ + adv. ending -tas in composition with °śī- ‘lying’. babhūva: 3.sg.perf.act.ind. √bhū-. 9a. nīcā́vayā: N.sg.f. nīcā́ -vayas- nīcā: adv. ‘down, below, downwards’ adverbially accented instrumental nīcā́ , not nīć ā, (cf. WHITNEY Grammar §1112c) from ni-añc- ‘bend down’ añc- < PIE *h₂enk- : Hitt. ḫenk- ‘bend’, Gk. ἀγκών ‘elbow’; cf. o-grade substantive *h₂onk-o- : Gk. ὄγκος, Lat. uncus, Ved. an̄ ká- ‘hook’; váyas- ‘strength, health, vigour’ s-stem noun from PIE *u̯ éi̯hx-os- ‘strength, power’ cf. *u̯ ihx-ró- > vīrá- ‘strong, vigourous person; hero’ (1a. above). vr̥ tráputrā: N.sg.f. bahuvrīhi compound ‘having Vr̥ tra as a son (putra-)’ i.e. ‘Vr̥ tra’s mum’ putrá-, m. < PIE *put-ló- : OAv. puθra-, OPers. puça-, Osc. puklum, Paelig. D.pl. puclois. 9b. asyā: I.sg.m. later substantive ‘sword, scimitar’, here as adj. ‘brandished (object)’ i.e. Indra’s weapon, asi- < *n̥ si- : Lat. ensis; to be connected with √as-² ‘throw, cast’. áva ... jabhāra: 3.sg.perf.act.ind. √bhr̥ -/bhar- ‘bear’ + ava ‘bear down, ward off’; PIE *bʰer- : Lat. ferō, Gk. φέρω, Eng. bear, etc. 9c. úttarā: N.sg.f.adj. úttara- ‘above’ (superl. uttamá- ‘highest’, cf. YAv. ustǝma-, Buddh. Sogd. ˀstrˀmyδ ‘next day’, Pašto ustǝrai ‘last’), PIE *(hx)ud-tero-, °tm̥ mo-, cf. Gk. ὕστερος ‘latter, last’. sū́r: N.sg.f. sū́ - ‘mother’ prob. PIE *suhx- : Lat. sūs, Gk. ὗς, OEng. sū > Eng. sow; cf. OEng. swīn < *su-īna-, 4 INTRODUCTION TO VEDIC – LENT 2014 (MJCS) COMMENTARY TO RV 1.32 Engl. swine. ádharaḥ: N.sg.m.adj. ádhara- ‘lower, below’ : YAv. aδara- ‘lower; west’; PIE *hxn̥ dʰero- : Lat. inferus. āsīd: 3.sg.impf.act. √as- ‘be’. 9d. dā́nuḥ: N.sg.f. ‘Dānu’ (epithet of Vr̥ tra’s mum, a word of unclear etymology and meaning, cf. MAYRHOFER EWA for further details). śaye: 3.sg.pres.mid.ind. √śī-/śay-; normally the 3.sg.mid. ending is -te however a small number of verbs take a 3.sg.mid. ending -e (cf. MACDONELL Grammar §422). sahávatsā: N.sg.f.adj. ‘with calf’ avyayībhāva-compound: sahá: prep. and prev. ‘with’ < *sm̥ dʰa- : OAv. hadā, YAv. haδa, OPers. hadā; sm̥ - with sám ‘with' (cf. 6c. above) compounded with vatsá- ‘*yearling; calf’ < PIIr. *u̯ at-s-a- : Pāli vaccha-, m. ‘calf’, Khot. basaka-, Oss. (Digoron) wæs ‘calf’, ultimately a thematized derivation from PIE *u̯ ét-es- ‘year’; PIIr. *u̯ at-s-a- was borrowed into Finn.-Perm. *wasa- > Finn. vasa-. dhenúḥ: N.sg.f. ‘milch-cow, female animal’ : YAv. daēnu- ‘female animal’, Khot. dīnū- ‘cow’, Khwarez. δy(n)- ‘woman’ PIIr. *dhā̆ i̯-nu- derived from √dhī-/dhay- < formed to PIE *dʰeh₁(i̯)- ‘suckle (mother’s milk)’, cf. pres. *dʰeh₁-i̯e/o- : Gk. (Hom.) θῆσθαι ‘herausmelken’, Arm. diem ‘sauge (Milch)’, Latv. dêju ‘saugen’, pres. *dʰh₁-éi̯e/o- : Ved. dháyati ‘saugt’, Oss. dæj- ‘saugen’, aor. *dʰḗh₁/dʰéh₁-s- : Gr. (Hom.) θήσατο ‘sog’. 10a. átiṣṭhantīnām: G.pl.f.pres.act.part. √sthā- á-tiṣṭhant- ‘not standing’. aniveśanā́nāṃ G.pl.f.pres.mid.part. ‘having no resting place, unsettled’, a-ni-veś-ana-, √viś-/veś- < PIE *u̯ ei̯k̑ ‘settle’, cf. root noun *u̯ ik̑ - in Ved. viś-, YAv. vīs-, OPers. viθ-, OCS вьс-ь ‘settlement’, o-grade substantive *u̯ oi̯k̑ -o- : Ved. veśá- ‘inhabitant’ YAv. vaēsa- ‘servant’, Gk. ϝοἶκος ‘house’, Lat. vīcus ‘group of houses, village’. 10b. kā́ṣṭhānām: G.pl.f. kā́ṣṭhā- ‘course, place for running’ derived as pars pro toto from kāṣṭhá, n. ‘stake, piece of wood’, of unclear etymology. mádhye: L.sg.m./n. ‘middle, midst’ < PIE *medʰi̯-oi̯. Cf. Lat. medius, Gk. µέσος, (Cret./Boeot. µέττος), ON miðr. níhitaṃ: N.sg.n. p.p.p. √dhā- + ni ‘put down, laid down’ < *dʰh₁-tó- : Gk. θετός, etc. śárīram: N.sg.n. śárīra- ‘body’ (etymology unclear, perh. to √śar-¹ ‘zerbrechen, zertrennen’???). 10c. niṇyáṃ: A.sg.n. ‘mystery’ (meaning transferred from ‘interior, hidden, concealed’; etymology disputed). ví caranti: 3.pl.pres.act.ind. √car- + vi ‘move about, spread over, overwhelm’; PIE *kʷelh₁-e- : OAv. caraitī, Gk. (Hom.) πέλοµαι, (Cret.) τέλοµαι, Lat. colō, -ere, aor. *kʷélh₁/kʷl̥h₁- : Gk. (Hom.) ἔπλεν, Arm. ełew. āpo: N.pl.f. ‘waters’, cf. 1c. above. 10d. dīrgháṃ: A.sg.n. ‘long’ < PIE *dl̥h₁gʰ-ó- ‘long’ : OAv. darǝga-, YAv. darǝγa-, OCS длъгъ, Lith. ìlgas, Gk. δολιχός, Hitt. daluki-. táma ā́śayad: támas ā áśayat. táma: A.sg.n. támas- ‘darkness’ < PIE *témhx-es- : OAv., YAv. tǝmah-, cf. Lat. temere ‘by chance, at random, by accident’. 11a. dāsápatnīr: N.pl.f. ‘demon, fiend-subjugated’ dāsá- ‘Dāsas, (a group of peoples subjugated by Indra)’, cf. YAv. dāhī- adj. ‘belonging to the Dāha-people’ (= Ved. dā́ sī-); YAv. dahāka-, name of a serpent (aži-); patnī- f. as substantive, ‘mistress, goddess’ here as adj. < PIE *°potnih₂ : YAv. °paθnī, Gk. (Myc.) po-ti-ni-ja, (Hom.) πότνια. áhigopā: N.pl.f. ‘serpent-protected’ áhi:gopā-, gopā- < *gʷou̯ peh₂- ‘cow-protector’, cf. Lat. pās-tor < *peh₂-s-tor. atiṣṭhan: 3.pl.impf.act.ind. √sthā- < *h₁e-(s)th₂isth₂-ont. 11b. níruddhā: N.pl.f. p.p.p. < ní-rudh-ta- ‘restrained’ √rudh- ‘obstruct, keep back’, cf. YAv. apa.raoδaiiaēta ‘soll aussperren’ < perhaps PIE *leu̯ dʰ- if Welsh arlludd- ‘obstacle’. paṇíneva: paṇínā iva. paṇínā: I.sg.m. paṇí- ‘a bargainer , miser , niggard (esp. one who is sparing of sacrificial oblations)’. gā́vaḥ: N.pl.f. PIE *gʷou̯ -es ‘cows’ : Gk. βόες, Lat. boves. 5 INTRODUCTION TO VEDIC – LENT 2014 (MJCS) COMMENTARY TO RV 1.32 11c. apā́m: G.pl.f. ap- ‘waters’. bílam: N.sg.n. ‘cave’ (etymology unclear). ápihitaṃ: N.sg.n. p.p.p. √dhā- + api ‘concealed’; api < PIE *h₁epi : Gk. ἐπί, Arm. ew. yád: N.sg.n. rel. pron. 11d. jaghanvā́m̐ : N.sg.m.pf.part.act. jaghanvā́m̐ s- < *gʷe-gʷon-u̯ ós- ‘having slain’. ápa ... vavāra: 3.sg.perf.act.ind. √vr̥ -/var-¹ ‘cover’, w/ ápa ‘open’ (PIE etymology unclear, cf. LIV² s.v. *Hu̯ er-); the subject of the verb is Indra. tád correlative with preceding yád. 12a. áśviyo: N.sg.m.adj. áśviya- ‘horsey’ < PIE *h₁ék̑ u̯ -ii̯o-, the -(i)i̯o- suffix in PIE formed relational adjectives with monosyllabic and disyllabic variants due to SIEVERS’s Law. In many branches this became used regularly as a patronymic suffix e.g. Hom. Τελαµώνιος Αἴας ‘Ajax son of Telamon’, OPers. Haxāmaniš-iya- ‘Achaemenid’, Lat. Seruius ‘son of a slave; Servius’, etc. *h₁ék̑ u̯ o- : Ved. áśva-, OAv. aspā-, OPers. asa-, Lat. equus, OIr. ech, OEng. eoh Gk. ἵππος (Myc. i-qo), TochA yuk, TochB yakwe, Arm. êš ‘donkey’, Lith. ašvà, ‘mare’; Anatolian evidence appears to reflect an original u-stem noun, later thematized in the other IE languages, *h₁ek̑ u- : Hitt. ANŠE.KUR.RA-u-, CLuw. ANŠE.KUR.RA-u-, HLuw. EQUUSá-sù, Lyc. esb- cf. KLOEKHORST (2008). vā́ro: N.sg.m. vā́ ra- ‘tail’ (etymology unclear; Skt. vāla-, m.). 12b. sr̥ ké: L.sg.m. probably ‘spear’. tvā: A.2.sg.encl.pron. ‘you’ (i.e. Indra). pratyáhan: 3.sg.impf.act.ind. √han- + prati ‘strike back (upon + L.)’. devá: N.sg.m. ‘god’ devá- < PIE *dei̯u̯ ó- ‘god’ : OAv. daēuua- (designation of pre-Zaraθuštran gods), YAv. daēuua- ‘demon’, OPers. daiva- ‘false god’, MPers./NPers. dēw ‘demon’, OLat. DEIVOS (Lat. dīuus), OIr. dia (G.sg. dē), Lith. diẽvas ‘god’; ékaḥ: ‘one; single’ *hxoi̯-ko- : Mitanni Indic a-i-ka-u̯ a-ar-ta-an-na ‘one turn’; this is an Indic isogloss to PIr. *ai̯-u̯ a- ‘one’ : OAv. aēuuā- YAv. aēuua-, OPers. aiva-, PIE *hxoi̯-u̯ o : Gk. οἶος, Cyp. οἶϝος; PIE *hxoi̯-no- : OLat. A.sg. oino, Lat. ūnus, Goth. ains ‘one’, NHG eins. 12c. ájayo: 2.sg.impf.act.ind. √jī-/jay- ‘win, acquire’, cf. OAv. ǰaiia- ‘victory’ = Ved. jaya-, m. ‘victory’; no clear etymological connections outside of Indo-Iranian (perh. *gʷei̯-, Gk. βία ‘force; act of violence’ < *gʷi-h₂???). gā́: A.pl.f. (gā́s) ‘cows’ śūra: V.sg.m. ‘hero’ (orig. as adj. ‘strong, mighty’) śū́ ra- < PIE *k̑ uh₁-ro- : Gk. ἄ-κῡρ-ος ‘without authority’, cf. κῡ́ ριος ‘having power, authority’ (Thess. κυρρος IG IX,2 517.20). sómam A.sg.m. ‘soma’ < PIIr. *sau̯ -ma- : YAv. haoma-, ultimately derived from PIIr. *sau̯ - ‘to press (soma)’ : Ved. sunóti, YAv. hunaoiti < *su-nau̯ -ti. 12d. ávāsr̥ jaḥ: 2.sg.impf.act.ind. √sr̥ j- + ava ‘release, let loose’, cf. YAv. hǝrǝzǝṇti ‘sie schicken aus’; perh. PIE *selg̑ - : OIr. selg f. ‘hunt’, MHG selken ‘drip, drop’. sártave: D.inf. in -tu- (w/ guṇa in root, MACDONELL Grammar §585.4) √sr̥ - ‘flow’ > sár-tav-e. saptá: indecl. ‘seven’ < *septḿ̥ : YAv. hapta, Lat. septem, Gk. ἑπτά, Goth. sibun, Hitt. ši-ip-ta-mi-i̯a° ‘Flüßigkeit aus sieben Substanzen (*septm̥ i̯o-). síndhūn: A.pl.m./f. ‘river’ síndhu- (unclear etymology). 13a. nā́smai: ná asmai. asmai D.sg.m. anaphoric pronoun referring to Vr̥ tra. vidyún: N.sg.f. ‘lightning’ vidyút (unclear etymology). tanyatúḥ: N.sg.m. ‘thunder’ derivative to √tan-² ‘thunder, call with a thundering voice’. siṣedha: 3.sg.perf.act.ind. ‘be of use’ √sidh-/sedh-; cf. perh. YAv. apa.hiδat̰ (Yt. 19.56). 13b. míham: A.sg.f. mih- ‘mist, fog’ root noun *h₃mígʰ-, thematic meghá-, YAv. maēγa- ‘cloud’ < *h₃moi̯gʰ-ó-; Gk. ὀµίχλη, Lith. miglà, OCS мьгла < *h₃migʰ-leh₂, cf. PIE *h₃mei̯gʰ-e/o- > Gk. ὀµείχω ‘urinate’. ákirad: 3.sg.impf.act.ind. √kr̥ ̄ - ‘pour out, throw, scatter, disperse’, connections to a proposed PIE *skʷelhx- seem doubtful : Gk. σκάλλω ‘stir up’, σκύλλω ‘tear to pieces’, OIr. scailid 6 INTRODUCTION TO VEDIC – LENT 2014 (MJCS) COMMENTARY TO RV 1.32 ‘scatter’. dhrādúniṃ: sandhi form hrādúnim: A.sg.f. ‘hail’ from √hrād- ‘sound, roar, make a sound’ (etymology unclear). 13c. yád: as conj. ‘when’. yuyudhā́te: 3.du.pf.mid.act. √yudh- ‘fight’, YAv. yūiδiieiti ‘he fights’, yūiδišta- ‘(one who) fights best’; PIE *hxi̯eu̯ dʰ- (cf. 6a. above). 13d. utā́parī́bhyo: utá aparī́bhyo. D.pl.f. aparī́- as pl. ‘the future’ as adj. ‘posterior, later, latter’ (opposed to pūrva- ‘former, prior, preceding’. maghávā: N.sg.m. maghavan- (cf. 3c. above). ví jigye: 3.sg.pres.mid.ind. √ji-/jay- + vi + mid. ‘be victorous’ (cf. 12c. above). 14a. áher: G.sg.m. áhi- ‘serpent’. yātā́raṃ: A.sg.m. ‘avenger’ agent noun from √yā-³ ‘attack fiercely, injure’. kám: A.sg.m. interrog. pron. ‘whom’ < *kʷó-m. apaśya: 2.sg.imperf.act.ind. ‘see’ √paś- (pres. paśyati-), cf. OAv. spasiiā ‘I examine’ (Y.44.11) YAv. spasiieiti ‘catch sight of’ < PIE *spek̑ i̯e/o- : Lat. speciō, Gk. σκέπτοµαι (with secondary metathesis of /k/ and /p/). indra: V.sg.m. ‘Indra’. 14b. hr̥ dí: L.sg.n. ‘heart’, cf. OAv. zǝrǝd-, n. ‘Herz’ (Y.31.12 zǝrǝdā-cā I.sg.), YAv. zǝrǝdaiia-, n. ‘heart’; the Indo-Iranian forms reflect PIIr. *j́ʰā̆ rd-/j́ʰr̥ d-, not PIE *k̑ ē̆ rd-/k̑ r̥ d- : Gk. κήρ, καρδ-ία, Lat. cor, cord-is, Hitt. ker/kard(i)-, CLuw. UZUzārt-, HLuw. CORzart(i)-, Arm. sirt, OCS сръдьсе, Lith. širdìs, etc.; the initial *j́ʰ- is probably to be accounted for by MAYRHOFER from an explanation by FRISK suggesting a “Kreuzung mit einem sinnverwandten Begriff.” yát: ‘when’ (cf. 4a. above). te 2.sg.pers.pron.G. jaghnúṣo G.sg.m.perf.act.part. √han-, PIE *gʷʰe-gʷʰn-us-os. bhī́r: N.sg.f. ‘fear’ root noun to √bhī- ‘to fear’ (III.P pres. bibhéti; OAv. biieṇte ‘they fear’ Y.34.8; YAv. biβiuuā̊ ); PIE *bʰei̯hx-, cf. Lith. bijóti(s) ‘fear, have angst’, OCS бояти сѧ. ágachat: 3.sg.impf.act.ind. √gam- ‘go’; PIE stem *gʷm̥ -sk̑ e/o- : Gk. βάσκω; cf. *gʷm̥ -i̯e/o- > Lat. ueniō, Gk. βαίνω. 14c. náva: indecl. ‘nine’ PIE *h₁néu̯ n̥ : YAv. nauua, OPers. navama- ‘ninth’, Arm. inn, Gk. ἐννέα, Lat. novem, Goth. niun. navatíṃ: A.f. ‘ninety’, decads are inflected according to the stem final vowel, cf. MACDONELL Grammar §406.19.c. srávantīḥ: A.pl.f.pres.act.part. √sru-/srav- ‘flow’ as fem. substantive: srávantī- ‘rivers’. PIE *sreu̯ - ‘flow’, cf. Arm. ar̄ ogane- ‘irrigate’, Gk. ῥέω, ῥυτός, OHG stroum, ‘stream’, Lith. sravė ́ ti ‘slowly flow’. 14d. śyenó: N.sg.m. ‘hawk’, cf. YAv. saēna-, m. (a large bird of prey). bhītó: N.sg.m. p.p.p. √bhī/bhay- ‘frighten’ < *bʰihx-tó- (cf. 14b. above). átaro: 2.sg.impf.act.ind. √tr̥ ̄ - ‘cross’ (cf. 6c. above). rájāṃsi: A.pl.n. rájas- ‘atmosphere, sky; area between heaven and earth’ MAYRHOFER separates rájas- with this meaning as rájas-¹ < PIE *h₃rég̑ -es- : YAv. razah- ‘Weltgegenden’ from rájas-² ‘dust, fog, dirt’ < PIE *h₁regʷ-os- : Gk. ἔρεβος ‘darkness (of the underworld)’, Arm. erek ‘evening’, Goth. riqiz ‘darkness’. 15a. yātó: G.sg.n.pres.act.part. √yā-¹ ‘set in motion, move’ < PIE *(hx)i̯eh₂- : Lith. jóti, Latv. jât, TochA yā- ‘go’, Lat. iā-nus ‘door’. ávasitasya: G.sg.n. ‘that which is at rest’ ava + sita- p.p.p. √sā-/si‘bind’, lit. ‘that which has been tied down’; PIE *seh₂(i̯)-, pres. *sh₂-i̯-e-ti : Ved. syáti, Hitt. 3pl. išḫanti, cf. 3.sg.pf. *si-soh₂-i̯-e in OAv. ā.hišaiiā = Ved. siṣāya. rā́jā: N.sg.m. ‘king’ rā́ jan- < PIE *h₃reg̑ n- (cf. 6b. above). 15b. śámasya: G.sg.m. ‘hornless (animal)’ to PIE *k̑ em- ‘unhorned’ : OHG hinta ‘doe’, Lith. šmùlas ‘hornless’. śr̥ ṅgíṇo G.sg.m. ‘hornèd (animal)’ possessive adj. in –in- (cf. 4b. above) to śr̥ ṅg‘horn’ < *k̑ r̥ -n-g(ʷ)- to PIE *k̑ er(h₂)- ‘horn; head’, cf. Lat. cornū, Goth. haurn. vájrabāhuḥ: N.sg.m. ‘bolt-armed’, bāhu- ‘forearm’ < PIE *bʰāg̑ ú- or *bʰeh₂g̑ ú- : YAv. bāzu-, Gk. πῆχυς, ON bōgr ‘arm, shoulder’. 7 INTRODUCTION TO VEDIC – LENT 2014 (MJCS) COMMENTARY TO RV 1.32 15c. séd: sá id. id: part. ‘even, just, only’. u: part. ‘and, also, further’ perh. identical with Gk. αὖ ‘again, anew, afresh, once more’ < *h₂u. kṣayati: 3.sg.pres.act.ind. ‘possess, rule, have power over’ cf. OAv. xšaiiaθā ‘ihr habt macht’, OPers. xšāyaθiya-, m. ‘ruler, king’ > NPers. šāh ‘king’; prob. from PIE *tk̑ eh₂- : Gk. κτάοµαι, κτῆσις, κτῆµα, etc. carṣaṇīnā́m: G.pl.f. carṣaní- ‘active, busy’ as pl.f. ‘busy people, men, folk’. 15d. arā́n: A.pl.m. ará- ‘spoke’, possib. derived from PIE *h₂er- ‘put together’ (cf. Gk. ἀραρίσκω). nemíḥ: N.sg.f. ‘rim’ (etymology unclear). pári ... babhūva: 3.sg.perf.act.ind. ‘be around, encompass’. tā́: A.pl.n. dem.pron. ‘(all) these things’. 8