Pi and Phi in Khufu

The three great Pyramids of Giza are connected by a single unifying site plan

The Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, 2020

This article describes a digital archaeological experiment to test a new hypothesis that explains the purpose and unusual form of the so-called Trial Passages at Giza. The enigmatic connected passages are carved into the bedrock on the east side of the Great Pyramid of Khufu and have been interpreted in various ways over the decades since they were first cleared. Based on a new analysis of their design, it is proposed here that they could serve very well as a place from which to observe the northern stars. Prolonged and accurate measurement of the stars of the circumpolar region of the northern sky could have been made from inside the main inclined passage, which rises from south to north. Accurate location of the Northern Celestial Pole (NCP) during these observations could have facilitated the accurate cardinal alignment of sides of the Great Pyramid. Other details of the architecture support this interpretation, and are set out here for consideration.

Palarch archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology

The explanation of the symmetrical features on the west and east sides of the grand gallery in the pyramid of Khufu has always been an intricate puzzle for researchers. The existence of such peculiar features is generally related to the function of parking the granite plugs, but only three or four granite blocks were presumably used to plug the ascending corridor, while a much larger number of slots and niches are found in the gallery. Previous interpretations of niches, slots, cuttings and grooves are unsatisfactory, and the present investigation focuses on important, formerly neglected aspects. The analysis of numerical patterns in the design of the grand gallery provides crucial evidence, and a new interpretation of the features in the gallery is, therefore, proposed, by considering the numerous variables implied in the problem.

This paper provides a complete description of the design of the Blunt Pyramid of Dahshur, based upon the most recent survey data and showing how the dimensions were determined with an elegant simplicity and precision, using geometrical methods already traced in the Bent Pyramid and in the Giza pyramids. The chrystalline purity of the geometry which establishes a correlation with the Great Pyramid justifies the conclusion that the architecture embodies a Sacred Science which was known only to a priviliged few and never found a place in the mathematical papyri of the scribes.

Annals of Archaeology, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2020., 2020

This paper focuses on How there are different and dissonant values in measuring dimensions in ancient Egypt? The ancient Egyptians relied on a natural method to measure dimensions like the arm that was used as a measure of length, approximately equal to the length of a forearm. Traditionally, it was the length from the bent elbow to the tips of the fingers. Typically, almost 18 inches or 44 cm, however there was a long cubit of about 21 inches or 52 cm. The second natural method was the width of the palm of the hand. As well as, the human fingers used as digits for measuring width, where the four digits equal the sign of one palm and seven palms equals one cubit. In present-day trigonometry, cotangent requires same units for both horizontal run and vertical rise, however ancient sources like Rhind Papyrus uses palms for the run and cubits for the rise, resulting in these different, yet characteristic mathematics. In ancient Egypt there were seven palms in a cubit, in addition to the seqed that was seven times the cotangent. There are some questions are as follows: Is it true that the Egyptian seqed is the ratio of the run to the rise of a slope of a cotangent? How to measure the inclination in ancient Egypt accurately? Is the value of the seqed or the angle θ correct by applying the rules of modern trigonometry? The question arises as to whether the problems of the seqed are actually mirrored in the ancient Egyptian architecture methods and construction techniques? How are there different and dissonant values in measuring dimensions in ancient Egypt?

A study of Sneferu's pyramids at Meidum and Dashur.

Archeological Discovery Journal, 2018

In 1883, W. M. Flinders Petrie noticed that the vertical thickness and height of certain stone courses of the Great Pyramid 2 of Khufu/Cheops at Giza, Egypt markedly increase compared to those immediately lower periodically and conspicuously interrupting a general trend of progressive course thinning towards the summit. Having calculated the surface area of each course, Petrie further noted that the courses immediately below such discrete stone thickness peaks tended to mark integer multiples of 1/25th of the surface area at ground level. Here I show that the probable architect of the Great Pyramid, Khufu's vizier Hemiunu, conceptualized its vertical construction design using surface areas based on the same numerical principles used to design his own mastaba in Giza's western cemetery and conspicuously used this numerical theme to mark the location of known spaces inside the Great Pyramid. The theme is not only consistent with some spaces proposed still awaiting proof but also suggests there are some still undiscovered.

Following his study of the external geometry of the Red pyramid, the auhor presents a complete description of the dimensional planning of the passages and chambers in this third largest Egyptian Pyramid