Signs of Hybridness in Texts Produced in Diaspora vs. Homeland
Fatemeh Parham2010, Iranian Journal of Translation Studies
visibility
…
description
24 pages
link
1 file
Hybridity is a feature expected to emerge in specific cultural spaces like diasporas; however, not solely the texts produced in a diaspora qualify as hybrid. The texts created in homeland-in this study, Iran-can reflect hybridness as well. But it is not clear whether both groups of texts, i.e. Iranian and diasporic, enjoy the same kind and degree of hybridity. The present paper then, relying on a huge corpus of 670000 words, consisting of eleven novels and collections of short stories, produced either in Iran or Iranian diaspora, in a period of ten years from 1998 to 2008, attempts to reveal the differences in kind and degree of hybridity in texts produced in Iran (homeland) versus those created in Iranian diaspora.
Sign up for access to the world's latest research.
checkGet notified about relevant papers
checkSave papers to use in your research
checkJoin the discussion with peers
checkTrack your impact
Related papers
Advances in Language and Literary Studies ISSN: 2203-4714 Vol Torn Between Two Worlds: Hybridity and In-between Identity Recognition in Goli Taraqqi's Two Worlds
As one of the contemporary Iranian women writers living in the U.S, Goli Taraqqi's fiction is mostly concerned with pains and difficulties of migrant Iranian women in other countries. Bearing a biographical resemblance, her sequence collection to Scattered Memories, entitled Two Worlds retells interrelated short stories of a woman writer narrator, entangled in an asylum in Paris, who digs into her past, writes stories about it, and is able to regain her sanity in the end, as she gets ready to enter the brave new world. The process of identity recognition is to be approached with an eye on Homi K, Bhabha's assertions about 'hybridity' and 'in-between' as explained in his 1994 Location and Culture, to see to what degree the newly gained identity, which is resembled to a resurrection, is in fact a hybrid one.
Review of the Book “Cultural Hybridization in the Contemporary Novel” By Diana-Eugenia Panait-Ioncică
HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration, 2021
The book “Cultural Hybridization in the Contemporary Novel” attempts a bold feat: to present, out of a diversity of works in contemporary English language literature, some books that are truly valuable for the reader. It invites us to ponder on some of the hottest topics the world is currently facing, including the mixture of cultures, migration and its consequences on today’s culture and literature, the longing for home and its spiritual meaning.
Cultural Hybridity as Perpetuation of Americanization: A Study of the Selected Novels of Mohsin Hamid and Kamila Shamsie
sjesr
Cultural hybridity has prevailed by penetrating its roots in the globalized world. It has influenced the identity of people especially migrants of various countries. Identity in the case of cultural hybridity leads to conflict. Migrants wish to grow by absorbing influences from their own 'roots' but new 'routes' also inspire them. Homi K. Bhabha is of the view that migrants' cultural world changes after crossing the borders; they have an experience of living in an alien culture and thus learn new ideas. He criticizes the idea of a fixed identity which is developed by the migrants' native culture. Bhabha argues that identity is 'hybrid'; it is always in a state of flux because it is constantly in motion, pursuing unpredictable routes. However, Aijaz Ahmad believes that the identity of people does not develop independently. He does not consider cultural hybridity as synonymous with cultural differentials. Bhabha's celebration of hybridity ignores un...
From Alterity to Hybridity: Evolving Culture and Literary Dynamics
Etudes Canadiennes 52, 2002: 149-162., 2002
Studying authors from Rushdie to Kroetsch, I argue that Canada has manufactured an experiential Otherness from the former metropolitan centre by cultivating the specificity of its North American space, and has distinguished itself from the geographically congruent United States by making the concept of hybridity a fundamental parameter in its representation of the national self.
Hybridization, Heteroglossia and the english Language in Postcolonial Literature
Annales Universitatis Apulensis. Series Philologica, 2007
The present paper aims at analysing the forms and functions of the English language today, seen from the perspective of its evolution from the language of the British Empire to the most important means of expression in the literature of English expression nowadays.
Hybrid Selves, Hybrid Texts: Embracing the Hyphen in Russian-American Fiction
Slavic and East European Journal, 2011
Hybridity as reflected in language. The case of Hindi and Persian
In recent decades socio-linguistic studies have been developed by linguists of America, Europe and Asia. The observation and description of the results caused by contacts between languages in various circumstances and in different parts of the world has become the main target of these studies. The scholars' attention has been chiefly paid to a scheme, in which a European language (most often English or French) meets local vernaculars used by different Asian or African peoples. Such interests of Western scholars are probably caused by a long colonial past of Asian and African countries and result from their "sense of responsibility" for the hybrid features that appeared in the post-colonial societies as well as in their languages and cultures.
Redefining Identity through Language in the Literature of the Diaspora
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and The Middle East, 2010
1 0 1 C o m p a r a t i v e S t u d i e s o f S o u t h A s i a , A f r i c a a n d t h e M i d d l e E a s t V o l . 3 0 , N o . 1 , 2 0 1 0 d o i 1 0 .1 2 1 5 / 1 0 8 9 2 0 1 x -2 0 0 9 -0 5 5 © 2 0 1 0 b y D u k e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s Redefining Identity through Language in the Literature of the Diaspora Reem Bassiouney his essay examines the use of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Egyptian Colloquial Arabic (ECA) in the novel Al-hubb fi al-manfa (Love in Exile) by Baha Tahir. The essay argues that the writer uses code choice and code switching between MSA and ECA as a literary device that does not reflect reality but redefines and reconstructs a different identity for the protagonist with the different people in his life, from a waiter he befriends to his children. The essay starts by defining the phenomenon of diglossia in the Arab world and gives an overview of previous studies that have concentrated on the use of MSA and ECA in literature. Then the conversations in the novel are analyzed with code choice in mind.
Reading across Borders: Afghans, Iranians, and Literary Nationalism
University of Texas Press, 2024
Laporan Pendahuluan
Neonatus : bayi lahir sampai usia 4 minggu. (Ramali, ahmad.2005) Bayi baru lahir normal adalah bayi baru lahir dari kehamilan yang aterm (37-42 minggu) dengan berat badan lahir 2500-4000 gram. Asuhan bayi baru lahir adalah asuhan pada bayi tersebut selama jam pertama setelah kelahiran. (Saifuddin, 2006)
Signs of Hybridness in Texts Produced in
Diaspora vs. Homelandi
___________________________________ Hussein Mollanazarii & Fatemeh Parhamiii
Abstract
Hybridity is a feature expected to emerge in specific cultural spaces like diasporas;
however, not solely the texts produced in a diaspora qualify as hybrid. The texts
created in homeland — in this study, Iran — can reflect hybridness as well. But it is
not clear whether both groups of texts, i.e. Iranian and diasporic, enjoy the same
kind and degree of hybridity. The present paper then, relying on a huge corpus of
670000 words, consisting of eleven novels and collections of short stories,
produced either in Iran or Iranian diaspora, in a period of ten years from 1998 to
2008, attempts to reveal the differences in kind and degree of hybridity in texts
produced in Iran (homeland) versus those created in Iranian diaspora.
Keywords: hybridity, diaspora, homeland, immigrant literature
Introduction
Hybridity is a phenomenon believed to emerge in specific cultural spaces like postcolonial communities and diasporas. Diaspora was formerly used to refer to the
dispersed Jewish people, but it is no longer restricted to this population; rather, it
i
This paper was received on 13/11/2009 and approved on 11/01/2010.
ii
Assistant Professor, Department of English Translation, Allameh Tabataba’i University;
email: [email protected]
iii
Instructor, Department of English Translation, Allameh Tabataba’i University; email:
[email protected]
32
Translation Studies, Vol. 7, No. 28, Winter 2010
denotes “dispersal, whether through exile or voluntary departure, of a native
population from the homeland where it is originated, and with which it continues in
some measure to identify.” It also applies to “the child of immigrants born in the
new homeland as well as to the immigrant parents themselves. For all these people,
“the originary homeland is thought of as ‘home’, and often — as amongst Jews — a
tradition may promise that the scattered remnants of the people will be reunited in
that homeland.” (Buchbinder, 2003, p. 616)
The literature produced by the inhabitants of diasporas is described as exile or
immigrant literature. Technically speaking, immigrant literature includes the works of
those authors or translators who have left their country of origin (either by force or
will) on political or religious grounds (Meyer Enzyklopädisches Lexikon Bd2: p.
625, cited in Yazdani, 1385, p. 16). This study, following a descriptive,
comparative methodology, is in quest of elements of hybridness in texts produced in
Iranian diaspora, i.e. in Iranian immigrant literature. It then looks for the signs of
hybridity in the works of Iranian authors and translators — in texts produced in
homeland (Iran) — to see if any difference in degree and kind of hybridness is
observable between these two groups. Simply put, the present research is an
attempt to provide the answer to the following question:
What are the differences in kind and degree of hybridity between text productions
of Iranian and diasporic writers and translators?
Corpus
The process of translation between two different written languages involves
changing an original written text in the original verbal language into a written text
in a different verbal language which corresponds to interlingual translation or
translation proper, one of the three categories of translation described by Jakobson.
(Munday, 2004, p. 5) However, the process of translation is not solely restricted to
Signs of Hybridness in Texts Produced in...
33
the transfer of ideas from one written text to another; the direct transfer of ideas
from the mind of the person to a verbal written form also constitutes a form of
translation, named expression or outward translation by Manafi (2008). Yet, if we
broaden this perspective to include not only the thoughts and ideas, but also the
identity of individuals, we can then designate the term translation to the process of
the expression of identity through text. In other words, if we assume that the
expression of one’s identity in the form of a written text can bear the label of
translation, then a text originally written in a language is the rendition of the text
producer’s identity. The corpus of this study then contains translations of two kinds:
Rendition of text to text
Rendition of identity to text
Other parameters are also kept in mind to meticulously develop the corpus. The
works of two groups of writers and translators are explored: Iranian and diasporic.
Following the definition of diasporic literature (Yazdani, 2006), those writers and
translators who have left their country of origin (by force or will) are labelled
diasporic. However, by Iranian, those authors and translators who were born in
Iran, at present live in Iran and consider Iran as their homeland, in the general
sense of the term, are meant. The following factors also played a part in the
construction of the corpus:
The books are of literary genre: novels and short stories;
The books are published in a period of ten years, from 1998 to 2008;
Most of the books are awarded at least one literary prize;
Four books are translated from English into Persian;
Seven books are originally written in Persian.
With this mindset, the following books are selected to form the corpus of the study:
1. Ashrafi, Soudabeh (2004): Mahi-ha dar Shab Mikhaband (Fish Sleep at Night)
34
Translation Studies, Vol. 7, No. 28, Winter 2010
2. Sharifian, Rouhangiz (2003): Che Kasi Bavar Mikonad, Rostam (Who Is Gonna
Believe, Rostam)
3. Ghasemi, Reza (2005): Hamnavaei-ye Shabaneh-ye Orkestr-e Choub-ha (The
Nocturnal Harmony of Wood Instruments)
4. Mazare’i, Mehrnoush (2003): Gharibe-i dar Otagh-e Man (A Stranger in My
Room)
5. Amirkhani, Reza (2008): Bivatan (Diasporic)
6. Pirzad, Zoya (2001): Cheragh-ha ra Man Khamoush Mikonam (I’ll Turn off the
Lights)
7. Shirmohammadi, Marjan (2001): Ba’d az ‘an Shab (After That Night)
8. Soleymani Niya, Mohammad [translator] (2003): Atr-e Sonbol, Atr-e Kaj (Scent of
Hyacinth, Scent of Pine). Firoozeh Dumas [author]
9. Farzaneh, Bahman [translator] (2000): Dokhtari Tanha (A Lonely Girl). Edna
O’berin [author]
10. Noushazar, Hussein [translator] (2008): Pas Bad Ham-e Chiz ra ba Khod
Nakhahad Bord (So the Wind Won’t Blow It All Away). Richard Brautigan [author]
11. Bahrami, Ali Asghar [translator] (2009): Mardi Bedoun-e Vatan (A Man without a
Country). Kurt Vonnegut [author]
As the analysis of hybridity at both micro- and macro-structural levels is intended,
all books are scrutinized from cover to cover. However, to be able to quantify the
degree of hybridity in the four sub-corpora separately, for comparison purposes,
the manifestations of hybridness at micro-structural level are extracted merely from
the first 27000 words (nearly the first 100 pages) of each book, though the real size
of the corpus is 670000 words or 2340 pages. See below:
Total corpus for macro-analysis: 2340 pages/ 670000 words
Total corpus for micro-analysis: 1100 pages/ 297000 words
Sub-corpus 1: Diasporic Original Writings
a. Gharibe-i dar Otagh-e Man
Signs of Hybridness in Texts Produced in...
35
b. Hamnavaei-ye Shabaneh-ye Orkestr-e Choub-ha
c. Mahi-ha dar Shab Mikhaband
d. Che Kasi Bavar Mikonad, Rostam
Total: 382 pages/ 108000 words
Sub-corpus 2: Iranian Original Writings
a. Bivatan
b. Cheragh-ha ra Man Khamoush Mikonam
c. Ba’d az ‘an Shab
Total: 300 pages/ 81000 words
Sub-corpus 3: Diasporic Translations
a. Pas Bad Ham-e Chiz ra ba Khod Nakhahad Bord
b. Dokhtari Tanha
Total: 200 pages/ 54000 words
Sub-corpus 4: Iranian Translations
a. Atr-e Sonbol, Atr-e Kaj
b. Mardi Bedoun-e Vatan
Total: 200 pages/ 54000 words
Data Collection
After the development of the corpus and the selection of the samples, the texts are
pored over for manifestations of hybridity following the four main approaches to
this phenomenon: hybridity as an attribute of contemporary intercultural
communication is Descriptive Approach (Hybridization) [A]; hybridity as a feature
of contemporary intercultural identities is Socio-cultural Approach [B]; hybridity as
an
undesired
interference
is
Negative
Evaluative
Approach
[C];
and
36
Translation Studies, Vol. 7, No. 28, Winter 2010
dehybridization is a Descriptive Approach [D] (see Mollanazar and Parham, 2009).
First, the books are read once and completely in search of the signs at macro-level,
to see whether the plot of the stories and the characters show any sign of
hybridness. At a second reading, the texts are examined with more precision to find
the manifestations of hybridity at lower levels of paragraph, sentence, clause,
phrase and word. When the hybrid elements are recognized and marked, they are
extracted, labelled and classified. The number of their occurrence in each subcorpus is then calculated to see whether any difference in their degree and kind is
observable. By degree the frequency of occurrence is meant, whereas kind refers to
being a feature of contemporary intercultural communication, a feature of
contemporary intercultural identities, undesired interference or dehybridization.
As long as the unit of analysis is concerned, there is a good extent of fluctuation.
Since the researchers are seeking to find instances of hybridness at both microstructural and macro-structural levels, unit of analysis varies considerably. It may be
word, phrase, clause, sentence, paragraph, the whole text or the plot and
characters of the stories investigated.
Data Analysis
The signs of hybridity in the four sub-corpora are collected based on the taxonomy
of elements of hybridity developed by Mollanazar and Parham (2009). Below some
instances of manifestations of hybridity according to the four distinct approaches (A,
B, C and D) are given:
A.1 Code-mixing 1
.| ¾Á aZfY ¡Yq Á { ¹Ó>Y ,¹| į Y ,ÃZ³{Á§ d·Z^¿{ ºËZÌ] ºfYÂyÊ» į ÁË{
(78 . ,¾eÂÌ]) ... ´Ë{ d·Z^¿{ ¹|»M Êy Z] ¾Ì¼Å ÉY] .l̸ËZ» lÀq ¶ËÁY Ä] {Â] Ã|Ì
(43 . ,¾eÂÌ]) .ºrÌb] ³ Âe ZË |ËÂyÊ» ËÊÅ .!¹Y~´] ±Y{ cZÅ Ze Ä !Êy Z«M
Signs of Hybridness in Texts Produced in...
37
Ä¿ZybM 5¾3§» .{ÁM{ Y {Z» ÉY{Y Á dY Ä] {¯ l¯ «!d«Á ļŠ.Âe» .|¿Y{ ºq ºÅ Ì·M
,dY|¿ dËÂe ½Z¿ ÂfY» ,dY Ä] Z] «.µZfÌbÂÅ Äf§ Ì·M» .`q Ä] {¯ l¯ «.Ã| [Yy
,ºÀ¯Ê» »Zy ¾» Y ZÅ¡Yq) «.|Ìf¨Ì¿ ¶°ÌËZ] Y |ÌZ] \Y» ZÅÄr]» ,`q Ä] Z] «.¹|Ëy µÁ
(71–70.
Analysis: In these sentences, the words ¹ÓY (alarm), _ZfY (stop), l̸ËZ» lÀq ¶ËÁY (oil
change mileage), ±Y{ cZÅ (hot dog), ËÊÅ (here), ³ Âe (to go), ¾§ (fan), µZfÌbÂÅ
(hospital), ÂfY (store), dËÂe (toast), µÁ (roll) and ¶°ÌËZ] (bicycle) are all English
words transliterated in Persian and are instances of code-mixing.
A.2 Code-switching 2
:d¨³ {Ây Zy Ê¿Z]Æ» Z] Á { ËY| | { «ZeY ZÀ¯ Y į ¶Ì¿Y{
Daniel, would you like to have a date?
|Àq .d~³ ZÀ¯ Y [YÂm ½Á|] Á | w d·Zny Y e ,{¯ ÁY Ä] ÊÀÌ´» ÃZ´¿ ¶Ì¿Y{
Á Ã|Ày Z] Á d³] ¶Ì¿Y{ ,{¯Ê» ¥Z e Z»y É´Ë{ ¯ Ä] dY{ ½Y į Êf«Á ,| ] Ĭ̫{
:d¨³ d·Zny
You mean this kind of date? I thought you meant a real date!
(28–27 . ,¾» ©ZeY { ÉYÄ^Ë£) .ºÌfY~³ ¶Ì¿Y{ Ä] Á ºË{¯ É|À¸] Ç|Ày ļÅ
Êy .{ZfËY ZÌ»Y .|Àf§Ê» ¸m ´Ë|°Ë È¿Z Ä] Ä¿Z Êy Á ZÌ»Y .|¿{Â] Ã|Ì ¾·Z ÊmÁy Ä]
Z] 4 º4¯Z3À¸8 8m 8Á .{¯ »Y§ |ËZ] Y ZÅÉZ]Ê¿YËY ¾ËY .|À¯Ê¼¿ ¥Z e ʯ d°¸¼» ¾ËY ÉÂe :d¨³
,¾eÂÌ]) .dY ÃÁ{ ½M 5µZ» ¥Z e ,ºËYÄf~³ ÉYĸÌ^« ÇÁ{ Y ½ÓY Z»Y ,dY d{ YÂ4§Z 3f>· 3¶WZ^3« 8Á
(20 .
Analysis: The first example is a casual conversation that carries on while switching
between Persian and English. The second stretch is also an instance of codeswitching between Persian and Arabic.
38
Translation Studies, Vol. 7, No. 28, Winter 2010
A.3 Dialect 3
Y ZÅZ dY{ ÉÁ¿ ÉZ«M .«Ê» ... ½ÂÀ»Z»» :d¨³ Á { Êv̸» |Àz^· ,{¯ Z] Y Ä¿Zy { ½
.{]Ê» {Ây Y | ] Ä] ZnÀËY Y į |¿Z¼Æ§ ÁY Ä] ÃZY Á Z¼ËY Z] ½ į Ä¿Zy ZÌu ÉÂe {]Ê»
(22 . ,\ ½M Y | ])
(24 . ,\ ½M Y | ]) «½Z¯ ×Y tf§ !Ä] Ä]» :d¨³Ê» ½ į |ÌÀ ÉÁ¿ ÉZ«M
Analysis:: The words in boldface are instances of diatopic variation; the woman is
Georgian and she cannot speak Persian perfectly: ½ÂÀ»Z» = ½ÂÀ¼», ½Z¯ ×Ytf§ = ×Ytf§
½Zy.
A.4 Confrontation of Disparate Culturemes4
Y ¶^« d{ ËÂ] .{¯ cÂ{ YÄ¿Zy Ä] ¹Z ÉY] Y Z» ȼŠ¾¸Å ,¼Ë¯ Y ¶^« \ |Àq
Á ¾¼ { į Á¿ |Ì d^ZÀ» Ä] ¾» ,| ] ÃZ» Ä Á{ .dYÂy ~ ½|»M Y Á { ²¿ Ê¿Z¼Æ»
(79 . ,¾» ©ZeY { ÉYÄ^Ë£) .¹{¯ cÂ{ ¹Z Ä] Y ļŠ,{Â] ºÅ |ËÂË{ |·Âe
Analysis: Here we have confrontation of Christmas and Nowrooz which are
instances of customs and traditions (belonging to inner elements of culture).
YÂy {Z» .¹Yļa ,Êe» È¿Zy ÉÂe ºËÂÊ» ¼m ¶Ì»Z§ ȼŠ,ÉY³° ¾m { µZ Å
.Ê´¿Zy ÉY¸«Z] ļZ§ ļ Á ,d³ Z] ¸aZÌ]· ĬË| ļ ,{ÁMÊ» Á |À¯Ê» d{ ÊfÀ É´̻
½Â¼¸«Â] ZÀ¯ |¿ÂÊ» Ã|Ìq ZÅY~£ ȼŠÁ |ÀÀ¯Ê» d{ Y ½ZÄ«Ô {» Ê¿YËY ÉY~£ ºÅ Ä̬]
(80 . ,kZ¯ ,¶^À ) .aº°
Analysis: Again an instance of confrontation of culturemes: customs, traditions and
food (one of the outer elements of culture); thanksgiving is an American holiday
when Americans eat stuffed turkey, but they celebrated this American feast in an
Iranian way (Iranian foods were also served).
Ir. ) !ZÅÊ¿YËY Z¼ ¯ dÌ ¼m ÉÃY|¿Y Ä] ÊÀ Ë .|¿YÃ|Ë{ Y Zm¾ËY µZu Ä] Ze ¨¿ 65679461 !É|Ë{
Âr«Zq Á {Zq Á |ÀÀ¯ ÃÔ¯ Á µZ ZÅÊ¿YËY ȼŠ!¾¯ Âe ¬§ (Pop. 70000000 65679461
Signs of Hybridness in Texts Produced in...
39
ÊeZ^ Ä] ÊÀ Ë .|ÀÅ|] ºÅ Ó{ 7 ɨ¿ .µZ 30 µÂ { Äf^·Y .M ¾ËY ZÀ¯ |ÀËZÌ] Á |ÀÀ¯
.$459756227 =¨¿ 65679461×7$
dY Ã| ZnÀËY ky |¬q .dÌ¿ Ê·Âa º¯ !Ó{ ½Â̸̻ d Á |ZÆq :|˳ʻ \n e Z] ZfÌ»M
(101 . ,¾eÂÌ])
.´»
!ḑYa d¿ $450000000 >®Ë{¿ ÊÀ Ë .$13000000 ¬§
Analysis: In this example we observe the confrontation of semiotic signs (belonging
to the outer elements of culture): mathematical signs (+, =, ×, $) versus the religious
sign of prostration; the author of this novel has employed the sign of prostration for
the moments when the discussion goes to very complicated mathematical
calculations, trying to show that the speaker prostrates himself when the figure goes
high; i.e. his god is money!
A.5 Mixtures (of genres, discourse, etc.)
ḑYa d¿ ÃZe :|˳ʻ Á |¿YÂyÊ» Êy ...
Z³Á Ó ÊÀ» µZ»M È^ ¯ , Z³Á Ó ÊÀ» cZmZu ȸ^«
.|ÀÀ¯Ê¼¿ ky Y $7 ¾ËY ¬§ į ¹{» .dY ÌW·dÀ 5µZ» ¬§ ÓZu .dY $450000000 Y Ì]
Ze |ÀÅYÂyÊ» ʸf» 1 Á |ÀÊ» \ Z» ¶j» ZÅʸÌy .|ÀÀ¯ d§Â¯ |ÀÅYÂyÊ» ÉÌq 1 Z¼fu ÃyÓZ]
.{ÂÊ» |¬q Ê¿Y{Ê» .|À]YÂz]
($38/90 = ¾ËY-Y|» ¶f» ÉÄfzeÄ ©ZeY $29/40 + É{ÁÁ d̸] $7 + ®¯ Á ®»²Ì] $2/5)
... ]Y] 6 {Á|u Ä] $450000000 ¶Ë|^e ÊÀ Ë ¾ËY Á ÉYÃ{¯ ky Ó{ $40 ,$7 ÉZm Ä] ÊÀ Ë
.{ z] 3 ] |ËZ] ¾ËY-Y|» ¶f» ÈfzeÄ ©ZeY $29/40 Äf^·Y į |À¯Ê» tÌve ĸZ§Ô] Êy
... {Y] Z¯Z¯ dY [Zu [Zu
ÊfuY Ä] į !Ó{ ,ÊfÅ Âe ,¥Z¯ ̼ ¾ËY Á !®f»Â°u ¾» Y¨·Y ¾°¼ËÓ !Ä^mYÁ Ç|n !Ó{ !ÉM Á
¾Ì¼Å Ô» ÃZÀ» Á {ÔÌ» k] Á {ZËÄ Ä] mY ºÅ ½YËY ÉÂe ... ³Å ,Âe Y Z»Y ,{¯ Y§ Y|y Y ½YÂeÊ»
ÊËZź« Z] ¬§ |¿{Ê» Y ZÅ¥u ¾Ì¼Å ... ·Zy { |Àf¨³Ê» ḑYa d¿ Ä] ¬§ ,|¿{Ê» Y ZÅ¥u
.|Z] ·Zy { ,¶Y ,Á{ Å { Êf«Á ÌW·dÀ M Á {ZËÄ ½ZÌ» dY Ê«§ Äq ÊfY Á ... eº¯
(105–104 . ,¾eÂÌ])
40
Translation Studies, Vol. 7, No. 28, Winter 2010
Analysis:: This excerpt is an instance of mixture of discourses: discourse of
materialism and discourse of spiritualism.
B.1 Defamiliarization5
¾Á Z¬¿ ¾Ëe±] ½Y´Ë{ Ä] ¹{Â] ½Z¼fyZ Ç{Z Z¬¿ ®Ë į Y» {Â] Ê Ì^ [Zu ¾ËY Z] ...
!«¹9» |·Âf» ,|ÀÀ¯Ê» ¨¸e «¡» Y «» į Ê¿ZË¿Y§ ÈnÆ· Ä] ,{Â] º« Ê·ZÅY Y į Y {Ây Á |À¯ ʧ »
eZ» { ºÅ Äf§Äf§ Á -{ZÆ¿ |¿Z°·Y ¹Z¿ {Ây ] {¯  Y Yd̸» į ÉÁ į {Â]  ¾ËY
È¿Z^ ÊËYÂÀ¼Å) .|¿{Â] ZÌ·ZfËY ¦Ë Ê·ZÅY Y {Y|mY {Y{Ê» ½Z¿ į {¯ Y|Ìa ÉYÄ»Z¿Ãn É|a
(34 . ,ZÅ[Âq f¯Y
Analysis: The character in this story suffers from defamiliarization; he is originally
from Iran, lives in France and has adopted the living style of the French; later he
assumes an Italian identity; he makes constant shifts from one identity to another
and this prevents him from any long-term identification.
B.2 Ambivalence (Duality, Inbetweenness)6
|Ë{ Y .{Â^¿ ʧZ¯ ËY] Ä¿Zy Ìq pÌÅ .{¯ Y|m Z» Y ʬ̼ Ä] Á Ä̼ŠÉY] Y ÁY ½YÁ{ ¾ËY
ZÅ ,É{YM ÁY ÉY] .ºË [£ ½|¼e [~m 0Ô»Z¯ ºË{Â] Äf¿YÂf¿ į {Â] ¾ËY Z» ÃZÀ³ ¾Ëe±] ÁY
Á |À¯ { ¹{Â] Ã{Ây ó ¹YÄf~³ Ä] ÂÀŠį Y» ,Y Z» d¿YÂeʼ¿ Á {Â] Äf~³ Ê»Z¼e ½{¯
Y» d]£ u ÁY .ÊÀ¯ »Y§ Y Äf~³ |ËZ] ÉYÃ|»M į ÓZu -É|»MÊ» |ËZ^¿ d¨³Ê» .|z^]
(123 . ,|À¯Ê» ÁZ] ʯ Äq) .{¯Ê¼¿ {
Analysis:: The character speaking here is always blamed by her daughter for her
dual identity; for the fact that she cannot sever the ties with her former Iranian
identity and get fully absorbed in Western culture; she is accused of her
ambivalence.
{Y|mY ¾fY{ Ä] ¹{Â] Ã|Ì Â¸]Ze 5É{Y¿ d̸«Y ºY ®Ë ¾fY{ Y .«Z»Á{ Ê·Âm» ¹| kYÁ{Y Y | ]
.Ê·Âm ÊËZ°Ë»M ½ZfÁ{ Á ½YZ°¼Å ÉY] ,¹{Â] ÃÁ̧ ¹Y«Y Á ÊËZ°Ë»MÌ£ ½ZfÁ{ ÉY] .ÄÌ·YÂ
į Ê¿ZfÁ{ Z] |¿{Ê» ºËY| Ê·Âm į Ê¿ZfÁ{ Êf«Á Ây Ä] ,±] ó ®Ë {Â] Ã| ʳ|¿
Signs of Hybridness in Texts Produced in...
ÉZŵZË ÉZÅdÌz ½M ÄÌ^ ¹{¯Ê»
41
ZuY .|¿{¯Ê» {Ây] |¿|Ì»Z¿Ê» ÃÁ̧ Y»
|ÀZ] ©ZeY ®Ë ÉÂe |À¿YÂeʼ¿ d«Á pÌÅ ,Äf^·Y ,Á{ ¾ËY .|¿Y{ Ë {Y¼Å ®Ë į ¹YÃ| Ê¿Â˸e
̳ ÃÔ¯ ¬¿ ®Ë ÉZ¨ËY ÉY] į Ôea ÉYÄÌaÀÅ ,|À¯Ê» ÉZ] ¨¿ ®Ë Y ¬¿ Á{ Å ½Âq
½{³ Ä] Y Äf¨M Á ¾ËY |ʼ¿ .dY fÆ] Á e±] ÉZŬ¿ ÉÁM { Á {Y~³Ê»
(71 . ,kZ¯ ,¶^À ) .{Â] ¹{Ây ̬e ,¹Y|ÀÌ] Ë¿ĻZÀ¼¸Ì§
Analysis:: The character is always living in an inbetween space.
Imperfect Surrender to Other
ºY ½{¯ ħZY |ÀfY{ Ã|̬ |̧ Á |˧ .¹{¯ [Zzf¿Y Yʳ{Z Zy Ä] 0Ze|¼ Y Ê·Âm ÃyÓZ]
(70 . ,kZ¯ ,¶^À ) .«½Z» Á «{5>§» |¿| ½Z{Ây ZÅ| ] .dY ÉYÄ¿Z¬¼uY Z¯ ÊËZ°Ë»M
Analysis: Ambivalence: imperfect surrender to Other.
Imperfect Resistance to Other
ZŵZ .¹{Y{ d{ Y Y ¹{Ây ½{Â] ®q ¹{Z» Y a :|˳ʻ Á |¯Ê» YÊ¿ZÌa ÉÁ Y f{
.¹{] Êa ½M Ä] Ze |̯ µÂ
.¹YÃ{Y{ d{ Y Y ¹{Ây ½{Â] Ê¿YËY d«Á Äq ¾» |ËMÊ» ºÀÅ} Ä]
Y ³Y Êfu ,ºË{³Ê¼¿ Z] |ÀfÅ ½ZÀÁ { į ZÆ¿M ¶j» Ê Ì^ ʳ|¿ ®Ë Ä] d«Á pÌÅ Z» :|˳ʻ
.|¼Æ§Ê¼¿ ¯ pÌŠį dÅ Z» ½Á{ ÉÌq .ºÌÀ¯ ʳ|¿ eª§Â» Á fÆ] ZÆ¿M
.É{³] d«Á pÌÅ ÊÅYÂy ʼ¿ :ºaÊ» Á ºÀ¯Ê» ÅZ´¿
¹{Ây ,ļŠY Ìa .ÊaÊ» ¾» Y Y ¾ËY į ÊfÌ¿ ʯ ¾Ì·ÁY Âe .º¿Y{ʼ¿ Y µYR ¾ËY [YÂm
.{ ºÅ ] |ËZ^¿ Y ¾¯Z ÉZÆ]M :|˳ʻ .d§ |ËZ] ¹{¯Ê» °§ ºÅ ¾» :ºË³ʻ .¹YÃ|Ìa
´Ë{ ÁY { .{Â] ÄfyZ É¿Y§Ì£ É¿Y§ ®Ë ÁY Y Á {Â] Ã|Ì ¸] Y ÁY Ä¿Y§ .º¿Y{ʼ¿ ºÅ Y ½M ÓZu
.dY|¿ {ÂmÁ ½{Â] ®q ½Â§Y ½M Y ÉiY
¾» ¡Ô¯ Á Âe Á{ÄÀÌa ,dÌ¿ ZÆÀe ¾» ¡Ô¯ º¿Y{Ê» º¯ d{ ÓZu Z»Y .¹Y|¿ d³Z] µZÌy ,Ä¿ :|˳ʻ
(177–176 . ,|À¯Ê» ÁZ] ʯ Äq) .|ÀfÅ {Y¼Å Á{ ¶j»
42
Translation Studies, Vol. 7, No. 28, Winter 2010
Analysis:: Duality of identity; the person had been totally Czech in one stage of his
life though living in diaspora (perfect resistance); later, he unawares yields to
acculturation and puts up lesser degrees of resistance (imperfect resistance); the next
stage to see (imperfect surrender) occurs when the immigrant (or exile) finds
common grounds between himself and Other and sees himself as an Otherized Self.
However, none of these stages is permanent and this cycle is likely to repeat for
several times in their lifetime; yet, one thing is certain: they will never be an absolute
Self again nor an absolute Other.
Imperfect Resistance
Self
Other
Hybrid
Imperfect Surrender
Perfect Resistance
B.3 Representation of Self (Stereotyping)7
I-inclusive
½Z³|ÀÁ§ – {Â] Ê¿|Ë{ ºÅ ÊWm ÉZÅÌq Ä°¸] ºÆ» ÉZÅÄ]}Zm ¬§ Ä¿ ZÅ{YÁÃZe Z» ÉY]
(44 . ,kZ¯ ,¶^À ) .tYÁ ÊËZ¼ÀÅY ºWÔ Á ,̼e ÉZÅd·YÂe ,{Ây]Ây
¾Å} Êf§ Å { į d¿Y{Ê» {Ây ȨÌÁ ,½Z»ÃZ³{Y ÇÆq Y ʳ|¿Z»\¬ ½{Á{ Ä] º¼» ,|a
(44 . ,kZ¯ ,¶^À ) .|À¯ ¾Á Y ZÅÊËZ°Ë»M
Analysis: In these instances, while describing either positively or negatively the
characteristics of the people of his country, the speaker considers himself as a member of
Self community; therefore, an I-inclusive representation of Self.
I-exclusive
,|¿]Ê» ÓZ] Ĭ¿ ¾ËeÓZ] d¼ Ä] Y Z» ÃËY{ºÌ¿ ½Z¼¯ ¶yY{ Y į ºËÂÊ» É]ÓZ] ÉZžÌ]Z¯ {YÁ Êf«Á
¯ dÌ ¼m ÇY|¿Y Ä] ÊÀ Ë .|¿YÃ|Ë{ Y ZnÀËY µZu Ä] Ze ¨¿ 65679461 !É|Ë{ :|Å{Ê» tÌÂe Êy
(101 . ,¾eÂÌ]) !ZÅÊ¿YËY Z¼
Signs of Hybridness in Texts Produced in...
43
Analysis: Here the speaker talks as if he is not an Iranian and excludes himself from
the community of Self; thus, an I-exclusive representation of Self.
B.4 Reference to Conditions and Problems of Exile
ºÅ ½M .|]ZÌ] Ê¿Z»ZÁ Á Ze |¯Ê» µÂ ZŵZ :|˳ʻ ,|¯Ê» É|À¸] ¨¿ ,|À¯Ê» Êj°»
Ä] .ºËÂÊ» Ã{Zf§Y ½ÁÌ] [M Y ÊËZË{ cZ¿YÂÌu ¶j» Z» .|ËMʼ¿{ Âm Z» Á Z] ´Ë{ į Ê¿Z»ZÁ
Z»Y ,dÌ¿ Z³Z [M { ʳ|¿ Z] ½Z¼¿|] ´Ë{ Äq ³Y ,ºÌÅ{Ê» c{Z Y ½Z»{Ây Ê°y { ʳ|¿
½Z¼ËZa .ºËÂÊ» ®y Ì¿ Z» { ®y [M ³Y .|À¯Ê» ÄË~¤e ½M Y Á dY [M { ÂÀÅ ½Z¼ËZÅÄË
ºÅ Y [Zf§M d«Z ºÌ¯Ê» į a Y ½M ,ºËY|¿ Y ½M ÉZ» d«Z ,ºËY~³Ê» [M { į Y
¾ËY { Y ½Z»Ê³|¿ Y ʼ̿ \Ìee ¾ËY Ä] Á |À¯Ê» µÂ¤» Y ½Z¼ÀÅ} [M Â^» Ê°Ày {ZË .ºËÁMʼ¿
(171 . ,|À¯Ê» ÁZ] ʯ Äq) .ºÌÅ{Ê» d{ Y ħÁ{ Á ÃZ¯Ä¼Ì¿ ÉZ]
Analysis: This excerpt is a symbolic description of diasporic life and the conditions
and problems of exile.
B.5 Concern for Homeland (Nostalgia)8
ª]Z» ½ .| Y|Ìa «Ê·Á» ¿a ÉZÅ¡Yq ,®q¯ pÌa ®Ë Y | ] ,|¿Y~³ į Y Ã{Zm ÊËÓZ]
ÄÌf«Á ¶j» d{ :d¨³ ,{Â] Äf¿ f{ ZÀ¯ į ¾» ½ Ä] {¯ Á .{Zf§Y YÌ {ZË Ä] µÂ¼ »
©ZeY { ÉYÄ^Ë£) .ÄÊ» ^ d¼q ɸm ÊËÂÅ ÄË Æ ,«½M« ÃYÁ{» Y ¶^« .YÌ ÊÊ» į
(81 . ,¾»
Analysis: An example of nostalgia
C.1 Collocational Clash
Z°Ë»M [ÂÀm Ä] ļŠ,{»Ìa Êz ÉZÅÌq į {Â] dÌ «YÁ ¾ËY {Â] Äf§³ Á ºÀÅ} |¬ÀËY į ÉÌq
dY{ ²ÀÆ¿ ° Z] µZfa cZ¯ ÄË Á .{Â] Ã|¿Á~³ Z»Z]ÓM { Á ²Àm ½Z» {»Ìa .{¯Ê» Y|Ìa ]
(25 . ,{] |ÅYÂz¿ {Ây Z] Y Ìq ļŠ{Z] a) .½ÓÁYÂÌ¿ Y
Analysis: The sentence in boldface is an example of collocational clash as in Persian
¾Å} and ¾f§³ do not collocate.
44
Translation Studies, Vol. 7, No. 28, Winter 2010
C.2 Unconventional Syntax
Ã{¯ ¦Ë e Ê¿Ó ĻZ¿Ãn ®Ë |]Ó dËY] Z¿M .Ê¿Y´¿» :|Ìa Ã|Ày Z] Y» Á |»M ¸m ¾ÌqÁZa
(69 . ,ZÆÀe Éfy{) .¹{Y{ ½Z°e Y ¹ «.dY
Analysis: The sentence in boldface is an unconventional syntactic structure in
Persian.
D.1 Explanation in the Immediate Context
.|À]°] ºÅ Ä] Y ½ZËZÅd{ ¦¯ ¡ Á «!ÂËZ§ >Y Ê» Â̳» :|À°] {Z˧ ÊaµYÂuY Á ¹Ô ÉZm Ä]
(29 . ,¾eÂÌ]) !|« ½] ÊÀ Ë -ļme ÉZ]Z] ³ !Ã|] ¾» Ä] lÀa ®Ë ÊÀ Ë «ÂËZ§ >Y Ê» Â̳»
Analysis:: The author has first hybridized the text using the transliterated English
expression “give me a five”; then he has dehybridized the hybrid element via
explanation in the immediate context (!|« ½]).
-3¸>¯-ÉZŠʸÌy .Ê^Å~» cZ¬Ì¬ve ZË oË nÌ¸Ë .|À¯Ê» Z¯ ÊeZ¬Ì¬ve Ê¿Zb¼¯ ®Ë ÉÂe Êy
(55 . ,¾eÂÌ]) .Z¯ dY [Zm
Analysis:: The transcribed hybrid element (oË n̸Ë) is dehybridized by
providing the meaning of the hybrid element immediately in the same sentence
(Ê^Å~» cZ¬Ì¬ve).
D.2 Footnote (Explanation in the Remote Context)
!Ê»Y !Ê»Y :|¯Ê» {Z˧
Z] ¹|Ë{ ÂÅ®Ë Ä¯ d¯ ÉÂe ¹{Â] Äf¿ Y{§ .{Y{ Z¯ Äq ºf¿Y{ʼ¿
Ã|À¿Y Âe į Ã{¯ ! Z³Á- Ó Ê¿Ó 5¨ ÉY] dY Ã{¯ d¿ Y Âe ¾ÌZ» Ê°Ë !_M ÉZÅ
... {¿ d»Y§ Äf]½Z] lÀq ¶ËÁY !_M ÉZÅ ... {Y{ |ÅYÂy Âe Ä] ºÅ Ê]Ây ¹Z ¿Y į dY Äf¨³ !ÊZ]
(81 . ,¾eÂÌ]) !{¯ [Zu ¯ ºÅ Y ÄËY¯ ȼŠÄf^·Y į ʯ f¯Y{ ,Ã{¿ ÃZ¼ , e ½Z]ZÌy ...
Analysis: The hybrid elements (instances of code-mixing) are dehybridized through
footnotes which provide the English equivalent and Persian meaning as follows:
Footnotes: 1. Boss ÌW 2. Hurry up !\Àn] 3. Rent ÃZmY 4. Cash |¬¿.
Signs of Hybridness in Texts Produced in...
45
Discussion
1. Diasporic Original Writings
This sub-corpus consisted of four books, with the total size of 108000 words. The
thorough analysis of this sub-corpus yielded the following results:
Table 1 Statistical Analysis of Diasporic Original Writings
Diasporic
Original
Writings
Che Kasi
Bavar
Mikonad,
Rostam
Approaches
Otagh-e
Man
Hamnavaei-ye
Shabaneh-ye
Orkestr-e
Choub-ha
Mahi-ha
dar Shab
Mikhaband
Total
Frequency of occurrence of signs of hybridness
to Hybridity
Descriptive Approach
(Hybridization)
Gharibe-i
dar
---
90
47
13
150
48
8
15
1
72
Negative Evaluative
Approach
---
---
---
---
---
Descriptive Approach
(Dehybridization)
---
30
---
---
30
Socio-cultural
Approach
1. The writers who embark upon creating a text in a diaspora are inevitably
affected by their hybrid environment (simultaneous presence of both Self and
Other) which is conspicuously reflected in their texts, as the results of this
study disclosed. This can be justified in the light of the power relations in
force between the dominant and the third world countries. The dominant
hegemonic discourse of Other (European communities) exerts influence upon
the minor community of Self and renders their life in many respects hybrid.
As Other is situated in the upper part of the power hierarchy, the
acculturation occurs in the direction of minority group (Self) adopting the
habits and language patterns of the dominant group (Other), though it can
also be reciprocal in rare cases. In brief, the hybrid environment of text
46
Translation Studies, Vol. 7, No. 28, Winter 2010
production — diaspora — can be held responsible for the hybrid character of
the texts.
2. These texts have signs of hybridness at both macro- (plot and characters)
and micro- (lexicon and syntax) levels. Noteworthy is the fact that all the
texts in this category, with no exception, exhibited manifestations of
hybridness when analyzed in the light of the socio-cultural approach (macrolevel analysis); because, sociologically speaking, one of the chief
preoccupations of residents of diasporas — immigrants and exiles — is
identity; hence, the texts they produce, which in a sense is a rendition of their
identity, are obsessed with identity-related issues. This can possibly justify
why in all these books, the issues of identity, immigration, ambivalence,
inbetween space and the conditions and problems of living in diaspora are
frequently addressed and have received considerable attention.
3. In all theses texts, Persian is the main language of the text, but English and
Arabic also make frequent appearances to enhance the effect of
fragmentation and duality. However, the authors of these texts (save for
Mehrnoush Mazare’i) were not much concerned with the linguistic difficulties
their readership might experience, which could be due to the fact that for
such people, hybrid form of expression has become the norm. Thus, they did
not take the trouble to dehybridize the non-Persian stretches of their texts
through footnotes, immediate explanations, paraphrases or other possible
ways.
2. Iranian Original Writings
The second sub-corpus — Iranian original writings — is composed of three books with
the total size of 81000 words. The results of the quantitative analysis of this subcorpus are as follows:
Table 2 Statistical Analysis of Iranian Original Writings
Iranian
Original
Writings
Approaches
Bivatan
Cheragh-ha ra
Man
Khamoush
Mikonam
Ba’d az ‘an
Shab
Total
Signs of Hybridness in Texts Produced in...
to Hybridity
Descriptive Approach
(Hybridization)
Frequency of occurrence of signs of hybridness
233
122
14
369
Socio-cultural
Approach
25
---
---
25
Negative Evaluative
Approach
---
---
---
---
122
---
---
122
Descriptive Approach
(Dehybridization)
47
1. This research was built upon the presupposition that the texts produced in
diasporas are necessarily hybrid, whereas those created in Iran are either
non-hybrid or show a very insignificant degree of hybridity. However, the
results obtained from the analysis of this sub-corpus proved to be
diametrically opposite. That is, not only the texts produced in Iran exhibited
manifestations of hybridity, but also the highest degree of hybridness (in the
corpus as a whole) was observed in Bivatan, one of the novels in this
category. This leads us to the conclusion that the hybrid nature of the text
production environment is merely one of the parameters accounting for the
hybridness of a text.
2. The only book that employed dehybridization strategies is Bivatan, and
again in an exceptionally large number. The frequent use of footnotes (that
diminishes the effect of intentional hybridness of the text) draws a wider
readership and avoids the exclusion of those unfamiliar with English. On the
other hand, numerous footnotes added for clarification and explanation
purposes (especially with regard to foreign words) is a feature often
expected to be seen in translations and not in original writings, particularly
when novels are concerned. The reader will thus be confused at the
beginning of the novel about whether the text is originally written in Persian
or is a translation into Persian, as both impressions are conveyed; the reader
feels to have a translational writing at hand. In fact, in the body of the text,
the author had diasporic reader in mind, whereas the footnotes are added
48
Translation Studies, Vol. 7, No. 28, Winter 2010
with Iranian readers in mind. Hence, footnotes simultaneously play two very
opposite roles here: hybridization and dehybridization.
3. Diasporic Translations
The third sub-group of the corpus was constructed by two books and the total size of
54000 words. The statistical analysis of this category is evident in the table below:
Table 3 Statistical Analysis of Diasporic Translations
Diasporic
Translations
Dokhtari Tanha
Approaches
to Hybridity
Descriptive Approach
(Hybridization)
Socio-cultural
Approach
Negative Evaluative
Approach
Descriptive Approach
(Dehybridization)
Pas Bad Ham-e
Chiz ra ba Khod
Nakhahad Bord
Total
Frequency of occurrence of signs of hybridness
62
54
116
---
---
---
10
2
12
2
8
10
1. All translations carried out by diasporic translators showed signs of
hybridity, as expected.
2. Analysis of these books in the light of the socio-cultural approach revealed
no sign of hybridness, as neither the plot nor the characters of these novels
were hybrid.
3. The relatively high degree of hybridity observed after analysis of the texts
according to the first approach, i.e. descriptive hybridization approach, is
Signs of Hybridness in Texts Produced in...
49
almost the result of the presence of culture-specific items in the original texts,
inevitably rendered literally in translation, which give the translated text an
aura of foreignness, though the text is Persian.
4. The hybrid environment of translation has not played a significant part in
enhancing the degree of hybridity of the texts, and this kind of hybridity
(undesired interference) is expected to be found in all translations regardless
of the diasporic or non-diasporic environment of the translator.
4. Iranian Translations
The last category of the corpus consisted of two books, with the total size of 54000
words. The statistical analysis of the collected data disclosed the following facts:
Table 4 Statistical Analysis of Iranian Translations
Iranian
Translations
Approaches
to Hybridity
Descriptive Approach
(Hybridization)
Socio-cultural
Approach
Negative Evaluative
Approach
Descriptive Approach
(Dehybridization)
Atr-e Sonbol,
Atr-e Kaj
Mardi Bedoun-e
Vatan
Total
Frequency of occurrence of signs of hybridness
180
186
366
24
---
24
---
2
2
15
3
18
1. Again contrary to our primary presupposition that texts translated by Iranian
translators show insignificant degree of hybridity compared to their diasporic
counterparts, the translations in this sub-corpus exhibited a relatively high
50
Translation Studies, Vol. 7, No. 28, Winter 2010
degree of hybridity, and indeed three times higher than the degree observed
in diasporic translations.
2. The presence of negative elements of hybridity was fully expected, as
interference is a translation universal, i.e. it is expected to be seen in all
translations, and if we take interference as an ever-present cause, its always
present, inevitable effect would be negative hybridity, resulting in clumsy
hybrids. However, as the statistical analysis demonstrates, the frequency of
negative elements of hybridity in the works of diasporic translators is higher
compared to that of Iranian translators; one possible reason is that diasporic
translators have been for some time far from Persian community that uses
Persian for communication purposes, resulting in lesser fluency in their
mother tongue; therefore, it is natural that a greater number of instances of
unconventional syntax and collocational clashes be observed in their
translations.
3. The texts displayed a relatively large degree of hybridity when analyzed
according to the first approach. This can be attributed to the fact that the
texts were laden with culture-specific items, which, when translated, almost
literally, enhanced the foreignness, thus hybridity of the texts.
4. The only unexpected result was the hybridness of Atr-e Sonbol, Atr-e Kaj
according to the socio-cultural approach, which was not seen in any other
translated book in the corpus. This hybridness at macro-structural level (the
plot and the characters), is a quality of the source text transferred in
translation process; i.e., this is not an effect created by the Iranian translator,
but by the author of the original text (Firoozeh Dumas, a diasporic writer),
and inevitably transferred to the translated text.
In fact, when the original text is hybrid at both macro- and micro-levels, the
macro-hybrid elements, which are part of the story, inevitably reappear in
the translation; the micro-hybrid elements can have two possible fates; some
Signs of Hybridness in Texts Produced in...
51
may be preserved in the process of translation, whereas others get
dehybridized.
Conclusions
Original Writings
1. All the texts originally produced in diasporas exhibited manifestations of
hybridness according to the positive, socio-cultural and dehybridization
approaches.
2. Contrary to the primary presupposition of the research, all the texts produced
in Iran displayed signs of hybridity according to the positive, socio-cultural
and dehybridization approaches.
3. Concerning the kind of hybridity observed in the texts produced in diaspora
versus those created in homeland, no meaningful difference was observed.
4. With regard to the degree of hybridity present in the texts created in
diaspora and those produced at home, no meaningful difference was
observed.
5. Manifestations of hybridity found according to the first approach were the
most frequent kind to be seen in both groups of Iranian and diasporic texts;
signs of hybridness according to the socio-cultural approach was the next
most frequent one; dehybridization strategies were third. Furthermore,
hybridity as an undesired feature and the result of unintentional interference
was non-existent in this category.
Translations
1. All the translations carried out in homeland as well as in diaspora displayed
signs of hybridness.
52
Translation Studies, Vol. 7, No. 28, Winter 2010
2. Regarding the degree of hybridity, the frequency of negative elements of
hybridity in diasporic translations was higher than that of Iranian
translations.
3. Regarding the kind of hybridness, there was no meaningful difference
between diasporic and Iranian translations.
4. The most frequent kind of hybridity in translations (both groups) was seen
according to the first approach; all translations had dehybridized their
hybrid elements in some parts, and instances of translationese were also
found here and there.
Comparison of Translations and Original Writings
1. All the texts, translations and original writings, Iranian and diasporic,
exhibited signs of hybridness.
2. The signs of hybridness in the light of the socio-cultural approach was seen
in 70% of the total original writings, but only in 25% of translations.
3. The manifestations of negative hybridity (undesired interference) were
observed merely in translations, but not at all in original writings.
Endnotes:
1
Code-mixing: in bilingual speech, the transfer of linguistic elements from one language
into another is code-mixing. A single sentence might begin in one language, and then
introduce words or grammatical features belonging to the other. (Crystal, 1992, p. 69)
2
Code-switching: the use by a speaker of more than one language, dialect, or variety
during a conversation is code-switching. Which form is used will depend on such factors as
the nature of the audience, the subject matter and the situation in which the conversation
takes place (Crystal, 1992, p. 69).
3
Dialect: a language variety in which the use of grammar and vocabulary identifies the
regional or social background of the user and includes diatopic variation, diastratic
variation and idiolect. (Crystal, 1992, p. 101)
Signs of Hybridness in Texts Produced in...
53
4
Confrontation of disparate cultural references (culturemes): this feature is to be interpreted
in the light of the integrated model of elements of culture developed by Mollanazar and
Parham (2009). Different societies have specific to themselves culturemes unshared with
other communities; when the elements of two or more disparate cultures make frequent
appearance in a single text, the text is said to reflect hybridness.
5
Defamiliarization: the constant shifts from one identity into another which prevents any
possible long-term identification and increases the effect of fragmentation. (Paganoni)
Ambivalence: an attribute of hybrid identities, displaying the simultaneous and
contradictory traits of both Self and Other; a continual fluctuation; a duality.
6
7
Representation of Self (Stereotyping): representing the qualities shared by group members
to protect the interests of the group as a whole. It is in effect the definition of Self’s identity,
character, abilities and attitudes, especially in relation to Other and is formulated, for
instance, through the use of assertive first-person utterances. (Paganoni). In cases the
speakers include themselves as a member of Self community, the representation is described
as I-inclusive; however, when the speakers exclude themselves from Self, the utterance is
called I-exclusive (Mollanazar and Parham, 2009).
8
Nostalgia: the activity of remembering the past and wishing that things had not changed;
it is a feeling experienced by all individuals, but particularly acute in the case of uprooted
cosmopolitans, migrants, and writers who challenge the bounds of identity; it is the result of
dislocation which creates distance between languages and mind-sets and enacts an
economy of loss — the loss of spontaneous contact with one’s inner self, of emotional
immediacy and wholeness. (Simon, 2001)
Works Cited
Amirkhani, R. (2008). Bivatan (Diasporic). Tehran: Elm.
Ashrafi, S. (2004). Mahi-ha dar Shab Mikhaband (Fish Sleep at Night). Tehran: Morvarid.
Buchbinder, D. (2003). Queer Diasporas: Towards a (Re)Reading of Gay History. In S.
Petrilli, Translation Translation (pp. 614—632). New York: Rodopi.
Crystal, D. (1992). An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Language and Languages.
Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.
Dumas, F (2003) Atr-e Sonbol, Atr-e Kaj (Scent of Hyacinth, Scent of Pine). (Mohammad
Soleymaninia, Trans.) Tehran: Nashr-e Gheseh.
54
Translation Studies, Vol. 7, No. 28, Winter 2010
Ghasemi, R. (2005). Hamnavaei-ye Shabaneh-ye Orkestr-e Choub-ha (The Nocturnal
Harmony of Wood Instruments). Tehran: Akhtaran.
Manafi Anari, S (2008). Inseparability of Translation from Daily Human Life. Tehran:
Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution.
Mazare’i, M. (2003). Gharibe-i dar Otagh-e Man (A Stranger in My Room). Tehran:
Ahang-e Digar.
Mollanazar, H. and Parham, F. (2009). Trends in and Manifestations of Hybridity.
Translation Studies, 7 (27), 29—48.
Munday, J. (2001). Introducing Translation Studies. London: Routledge.
Noushazar, H. [translator] (2008). Pas Bad Ham-e Chiz ra ba Khod Nakhahad Bord (So
the Wind Won’t Blow It All Away). Richard Brautigan [author]. Tehran: Morvarid.
O’berin, E (2000). Dokhtari Tanha (A Lonely Girl). (Bahman Farzaneh, Trans.) Tehran:
Badiheh.
Paganoni, M. C. (n.d.). Shaping Hybrid Identities: A Textual Analysis of British Bhangra
Lyrics. Retrieved from http://www.club.it/culture/culture2005-2006/15culture.pdf
Pirzad, Z. (2001). Cheragh-ha ra Man Khamoush Mikonam (I’ll Turn off the Lights). Tehran:
Nashr-e Markaz.
Sharifian, R. (2003). Che Kasi Bavar Mikonad, Rostam (Who Is Gonna Believe, Rostam).
Tehran: Morvarid.
Shirmohammadi, M. (2001). Ba’d az ‘an Shab (After That Night). Tehran: Nashr-e
Markaz.
Simon, S. (2001). Cultural and Textual Hybridity. Across Languages and Cultures, 2 (2),
217—226.
Vonnegut, K. (2009). Mardi bedun-e Vatan (A Man without a Country). (Ali Asghar
Bahrami, Trans.) Tehran: Cheshmeh Publication.
Yazdani, K. (2006). Daramad-i bar Adabiyat-e Mohajerat va Tab’id (Einfuhrung in die
Exilliterature). Tehran: Cheshmeh Publication.
Related papers
Food Magic - Eating with our Eyes, Hair and Skin
Presented at the 2021 meeting of the Association for the Study of Food and Society
Classicist, medievalist Bloch dies at 95
Harrvard University Gazette, 2006
Identities and Musics--Reclaiming Personhood
OUP Handbook of Musical Identities, 2017
A Hermeneutical Exploration of the Revelatory Text of John 4:1–42, in a Performative Key
Theological Studies, 2020
DER SENATOR UND DIE ÖFFENTLICHKEIT – ODER: WIE BEEINDRUCKT MAN DAS PUBLIKUM
Senato¬res populi Romani. Realität und mediale Präsentation einer Führungsschicht, hg. W. Eck - M. Heil, Stuttgart 2005, 1-18
River Bank Erosion and Restoration in the Brahmaputra River in India
The Clarion International Multidisciplinary Journal, 2012
Relationship Between Functional Movement Patterns And Performance Between Division Iii Women’S Soccer And Volleyball
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2017
Dobó Gábor, A közvetítők hatalma: Simon Jolán, Tamás Aladár, József Attila és mások szerepe a bécsi és a budapesti avantgárdban, in Pesti, Tverdota, Veres, Gintli, József Attila, Bécs és a századelő művészete Budapest, L'Harmattan, 2020, pp. 181–196.
Pesti, Brigitta; Tverdota, György; Veres, András; Gintli, Tibor József Attila, Bécs és a századelő művészete Budapest, Magyarország : L'Harmattan Kiadó, (2020) pp. 181-196. , 16 p., 2020
Resistência De Um Currículo Histórico Da Dança
O Mosaico, 2020
Interculturalidad y derechos indígenas
El Universal , 2024
Optimizing Drying Conditions for Lotus Flowers and Characterization of the Chemical and Functional Properties of Lotus Flower Powder for Food Applications
International Journal of Plant and Soil Science, 2023
Giovanna Garzoni Miniaturist at the Savoy Court: Imaging and Materials Investigations to Discover the Painting Technique
Applied Sciences
Effect of Variable Sugar Concentrations on Glycogen and Ethanol Content in Saccharomyces sp
International Journal of Food Engineering, 2011
Mediastinal compression secondary to supraglottitis: a case report
American Journal of Otolaryngology, 2004
Estimation of Quercetin and Rutin Content in Hyouttunia cordata and Centella asiatica Plant Extracts Using UV-Spectrophotometer
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 2021
Chronicle of Scholarly Events in Legal History and Roman Law Held in the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic in 2019
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa, 2020
Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia in a patient with an atypically located accessory pathway in the left lateral mitral annulus
Revista portuguesa de cardiologia, 2016
Pharmacological blockade of Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) reverses acquired autoresistance to trastuzumab (Herceptin™) by transcriptionally inhibiting ‘HER2 super-expression’ occurring in high-dose trastuzumab-conditioned SKBR3/Tzb100 breast cancer cells
International Journal of Oncology, 2007
Use of Digital Whiteboard to Engage Undergraduates in Online Studies of Instructor-Generated Biological Diagrams
Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education