NUMBERS

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2013

children who used sanitary latrines. Conclusions: Micronutrient malnutrition is a public health problem among rural children, and it was higher among children of SC/ST, illiterate parents and those not possessing a sanitary latrine. Thus, there is a need to improve environmental sanitation; fortification of foods could also help in mitigating the problem.

Background: Hypertension is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity around the world and has become a public health problem. Meanwhile, information on predictors of hypertension in Ghana seldom focuses on men. This study, therefore, sought to determine the prevalence and predictors of hypertension history among Ghanaian men. We derived data for the study from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. Data from 4,387 men aged 15-59 years were analysed. Stata (version 12) was used to process the data. Cross-tabulations were done to ascertain the prevalence while logistic regression was applied to determine the predictors of hypertension history among respondents. Mean age was 32.2 years and 90% had at least primary education. The overall prevalence of hypertension history among Ghanaian men was 5.7%. Age group, educational level, marital status, number of wives/partners, work status and smoking status were significantly associated with hypertension history. Rich men and men from Eastern and Upper East regions were independently associated with hypertension history. Higher risk of hypertension history was thus observed among respondents in older age groups, men with higher education and men who are widowed/divorced/separated, non-working men and men who did not smoke. Hypertension is a health concern among men in Ghana. It is, therefore, imperative that hypertension interventions for Ghanaian men should target the higher risk factors.

Public Health Nutrition, 2012

Objective: To assess the magnitude and determinants of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and coverage of vitamin A supplementation (VAS) among pre-school children. Design: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out by adopting a multistage, stratified, random sampling procedure. Setting: Rural areas of eight states in India. Subjects: Pre-school children and their mothers were covered. Results: A total of 71 591 pre-school children were clinically examined for ocular signs of VAD. Serum retinol concentrations in dried blood spots were assessed in a sub-sample of 3954 children using HPLC. The prevalence of Bitot spots was 0?8 %. The total ocular signs were significantly higher (P , 0?001) among boys (2?6 %) compared with girls (1?9 %) and in older children (3-4 years) compared (P , 0?001) with younger (1-2 years), and were also high in children of labourers, scheduled castes and illiterate mothers. The odds of having Bitot spots was highest in children of scheduled caste (OR 5 3?8; 95 % CI 2?9, 5?0), labourers (OR 5 2?9; 95 % CI 2?1, 3?9), illiterate mothers (OR 5 2?7; 95 % CI 2?2, 2?3) and households without a sanitary latrine (OR 5 5?9; 95 % CI 4?0, 8?7). Subclinical VAD (serum retinol level ,20 mg/dl) was observed in 62 % of children. This was also relatively high among scheduled caste and scheduled tribe children. The rate of coverage of VAS was 58 %. Conclusions: The study revealed that VAD is a major nutritional problem and coverage of VAS was poor. The important determinants of VAD were illiteracy, low socio-economic status, occupation and poor sanitation. Strengthening the existing VAS programme and focused attention on dietary diversification are essential for prevention of VAD.

2006

The Indian journal of medical research, 2015

An increase in prevalence of hypertension has been observed in all ethnic groups in India. The objective of the present study was to estimate prevalence and determinants of hypertension among tribals and their awareness, treatment practices and risk behaviours in nine States of India. A community based cross-sectional study adopting multistage random sampling procedure was carried out. About 120 Integrated Tribal Development Authority villages were selected randomly from each State. From each village, 40 households were covered randomly. All men and women ≥ 20 yr of age in the selected households were included for various investigations. A total of 21141 men and 26260 women participated in the study. The prevalence of hypertension after age adjustment was 27.1 and 26.4 per cent among men and women, respectively. It was higher in the s0 tates of Odisha (50-54.4%) and Kerala (36.7-45%) and lowest in Gujarat (7-11.5%). The risk of hypertension was 6-8 times higher in elderly people and...

Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 2012

Among all the manufacturing processes, sand casting process still remains as one of the most complex process as it involves heat transfer, fluid flow and so many other things. As the properties of the green sand mix influence the casting defects, the parameters affecting these properties should be identified and controlled precisely. Since, Traditional method of trial-and-error based methods have many disadvantages such as being nonsystematic, time consuming, error-prone and requirement for long durations of experimentation [1], statistical techniques are to be employed. The process parameters that are being varied are clay, water and additive. L-9 orthogonal array is used for experimental design and S/N ratio, and ANOVA are employed to find the optimal process parameter levels and to analyze the effect of these parameters on green compression strength, green shear strength, dry compression strength, dry shear strength, and permeability. Confirmation test with the optimal levels of machining parameters was carried out.

IP Innovative Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2017

Introduction: India is a diversified country with a blend of people living in urban, rural and tribal areas. The dietary habits of tribals are distinct from rest of the people. Various research studies on tribal population revealed that their diets are nutritionally deficient. Materials and Method: It is a population based Cross-sectional survey conducted in ITDA Paderu division of Visakhapatnam district among 225 tribal women in the age group of 15-49 years during the period from April to October 2014. Data was collected using two formats 1) food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) 2) 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire. MS Excel 2007, SPSS trail version-21 and Dietsoft software's were used for statistical analysis. Results: Rice is the most common staple food and Ambali is the most common breakfast. Top five foods providing energy to the women were Rice, Ambali, Vegetables, Tea with Milk and Dal. The Mean Calorie intake of energy by tribal women was 1931 Kcal per day. Average consumption of Carbohydrates per each day was 367.14 gm and it accounts for 76.6% of total energy consumption. Protein intake was 49.83 gm and it was equal to 10.5% of total energy and fat consumption was 27.67 gm and it accounts for 12.9% of total energy. Conclusions: One third of women were consuming less than 80% RDA of energy i.e., 1784 Kcal per day and two fifths of women were consuming protein less than 80% RDA i.e., 44 grams per day. It indicates the need of nutritional education to avoid taboos and improve health.

Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2014

The link between stress-related increases in inflammatory markers, hepcidin, and iron status are poorly understood, especially in developing countries like India. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between adolescent life-event stress (ALES), inflammatory markers, and its association with hepcidin and biomarkers of iron status among adolescent boys. Data pertaining to a subsample of 145 participants from a cross-sectional, school-based study recruiting 370 adolescent boys aged 15-19 years, from 5 schools in Hyderabad, India, were analyzed. Stress was assessed using the ALES scale, psychological distress by the General Health Questionnaire-2 (GHQ-12), and approach and avoidance coping using the Coping Strategies Scale. Biomarkers of iron and concentrations of other micronutrients, hepcidin, IL-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) in plasma were analyzed. Data were subjected to regression, path analyses, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). ALES was a significant predictor of interleukin (IL)-6 (β = 0.196, p = 0.012), CRP (β = 0.217, p = 0.010), and log hepcidin (β = 0.228, p = 0.006). Hepcidin correlated significantly (p < 0.001) with IL-6 (r = 0.344) and CRP (r = 0.370) but not with the biomarkers of iron status. Path analysis showed that the model had an acceptable fit, with a root mean square error of approximation of 0.019, 90% confidence interval (CI) of 0.00-0.074, comparative fit index of 0.988, chi-square p = 0.393, and chi-square/df of 1.053. Adolescent life-event stress is associated with elevated IL-6 and hepcidin concentration but not hypoferremia. These findings may help in iron supplementation programs for tackling anemia.