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RESEARCH ARTICLE Copyright © 2013 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Advanced Science Letters Vol. 19, 3275–3279, 2013 Hybrid Ventilation Management Technique for an Evaporative Cooling System in Poultry House Kannika Khongsatit1 , Sorayut Winitchai2 , and Thana Radpukdee1 ∗ 1 Faculty of Engineering, Industrial Engineering Department, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand 2 Faculty of Engineering, Industrial Technology Assistant Program, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand This study aimed to present the ventilation and air condition management in a closed system of a poultry house in Thailand by installation of (1) Multi design and size of Inlet along the house’s wall to solve problem of dead zone of air flow in the winter, (2) Additional Extra Pad at the wall of the house after the air active mixing volume in order to improve cooled air expansion at the tail of the house that cannot be controlled through roughly, (3) Small Pad Unit with air compressing fan at the house wall with appropriate angle and position to reduce dead zone of air flow in daytime of the summer in case that fresh air could not enter the inlet directly. The multi size inlet can increase average air velocity at the sidewall of the house from 1.46 m/s to 2.16 m/s. The extra pad lowered the temperature different values between the maximum temperature at the tail and minimum temperature at the head of the house from 1.8 to 1.1  C. The small pad unit could raise average side wall 180.183.71.204 On:ofWed, 05 Jun 2019 07:12:07 air velocity from 1.5 to IP: 2 m/s leading to lower level ammonia accumulation of 0–2 ppm. All of improvement increased survival rate to 98%Copyright: from 96%. American Scientific Publishers Delivered by Ingenta Keywords: Poultry House, Evaporative Cooling System, Ventilation. 1. INTRODUCTION POULTRY BUSINESS IN THAILAND focused in close housing system which has been increasing due to its capability of environmental control and containing more suitability for chicken growth. The closed system requires ventilation and temperature management as previous research indicated that at 30  C, air velocity rate through the chicken can reduce the heat of chicken body and solve heat stress.1 Since temperature affects growing efficiency, raising of temperature to 28  C, broiler needs more protein, and if temperature above 35  C, food consumption correlated with slow growth.2 3 The optimal air conditioning and ventilation for poultry house is the Evaporative Cooling System (ECS). This system has 3 main components which are exhaust fan, cooling pad and water distribution system. The exhaust fans mount at the end of the house to induce the air from outside to flow through the cooling pad. The air at cooling pad exchanges heat by evaporation process of water. The air therefore reduces the temperature level. In the pad, water expands its surface area and reduces surface tension between water and air causing immediate evaporation by using heat around the pad. The ECS can reduce the temperature to below 24  C.4 ∗ Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Adv. Sci. Lett. Vol. 19, No. 11, 2013 In terms of ventilation in the ECS, the air velocity causes wind chill effect to the broiler. With suitable air velocity, growth rate and feed conversion ratio (FCR) increases in both close and open housing system.5–7 The chickens under temperature of 30  C have as comfort as under that of 20  C with the air velocity of 1.5 m/s.1 The broiler under high temperature with air velocity of 2.0 m/s are able to increase body weigh in range of 45–95 grams per week which is a higher rate than broiler with air velocity of 0.25 m/s.7 Thus, every chicken requires enough air flow. Poultry housing with ECS is different from conventional housing in terms of regularity of air velocity in the house since the regularity contributes to air flowing related to lower temperature level.1 2 However, in Thailand poultry housing business owners apply the information of the size of cooling pad, the quantity of the fan, and water inlet system from other countries. So, the application can cause inappropriate air condition because of the environment changes. These applications can also contribute to lack of ventilation, inappropriate temperature condition at the tail of the house, and inferior air expansion which causes accumulation of ammonia. This study suggests the solutions in terms of special devices which are many sizes of Inlet, Extra Pad, and Small Pad Unit. This work was divided into parts as follows. Section 2 demonstrates size of case study housing with its results including the 1936-6612/2013/19/3275/005 doi:10.1166/asl.2013.5113 3275 RESEARCH ARTICLE Adv. Sci. Lett. 19, 3275–3279, 2013 Sensor Node Sensor Node Sensor Node Sensor Node Cooling Pad Master Node Communicator Exhaust Fan Fig. 1. Poultry house drawing in the case study. information of temperature and air velocity of the house before installation. Section 3 shows concepts of problem analysis by installation of a variety of equipment in the house. Section 4 indicates the results of problem solving. Then in Section 5 contains the conclusion of this study and recommendations. 2. PROBLEM DISCUSSION AND CASE STUDY 2.1. General Information of Case Study Housing Case study poultry house was close system housing in the province of Lopburi located at the central part of Thailand. The house dimension is (width × length × height) 14 × 120 × 25 m3 as shown in Figure 1 and contained of 17,000 units Ross breed broiler equivalent to 13 broiler per sq.m. Growth period was 42– 45 days per crop. Average weight of 35 days old chicken was 3.1 kg/unit. The house was installed with 13 units of 50 inches wide exhaust fans (1.1 kW), cooling system with 2 units of water pump (746 W), and the average outside temperature of 33  C with average relative moisture at 75%. Fig. 2. Personal Computer/Data Collector Sensor and data record network. 150 cm 1.3 1.2 2.1 90 cm 0.7 1.3 2.0 G 30 cm 0.7 1.3 2.0 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.2 0.8 Front 2.1 1.2 0.7 1.7 1.3 0.8 150 cm 1 2.2 1.8 90 cm 1 1.9 1.7 G 30 cm 0.8 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.3 1.8 1.8 1.1 middle 1.5 1.7 1 1.5 1.5 1 150 cm 0.8 2.5 2.0 90 cm 0.8 2.1 1.9 G 30 cm 1.2 1.7 1.7 2.1 2.0 1.5 1.9 2.2 1.2 Back 1.9 2.4 1.1 1.7 2.0 1.3 0.4 0.8 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.7 2 1.5 1 1.1 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.9 1.8 2.2 2 2 1.6 0.3 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.4 1 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.7 IP: 180.183.71.204 On: Wed, 05 Jun 2019 07:12:07 2.2. Measurement and Data Collection Copyright: American Scientific Publishers Fig. 3. Results of air velocity before installation. Delivered Temperature and moisture collection were conducted by cordless by Ingenta measurement. The system was able to measure temperature with automatic saving and more sensors could be added. The principal of the cordless sensors provided separation into units of Sensor Node. The nodes were placed in the area in which information was required. Master node was connected to computer in order to receive all information of all slave nodes which utilized batteries. Master node was not connected to the system all the time since it was used to merely receive the information as shown in Figure 2. 2.3. Information of General Condition in Poultry House Before Installation Air velocity data from case study house were shown horizontally and vertically according to the length and width of the house as in Figure 3 which correspond with flowing simulation in Figure 4. It was found that there were some areas (oval in Fig. 3) without air flow since the air velocity indicated 0–1.3 m/s ranging below the comfort air velocity standard of 1.5–2.0 m/s. Therefore the broiler was not fully fed, and they did not have the best condition to grow. Table I shows highest accumulation of ammonia in the house which was 11 ppm. Without suitable ventilation, ammonia evaporates from the ground (G) and combines with water as ammonium hydroxide which acts as a base. When broiler touch or inhale ammonia, they feel itchy at their faces causing the broiler stress, low food consumption, and under standard growth. The temperature at the tail of the house tended to increase and expand uncontrollably in terms of direction as in Figure 5. 3276 Fig. 4. Air velocity profile of a case study house. Temperature between head and tail were much different. Increasing air velocity to adjust temperature of the tail to match with the head temperature can cause the temperature to become too low which may cause illnesses or death of broiler. Table I. Amount of ammonia in poultry house of case study. Amount of ammonia (ppm.) Distance from cooling pad (m) 3 15 27 39 51 63 75 87 99 Row. 1 Row. 2 Row. 3 0 4 3 6 8 11 9 8 6 2 2 6 4 5 5 4 5 3 2 6 4 8 5 7 9 7 5 RESEARCH ARTICLE Adv. Sci. Lett. 19, 3275–3279, 2013 Table II. Inlet size and installations point. Distance from cooling pad (m) 13.5 25.5 37.5 49.5 Fig. 5. Temperature in case study house. According to general information of the case study house, the problems were inferior air expansion which caused dead zone of air flow at the side of the house, insufficient ventilation caused accumulation of ammonia, and the heat at the tail of the house affecting uncontrollable higher temperature. 3. EQUPMENT INSTALLATION TO SOLVE AIR EXPANSION AND TEMPERATURE CONTROLLING PLOBLEM IN POULTRY HOUSE Inlet nuzzle N1 N2 N3 N4 Size (m) Distance from cooling pad (m) Inlet ventury Size (m) 023 × 253 023 × 225 023 × 257 023 × 106 61.5 73.5 85.5 97.5 V1 V2 V3 V4 064 × 256 064 × 228 064 × 178 064 × 097 inside the house since air volume from the outside through inlet is limited by the size of the inlet port. According to previous information, dead zone of air flow in each section of the house has different amount; therefore the design of inlet was divided into 2 types as Nuzzle and Ventury. Nuzzle was used to transfer the air in the long range and to install at the dead zone which was far from the wall while Ventury type is installed for short range purpose. The sizes of inlet were designed to hold identical height and width but different in length of inlet exit. The length size was decreased gradually from the head of the house to the tail. This ratio is a reverse variationto the needed air volume in each section of the house as indicated in Table II. 3.2. Extra Pad Installation at the Side Wall After Active Mixing Volume According to encountered problems, the following equipment is Whilst the fans at the tail of the house are pulling a sum volume recommended: of air through cooling pad, at the head of the house, there is an (a) multi sizes of inlet installation to get rid of dead zone of air flow in the winter air mixing process. The air from the outside contains higher level 180.183.71.204 On: Jun 2019 07:12:07 (b) adding Extra Pad after active IP: maxing volume in order to Wed, of 05 temperature leading to temperature changing in the house. Copyright: American Publishers respond to insufficient ventilation and control the temperature all Scientific Mixed temperature tends to rise, and the volume of the head of Delivered by Ingenta over the house and the house contains only some amount of mixed air which can (c) Small Pad Unit with air compressing fan installation to solve be controlled in terms of temperature and humidity. Theoretidead zone of air flow problem at the side of the house in summer cal equation of the poultry house for temperature (Eq. (1)) and or daytime. humidity (Eq. (2)) combined with Control law concept of P.I. Daskalov and these equations to be calculated by the MATLAB program.8–10 Consequently, Figure 8 indicates that control vol3.1. Inlet Installation at the Side of the House ume remains at 50–60% of the length of the house, and the air 3.1.1. Inlet Size Calculation after that is unable to be controlled in terms of temperature and Calculation of the size of inlet port as shown in Figure 6. humidity as designed. Thus, this study aimed to install Extra Pad that show in Figure 9 at the house wall after the active mix3.1.2. Inlet Designing ing volume of part of the house to input more low temperature Dead zone of air flow in the winter can be solved by multi sizes fresh air creating mixed air to reduce the temperature level until of inlet installation that adds fresh air into the area of dead zone temperature returned to designed range. Divide the house into section lengthwise Calculate volume of dead zone of air flow in each section dTint t dt = Define air velocity at each inlet port to calculate the size of each port Nan ×0013×08−185×10−7 Tint +104 +UAText −Tint −Wev air Cp VT − Input calculated sizes of each inlet port to design model and simulate air flow profile by a CFD program Poor d VR Text − Tint  VT int t dt = 2 Nan × 0001 × 026Tint − 6465Tint + 816 + Wev air VH Investigate air expansion and air velocity at each port Good Design inlet according to the sizes and install Fig. 6. Flow chart of calculation inlet size. (1) − VR  − VH ext int  (2) The results of air flowing simulation of designed model using calculated inlet is shown in Figure 7. 3277 RESEARCH ARTICLE Adv. Sci. Lett. 19, 3275–3279, 2013 Minimum V3 Maximum V4 Ventury Inlet N1 N2 N3 Nuzzle Inlet Fig. 7. Fig. 11. Air velocity at the side of the case study house after inlet installation. Maximum Demonstration of flow profile of air velocity of inlet installed house. Minimum T1 T1 Ti Ti Ti + 1 Ti++ Vr %Rh 1 %Rh i %Rh 1 %Rh i + 1 %Rh i++ %Rh i Fig. 12. Temperature in the case study house after extra pad installation. Wev Fig. 8. Vr i + 1 Vr i 3.3. Small Unit Pad Installation Inlet equipment installation to the wall of the house could not work during daytime and in the summer since the heat from Poultry Poultry Poultry Poultry House 1 House i House i + 1 House end outside may increase the temperature inside the house. Therefore, another solution is to install small pad unit with air compressing Active Mixing Volume pad at the side of the house in suitable degree and position where dead zone of air flow existed by having the equal volume between Process of the air active mixing volume. IP: 180.183.71.204 On: Wed, 05 Jun 2019 07:12:07 the inlet air and the air in dead zone of air flow. Small pad Copyright: American Scientific Publishers size calculation concept was identical with inlet. After the Delivered by unit Ingenta size was designed and tested simulation in CFD program tested, average air velocity increased, and dead zone of air flow reduced as shown in Figure 10. Vr1 Vr1 Vr i Vr i++ 4. RESULT Fig. 9. Fig. 10. 3278 Physical appearance and extra pad installation. Picture of flow profile of air velocity of small unit pad installed. Installation of multi sizes of inlet in case study house (Fig. 11) showed that the side part of the house produced maximum, minimum and average air velocity were 2.5, 1.4 and 2.16 m/s respectively. Previously the maximum, minimum and average were 2.3, 0.8 and 1.46 m/s respectively. Rise of average air velocity contributed to higher air expansion in the house and lower dead zone of air flow at the side of the house. It also showed increased rate of ventilation which affected the reduction of average amount of ammonia in the house to be 0–2 ppm. Temperature in the case study house after installation of Extra pad as in Figure 12 shows maximum, minimum and the different value at 28.8, 27.7 and 1.1  C respectively, whereas maximum, minimum and the different values before the installation were 29.5, 27.7 and 1.8  C. The maximum temperature of the house before the installation was higher than after the installation, and the different values after installation was lower; thus, extra pad was able to control temperature throughout the length of the house. According to the graph, house temperature before the installation tended to rise and unsteady since temperature and humidity could not be controlled after 60% of house length. According to Figure 13, air velocity at the side of case study house before small pad unit installation showed maximum, minimum and average were 0.3, 2.3 and 1.5 m/s respectively when RESEARCH ARTICLE Adv. Sci. Lett. 19, 3275–3279, 2013 Maximum Minimum Fig. 13. Air velocity at the side of case study house after small unit pad installation. air velocity at the side of case study house after small unit pad installation showed maximum, minimum and average were 0.9, 3.2 and 2 m/s. The results show that installation of small unit pad provides higher average air velocity since it raises air expansion and reduces dead zone of air flow at the side of the house. solved the problems of inadequate ventilation, inappropriate air expansion causing dead zone of air flow and temperature control problem at the tail of the house since it improved ventilation, contributed to suitable air expansion, reduced dead zone of air flow, and was able to control the temperature at the tail of the house. These abilities affected the efficiency of broiler raising as the survival rate increased from 96% to 98% according to the experiment. Equipments selection, housing design are needed to be concentrated on according with geographical factor. Thus, equipments installation and system implement of other poultry houses from different environment should be under carefully consideration because they can cause serious outcome or problems mentioned earlier. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by a grant fromIndustrial Technology Assistant Program and Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University. Authors wish to thank the company for supporting the broiler house in this experiment. References and Notes 5. CONCLUSION 1. C. Z. Michael, Controlling heat stress in tropical climates, Georgina University (1997). Insufficient air expansion and ventilation in the winter can be 2. S. David, Poultry health and management, Department of Clinical Veterinary solved by installation multi sizes of inlet equipment. This study Medicine, Cambridge University (1992). 3. S. Yahav, A. Straschonow, I. Pleavnik, and S. Hurwitz, J. Poultry Sci. 76, 627 found that the installation can increase air expansion at the side (1997). of the house which raised average air velocity from 1.46 m/s 4. J. R. Camargo and J. Ambientee, J. Agua-An Interdisciplinary Journal 3 to 2.16 m/s. Extra pad installation can control the temperature (2008). at the tail of the house which reduces the different value of the 5. B. D. Lott, J. D. May, and J. D. Simmons, J. Poultr. Sci. 1, 109 (1999). 6. I. Plavnik and S. Yahav, J. Poultr. Sci. 77, 870 (1998). temperature between head and tail from 1.8  C to 1.1  C. The 7. S. Yahav, A. Straschnow, E. Vax, V. Razpakovski, and D. Shinder, J. Poultr. installation of small pad unit fixed inappropriate air expansion Sci.Jun 80, 724 (2001). IP: 180.183.71.204 On: Wed, 05 2019 07:12:07 and reduced dead zone of air flow at the side of the house since Scientific 8. T. Waiyabot, Appropriate air velocity under high temperature condition for Copyright: American Publishers broiler production, Proceedings of the Animal Science Conference, Khon it caused average air velocity to increase to 2 m/s from 1.5 m/s by Ingenta Delivered Kaen, Thailand (2002) and reduced the amount of ammonia accumulation at maximum 9. K. Senawong, S. Winitchai, and T. Radpukdee, J. KKU Eng. 39, 95 (2012). value of 11 ppm. or average of 5.3 ppm. into 0–2 ppm. Accord10. P. I. Daskalov, K. G. Arvanitis, G. D. Pasgianos, and N. A. Sigrimis, J. Bio. Syst. Eng. 93, 1 (2005). ing to the experimental results, additional equipments installation Received: 1 March 2012. Accepted: 19 April 2012. 3279