Yaka_et.al._2018._Archaeogenetics_of_Lat (1).pdf

North Mesopotamia has witnessed dramatic political and social change since the Bronze Age, but the impact of these events on its demographic history is little understood. Here we study this question by analysing the recently excavated Late Iron Age settlement of Çemialo Sırtı in Batman, southeast Turkey. Archaeological and/or radiocarbon evidence indicate that the site was inhabited during two main periods: the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE and the first millennium BCE. Çemialo Sırtı reveals nomadic items of the Early Iron Age, as well as items associated with the Late Achaemenid and subsequent Hellenistic Periods. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes from 12 Çemialo Sırtı individuals reveal high genetic diversity in this population, conspicuously higher than early Holocene west Eurasian populations, which supports the notion of increasing population admixture in west Eurasia through the Holocene. Still, in its mtDNA composition, Çemialo Sırtı shows highest affinity to Neolit...

Archaeogenetics of Late Iron Age Çemialo Sırtı Batman, Investigating maternal genetic continuity in north Mesopotamia since the Neolithic, 2018

Abstract Objectives: North Mesopotamia has witnessed dramatic social change during the Holocene, but the impact of these events on its demographic history is poorly understood. Here, we study this question by analysing genetic data from the recently excavated Late Iron Age settlement of Çemialo Sırtı in Batman, southeast Turkey. Archaeological and radiocarbon evidence indicate that the site was inhabited during the second and first millennia BCE. Çemialo Sırtı reveals nomadic items of the Early Iron Age, as well as items associated with the Late Achaemenid and subsequent Hellenistic Periods. We compare Çemialo Sırtı mitochondrial DNA profiles with earlier and later populations from west Eurasia to describe genetic continuity patterns in the region. Materials and methods: A total of 16 Çemialo Sırtı individuals’ remains were studied. PCR and Sanger sequencing were used to obtain mitochondrial DNA HVRI-HVRII sequences. We studied haplotype diversity and pairwise genetic distances using FST, comparing the Çemialo Sırtı popula- tion with ancient and modern-day populations from west Eurasia. Coalescent simulations were carried out to test continuity for specific population comparisons. Results: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes from 12 Çemialo Sırtı individuals reveal high haplotype diversity in this population, conspicuously higher than early Holocene west Eurasian populations, which supports the notion of increasing population admixture in west Eurasia through the Holocene. In its mtDNA composition, Çemialo Sırtı shows highest affinity to Neolithic north Syria and Neolithic Anatolia among ancient populations studied, and to modern-day southwest Asian populations. Based on population genetic simulations we cannot reject continuity between Neolithic and Iron Age, or between Iron Age and present-day populations of the region. Discussion: Despite the region’s complex sociopolitical history and indication for increased genetic diversity over time, we find no evidence for sharp shifts in north Mesopotamian maternal genetic composition within the last 10,000 years.

Methods to enrich and shotgun sequence ancient DNA have markedly accelerated archaeogenomics in the past years, shedding new light on human demographic history. A synthesis of recent results from our laboratory and published archaeogenomic data indicate that at the start of the Holocene (~12,000 BP), Central Anatolian and possibly Aegean populations were part of the same gene pool. These were initially small, relatively isolated hunter-gatherer populations, with limited genetic interactions with neighboring Levantine, Caucasian and West European groups. These populations eventually adopted sedentary lifestyle and developed agriculture: the Neolithic way of life. Through this transition period (~12,000-8,000 BP) Anatolian populations became genetically more diverse, a sign of interregional population admixture. In addition, Central Anatolian/Aegean populations were closely related to the migrant farmers who spread Neolithic cultures westward into Europe, starting by 9,000 BP. Throughout the following millennia, Anatolia received major gene flow from the Caucasus, and other regions as well. Studying the maternal lineage over time using mitochondrial DNA, we observe the same trend of increasing diversity, despite a general pattern of regional population continuity, devoid of sharp shifts in gene pool composition. Finally, studying Neandertal admixture in present-day Near Eastern populations, we find that Neandertal ancestry in the region is slightly lower, but markedly heterogeneous than in other Eurasians. Overall, these results highlight the persistent role of migration and admixture in Anatolian demographic history.

Cell , 2020

2020

I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work.

Anuário Antropológico, 2024

2017

Tecnología del concreto, 1995

tecnología de concretos (fundamentaciones)