Message Framing within the Context of Climate Change Mitigation

Publishing by DETAY : 1016 1st Edition : Aralık 2018 ISBN : 978-605-254-071-8 Publisher Certificate ID : 13188 DETAY ANATOLIA AKADEMİK YAYINCILIK LTD. ŞTİ. Adakale Sokak No: 14/4 Kızılay/ANKARA Tel : (0.312) 434 09 49 ● Faks: (0.312) 434 31 42 Web: www.detayyayin.com.tr ● e-posta: [email protected] İZCEAS 2018 NEW TRENDS IN ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES İzmir International Congress on Economics and Administrative Sciences Edited by Kâmil TÜĞEN, Süleyman YÜKÇÜ, Ahmet ÖZEN, Selim ŞANLISOY, Ömer AYDIN, Efe SARIBAY, Nur FİDANCI, Çağatay ORÇUN, Ceyda ÜNAL, Ayşegül ÇİMEN, Mehmetcan TÜRKÖLMEZ, Gökçe Sinem ERBUĞA, Furkan KILINÇ, Burcu DURAK OLDAÇ, İlteriş ERGUN, Anıl GÖĞEBAKAN Published by DETAY YAYINCILIK December 2018 [email protected] This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. Nothing from this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a computerized system or published in any form or in any manner, including, but not limited to electronic, mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior written permission from the publisher www.izceas.org and Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. The individual contributions in this publication and any liabilities arising from them remain the responsibility of the authors. The publisher is not responsible for possible damages, which could be a result of content derived from this publication. PREFACE İzmir International Congress on Economics and Administrative SciencesIZCEAS 2018 was held in 5-8 December 2018 in Çeşme Izmir. The Congress was organized by Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences which is celebrating 74th anniversary in 2018. The organization is the first of its kind being put into practice on these lands with the participation of academicians and students from Algeria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, France, Greece, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco, Pakistan, Romania, Russia, Tunisia, United States and Turkey with 225 papers presented. This book is specifically planned to encourage innovative applications in economics and administrative sciences and strives to stimulate interdisciplinary research about new approaches. Also providing a support to academics, practitioners and researches. The book focusing on the latest developments and thinking in what concerns the most recent research activity provides discussion and the exchange of information on principles, strategies, models, methodologies, techniques and applications in the economics and the administrative sciences area. With the introduction of new and intelligent technologies in enterprises, both technological and managerial developments have emerged. In this context; the main theme of this book is determined as “New Trends in Economics and Administrative Sciences” within the scope of the new approaches carried out by different academicians and practitioners in the sub-themes of business administration, economics, econometrics, international relations, labor economics and industrial relations, management information systems, political science, public administration and public finance. On behalf of the organizing committee the congress will be organized every year, respectively. We will be pleased to host social sciences academics, students and researchers as well to present new ideas and applications. Abstracts and full papers included in this book have been accepted by evaluation by peer-review evaluation process and using plagiarism tool. We hope that this special book will lead further research on economics and administrative sciences. We would like to thank to organization committee specially Ömer AYDIN, many reviewers for their contribution and the authors for submitting their research papers. Best Regards Chairman of the Congress Prof. Dr. Süleyman Yükçü TABLE OF CONTENT Avrupa Birliği-Makedonya İlişkileri veAvrupa Birliği’nin Makedonya’nın Gelişim Sürecindeki Rolü: 2001-2018 Dönemi Ekrem Yaşar Akçay .............................................................................................................................. 1 Paylaşım Ekonomisi Üzerine Yapılan Uluslararası Yayınların Bibliyometrik Analizi Anıl Gacar .......................................................................................................................................... 21 Post Otistik İktisat ve Kansas Deklarasyonu Ahmet Salih İkiz ................................................................................................................................. 33 KOSGEB Destekleri Kapsamında KOSGEB İl Müdürlüklerinin Göreceli Etkinliğinin Analizi Oğuz Kara, Asım Türkmen ................................................................................................................. 45 Tedarik Zinciri Yönetiminde Süreç Yönetimi Ve Süreç İyileştirmesi Üzerine Uygulama Onur Özveri, Doğu Kayışkan, Pınar Eser ........................................................................................... 69 Green Economy: Synthesis Perspective on Economic Growth Implications Muhammad Ahmed Butt, Paul Katuse, Juliana M. Namada ............................................................... 83 Türk Özelleştirme Uygulamalarında Mülkiyetin Gayri Ayni Hak Tesisi Yöntemi Ayhan Sarısu .................................................................................................................................... 103 Making sense of nested CES constraints in nested optimisation problems in general equilibrium models: Is a linear constraint necessary? Çağaçan Değer .................................................................................................................................. 115 Güvenlikleştirmede Fonksiyonel Aktörler Olarak Özel Askeri Şirketler Senem Narin ..................................................................................................................................... 135 Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemleri İle Altı Sigma Proje Seçimi ve Makine Sektöründe Bir Uygulama Onur Özveri, Enver Çakın ................................................................................................................ 149 The Impact of Consumer’s Psychographic Traits on Pre-Purchase Cognitive Dissonance: The Mediating Role of Perceived Deception Muhammad Azam1, Haji Waseem Abbas ........................................................................................ 165 İdeolojinin ve Kurumsal Yapının İran’ın Dış Politikasındaki Rolü Mehmet Bardakçı ............................................................................................................................. 177 Tüketicilerin Otel İşletmesi Tercihlerinin VIKOR Yöntemi ile Sıralanması Elçin Noyan, Erdoğan Gavcar, Cansu Tosun Gavcar ....................................................................... 191 Euro-Atlantik Entegrasyonda Batı Balkanların Pozitif Barış Koşulları Murat Necip Arman .......................................................................................................................... 207 La Règlementation De La Responsabilité Administrative- Disciplinaire Dans Le Nouveau Code Administratif De La Roumanie Dan Top, Dragoş Popoiag, Adrian Ghiculescu ................................................................................. 219 1946-1960 Arasındaki Türk Siyasal Yaşamına Bakış: Çok Partili Siyasal Yaşama Geçişte Demokrasi Sorunları Gökhan Dönmez ............................................................................................................................... 231 Üst Düzey Yöneticilerin İnsan Kaynaklarına Yönelik Stratejiklik Algıları: İzmir İlinde Bir Araştırma Halil Ahmet Uran, Nezih Metin Özmutaf ......................................................................................... 249 Bürokratın Tam Karşıtı -Araştırmacı Akademisyene Benzer- Bir Kişilik Olarak Girişimciye Farklı Bir Bakış Rafet Evyapan .................................................................................................................................. 263 Türk İhracatçılar için Yeni bir Pazarlama Aracı olarak Kurumsal Web Siteleri Burak Baykal, İsmail Metin, Enis Yakut .......................................................................................... 279 Endüstri 4.0 Devriminin Muhasebe Sistemine Etkisi: Örnek Olay Çalışması Seçkin Gönen, Yusuf Galip, Mehmet İlker Karakelleoğlu ............................................................... 297 Finansal Skandalların Denetim Bakış Açısı İle Değerlendirilmesi Mahmut Sami Öztürk, Sevim Ağaç .................................................................................................. 307 Kamusal ve Özel Sermayeli Mevduat Bankalarının Finansal Performanslarının VIKOR Yöntemi ile Sıralanması Elçin Noyan, Erdoğan Gavcar, Cansu Tosun Gavcar ....................................................................... 319 Kamu Yönetiminde ve Kent Güvenliğinde Güvenlik Felsefesindeki Gelişmeler Zerrin Toprak Karaman .................................................................................................................... 333 Le Vieux Concept De Service Public Et Le Phénomène Récent Des Autorités Administratives Indépendantes: Le Renouveau D'un Moribond Vassilios Kondylis ............................................................................................................................ 351 Modern Örgüt, Rasyonellik ve ‘Yanlışlanabilirlik’: Eğitim Değerlendirme Aşamasının Taşıdığı Muğlaklık Üzerine Bir Tartışma Fuat Man, Canan Yılmaz .................................................................................................................. 363 Türkiye’de Demokrasi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi Mehmet Çınar ,Ramazan Öz ............................................................................................................. 377 Hizmet Sektörü İçin Ücret Tahmini: İnsan Sermayesi Modeli Mehmet Çınar, Ramazan Öz ............................................................................................................. 405 Yeşil Bütçe Uygulamalarının Türkiye Açısından Değerlendirilmesi Erdal Eroğlu...................................................................................................................................... 427 Kuşaklararası Farklılıklara Göre Psikolojik Dayanıklılık: Sağlık Çalışanları Örneği Selin Çavuşoğlu, Melis Yalçın ......................................................................................................... 441 Türkiye’de Bölgesel Yenilikçilik ile Kamu Yatırımları İlişkisi Burcu Türkcan .................................................................................................................................. 457 7061 Sayılı Torba Kanunla Özel Tüketim Vergisinde Yapılan Değişikliklerin Değerlendirilmesi Özge Önkan ...................................................................................................................................... 471 Kalite Maliyetlerinin PAF Modeline Göre Tespit Edilmesine Yönelik Bir Uygulama Alirıza Ağ, Elif Çil ........................................................................................................................... 489 AB Ülkeleri ve Türkiye’de Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar ve Vergi Gelirleri İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi Ercan Bahtiyar, Mustafa Karabacak, Oytun Meçik .......................................................................... 499 Türkiye’de Bütçe Dışı Fon Uygulamaları: Türkiye Varlık Fonunun Değerlendirilmesi Kâmil Tüğen, Ayşe Günay Bekâr, Fatma Yapıcı ............................................................................. 511 Farklı Sektörel Yatırımlarda Marka Değeri Oluşturulmasında Girişimcinin Rolü: Hizmet Sektöründe Yerel Bir İşletme Örneği Güler Tozkoparan, Okan Ernur ........................................................................................................ 533 Yeni Bir Siyasi Parti Tipolojisi: Korsan Parti ve İsveç Korsan Partisi Örneği Rıfat Karakoç.................................................................................................................................... 551 Optimization of Empty Container Repositioning in Liner Shipping Hüseyin Gençer, M. Hulusi Demir ................................................................................................... 565 Uzlaşma mı yoksa Çatışma mı? Arap Baharında Özgün Bir Örnek Olarak Tunus Ali Bilgenoğlu .................................................................................................................................. 587 Kamu Mali Yönetiminde Saydamlık ve Hesap Verilebilirlik Bağlamında Denetim Kâmil Tüğen Burcu Durak Oldaç ..................................................................................................... 601 Kamu Mali Yönetiminde Muhasebe Bilişim Sistemlerinin Gelişimi Zeynep Hatunoğlu, Cebrail İspir ...................................................................................................... 617 The impact of freight rates on the second-hand ship price bubbles: An application on the Panamax market Abdullah Açık, Sadık Özlen Başer ................................................................................................... 629 E-Maliye Uygulamalarının Vergi Denetimine Yansımaları Mine Biniş ........................................................................................................................................ 645 Research Collaboration Patterns and Evolution of Business Management: A Scientometric Analysis Serhat Burmaoglu ............................................................................................................................. 659 Regional Innovations and Exports Relationships: Panel Cointegration Analyses Burcu Türkcan .................................................................................................................................. 669 Message Framing within the Context of Climate Change Mitigation Banu Demirel , Sumeyra Duman ...................................................................................................... 679 The impact of oil price shocks on the seaborne crude oil transportation industry Abdullah Açık , Sadık Özlen Başer .................................................................................................. 697 Türkiye’de Esnaf Muaflığı Uygulaması ve Özellik Arz Eden Durumlar Zeynep Arıkan , Ahmet İnneci ........................................................................................................ 707 Yeni Lüks Kavramı Işığında Premium Lüks Marka Reklamlarının Göstergebilimsel Analizi Elif Deniz , Kerem Yaman ............................................................................................................... 721 Hanehalkı Tasarruflarının Davranışsal İktisat Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye Örneği Büşra Ağan , Üzeyir Aydın ............................................................................................................. 735 Vergi İncelemelerinde Mükellef Hakları Zübeyir Bakmaz ............................................................................................................................... 751 Message Framing within the Context of Climate Change Mitigation Banu DEMİREL1, Sumeyra DUMAN2 Abstract Climate change impacts are inevitably threatening the future of our planet. Considering the high priority and the urgency of the topic, efforts to mitigate global climate change cannot be limited to government legislations or regulatory actions. Public support and collaboration of citizens are also necessary on the way to low carbon lifestyles. Message framing as a means of persuasive communication is an important tool to accelerate the level of awareness, engagement, support and behavioral change in terms of climate change mitigation efforts. Hence, this paper through a systematic review and content analysis aims to extract and categorize the variables tested in terms of message framing within the context of climate change and to determine the message frames that are found to be the most effective in terms of climate change mitigation efforts. Findings reveal that in terms of dependent and independent variables, the studies can be aggregated but when the most effective message frames are analyzed a general framework could not be observed. Through taking into account the possible reasons, these findings are interpreted at the conclusion of the study. Key Words: Climate change, mitigation, message framing, systematic review, content analysis JEL Classification Codes: M30, M31 İklim Değişikliği Etkilerini Hafifletme Çabaları Bağlamında Mesaj Çerçeveleri Özet İklim değişikliği etkileri gezegenimizin geleceğini kaçınılmaz olarak tehdit etmekte. Konunun yüksek önceliği ve aciliyeti göz önüne alındığında, küresel iklim değişikliğini hafifletme çabalarının, hükümet mevzuatı veya düzenleyici eylemlerle sınırlı olmaması gerekmektedir. Düşük karbonlu yaşam tarzlarına giden yolda, halk desteği ve vatandaşların işbirliği gereklidir. İkna edici iletişim aracı olarak mesaj çerçevelemesi, iklim değişikliği hafifletme çabaları açısından farkındalık, katılım, destek ve davranış değişikliği düzeyini hızlandırmak için önemli bir araçtır. Bu nedenle, bu makale sistematik tarama ve içerik analizi yoluyla, iklim değişikliği bağlamında mesaj çerçeveleme açısından test edilen değişkenleri ortaya çıkarmayı, kategorize etmeyi ve iklim değişikliği azaltma açısından en etkili olduğu tespit edilen mesaj çerçevelerini belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bulgular, kullanılan bağımlı ve bağımsız değişkenler kapsamında makalelerin birleştirilebilirken, çalışmalardaki en etkili mesaj çerçeveleri incelendiğinde böyle bir gruplamaya gidilemediği görülmüştür. Bu bulgular, olası nedenleri göz önüne alarak, sonuç kısmında yorumlanmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: İklim değişikliği, hafifletme, mesaj çerçevesi, sistematik tarama, içerik analizi JEL Sınıflama Kodları: M30, M31 Assoc. Prof. Dr., Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Business, Department of Business Administration, Turkey, [email protected] 2 Assist. Prof. Dr., Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Business, Department of Business Administration, Turkey, [email protected] 1 679 1. INTRODUCTION Climate change with its potential to bring severe consequences like longer and frequent droughts, diminishing water supplies, endangering the biodiversity of species, flooding, extreme weather conditions and rising sea levels, jeopardizes the future of our planet. Government legislations or regulatory actions contribute to mitigate the problem. Unfortunately, mitigation efforts require a collective action through the participation of all actors including citizens and carbon intensive and unsustainable lifestyles and consumer behaviors have to be transformed into low carbon lifestyles (Gifford, 2008). On the other hand, perception studies regarding climate change reveal that the risk is often not well understood by the general public (Etkin and Ho, 2007; Weber, 2010). Studies reveal that in order to raise awareness, promoting active engagement and behavior change, providing more and better information about climate change is not sufficient alone for effective communication (Nerlich et al., 2010). Having the sufficient level of knowledge or concern also may not lead to required behavioral response. Ockwell et al. (2009: 307) claim that the disparity between public awareness and concern about climate change, and the limited behavioral response is consistent with the ‘attitude-behaviour’ gap - people often do not act in accordance with what they know or feel in psychology. Moreover, complexity, ambiguity, temporal distance related with climate change issues amplify public understanding and individual engagement. Therefore, considering the high priority and the urgency of the threat, public engagement in climate change issues have to be enhanced (Dale and Onyx, 2005; Dilling and Moser, 2007; Gifford, and Comeau, 2011). In order to enable public concern and motivation for people to act to mitigate the problem, different communication strategies are being discussed by the scholars. These communication strategies involve message strategies like message framing, narratives, and visual imagery, which aim to raise the awareness level of consumers and support positive behavioral change for mitigation. Choices, attributes or goals may be included to framing where negative (losses, undesirable attributes, prevention) versus positive (gains, desirable attributes, promotion) information is compared. Moreover, episodic/thematic framing, distance (attribute) 680 framing, sacrifice/motivational framing and various other frames are tested by different scholars to reveal the effects of message framing in the engagement of voluntary mitigation of climate change. Among the existing gaps in the literature, the lack of a validated set of effective message frames driving awareness, support behavior, engagement, concern, voluntary behavior and behavioral change within climate change stands out. Hence, this study aims to fill this gap by identifying, synthesizing, and evaluating extant research, with the purpose of revealing the variables tested in the field through a systematic review and a content analysis. Specifically, the study has three major objectives: (1) To assess the characteristics of studies (2) To extract and categorize the variables tested in terms of message framing (3) To determine the message frames that are found to be most effective in persuasive communication The current study consolidates extant research and contribute to this relatively new body of literature by investigating and aggregating the research findings of the empirical message framing studies in order to determine the effective message framings within the context of climate change mitigation in individual level. Little is known about which factors predict awareness, engagement and behavioral change mitigating climate change, and which messaging strategies are effective. With the findings of this study, indicatives of the potentials of employing strategic message framing for improving communication about climate change will be revealed. This study is expected to contribute as a guide reference for scholars in the area by producing an aggregation of variable sets used in framing studies, which is hoped to provide a holistic view and a deeper insight into the message framing studies on the way to a more sustainable lifestyle. 681 2. LITERATURE REVIEW. 2.1. Message Framing Prospect theory forms the fundamental theory of message framing research (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979, 1984; Tversky and Kahneman, 1981) which states that individuals’ decisions change across options framed as gains or losses under risky conditions. Framing effect can be described as “discrepancies between choice problems that decision makers, upon reflection, consider effectively identical” (Kahneman, 2003). When the option is gain-framed people become risk-averse, when the option is loss-framed people tend to be risk-seeking. The Asian Disease problem introduced by Tversky and Kahneman (1981) looked at the possible outcomes of the outbreak of an Asian disease when framed as gains in one version and as losses in another version. Individuals chose the certain outcome of saving people in the gain-framed version whereas they chose to take risk of losing certain amount of people in the loss version. Framing theory recognizes that the words chosen to convey a given issue can exert a powerful effect on how audiences process and perceive messages by bringing certain considerations to mind over others (e.g. Entman, 1993; Druckman, 2001). 2.2. Message Framing in Climate Change Communications The studies on climate change communications has benefited from framing effects in the aim of persuading people to encourage for the desired outcome (Davis, 1995; Van de Velde, Verbeke, Popp, and Van Huylenbroeck, 2010). Message framing can help people understand difficult, confusing, or controversial information, such as concepts related to climate change, by reminding them of what they already know and care about (Tversky and Kahneman 1981, Dillard and Shen 2007). Framing of climate change mitigation communications mostly focuses on either the positive consequences of adopting or the negative consequences of not adopting (McDonald, 2013; Nisbet, 2009; Scrase & Ockwell, 2010). Most of the framing studies on climate change communication is measured through exposing audiences 682 to different versions of the same message and observe differences in attitudes, beliefs, or intention as evidence that a framing effect has occurred. Among the numerous message frames, the two typologies of goal framing and self-regulatory framework presented by Levin et al. (1998) and Cesario et al. (2013) are highly cited by the studies. The goal-framing paradigm (Levin et al., 1998) proposes that an issue can be framed to focus attention on its potential to provide gain or prevent a loss. On the other hand, the self-regulatory framework introduced by Cesario et al. (2013) framing is handled in different levels based on regulatory focus (Higgins, Shah, & Friedman, 1997; Higgins, 1998) of the respondents. At the first level of framing, hedonic consequences, framing focuses on pains of adherence to the recommendation vs. pains of non-adherence. The second level, outcome sensitivities, framing is differentiated describing the consequences of adoption in terms of gain/non-loss and the consequences of non-adoption in terms of nonloss/loss. The third level framing is regulatory concerns, handles the topic in terms of addressing growth-related or safety-related needs of the respondents. The fourth and last level of framing is goal-pursuit strategies, which differentiates the topic as being addressed as an eager approach or vigilant avoidance. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Current study benefits from systematic review methodology, which is a structural approach to screening academic research. The methodological steps are designed in accordance with the frameworks of Tranfield et al. (2003), Becheikh et al. (2006) and Karaçam (2013). The methodology includes both bibliographical (quantitative), and content (qualitative) analysis. The research is carried out in three stages: Stage I: Planning the review In the planning step, firstly the research purpose and the questions were determined. A review panel is formed encompassing three experts having studies on message framing within the context of climate change. This review panel was beneficial to determine the scope of the current study and to assess the relevance and 683 size of the literature. Besides, the opinions of experts about the keywords to be included in the research are obtained. Stage II: Conducting the review As a result of the evaluation of the expert opinions, the following research protocol is formed: 1. Time, place and language criterion: No time and place criterion is set, the studies conducted in English are only included in research. 2. Subject, publication type and database criteria: Only the peer-reviewed empirical articles testing message frames within the context of climate change mitigation are included within the scope of the research. Articles are gathered from ISI Web of Science Database and Scopus. 3. Keywords: The following combination of keywords: “message framing” AND “climate change” and “message framing” AND “global warming” are selected. The keyword combination is used as selection criteria for the ‘topic’ and ‘keywords’ fields in each paper. Stage III: Content Analysis A database of articles was formed in Excel with the following data collected: title of paper, year of publication, keywords, country of the research conducted, focus in particular, dependent, independent, moderating and mediating variables tested. The coding process was undertaken by the two authors. To enhance consistency in extracting and interpreting the information contained in the articles, a coding protocol incorporating operational definitions of each item was prepared. Authors coded the first 10 articles based on the coding protocol separately. Each discrepancy was thoroughly discussed and coding protocol was revised until 100% agreement was reached. Using the refined coding protocol, two authors coded all articles with 90% inter-coder agreement. In accordance with the process, first-order themes, which stand for variables, generated from the dependent and independent variables of the articles, second-order themes which imply the aggregation of related variables at a higher level of abstraction were obtained. Third-order themes for dependent 684 variables were obtained through aggregation of related variables; for independent variables related to message framing were obtained through message framing classifications of Levin et. al. (1998) and Cesario et. al. (2013). The results obtained in this step will be explained in detail in the findings section. 4. FINDINGS Within the framework of the research protocol, the searches were carried out together by the two authors. From the first screening results to the detailed examination of the studies obtained, initial results revealed 34 articles whereas, six of them were duplicates and the full-texts of the two articles could not be reached. Further analysis of the 26 articles showed that three articles were incompatible with the inclusion criteria therefore, they were excluded. The process resulted in the final sample of 23 articles. 4.1. The Characteristics of the Studies Publication years of the articles point out an increasing trend of message framing studies within the context of climate change over the years. Although the research protocol did not involve any time constraint, the first article was published in year 2010. In years 2015 and 2018 the published articles peak with six articles each per year. When the journals of the articles were examined, it is seen that the articles were published most frequently in the journal of Global Environmental Change, which is indexed in Scopus. Two of the articles were published in the European Journal of Social Psychology which is in Social Sciences Cİtation Index and indexed in Scopus. All other articles are published one by one in different journals like Environmental Education Research, Environment International, Journal of Social Marketing and International Journal of Advertising. When the distribution of the researches according to the countries that they were conducted in are analyzed, it is seen that 41,7% of the studies were carried out in United States of America. United Kingdom, Canada and Italy are the second and 685 third countries with the percentages of 25% and 8,3% respectively and the rest of the countries are Australia, China, Finland and New Zealand with one studies in each. Articles most frequently focus on environmental issues in general (Frequency=4). Three articles embody energy consumption in particular. Biodiversity conservation, ocean warming and acidification, meat consumption, water conservation and renewable energy investments are the other subjects within climate change context that were most frequently covered by the articles (F=2 of each). Flooding impacts, impacts on the environment, agricultural systems, communities, and public health, residence and transportation-based mitigative behaviors, forest management, sustainable consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are the other research focuses. 4.2. The Variables Extracted All the dependent variables used in the articles are listed as 1st order themes and the inter-related variables in terms of topic are aggregated into 2nd order themes. Consequently, these 2nd order themes have been grouped as 3rd order themes of support behavior, attitude, intention to behave pro-environmentally, eliciting response and other (concern, risk perception etc.) as can be seen in Table 1. It can be seen that among 3rd order theme of “support behavior”, the most frequently analyzed dependent variable is “policy support behavior”, for “attitude” an even distribution can be seen in terms of topics, for “intention to behave pro-environmentally”, the issues vary from “energy saving behavior”, “meat consumption” to “transportational behavior”, and additionally for the 3rd order dependent variable “eliciting response”, variables such as “ad likeability” and “agreement with the article” are analyzed. The remaining dependent variables, which are classified as “Other” in 3rd order, analyzed variables such as concern, risk perception and information seeking behavior. The independent variables related to message framing used in the articles have been aggregated to 1st order, 2nd order and 3rd order in similar manner with the dependent variables but when aggregating to 3rd order, message framing classifications of Levin et. al. (1998) and Cesario et. al. (2013) have been utilized 686 which is depicted in Table 2. Consequently, 3rd order themes are grouped as “selfregulatory framework”, “goal framing” and “other”. Among the studies of selfregulatory framework, “outcome sensitivities” are the most frequently framing used by the articles. There are high number of studies using “goal framing” for message framing and lastly there are other message framing variables used by the studies such as “individual/societal attribution”, “distance framing” and “temporal framing”. Lastly there were few studies taking message framing as moderating (distance framing) and mediating variables (gain/loss framing). Table 1. Dependent Variables 687 Table 2. Independent Variables Related to Message Framing 4.3. The Validated Set of Effective Message Frames The most effective message frames used within the context of climate change mitigation are depicted in Table 3. The message frames within Levin et. al. (1998)’s goal framing paradigm and Cesario et. al. (2013)’s self-regulatory framework has been depicted with the related framework in the parentheses. To support behavior in climate change mitigation, the most effective message frames are positive growth X negative safety, health framing, positive growth and eager approach, connecting messages, and loss framing. The most effective message frame to create affect attitude are self-transcendence, gain/loss framing, present framing, and benefit framing. As can be seen from table 3, frequencies of the message frames could not be counted as each study found different variable to be more effective. 688 Table 3. Validated Set of Most Effective Message Frames 5. CONCLUSION This paper aims to contribute to map out the current state of the literature on message framing within the context of climate change, while at the same time identifying indicatives of message framing for improving persuasive communication of climate change. Systematic review of 23 empirical studies published in journals indexed in International Scientific Indexing (ISI) and Scopus reveal that message framing research in climate change context is a new body of research area. Studies have emerged in 2010 however, these studies rise in importance since there is an increasing trend in the number of studies conducted through the years. USA and UK are the countries in which most of the researches are applied. Canada, Italy, Australia, New Zealand, Finland and China are the other countries, which consider message framing as a tool to persuade public to support, to engage in or to change their behaviors in line with the mitigation efforts in climate change with a particular focus of mainly general climate change issues and energy conservation. 689 Message framing as a persuasive communication tool has the potential to elevate the climate change mitigation efforts throughout the public. Therefore, as an emerging body of research area in climate change context, the number of empirical message framing studies is expected to rise in number. Since a comprehensive categorization of the most effective messages could not be achieved through the analysis, it should be noted that there is a strong need to test the persuasive effects of different message framing strategies on mitigation efforts so that this study can be replicated with a larger sample of articles. The reasons for such a result can be; first, the utilization of message framing in climate change mitigation is a relatively new topic as the publishing year of the earliest article is 2010; second, there may be other articles in journals indexed elsewhere as within the scope of this study, only the articles cited in ISI and Scopus are taken into analysis. 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