Indo-European.Table, Part 11 (06.08.2020).pdf
Mel CopelandIndo-European Table, Part 11
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Part 11 of an 11 part Table listing Indo-European (Irish, Scots-Gaelic, Welsh, Italian, French, English, Hittite, Greek, Armenian, Albanian, Belarusian, Croatian, Polish, Romanian, Persian, Avestan, Sanskrit), Finnish-Uralic, Latvian-Baltic, Georgian-Kartvelian, Urartian, Hurrian, and Akkadian relationships/concordances. The entire table volume will be updated as we obtain more vocabulary. Hittite, Akkadian, and Hurrian scholars may find the concordances of interest.
Related papers
Indo-European.Table, Part 10 (04.15.2020).pdf
This is Part 10 of a 11 Part table of Indo-European words, as they relate to the Etruscan/Latin languages as well as each other. We have added non-Indo-European languages to the table because of a continuing pattern of liaisons. These include Finnish, Latvian, Georgian and Hurrian, Urartian and Akkadian when possible. The liaisons are placed in color. Purple-colored words are generally with East Anatolian, Hittite, etc. liaisons; orange, east European to west European links, Red, Latin liaisons, and Green Celtic/ western liaisons. Throughout the 11 tables one will find interesting liaisons between Irish and Scots-Gaelic, and Georgian, causing one to muse whether those connections had to do with the early movements of the Celts from the Caucasus Mountains involving the transport and practice of metallurgy, perhaps focused upon the need for tin. Albanian is of interest in terms of probably originally been located near the Caspian sea and having similar liaisons with the area. Romanian is of interest in terms of identification of liaisons that may reveal the root Thracian language. What appears to be the case is that Romanian is predominately a mix of Latin, Gaelic, and Slavic. Many Romanian Latin liaisons curiously reflect Etruscan declensions. The Shift from Latin to Etruscan seems very similar to the shift from Latin to Romanian, as well as French. Because of formatting problems with the PDF file, viewers may find the web page http://www.maravot.com/Indo-European_Table1E.html (link below) easier to work with.
Indo-European.Table, Part 9 (08.21.19).pdf
A table in 11 parts that shows interesting relationships between these languages: Sanskrit, Persian, Georgian, Akkadian, Hurrian, Urartian, Belarusian, Croatian, Polish, Latvian, Romanian, Finnish, Greek, Armenian, Albanian, Latin, Irish, Scots-Gaelic, Welsh, Italian, French, Tocharian, Luvian, Hittite and Etruscan. (Etruscan declines and conjugates very close to Latin--See our Etruscan GlossaryA for a detailed list of Etruscan words that correlate to Latin, French and Italian and the Index to Indo-European Table1). Words in this table and the Etruscan Glossary are arranged alphabetically according to the Etruscan words; the Index to the Indo-European Table is alphabatized English-Latin-Etruscan. More than 600 Etruscan texts are represented by the table and glossary that include over 2,800 words. We have colored comparable words to reflect common affinities; i.e., "red" connotes words that appear to relate to Latin; blue to Sanskrit and Persian. Purple is used to show connections between Georgian, Hittite and others, Orange shows mainly Akkadian and Eastern European (Slavic, Finnish, Baltic) connections and Green Western European, Celtic, Gaelic, English. Frequently a shift in one of the selected languages links two otherwise unrelated languages/groups. For instance, in the words for milk and whey we have: Sanskrit, kṣīram, milk, Persian, shir, شیر milk, Georgian შრატში, shrat’shi, whey, Belarusian, сыроватка, syrovatka, whey, Croatian, surutka, whey, Latvian, seroma, serom, Romanian, zer, whey, Albanian, SEROM, serom, Latin, serum-i, whey, Irish, serom, serom, Scots-Gaelic, seomar, serom, Welsh, serom, serom, Italian, siero del latte, whey, French, sérum, serum, Etruscan, serom (SERVM). Then are the words for milk, colored green, Belarusian, малако, malako, milk, Croatian, mlijeko, milk, Polish, mleko, milk, Finnish, maito, milk, Irish, meadhg, whey, Scots-Gaelic, meud, whey, Welsh, maidd (meiddion), English, milk [<OE milc]. The red group are: Romanian, lapte, milk, Latin, lac-lactis, milk, Welsh, llaeth (lleithion), milk, Italian, latte, milk, French, lait, milk. The Orange group is most interesting: Finnish, hera, whey, Albanian, hirrë, whey. Allowing for a consonant shift in Sanskrit, mastu, whey, to mad-, would explain the direct link to Sanskrit from Celtic: meadhg, meud and maidd. This kind of link appears frequently in the tables.
More remote relationships of Proto-Indo-European
Jared Klein, Brian Joseph, and Matthias Fritz (eds.), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics 3, pp. 2280-2292. Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 41/3. Berlin - Boston, MA., 2018
and Uralic are the two largest language families in Europe, it is no wonder that they have long been compared with one another (see Joki 1973: 3-243).
Copeland-English-Etruscan-Latin Index to Indo-European Table (Update 06.12.2021)
This index has two purposes: The first purpose is to assist in navigating through our “Indo-European Table” that includes Akkadian, Hurrian, Urartian, Georgian, Baltic-Latvian and Finnish-Uralic, besides select Indo-European Languages: Sanskrit, Avestan, Persian, Belarusian, Croatian, Polish, Romanian, Greek, Armenian, Albanian, Latin, Irish, Scots-Gaelic, Welsh, Italian, French, Etruscan and English. Readers should note how this quite unusual group produces an unexpected Concordance. The other purpose of this Index is to assist in analyzing the Etruscan words produced in our Etruscan GlossaryA and incorporated in the Indo-European Table. We were curious to see through the Table how Indo-European languages related to the Etruscan Language. As will be evident Latin and Etruscan are very close to one another. Different colors used relate to the concordance/relationships of the various languages provided in the Indo-European Table. Words colored Red tend to relate to those that are similar to Latin; Blue to words similar to Sanskrit/Persian. Green colors tend to refer to Celtic/Germanic forms and Orange to Baltic/Slavic forms, and Akkadian and Altaic cognates. Purple tends to related to Hittite, Georgian and Armeniain forms. What is most apparent in this table is the surprising concordance between Latin and Etruscan. This is a work in progress.
DID INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES STEM FROM A TRANS-EURASIAN ORIGINAL LANGUAGE? AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH LES LANGUES INDO-EUROPEENNES SONT-ELLES ISSUES D'UNE LANGUE ORIGINELLE TRANS-EURASIENNE ? UNE APPROCHE INTERDISCIPLINAIRE
SCIENTIFIC CULTURE, 2022
This interdisciplinary study allowed me to establish, on the basis of linguistic, genetic, archaeological, historical and religious data, that linguistic concordances between Gaulish and Slavic were linked with Neolithic migrations from NorthWestern India and Pakistan to Iran, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, the Caucasus, the North of the Black Sea, Danubic and Balkan Europe, Gaul and Iberia, where Neolithic farmers contributed to the formation of the megalithic civilisation which developed in Gaul from 5.000 BC and brought an archaic language stemming from a Trans-Eurasian original language. This explains the linguistic concordances I established between Gaulish and Dravidian languages-250 common words from the 500 words I studied (and 160 with Burushaski), as well as with Altaic, Uralic, Kartvelian, Anatolian and Middle-Eastern languages. This also explains similarities I have found in the organisation of the Society and religion, which lead certain researchers to suggest, on the basis of the spread of the very ancient haplogroup H2 P-96 from India to Western Europe, that first Europeans and proto-Dravidians had an ancient common origin, as the macrohaplogroups F and K, from which stem all European haplogroups, and the haplogroup H could appear in India. Cette étude interdisciplinaire m’a permis de démontrer, sur la base de données linguistiques, génétiques, archéologiques, historiques et religieuses, que les correspondances linguistiques entre le gaulois et le slave étaient liées à des migrations Néolithiques d’Inde et du Pakistan du Nord-Ouest vers l’Iran, la Mésopotamie, l’Anatolie, le Caucase, le Nord de la Mer Noire, l’Europe danubienne et balkanique, la Gaule et l’Ibérie, où les agriculteurs néolithiques ont contribué à former la civilisation mégalithique qui s’est développée en Gaule à partir de -5.000 et apporté une langue archaïque issue d’une langue originelle trans-eurasienne. Cela explique les correspondances linguistiques que j’ai établies entre le gaulois et les langues dravidiennes - 250 mots communs sur les 500 mots étudiés (et 160 avec le bourouchaski), ainsi qu’avec les langues altaïques, ouraliennes, karvéliennes, anatoliennes et moyen-orientales. Cela explique aussi les similitudes constatées dans l’organisation de la société et la religion, qui amènent certains chercheurs à suggérer, sur la base de la diffusion du très ancien haplogroupe H2 P-96 de l’Inde à l’Europe de l’Ouest, que les premiers Européens et les proto-Dravidiens avaient une origine commune très ancienne, les macro-haplogroupes F et K, desquels descendent tous les haplogroupes européens, et l’haplogroupe H ayant pu apparaitre en Inde.
J. P. Mallory and D. Q. Adams (eds.), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, London – Chicago 1997, 829 pages, ISBN 1-884964-98-2.
2003
The publication under review is a perfectly prepared edition, arranged according to the conceptual form of encyclopedic entries. It contains both the standard headings (e.g. Illyrian language, pp. 287-289; Indo-European homeland, pp. Ż90-299; Jastorf culture, pp' 321-322) and the typical lexical entries (e.g. insects, p. 312, with hve nominal lexemes; Jump, pp. 323-324, rł'ith ten verbal roots), accompanied with plentiful tables, sketches, cfossreferences and bibliographical sources. There are useful indexes (Language index, pp. 659193, and General index, pp. 795-8Ż3), which permit us to find a question with no problem.
Proto-Indo-Europeans: The Prologue
Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 47 (3-4), pp.293-380, 2019
‘A Branch of Indo-European’
The Celts, 1992
The adjective 'Celtic' has its most respectable and formal use within linguistics. The idea of the Indo-European languages is a result of the increasingly scholarly and scientific study of language in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Similarities between otherwise very different languages in Europe had long been noticed, with erudite Romans speculating on the relationship of their own language to Greek. 1 Gerald of Wales made some thoughtful suggestions about the relationships between disparate languages in the late twelfth century, which have been seen as an early attempt at comparative Indo-European linguistics. 2 Only in the late eighteenth century, however, did thoughts on this subject begin to assume their modern form. Before then, attempts to understand the relationships between different languages had usually aimed at derivation from Greek or Latin (as privileged languages of ancient scholarship), or from Old Testament Hebrew. In 1786, however, William Jones, in a now famous address to the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, noted that Sanskrit, the language of Indian religious learning, had remarkable affinities with Latin and Greek. He further suggested that these three languages, and indeed other European languages, and Persian, had a common origin. As Lockwood says, 'the modern science of comparative philology had begun' (Lockwood, 1969:22). The progressive scholarly elaboration of these ideas represents, perhaps, the greatest modern intellectual achievement in the humanities.3 The group of related languages to which Jones had drawn attention came to be called 'Indo-European' (although, in studies written in German, as many were, 'Indo-Germanic' was also commonly used). The theory of the Indo-European languages supposed that there was, behind all the modern Indo-European languages, a single common ancestor language (a 'Common Indo-European'), from which all the different modern languages had, over the years, diverged. This 'Common Indo-European' was not attested, in that no record of it survived, but increasingly sophisticated study of the earliest recorded forms, and of the laws of sound change, enabled the construction of hypothetical common forms. From this recon
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06.08.2020 Etruscan etymological relationships to other Indo-European languages; Proto-Indo-European (PIE):
Etruscan_Phrases
Indo-European Table 1, Part 11
by Mel Copeland
(from a work published in 1981)
Table 1 Index
(Recommend opening this page to facilitate navigation through Table 1)
Table 1, section 1G: Indo-European words as they relate to Etruscan. Notes: *Armenian W = West Armemenian.
Sanskrit
Avestan, Persian,
Georgian, Hurrian,
Akkadian
v ham, ata kim, yes, evam, just so
zî, indeed (Avestan)
bale, yes (Persian)
, diakh, yes
(Georgian)
Slavic, Baltic,
Romanian,
Finnish-Uralic
, dy, yes
(Belarusian)
da, yes (Croatian)
tak, yes (Polish)
j , yes (Latvian)
da, yes (Romanian)
kyllä, yes (FinnishUralic)
Greek, Armenian, Albanian,
Basque
, nai, yes (Greek)
, ayo, yes (Armenian)
po, yes (Albanian)
bai, yes (Basque)
Latin
Other
ita (ese), etiam,
yes,
certus-a-um,
settled
yes, yes (Irish)
tha, yes (Scot)
ie, yes (Welsh)
sì, yes (Italian)
oui, oc (S. Fr.), yes (French)
nikañte [ni-kan], to
bury (Avestan)
dafn kardan,
to
bury, dari,
funeral
(Persian)
,
damarkhva, to bury,
,
dak’rdzalva, funeral
(Georgian)
qeb ru, to bury the
dead, to bury objects,
to cover up, hide, to
roll up in a cloth or
yes [<OE gese],
aye [< I, or ON,
ei], yes, aye, aye.
11-1
ats, atsek, part., atsam, adv.,
indeed, truly, in fact
(Tocharian)
anna, anni, annû, yes,
indeed, ikkitti, yes, in
truth, ibašši, yes,
possibly, there, j jaja,
expressing acceptance
of an order (Akkadian)
ni-khanati, to inter a corpse, antye a , funeral
English
anda imma, hand n,
indeed, ima, indeed, truly,
really (Hittite)
€ •‚, zakapaƒ,
to bury, € „ … ††‡,
pachavannie,
funeral (Belarusian)
pokopati, to bury,
pogreb, funeral
(Croatian)
pochowaƒ, to bury,
pogrzeb, funeral
(Polish)
aprakt, to bury,
b res, funeral
ˆ‰Š‹ , a thápsei, to bury,
Œ•Ž‹• , kideía, funeral
(Greek)
• ‘“”, t’aghel, to bury,
• –‘ —˜ ™ — –• –š,
hugharkavorut’yun, funeral
(Armenian)
për të varrosur, to bury,
ceremonia e funeralit,
funeral ceremony, varrimi,
funeral (Albanian)
humo-are, to
perform funeral
rites or bury;
omen-inis, an
omen, sign,
prognostication,
ominor-ari, to
presage,
prophesy,
predict
a adhlacadh, to bury,
sochraide, funeral (Irish)
gus adhlacadh, to bury,
tiodhlacadh, funeral (Scott)
i gladdu, to bury, angladd,
funeral (Welsh)
seppellire, to bury, funerale,
funeral (Italian)
enterrer, to bury, funérailles,
funeral (French)
to bury [<OE
byrgan], funeral,
[<Lat. funus]
burial, cremation
ceremony, inter,
[<Med. Lat.
interrare], grave,
[<OE gra æf]
11-2
,
Etruscan
uk, ok (VK),
Script Z817,
Z826, Z1789
Context: Z817
RE VK SINA
CAFER
SVS LEFA Ce
"These
matters, yes,
indeed, she
would permit
(L. Conj.3rd
Pers. Single
sinat), to draw
out (It. cavare)
the double (It.
m. sosia) she
lifts up (L.
levo-are, Ind.
Pres. 3rd Pers.
single levat)
here
Z826: RE VK
SINE TI.
RAMVER.
FINVM
ACILaR
AME "These
matters, Yes,
she will permit
to you; to
leave behind
(L.
remoror-ari)
the wine (L.
vinum-i) of
Aquilar she
would love (L.
amo-are, Conj.
Pres. 3rd Pers.
Single amet)"
Z1789 VK
TIRVR: "Yes,
I am used up
(L t ro, Pas.
Ind. Pres. 1st
Pers. Single
'teror')
um, om (VM),
Script Q754 "I
bury"
uma, oma,
(VMA), Script
Q534, Q661,
Q726, humat,
"he buries"
umai omai,
(VMAI),
Script S30
(probably a
name noted by
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reed mat in preparation
for burial, to roll up,
tem ru, to bury, to
conceal, to be sunken,
to be buried
(Akkadian)
(Latvian)
a îngropa, to bury,
înmormântare,
funeral, funeralii,
funeral (Romanian)
haudata, to bury,
hautajaiset, funeral
(Finnish-Uralic)
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lurperartu, ehortzi, to bury,
hileta, funeral (Basque)
"ai"suffix, as
in AECAI,
Aesacus,
Elinai, Helen
of Troy)
ume, ome
(VME), Script
Z92, Q512,
humet. "he
would bury"
umen, omen
(VMEN)
Script R381,
R554 "omen"
umis, omis
(VMIS) Script
BT-14 (L.
Conj. Pres.
2nd Pers.
single hum s,
"you could be
buried]?"):
Context:
BT-9: TEIS :
RVIS :
RVTaS SS V
[Translation:
for, to, by the
gods (L. deus
divus, Dat.,
Abl. pl. deis)
of the kings
(L. Fr. roi, m.
L. rex, regis)
you brandish,
swing, whirl
around [your
weapon] " (L.
roto-are, Ind.
Pres. 2nd Pers.
single rotas)
SS; O VMIS,
L. Ind. Pres.
2nd Pers.
single hum s,
"you could be
buried"]
BT-14 ©
VMIS (end of
text, blank
space)
Daphan vav m , to bury,
, Antima
sansk ra, funeral
(Gujarati)
gömmek, to bury, cenaze,
funeral (Turk›sh)
œ‡•ž‡Ÿ, jerlew, to bury,
funeral (Kazakh)
ko'mmoq, to bury, dafn
marosimi, funeral (Uzbek)
† • †, dafn kardan,
to bury,
†, dafn, funeral
(Tajik)
¡¢££, kömüü, to bury,
¡ž£ ¤£ ¥¦Ÿ £•€- ¤ ,
ölüktü koyuu ürp-adatõ,
funeral (Kyrgyz)
¥•§ŸŸž „, orshuulakh, to
bury, ¥•§ŸŸž¨ , orshuulga,
funeral (Mongolian)
awah(a)i-: A awahai, D
awahai/awahi, burial,
ñtata-: N ñtata, A
ñtatã/ñtatu, L ñtata, burial
chamber (Lycian)
awasi-: D awasi, burial
(Mylian)
hariya, to bury, ukturi,
cremation site, constant,
steady, firm, eternal, adj.
(Hittite)
ekas, one, eki kr, to unite, become one; yu,
yauti, yute, yuvati,te, to fasten, hold, bind,
harness, join, unite, yunakti or yoja- yati, saª-, yek, «¬- one, mottahed
shodad, ®¯ ®°±² to
-, to unite, yuga , yugam, to yoke
unite, yu³, ´µ- yoke
(Persian)
, erti, one,
,
gaertianeba, to unite,
, bat’ono,
yoke (Georgian)
¶ukko, one (Urartian)
¶ukki, one (Hurian)
aha aha, one-by-one,
išt n, one, unique,
outstanding, first, for
the first time, em du,
to join together, unite,
etc., išt niš, jointly, as
one group, išt štu,
one, once, at the first
time, first, išt ššu,
once, one time, firstly,
dišam, one-by-one,
individually, išt nâ,
one-by-one, one
apiece, once, singly,
išt ššu, adv., one time,
once, firstly, išt nutu,
once, for the first time,
ullu, yoke, n ru,
crosspiece,
domination, rule, part
of a door, of a loom,
(part of the liver,
probably the omasal
impression), a part of
the lung, a
constellation, n ru, in
ša mu i n ri, yoke
ornament
(Akkadian)
·†, adzin, one,
¸'¹ † •‚,
abjadnaƒ, to unite,
¹•¢¥, jarmo, yoke
(Belarusian)
jedan, one,
ujediniti se, to
unite, jaram, yoke
(Croatian)
jeden, one,
zjednoczyƒ, to
unite, jarzmo, yoke
(Polish)
vienas, one (BalticLithuanian)
vienu, one,
apvienoties, to
unite, jºgs, yoke
(Latvian)
UN, UNA, UNU,
one, f., UNELE, the
ones; a uni, to unite,
UNIM, we unite,
we put together,
UNIT», united, jug,
yoke (Romanian)
yksi, one, yhdistyä,
to unite, ies, yoke
(Finnish-Uralic)
¼ ½, énas, énaone,
‹ ¾¿‹ , na enósei, to
unite, Ž‹À ¥Á‹Â • ,
dexiotechnía, skill,
craftsmanship, ÃÄÅó½, zygós,
yoke (Greek)
Æ“˜Ç, meky, one, ÆÈ ™ —“”,
miavorel, to unite, ”ÉÈ, ltsi,
yoke (Armenian)
një, one, për t'u bashkuar, to
unite,
shilar, zojedhë, yoke
(Albanian)
bat, one, elkartu, to unite,
batu, to unite, connect, pick,
uztarria, yoke, uzteko, to
yoke (Basque)
për t'u bashkuar
unnus-a-um,
genit., unius,
dat. uni, one
only one, one
and the same,
any one; una, in
one together
texo - texere,
texui, textum,
to plait, to
weave, to put
together;
coniungo
-iungere
iunsi -iuntum,
to unite;
iugum-i, yoke,
collar; iugo-are,
to bind together
amháin, aon, one, le chéile,
to unite, cuing, yoke (Irish)
aon, one, gus a thighinn
còmhla, to unite, cuing,
yoke (Scott)
un-au, one, i unoi uno, to
unite, ieuo (ieu-), to yoke,
yog, yoke (Welsh)
uno [m], una [f], one; unire,
to unite, giogo, yoke
(Italian);
un, une, indef. art., one,
unir, to unite,
joug, yoke (French)
yuk, yoke (Gothic)
,
, Êka, one,
Êka thavuª, to unite,
oke , Yaokeka, yoke
(Gujarati)
bir, one, b›rleËt›rmek, to
un›te, boyunduruk, yoke
(Turk›sh)
¸·•, bir, one, ¸·•· ¤·•Ÿ,
biriktirw, to unite, Ì ¢ ¤,
qamõt, yoke (Kazakh)
bitta, one, birlashmoq, to
unite, bo'yinturuq, yoke
(Uzbek)
¹ , jak, one, ¢Ÿ¤¤ ÍÎ
§Ÿ †, muttahid Ëudan, to
unite, ¦ÏÎ, juÐi, yoke
(Tajik)
¸Î•, bir, one, ¸Î•Î ££,
biriküü, to unite,
¢¥¦†¤Ÿ•Ÿ , moyunturuk,
yoke (Kyrgyz)
one [<OE an]
unite, [<LLat.
unire], yoke
[<OE geoc]
11-3
un (VN), Nom.
Single "unus"
Script Z54,
Z206, Z913,
Z1057, Z1586,
Z1607, Z1623,
N670, N700,
J29, Au86,
AF-1, AN49,
PO-13?
unas (VNAS),
L. Acc. f. pl.
Script PA-16
une (VNE),
Script
Z851, Q194,
Q452
unias
(VNIAS),
Script Au86
Gen. Single
"unius"
uno (VNV),
Script
R270, R286;,
Abl. single M.
unem (VNEM)
Script L-57,
Voc., Acc. N.
pl.?.
unum
(VNVM), Acc.
M., N. Single
Script Z446 Ñ
See
numbers
unitia
(FNITIA)
Script M67
ioc (IYC),
Script AE6
ioce (IVCE)
Script, N476,
Q53, Q167,
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Q214, Q243,
Q416, R258
ioces (IVCES),
Script N718
ioci (IVCI)
Script AE-6,
N-1, N357,
N476, N692,
K39
YVCI, Script
M93
iocie (IVCIE),
Script N435,
N513, N650,
R270, R286,
R394, R505,
K150IOCIPa
(IVCIPa),
Script R310
ioco (IVCV),
Script K36,
Q225
ioka (IVKA),
Script N505,
N563
†Ò¨ †‚, neg ni, one, †Ò¨¤¨Ò„,
negtgekh, to unite, ¸ŸŸž¨ ,
buulga, yoke (Mongolian)
, YÓ, one, , Liánhé,
to unite, , Ô, yoke
(Traditional Chinese)
sas, se, s.eme, sana, one,
ritwat ä r, [B rittetär], to
unite, join (Tocharian)
tsinÕtsin , one, on one
hand or the other (Luvian)
si, sia, haika, one, numeral
one, siela, one, of one, * s,
one, -as, one, only, alone,
sani-, one, the same, trup,
unite, collect, to plaid
together; (midd.) to collect
oneself, to be finished,
taks, unify, to devise, ul i-,
to unite, blend, #iúkán,
yoke, iukan, a yoke,
yug/yuga, yoke, pair,
ishaur, yoke, plow (Hittite)
limpati, to anoint, besmear
x
mâlidán, ®Ö× ² to
anoint, smear (Persian)
, sulit, to
anoint,
,
natskhis, to smear
(Georgian)
paš šu, to anoint
oneself, to be anointed,
to smear, paššu, adj.,
anointed, râku, to
smear, to knead?,
kap ru, to smear on
paint or liquid, to wipe
off, to clean objects, to
rub, to purify
magically, etc.,
(Akkadian)
€ ¢ •‚, pamazaƒ,
to anoint, ¢ •‚,
mazaƒ, to smear
(Belarusian)
pomiriti, to anoint,
razmazati, to smear
(Croatian)
namaØciƒ, to anoint,
rozmazaƒ, to smear
(Polish)
svaidÓt, to anoint,
lai uztriepes, to
smear (Latvian)
sÙ ungi, to anoint,
UNS, to anoint;
UNGE, he/she
anoints, la frotiu, to
smear (Romanian)
voitelemaan, to
anoint, kuolla, to
smear (FinnishUralic)
x ÂÚ•¿¥Ä , na chrísoun, to
anoint, ‹Û Ü‹• ¥ÄÜ‹, na
epimeínoume, to smear,
alinein, to anoint, to smear,
Û ¿ Ý‹•Þß, pasaleífo,
smear (Greek)
àÉ“”, otsel, to anoint,
å ç“”, khabel, to smear
(Armenian)
për të vajosur, to anoint, për
të shpifurpër, to smear
(Albanian)
x
x
èÚ , êra, Hera, consort of
Zeus; Eileithyia, goddes of
childbirth; also mother of
Eros
ungo [unguo]
ungere, to
anoint,
illino-inereevi-itum, to
smear over,
cover, bedaub
a anoint, to anoint, chun
smearaidh, to smear (Irish)
gu ungadh, to anoint, gus
smear, to smear (Scott)
i eneinio, to anoint, i
chwistrellu, to smear
(Welsh)
ungere, to anoint,
macchiare, to smear
(Italian)
oindre, to anoint, enduire,
maculer to smear (French)
anoint, [<Lat.
inunguere]
besmear [<OE
smerian]
11-4
sakniie/a, to anoint, hlina?
to anoint, clay, isgae,
iskie/a, to smear (Hittite)
anoint?, lohitu, orban, to
smear (Basque)
Juno, consort of x
Jupiter
Uni, goddess
childbirth,
consort of Tini
(Zeus, Jupiter)
11-5
x
x
x
x
unce (VNCE)
Script AN-33
usus-us,
application,
practice,
exercise
Euxinus-a-um,
the Black Sea
x
application,
practice,
exercise?
unknown word
TBD
Uni (VNI),
Script
Z1654, TC171,
N173, N435,
J25,
AH-7, PL-31Ñ
Note 2)
Unia (VNIA)
Script Au13,
AH-7, Aph-3
USuS (Script
XB-26
11-6
anusanda-, to enquire, consider
chetor, ïµðô how
(Persian)
! rogor!, how!
(Georgian)
x¹ !, jak?, how!
(Belarusian)
kako?, how!
(Croatian)
wjaki sposób!, how!
(Polish)
k ?, how! (Latvian)
cum?, how!
(Romanian)
millä tavalla!, how!
akk ’i, how?, k ? how, (Finnish-Uralic)
adv., kiam, adv., how,
thus, in this manner,
tuma, conj.?, how
(Akkadian)
inu-, unu-, conj. how,
(Hurrian)
xÛß½! pos!, how! (Greek)
Èš÷ø“ù, inch’pes: how!
(Armenian)
se si!, how! (Albanian)
nola!, how (Basque)
ut, how!
conas!, how? cibé bealach,
in whatever way (Irish)
ciamar? how! (Scott)
sut? how! (Welsh)
come? how! (Italian)
comment? how! (French)
how! [<OE, hº]
In whatever way
ut (VT) Script
V-10
11-7
kos-ne (conj.), how, how
much, as much, kospreú,
adv., interj., how, how
much, as much,
kospreú-ne, conj., how
much, how often
(Tocharian)
kmûmýt(i)-: Nt kmûmý, Npl.
kmûmýti, Apl. kmûmýtis,
how(ever), many (Lycian)
kmûmýti, however, many
(Mylian)
m hhan, how, masi,
however many, how many,
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however much, kmme/i,
kmmet(i), however many
(Hittite)
x
x
karoti, to do, karman, to act
sâkhtan, ±þ ÿ to make
(Persian)
x
x
utor, uti, usus
x
xÞÁ ‰Â ‹ , ftiáchnei, he
makes (Greek)
š ˜ & — –Æ +
na katarum e, he makes
(Armenian)
ai bën, he makes (Albanian)
facio-facerefeci-factum, to
make
Déanann sé, he makes
(Irish)
employ, to use,
enjoy;
possibly the
name Otin,
Oden; Unknown
word; TBD
utas (FTAS)
Script FB-5
utin (FTYN)
Script XB-4,
XB-16
11-8
bhidyate, to vary, differ, vihara,
transposition, change vairi bhu, to change into
hatred; vikarin, adj., producing or
undergoing a change, changing into, gacchati,
going
$† •¥¸·•‚, jon
robiƒ, he makes
(Belarusian)
,
on pravi, he makes
is ak’etebs, he makes
(Croatian)
(Georgian)
On sprawia, he
makes (Polish)
vi%¶ taisa, he makes
du-, tan- to make, to
do, zad-(u-), to make,
(Latvian)
to do, to build, u/or-, to el face, he makes,
make, to work
F»!, make!, do!
(Urartian)
(Romanian)
hän tekee, he makes
ep šu, to do or act,
kalû, to do something (Finnish-Uralic)
without ceasing, to
block progress, etc.,
ma û, to do what one
wants, to amount to, to
be sufficient for, to
provide sufficient help,
to make suffice, etc.,
(Akkadian)
jasaiti, to be going,
a\iti [i] , avâiti [av], to
go, come, ayãn [ayare],
to go to come, ainy^
[anya, ainya], different,
other (Avestan)
degargun kardan,
gardânidan, to
vary, raftan, ± ï to go
(Persian)
,
ganskhvavdeba, to vary,
, is midis, he
goes (Georgian)
ul-, u/ol- to go, to start
going (Urartian)
`ab-an-, to go, itt-, to
go (Hurrian)
atalluku, italluku, to
go, walk about, to live,
act, be in motion
(Akkadian)
… •'·• … •‚,
varjiravaƒ, to vary,
$† · ‡, jon idzie,
he goes
(Belarusian)
da se razlikuju, to
vary, on ide, he
goes (Croatian)
ró{niƒ si|, to vary,
on idzie, he goes
(Polish)
mainÓties, to vary,
vi%¶ iet, he goes
(Latvian)
a diversifica, to
vary, el merge, he
goes (Romanian)
vaihdella, to vary,
hän menee, he goes
(Finnish-Uralic)
tha e a 'd=anamh, he makes
(Scott)
mae'n gwneud, he makes
(Welsh)
lui fa, he makes (Italian)
il fait, he makes (French)
egin, to make, do, commit
(Basque)
gava, bull, cow;
gotva, state or
nature of a cow, v• a , bull, go, v• a , ox, cow
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11-9
make, to do, #annijazi, he
makes, he does (Hittite)
poikillo, diafero, vary;
allagi, allasso, metaballo,
change, Û ‹ , paei, he goes
(Greek)
& —ç“— +, tarber e to vary,
š }š –Æ +, na gnum e, he
goes (Armenian)
ndryshon, ndryshoj, to vary,
ai shkon, he goes
(Albanian)
vario-are, to
vary, change,
vadit, he goes<
eo, ire, ivi and
ii, itum, to go
behi, cow, zezen. bull, idi,
ox, ganadu, cattle (Basque)
See also,
4-1. "to make,
to do,"
to vary [<Lat.
vario-are],
diversify [<Lat.
diverto (divorto)
vertere -verti
versum, to
change, differ]
change [<lat.
cambiare], alter;
third person
sing., to go,
[<OE g n], he
goes,
va (VA), Script
Z455, Z1397,
N582
tmeomn, different, strange,
belonging to someone else,
tameummes, tmeomes to
become different,
11-9
i, ie/a, to go, p i->, paii/pai,
pi/pai, pae, to go past, to
pass, ske/a, going, to be
going (Hittite)
aldatu, to vary, joan, to go
(basque)
, ageláda, cow,
, távros, bull, ó ,
vódi, bodi, ox (Greek)
, kov, cow, €•, ts’ul,
bull, ‚ƒ„…, sagy, ox
(Armenian)
lopë, cow, bulë, bull, dem,
bull, ox (Albanian)
a athr~, to vary, téann sé, he
goes (Irish)
gus atharrachadh, to vary,
tha e a 'dol, he goes (Scott)
amrywio, to vary,
differ, fluctuate,
mae'n mynd, he goes
(Welsh)
variare, to vary, lui va, he
goes (Italian)
varier, to vary, il va, he
goes (French)
fa (FA) Script
AF-16
fac, Script
Z21, Z35,
Z412, Z439,
Z551, Z614,
Z629, Z727,
Z779, Z834,
Z842, Z1146,
Z1337, Z1352,
Z1386, Z1674,
AN48
faca, Script
Au90
facbo
(FAC8V)
Script CP-51
fai, Script
Au71
fak, Script
Z272;
FAKeR, Script
Z656, K-6
iya->, ie/a, issa/issto, to
gao [-], cattle
(Avestan)
mâdegâv, gâv,
cow,
gav nr,
bull
(Persian)
, dzrokha, cow,
, khari, bull, ox
(Georgian)
, karova,
cow,
, byk,
bull,
, vol, ox
(Belarusian)
krava, cow, bik,
bull, vol, ox
pidari, bull, cow,
(Croatian)
(Hurrian)
krowa, cow, byk,
bulla, bull, wóø, ox
(Polish)
ar u, m rtu, cow,
govs, cow, bullis,
abkigu, poetic term for bull, v rsis, ox
cow, *umm natu,
(Latvian)
adult cow, heifer,
vac , cow; VACI,
alpu, bull ox, beef,
cows, Taur, bull,
alpu, cattle shed, arki bou, ox
alp , ox driver, alpu-a, (Romanian)
bull sacrifice, to
lehmä, cow, sonni,
sacrifice, kullizu, ox
bull, härkä, ox
driver, leading ox, ox
(Finnish-Uralic)
used for plowing,
kulliz tu, work of an
ox driver, m ru, young
he makes, to
make, [<OE
macian] to do
[<OE d@n]
vaccae-ae, cow,
taurus-i, bull,
bos, bovis, ox,
bullock, cow
bó, cow, tarbh, bull, damh,
ox (Irish)
bò, cow, tarbh, bull, damh,
ox (Scott)
buwch (buchod), cow, taw,
tawr, bull, och, ox (Welsh)
mucca, vacca, cow, toro,
bull, taurino, bull-like, bue,
ox (Italian)
vache, cow, beef, taureau,
bull, bœuf, ox (French)
, G†ya, cow,
‡khalˆ, bull,
,
Ba‰ada, ox (Gujarati)
öküz, ox (TurkŠsh)
,
cow [<OE cu);
cattle [<Med
Lat. capitale,
property], bull,
[<ON boli]<
bovine, [<Lat.
bos], ox [<OE,
oxa]
11-10
‹Œ , sïõr, cow,
•Ž , buqa, bull, ••‘“, ögŠz,
ox (Kazakh)
sigir, cow, buqa, bull,
ho'kiz, ox (Uzbek)
• , gov, cow,
“ • ,
”arzagov, bull, ox (Tajik)
vaca (8ACA)
Script CP-36
vace (8ACE),
Z500
vaci (8ACI)
Script Z500)
BOS (8VS),
K20, K68
Tar, Script,
Z12, Z145,
M-1, BS-10?
TARINA,
bull-like,
Script, N173,
N184
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•–, uy, cow, • ,
ögüzbuka, bull, ••—“,
ögüz, ox (Kyrgyz)
buqa, ox (UŠghur-TurkŠc)
bull, rimu, wild bull,
r mtu, wild cow,
r m niš, like a wild
bull, apasû, an exotic
bovine, alû, bull, as a
mythological being,
aladlammû, bull
colossus with human
head, gum u, a
choice bull, quma u,
cattle, qannu, cattle
pen, gugallu, bull of
extraordinary size, elû,
bull of heaven, pu ru,
a qualification of bulls,
raš šu, cattle herd,
alap šadê, mountain
ox, alap n ri, river ox,
foreign animal, alap
mê, water ox, alap
n ri, one yoke ox,
re’û, to tend cattle,
sheep, other animals,
to pasture, to graze,
shepherd, etc.
(Akkadian)
âvâre budan, ›•žŸ ¡£ £
to wander (Persian)
, ikheven, to
wander (Georgian)
at, atati, -te, to walk about, wander, run;
bhram, bhramati, to wander, roam, stroll, fly
about; go astray, be perplexed or mistaken; car,
carati (-te), to move, go drive, walk, roam,
wonder through
or along
upatyak†, dro³´, valley, vale, glenn, nipada,
low ground, valley; nivat, depth, valley
dâlu, wander
aimlessly, to prowl,
wander about in
despair, move
unnaturally, move with
indifference, nag šu,
to go away, to leave, to
run about, to rove,
stroll, rap du, to
wander, to roam, to
cause to roam, to run,
run around, to vex,
šar bu, to wander
about (Akkadian)
darre, ¡• valley
(Persian)
, kheoba, valley,
ravine, gorge, canyon
(Georgian)
amqu, valley
(Akkadian)
—˜™ , ükher, cow, ox, •˜,
bukh, bull (Mongolian)
, Niú, cow, ox, ,
Gˆngniú, bull (Traditional
Chinese)
ko, [B Ke], keu, [B ko]
cow, kowi (adj.) [B
kewiye], of a cow, kayurš
[B kauurše], bull, opäs*[B
okso], ox (Tocharian)
wawa/ uwa, cow (Lycian)
wawa/i, cow (Luvian)
wawa, a bull, prtshanasi,
defining cattle, supl(a)
cattle, GU¢, kuau, cow,
kuauli, like a cow,
happutri-, a kind of cattle,
(GU4), puhugari-,
substitute ox, expiatory
sacrifice of a bull or ox,
(Hittite)
¤¥
¦§,
vandrava¨, to
wander (Belarusian)
lutati, to wander
(Croatian)
wedrowac, to
wander (Polish)
klai©ot, to wander
(Latvian)
a se intreba, to
wander (Romanian)
vaeltaa, to wander
(Finnish-Uralic)
¥ ‘¤ , dalina,
valley (Belarusian)
dolina, valley
(Croatian)
dolina, valley
(Polish)
ielej†, valley
(Latvian)
VALE, valley
(Romanian)
laakso, valley
(Finnish-Uralic)
ª « « ª¬- ® ,
na periplanithoúme, to
wander (Greek)
¯ƒ°ƒ±²•, t’ap’arrel, to
wander (Armenian)
për të endur, to wander
(Albanian)
vagor-ari, to
wander;
vagio-ire, to
whimper
ibiltzea, to wander (Basque)
µ
, koiláda, valley
(Greek)
¶ ·¸, hovit, valley
(Armenian)
luginë, lugajë, valley
(Albanian)
valles-is, valley
bailara, ibar, valley (Basque)
chun wander,? to wander
(Irish)
gus a dhol fodha,?, gus
coiseachd, to wander (Scott)
i grwydro, crwydro, to
wander, stray, roam, digress
(Welsh)
vagare, girovagare, to
wander (Italian)
errer, s'agarer, vaguer,
divaguer, to wander
(French)
gleann, valley (Irish)
gleann, valley (Scott)
cwm (cymau,
cymoedd), glyn
-noedd, dyffryn, valley,
dale, dell, glen, dingle
(Welsh)
vallata, valle, valley
(Italian)
vallée, valley, val, vale, dell
(French)
to wander [<OE
wadrian],
ramble, rove?
roam [<OE
romen],
whimper?
See fak, fakir
11-11
vakos te, vakus
te
(8AKVS) Te,
Script Q899
vacorent
(8ACVRENT)
Script N349
vage (8AbE),
Script Q84
vago (8AbV)
Script Q209
valley [<Lat.
valles-is], glen,
[<OIr. glend],
vale, dale [<OE
dœl]
val (8AL),
Script
K79
valas (8ALAS)
Script K65
well, [<OE wel]
to be strong,
vigorous, [<Lat.]
energetic [<Gk.
energ tikos],
bone, [<OE, b
†n],
bein, bone
(Norwegian),
ben, bone
(Swedish)
valsti
(8ALSTI)
Script K79,
xbade-, river valley
(Mylian)
h ri-, valley (Hittite)
sustha or svastha, well, tejasvin, vigorous,
asthi, bone
zavareca [zavare],
strength, vigor
(Avestan)
khub, ¹žº well,
zu»¼mænd, ½¾¿¡ À
vigorous, ostoxÁn,
›£žÂÃÄ£ bone (Persian)
, k’argad, well,
,
energiuli, vigorous,
, dzvali, bone
(Georgian)
nir-, n´r-, niri, nîri, to
be good, faÅr-, faÆri,
faÆr(i)-to be good,
beautiful, nir-i-ÇÇe,
goodness (Hurrian)
*dumqiš, well, adv.,
dumqu, well-being,
treasure, favor, grace,
fame, emamu, strong,
adallu, gabru, gašru,
ušua, adj., strong,
aš u, strong, hard,
difficult, alru, datnu,
strong, heroic, itpuqu,
strong, solid, dan nu,
to become strong,
increase, etc., kab ru,
thick, heavy, ki allu,
, dobra, well,
¥“È , badziory,
vigorous, ‹¦‘,
kosci, bone
(Belarusian)
dobro, well, snaÉan,
vigorous, kost, bone
(Croatian)
dobrze, well
energiczny,
vigorous, koʨ,
bone (Polish)
labi, well,
enerËisks, vigorous,
kauls, bone
(Latvian)
bine, well, viguros,
vigorous, os, ciolan,
bone (Romanian)
hyvin, well,
voimakas, vigorous,
luu, bone (FinnishUralic)
¥
Ì , Kalá, well,
Í- ª ó , sthenarós,
vigorous, ª ¬ µó ,
energitikós, Í ó, ostó, bone
(Greek)
, lav, well,
,
uzhegh, vigorous,
,
voskor, bone (Armenian)
mirë, well, energjik,
vigorous, kockë, bone
(Albanian)
ondo egoteko, to be well,
kementsu, vigorous, hezur,
bone (Basque)
valeo, valere,
valuisti, well, to
be strong,
vigorous,
bene, adv. well,
os, ossis, bone,
fig. very soul,
os, oris, mouth
maith, well, bríomhar,
vigorous, cnámh, bone
(Irish)
gu math, well, èibhinn,
vigorous, cnàmh, bone
(Scott)
yn dda, well, yn egnïol,
vigorous, asgwrn, bone
(Welsh)
bene, well, vigoroso,
vigorous, osso, bone
(Italian)
bien, well, igoureux,
vigorous, os, bone (French)
, S†ruÎ, well,
,
H aku , bone (Gujarati)
ŠyŠ, adv., well, kemŠk, bone
(TurkŠsh)
Ï Ž‹ , jaqsõ, adv., well,
‹—–Ð , süyek, bone
(Kazakh)
yaxshi, adv., well, suyak,
bone (Uzbek)
˜• , xu”, well, •‹Ñ•˜ ¤,
ustuxon, bone (Tajik)
11-12
See also,
6-81: "mouth
or bone,"
os (VS)
Script ZB-3,
Z176, Z455,
Z1006, Z1243,
Z1386, TC260,
TC271, AJ17,
DL-7, N236,
R661, PO-7,
ZB-3, Z176,
Z455, Z1006,
Z1243, Z1386,
TC260,
TC271, AJ17,
DL-7, N236,
R661, PQ-5
osa (VSA)
PD-1, TB-3
Ï Ò , jakÓõ, adv., well,
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ankle bone, an
ornament, probably in
the shape of an
astragal, e emtu, bone,
frame of the body, a
measure
(Akkadian)
‹•• , söök, bone (Kyrgyz)
‹ –¤, sain, well, Ô‹¤ ,
yasny, bone (Mongolian)
kuÊal [B kuÊal], good,
salutary (Tocharian)
pihas, strength, power
(Luvian)
inaraur, strength,
innarawatar?, strength,
power?, hast i- , strength,
power, bone, inara, vigor,
lazzies, latsiur, well, to
become well, become good,
latsiur, wellness, assu,
adv., well, asuladr/asulan,
well-being, assuli,
(SILIM-li), adv., well,
honestly, for the good,
(Hittite)
bhrAnta, adj., roaming, roamed, perplexed,
confused, mistaken; mistake, error; bhram,
bhramati, to roam, wander, stroll, go astray, be
perplexed or mistaken, bhramaÕ, error,
mistake, došaÕ, fault, failing, blemish, dešaÕ,
fault
x
aiwi-druzhaiti [aiwidruj], false, to break a
contract or agreement,
to deceive (Avestan)
fariftan, gomrâh
kardan, to deceive,
gonâh, âhu, fault, gonâh
kardan, to be at fault,
eeb Ö×Ø, fault, farib
dâdan, ›•£• ÖÙ Ú to
deceive, eshtebâh,
mistake, radshodan,
ÛÃÜÝÞ¡ fail (Persian)
, bralia, to
fault,
€
,
mot’q’ueba, to
deceive,
,
tsdeba, mistaken,
,
ver, fail (Georgian)
el tu, deception, high
land, top part, el n ti,
deceitful words, a û,
to make a mistake, fail,
neglect, commit an
offense, i u, fault,
harm, damage, crime,
etc.,
û, faulty,
portending evil, wrong,
nak lu, to deceive,
pay tricks, to act
clever, to cheat, etc.,
par u, to deceive, lie,
to violate, break an
oath, etc., mudi u,
deceiver, rašû, faults,
to develop faults,
deficiencies, to attain
wisdom, experience,to
develop a disease, to
acquire, etc., to bring
about a verdict, etc.
(Akkadian)
x
ß ‘¤Ð, pa vinie, to
fault, ß ¥ã ¤ ¦§,
padmanva¨, to
deceive,
ß ã
,
pamylkovy,
mistaken,
Ñ
¦§ ¤Ôå¥ ç•,
tryva¨ niaêdaìu,
fail (Belarusian)
na pogreÇku, to
fault, zavarati, to
deceive, u zabludi,
mistaken,
iznevjeriti, fail
(Croatian)
do winy, to fault,
oszuka¨, to deceive,
bøðdny, mistaken,
zawieʨ, fail
(Polish)
vainas d ñ, to fault,
maldin†t, to
deceive, kñôd´jies,
mistaken,
neizdoties, fail
(Latvian)
la vina, to fault, a
amagi, to deceive,
gre÷it, mistaken,
e÷ua, fail
(Romanian)
vika, to fault,
pettää, to deceive,
virheellinen,
mistaken,
epäonnistua, fail
(Finnish-Uralic)
x
Í Íù ® ,
se sfálma, to fault, ª
û « ýÍ þª, na
exapatísoun, to
deceive, Íù ®ÿª ,
esfalménos, mistaken, ª
« ! , na apot#chei, to
fail (Greek)
$²%ƒ &·+,
meghavorin, to fault,
=ƒ>²•, khabel, to deceive,
‚=ƒ•$ƒ$>, skhalmamb,
mistaken, @ƒ= % ²•,
dzakhoghvel, fail
(Armenian)
për të gabuar, to fault, te
mashtrosh, to deceive, i
gabuar, mistaken, dështoj,
fail (Albanian)
fallo, fallere,
fefelli, falsum
to deceive [<Lat.
decipio
-cipere-cepi
-ceptum],
lead astray, cause
to be mistaken
[<ON mistaka, to valta (8ALTA),
take in error];
Script M50
disappoint, fault
[<Lat. fallo,
fallere, to
deceive], fail
[<Lat. fallere],
to err,
guh†kune* [B kuh†käXXe],
deception, trickery, kl†wa- 11-13
keY [B a\kaiY]
(Tocharian)
engainatzea, atzipetu to
deceive, erratu, to err, akats
bat egiteko, to make a
mistake (Basque)
x
chun locht, to fault,
dearmad, mistaken,
meabhlaireachta, to deceive,
theipeann, fail (Irish)
gu fault, to fault,
a mhealladh, to deceive,
mearachd, mistaken,
fàilligeadh, fail (Scott)
i fai, to fault, i dwyllo, to
deceive,
camgymryd, to
mistake, err;
camgymeriad, mistaken,
camgymeriadffaeledd-au,
failing, defect, fault; methu
(meth-), to fail, miss, falter,
mistake (Welsh)
fallare, to err, make a
mistake (Italian)
falloir, to be necessary;
faute, fault, faire faillite, to
go bankrupt, fail (French)
apla, deceit, trap, aplae,
entrap, mrsant, deceitful,
dishonest, unholy, mrsadr,
deception, fraud, treachery
(Hittite)
x
x
Vamerias,
person's name
11-14
tucchay, -yati, to make empty or poor; reku,
adj. empty, void; nirbIja, adj., seedless, empty;
ÊônyaÕ, empty, void zunya, adj. empty, void,
desert, vacant, lonely, solitary, unreal, vain,
void, vacuum
tohi, ^`{ barren, blank,
empty, windy, void,
puc, |ž} void, absurd,
adj; tohi kardan, to
vacate; bihude, xodbin,
vain, adj., âri, ~¡ Ø
naked, void, khali, ^• º
empty, bati,
void,
sahro,
desert
(Persian)
,
tsarielia, empty,
, batilia,
void,
,
udabno, desert,
willderness (Georgian)
quldi-, empty, desolate
(Urartian)
erû, empty, emptyhanded, naked,
destitute, r qiš, empty-
, pusty,
empty,
,
pustynia, desert,
,
niesapra dnym,
void (Belarusian)
prazan, empty,
poništiti, void,
pustinja, desert
(Croatian)
pusty, empty,
uniewa ni , void,
pustynia, desert
(Polish)
tukšs, empty, sp k
neesošs, void,
tuksnesis, desert
(Latvian)
gol, empty, vid,
void, arid, arid,
€•, adeiázo, empty,
‚ ƒóV, kenós, void,
achristos, useless, x„…óV,
†irós, arid, ‡…„ˆ‰V, érimos,
desert (Greek)
Š‹Œ‹•Ž, datark, empty,
‹••‹•‘•, anvaver, void,
‹•‹’‹Œ, anapat, desert
(Armenian)
bosh, empty, i pavlefshëm,
void, shkretëtirë, desert
(Albanian)
hustu, empty, clear,
hutsunea, void, basamorto,
desert (Basque)
vanus-a-um,
empty, void,
vain, idle,
aridum-i, dry
land, aridus,
adj. dry
folamh, empty, neamhní,
void, fásach, desert (Irish)
falamh, empty, fànas, void,
fàsach, desert (Scott)
gwag, coeg, adj. empty,
vain, yn wag, gwag (pl.
gweigion), void, empty,
vacant, blank, vain, hollow,
inane; gweili, adj. empty,
idle, anialwch, desert
(Welsh)
vuoto, empty, void, vano,
vain, useless, vacuo, empty,
arida-o, arid, deserto-a,
desert (Italian)
vide, empty, void, vacant,
vain, vain, aride, arid,
desert-e, desert (French)
empty [<OE
aemtig], void
[<Lat. vacuus
-a-um, empty],
vain [<Lat.
vanus-a-um,
empty], idle
[<OE idle],
vacant [<lat.
vacare, to be
empty], arid, dry,
lifeless, {<Lat.
aridus], desert,
[<LLat.
desertum]
Vamerias
(8AMERIAS),
Script Q11,
Q95, Q152
(See
PVMPERIAS
vanose
(8AN“SE), or
vano se Script
Z1300, Z1345
11-15
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†
handed, r q tu,
empty-handed,
emptiness, free time,
r qu, empty, idle,
without work, râqu,
empty, to become
empty, etc., to be idle,
pe û, emptied (of
vegetation,
obstructions, of land,
etc.,), cleared,
bleached, pale, white,
m rênu, emptiness,
nakedness
(Akkadian)
de”ert, desert,
pustie, wilderness,
desert, waste
(Romanian)
tyhjä, empty,
mitätön, void ,
aavikko, desert
(Finnish-Uralic)
†
†
http://www.maravot.com/Indo-European_Table1F,G.html
, Kh l–, empty
(Gujarati)
bo”,empty, çöl, desert
(Turk—sh)
˜‰ , bos, empty, ™›œ, ”öl,
desert (Kazakh)
bo'sh, empty, sahro, desert
(Uzbek)
•‰œž, †ol–, empty,
˜Ÿ ˜‰ , ¡ijo¡on, desert
(Tajik)
˜‰™, bo”, empty, ¢¢ , een,
desert (Kyrgyz)
•‰‰ ‰ ,
sahra', •
(Arabic)
khooson, empty, £›œ, tsöl,
desert (Mongolian)
, desert
ekär (adj.) [B aikare],
empty, deprived, fallen into
decay (Tocharian)
sannapilahh, sanabilah, to
empty, sanabiles,
sannapiles, emptied, to be
emptied, sanabili, emptyhanded, emptiness, void,
sannapili-, empty, not
pregnant, arha i.,
menahhanda l. , to empty,
dannatta-, desert, empty,
dannattes-, to become
desert, dannattah-, to
devestate, ravage (Hittite)
†
†
†
“anth, Etruscan
goddess?
vanth (“ANQ)
or “ANR,
Script DH-3
11-16
degargun kardan,
gardânidan, to
vary, taghiir kardan,
¤¥ ¦ §§¨© to vary
(Persian)
,
ganskhvavdeba, to
vary (Georgian)
vihara,
transposition, change; vairI bhU, to change into
hatred; vikArin,
adj., producing or undergoing a change,
changing into,
bhidyate, to vary, parivartaya , to alter,
change
nak ru, to change, to
change (said of a
dynasty, a rule), to
change (mostly for the
worse), to change
domicile, to change
course, to change an
agreement, a decision,
an attitude, to change a
name, etc., pu u, to
change, to alter the
wording, etc., enû,
change, to displace,
shift, invert, to revoke,
alternate, etc.
(Akkadian)
zarf, µ ¶ container,
dish, vessel, receptacle,
utensil, vase, goldân,
¤ ·¸¹ pot, vase, urn,
jardinière, ketri, º »¦
kettle, skillet, pot
(Persian)
,
k¼ont¼eineri, container,
• , bank¼shi, pot,
‚ , vaza, vase,
, tasi, cup
(Georgian)
pu±a², bowl, vessel, cup, kumbha², kala³a²,
vase, karaka, a water, pot; pithara, pot, pan;
saraka, cup, pot; kalaza, pot, water-jar; caru,
pot, kettle, sacrificial food, esp. boiled rice;
patra, container
for drinking, cup, bowl, vessel, pot, dish,
gha±i-, bowl, pot, ca´aka², cup
ª '« ª £¬,
varjirava , to vary
(Belarusian)
da se razlikuju, to
vary (Croatian)
roznic sie,
to vary (Polish)
main–ties, to vary
(Latvian)
varia, to vary
(Romanian)
vaihdella, to vary
(Finnish-Uralic)
, sudna, ship,
vessel, goblet, mug,
¿ ™À‰Á, haršÂok,
pot, ª Ã , vaza,
vase, Á ¢Ä ,
kantejnier,
container, Á ˜ Á,
kubak, cup
(Belarusian)
posuda, vessel,
container, dish, pot,
plate, cruse, lonac,
pot, cruse, vaza,
tar-idi (from tari,
vase, kontejner,
½fire¾), pot (Hurrian)
container, kupa,
cup (Croatian)
* aba u, pot, a bu,
naczynie, vessel,
small pot, shell,
dish, utensils,
formed clay, potsherd, utensil, thing, tools,
a battu, small pot,
garnek, pot, crock,
postsherd, shell, agû,
jug, jugful,
kaldu, kubarinnu,
fleshpot, waza,
lakbu, mušt nû,
vase,
tureen,
nabrû, pirassu, a
pojemnik,
vessel,
išqillatu, stone vessel, container, kubek,
pebble, aballu, vessel
cup, mug, tumbler
for drawing water,
(Polish)
assammû, metal
trauks, container,
vessel, large vessel,
vessel, bowl,
kappu, bowl, usually of utensil, basin, pods,
metal, adakurru,
pot, v ze, vase,
vessel with pointed
ƒ
-‡…‰®ƒ,
na diaféroun, to vary
(Greek)
Œ‹•¯‘• °, tarber e, to vary
(Armenian)
për të ndryshuar, to vary
(Albanian)
vario-are, to
vary
aldatu, to vary, change,
alter, modify (Basque)
ÅŠƉ, angeío, vessel, vase,
pot, vas, ‰Ç Ɖ,
docheio, pot, container,
agkeio; vase, - ÈÆ ‰,
phialídio, phiale, vial,
flitzani, ‚ÉÊ È‰, kypello,
cup; ‚‰ÉÊ koupa, cup,
mug, beaker, tankard,
tsoukali, pot (Greek)
‹•ËÌ, anot¼, vessel, jar,
receptacle, container,
͋ίÏËÐÑ, zambyugh, pot,
Ò‹•‹Ì, gavat¼, (W-cavat,
E-bajhag)
cup, bowl, mug, pot, goblet,
beaker, ¯‹Ó‹Ž, bazhak,
cup, bowl, goblet beaker,
ŽË•Œ‘Ï•‘•, konteyner,
container (Armenian)
enë, container, vessel, dish,
receptacle, tank, vazo, vase,
bowl, pot, flowerpot,
receptacle, flower vase,
kupë, cup, goblet, torine,
tumbler (Albanian)
lorontzi, vase, flowerpot,
katilu, bowl, basin, kopa,
kikara, cup, eltze, pot, pan,
ontzi, vessel, lapiko, teontzi,
a athrú, to vary (Irish)
gus atharrachadh, to vary
(Scott)
i amrywio, to vary,
differ, fluctuate
(Welsh)
variare, to vary (Italian)
varier, to vary (French)
damiummahh,
tmiomah, (dmiumah), to
change (Hittite)
vas, vasis, a
utensil;
basio-are, to
kiss; basis-is
and eos, a
pedestal, base;
cali†-icis, a
drinking or
cooking vessel
soitheach, vessel,
pota, pot, coimeádán,
container, cupán, cup
(Irish)
soitheach, vessel, pot, pot,
còmhdach, container, cupa,
cup (Scott)
llong, vessel, pot-iau, pot;
llestr-i, vessel, bark, craft,
receptacle, dish, utensil,
priddlestr-i, earthenware
vessel, pottery; baeol-au,
pot, pitcher, bucket;
crochan-au, pot, cauldron,
boiler; cwpan-au, cup,
mug, goblet, chalice, ffio
(phiol)-au, vial, cup,
flagon, goblet; godard
(godart) ; gorflwch
(gorflychau), goblet, cup,
cynhwysydd, containe,
(Welsh)
vaso, pot, vessel, vase,
contenitrice, container,
tazza, cup, bowl, pan
(Italian)
vase, vase, pot, pot,
récipient, container, tasse,
cup, glass, goblet (French)
to vary [<Lat.
vario-are],
diversify [<Lat.
diverto (divorto)
vertere -verti
versum, to
change, differ]
change [<lat.
cambiare]
11-17
pot [<OE pott],
vase,
vessel [<Lat. vas,
container, <Lat.
continere, to
contain], cup
[LLat. cuppa,
drinking vessel],
goblet [<OFr.
gobelet, drinking
vessel with a
stem], bowl,
[<OE, bolla],
cauldron,
caldron [<LLat.
caldaria]; vial
[<Gk. phiale, a
small container];
kettle, [<ON,
ketill],
pail [<OE
paegel],
pan [<OE panne]
crock [<OE
crocc],
ashlar, a squared
block of building
stone, masonry
made of ashlar
stones, [Lat.
var (8AR),
Script
Z369
varar
(“ARAR)
Script “G-8
varran
(8ARRAN),
Script Z327,
Z1013, Z1861
vas (8AS)
Script CP-39
vase (8ASE),
Script Z255,
Z263, Z405;
(Note: -e, Abl.
case)
vasei (8ASEI)
Script Z72,
Z214, Z289,
Z455, Z1013,
Z1049, Z1853,
Z1869
vasi, (8ASI)
Z190,
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€ , B 'ula, bowl, •,
K–±al–,
Kapa, cup,
kettle (Gujarati)
kâse, bowl, fincan, cup, su
õsõtõcõsõ,
çaydanlõk, kettle,
(Turkish)
‰ Õ , tostaÖan, bowl,
Á , kese, cup, ™ Ä Á,
”aynek, kettle (Kazakh)
kosa, bowl, pan, kubok,
cup, choynak, kettle
(Uzbek)
bottom, irsu, purs tu,
pursiu, bowl,
qab tu, qulliu, p ru,
shallow bowl or
pla er, ašhalu, stone
bowl, agannu, large
bowl, diq rutu, lu u,
small bowl, apis m š,
a type of bowl, dapi’u,
bowl or goblet,
itquru, shallow bowl,
oar blade, ubunnu,
bowl, lamp bowl,
diq ru, bowl with
round bottom for
serving and heating,
mazlu, metal pot for
liquids, maqqû,
libation bowl made of
silver or gold, pouring,
k šu, metal bowl,
maslaqtu, metal
cooking pot,
munaqqitu, libation
bowl, lummu, small
pot, kirippu, a pot,
karpatu, pot, earthen
container, a measure,
etc., k ru, bowl or
platter, kurkurru,
bowl or container,
kalkallû, small
bowl-shaped vessel
possibly with a lid,
kalakku, vessel, a
container, bo†,
storehouse, raft
(kelek), silo, etc.,
masia tu, anointing
vessel, vessel for
sprinkling, maš u,
vessel used for beer,
šassu, vessel
(Akkadian)
upav sa², fasting from food, utsava², feast,
festival, psaras, food, feast, enjoyment,
bowl, konteiners,
container, tase, cup
(Latvian)
vas, vessel, ship,
bowl, jar,
receptacle, argosy,
oalÔ, pot, saucepan,
crock, kettle, vazÔ,
vase, recipient,
container, cupÔ,
cup, bowl,goblet,
kettle (Basque)
beaker (Romanian)
astia, vessel,
container, bin,
bowl, receptacle,
jar, pannu, pot, pan, ͋ίÏËÐÑ
kettle, maljakko,
vase, kontti,
container, kuppi,
cup, pan, beaker
(Finnish-Uralic)
¿ œ
,
haladannie, fasting,
à ‰œœ , zastollie,
feast (Belarusian)
post, fasting, fast,
gozba, feast
(Croatian)
poszczenie, fasting,
po³ci , fast, keep a
fast, uczta, feast,
festyn, fetowac,
fete, feast, (Polish)
badošan s,
† „
…
,
gav šana, fasting,
dghesasts¼auli, feast,
sv tki, feast
(Georgian)
(Latvian)
post, fasting,
eli, feast (Hurrian)
sÔrbÔtoare, feast,
(s rba, celebrate)
nubattu, feast, eve of
festin, feast,
a feast, evening
banquet
ceremonies, evening
(Romanian)
time, evening, bivouac, paasto, fasting, fast,
ruze, ×ØÙÚ fasting, jašn,
ÛÜÝ feast, ceremony,
circus, etc., eyd, ·§Þ
feast, celebration,
holiday, sur, Úßã
banquest, feast,
rejoicing, etc.
(Persian)
, markhva,
fasting, ƒ , supra,
feast,
ƒ„åæ Æ , nisteía, fasting,
feast, Å ‰…æì, giorti, feast,
holiday, festival, î åæ ï È,
Festivál, festival (Greek)
ðËÎ ’‹ñ‘ô÷, tsom pahely,
fasting, ø•ùËÐÏû, khnjuyk¼,
feast (Armenian)
agjërimit, fasting, kreshmë,
fasting, fast, banket, feast
(Albanian)
azkarra, fast, besta, feast
(Basque)
Á‰ , kosa, bowl, Ÿ œ ,
pijola, cup, À‰Ä ŸÁ, cojnik,
kettle (Tajik)
À›ÄÀ›Á, çöyçök, bowl,
À
, çõnõ, cup, À Ä Á,
çaynek, kettle (Kyrgyz)
¿ , ayaga, bowl, cup,
•, dankh, kettle
(Mongolian)
kump*, pot, kunti [B kunti,
kunti³ke], bowl, pot
(Tocharian)
tahukappi, kikkula, a
vessel, ura, hnesr/hnesn
(hanesr/hanesn), vessel,
DUGkappi-, pot,
DUGhakkun i-,
huprushi-?, isgaruh-,
DUGkattamarant-,
tapisana-, pot,
DUGhuppar,
a†illa, dim, of
a†is, board],
kettle,
11-18
DUGhupuw
i-, pot, bowl,
plha/i, broad bowl or cask
DUG
for liquids,
palhi-, a
kind of beverage vessel,
DUGpulla-, vessel for
bread, lhutsi, lelhuntai,
lelhuntali, vessel for
pouring, lahuesr/lahuesn,
pouring cup, lahu, kinobi,
container,
katakuranta, libation
vessel, kurtali-, tuppa-,
vessel, container, peran,
pedunas/pedumas,
container, platter? for
carrying things,
prstuha (prstoha?),
earthenware cup, warpsi?,
bowl for washing, tslhai,
vessel used in rituals, tsao,
container, a kind of vessel
or plate used in rituals,
tessummi-, zeri-,
(DUG.GAL), cup, goblet,
DUGharhara-, tseri, cup,
tseriali, cup holder,
waksur, vessel, a cubic
measure, a time unit, (used
as a cubic measure for e.g.
honey, oil, milk and wine.
also used as a time unit probably a water clock),
(Hittite)
troscadh, fasting, féasta,
feast (Irish)
fastadh, fasting, cuirm,
feast,
fasti-orum, list fèist, banquet,(Scott)
cyflymu,
fasting, gwledd,
of legal days,
festus-a-um, of feast (Welsh)
fasto, legal days, digiuno,
a holiday,
fasting, festa, feast (Italian)
festive; of
jeüne, fasting, fast, faste,
people, keeping
pomp, display, banquet,
a holiday; n. as
feast, repast, fête, feast,
subst, a feast,
holiday holiday, festival,
ieunium-i and
festin, feast, banquet
-ii, fast,
(French)
hunger,
leanness
fasti, list of legal
days “astia,
Fastia, person's
name, or name
of a holiday?,
festival, festive,
[<Lat. festivus],
supper, an
evening meal
[<OFr. supe,
soup], fast,
fasting, [<OE, f
ýstan]
11-19
vasti (8ASTI),
HT-1, A“-1
“ASTIA
(8ASTIA)
Script MF-1;
Note: "ia"
suffi† indicates
proper name,
See also,
4-29
fet, Script
Z1430, TC80,
OM-1
, Tah v ra, feast,
ۥ
, Upav sa, fasting
(Gujarati)
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overnight stay, qarêtu,
banquet, to arrange a
banquet, qer tu,
festival, banquet,
qarr tu, festival and
month name in
Assyria, namritu,
festival, nam ru, t
celebrate a festival,
prepare a festival,
Lent, juhla, feast
make happy, radiant,
(Finnish-Uralic)
clear up, to become
bright, etc., iari,
isl–tu, a festival,
erubatu, festival
name, entrance, el lu,
festival of the month
Ellul, mu, to arrange
a festival, spend a day,
isinnu-a¼, to celebrate a
festival (Akkadian)
bayram, feast, perh—z,
fast—ng (Turk—sh)
‰Ä, toy, feast, ‰ à þ
,
oraza ustaw, (ustaw, hold),
fasting (Kazakh)
ziyofat, feast, ro'za tutish,
fasting (Uzbek)
Ÿ , id, feast, ÿÃ ‰ ,
r!zador, fasting, (Tajik)
˜ Á , banket, feast,
‰ ‰Ã‰, orozo, fasting
(Kyrgyz)
Ä , nair, feast, £ ¿
˜ Ÿ•, matsag barikh,
fasting (Mongolian)
kalistruna, feast, party,
EZEN, festival, EZEN
ayari, EZEN asrahitassi-,
EZEN kuzzi-, a feast,
essa-, to celebrate a feast, ,
realize, produce, create, to
do, to liquidate, to
assassinate, kalistruna,
feast, party, kalistrunili,
festive manner (Hittite)
duit, to you (Irish)
Dhutsa, to you (Scott)
i chi, to you (Welsh)
ve, vi, to you, (Italian)
à toi, to you (French)
-ci, you (Tocharian)
†
†
£ ˜ , ciabie, to you
# [tüm], you (Avestan) (Belarusian)
tu, ß© thou, you, your,
tebi, to you, thyself
tra, © you, tura Ú ß© ,
(Croatian)
shamra,
(obj.),
do Ciebie, to you
you,
(Polish)
$dam, %¥& you,
tev, to you (Latvian)
(Persian)
“I, to you - pl.
•
, shentis, to you (Romanian)
sinulle, to you
(Georgian)
(Finnish-Uralic)
†
†
å 凃 , se eséna, to you
(Greek)
û‘Í, k¼ez, to you
(Armenian)
për ju, to you, ty, thee, to
you (Albanian)
ti/tu, to you (Palaic)
tibi, to you
you, to you?
11-20
“eii-orum
†
“eii, major
Etruscan city
11-21
†ojaste, far†onde,
kâmravâ, blessed,
mobârak, =Ú >@
blessed, happy,
fortunate (Persian)
, dalotsa,
blessed (Georgian)
dhanya², highly favored, mahabh gyavat,
enjoying heavenly felicity, vrdh, vardhati, -te,
to make grow, elevate; strengthen, inspire, be
blessed or fortunate
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˜œ œ ª
,
blaslaviony, blessed
(Belarusian)
blaJen, blessed
ra’imu, beloved,
kanûtu, (an epithet of (Croatian)
goddesses), honored,
blogoslawiony,
worshipped, iši tu,
blessed (Polish)
beloved object,
deivatai, blessedly
desirable, supplies,
(Baltic-Sudovian)
useful, need,
sv t–ts, blessed
necessities, etc.,
mud du, beloved one, (Latvian)
binecuvântat,
namaddu, nar mtu,
blagoslovit, blessed,
beloved one, favorite,
nar mu, beloved one, happy (Romanian)
favorite, he who loves, siunattu, blessed
love, free will, good
(Finnish-Uralic)
will, etc., ašduk, adj.,
beloved or the like,
kunnû, adj., beloved,
smoothed, honored
(said of deities)
®È‰Å„ˆ‡ƒ‰V,
evlogiménos, blessed
(Greek)
X•ñ••‹ð, orhnvats,
blessed, sanctified
(Armenian)
i bekuar, blessed, charmed
(Albanian)
bedeinkatu, blessed (Basque)
ve (8E),
Script N21,
N87
tsik/tu, you (Lat. tuam),
ti/tu, you (Single), ti/ di,
(Acc.), ta tu (Dat.), zik, you
(pl.), sum s, sum, Nom.
sumes, sumeis, smi/ sma/
sme, you, yours, smas, to
you, tsikila, you, yourself,
KUNU, KA, ti/ta/te, your,
smi/sma/sme, your, their
(Hittite)
zuri. to you (Basque)
†
tu, to you, ti/tu, unts, you
(Single), u(n)tsa, you, pl.
(Luvian)
beo-are, to
bless, make
happy;
beatus-a-um,
blessed,
prosperous,
happy,
sacer, sacred
beannaigh, blessed (Irish)
beannaichte, blessed (Scott)
bendigedig (bendigaid),
adj. wonderful, blessed
(Welsh)
beato, blessed, happy,
benedetto, blessed (Italian)
béni, blessed (French)
s kre, [B s kär] , blessed
(Tocharian)
us(a)nu, bless, to treat,
usantri / usantrai,
blessings, bringing
blessings, bringing gains
(Hittite)
blessed [<OE
bletsian, bless],
prosperous
[<Lat, prosper
-are, to make
fortunate];
benediction
[<Lat.
benedictio]
vei (8EI),
Script N689
veia (8EIA),
Script R166,
G-4
veio (8EI“),
Script +243
veito (8EIT“);
Script N63,
N194, N268,
N304, N324,
N333, N483,
N491, N505,
N700, N725,
+488, +500,
R394
11-22
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†
†
†
†
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†
†
place, “elcha, a
town of
Campania
11-23
chidan, ¤·§Y to pluck,
pick, trim, clip,
dozdidan, ¤·\¥Ø¥ to
pluck, snatch, abduct
(Persian)
,
daidzabeba, to pluck
(Georgian)
lun ti, to gather, to strip off feathers, to cut,
sever, mow, pluck, hew down, tear asunder,
pierce, destroy, cut off, mut, motate, to break or
pluck off; hid, hedati, heqate, helate, to ve†,
afflict, be angry or hostile, pluck out
patti², in pl. pattaya², pad taya² (m. pl.),
infantry, caturagga, adj., consisting of four
members or parts; a complete army (infantry,
cavalry, elephants, chariots), s rathi², k´att•,
charioteer, dalam, a body of troops, gulma², a
company of troops
uttupu, to pluck,
qat pu, to pluck, pick
fruit, be be picked,
trimmed, etc., qatpu,
adj., plucked,
našma u, plucked
thing?, na pu, to be
plucked, torn out. to
tear out, ni pu,
plucking, šummutu,
plucked branch,
tappištu, plucking
apart, combing
(Akkadian)
spâdhem, army, aurva
[-] adj., brave, gallant,
vâsha [-], carriage,
vehicle, chariot
(Avestan)
sarbâze piyâde, Ø ã
pyadhenzam,
infantry, yk
darsath sarbaz,
troops, cohort,
soldiers, rabh ran,
auriga, charioteer,
wagon driver
(Persian)
†
, kveiti,
infantry,
„
, k’alata
mdzgholi, cart driver,
‡
, jarebi, troops
(Georgian)
à ª £¬, zryva , to
pluck (Belarusian)
iskoristiti, to pluck
(Croatian)
skuba , to pluck
(Polish)
nopl!kt, to pluck
(Latvian)
pentru a scoate, to
pluck, “ALER,
name (Romanian)
ryöstää, to pluck
(Finnish-Uralic)
, piachota,
infantry,
€
•€ , pryjezdžy ‚žo,
charioteer, ƒ „…†‡,
vojski, troops
(Belarusian)
pješaštvo, infantry,
vozaˆ bojnih kola,
charioteer, trupe,
troops (Croatian)
piechota, infantry,
hur-ade, warrior,
wo‰nica, chariotee,
maria-nni-, charioteer
wojsko, troops
(Hurrian)
(Polish)
kŠjnieki, infantry,
ašannu, soldier, lik
rati‹š, charioteer,
s ri, a type of soldier,
lilu, lilu, fem.,
karaspŒks, troop,
liltu, liltu, warrior,
(Latvian)
brave one, raksu,
infanterie,
soldier in the calvary
infantry, •ofer, de
or chariotry,
•ofer, chariot driver,
mariannu, chariot
trupele, troops
driver, appati, in
(Romanian)
muk l app ti,
chariot driver, ašâtu, in jalkaväki, infantry,
muk l ašâti, chariot
kilpa-ajaja,
driver, kall bu,
charioteer, joukot,
member of the light
troops (Finnishtroops (special military Uralic)
formation), kall b
šipirti, light troops
messenger, gunnu,
elite troops, ašarittu,
crack troops, bu,
troop of soldiers,
workers, contingent,
etc., umm nu, military
force, troops, army,
populace, work force,
personnel, z ku,
infantry (Akkadian)
ƒ ˆ €‡^ , na mazépsei, to
pluck, ‚óï•, kóvo, to cut,
sever, pluck (Greek)
Ò`‘ô, gts¼el, to pluck
(Armenian)
për të rrëmbyer, to pluck
(Albanian)
ateratzea, erauzi, to pluck
(Basque)
vello, vellere,
velli [vulsi,
volsi], volsum
[volsum], to
pull, twitch, to
pluck out;
vulsus-a-um,
plucked,
smooth,
carpo-ere
--ai-tum, to
pick, pluck,
gather, etc.
a pluck, to pluck (Irish)
a 'plucadh, to pluck (Scott)
i ffynnu, plicio, to pluck,
peel, strip (Welsh)
coglier, to pluck (Italian)
cueillir, to pluck, arracher,
to snatch (French)
|þœ , julw, to pluck,
twitch, |
, jõrtw, to
pluck, (Kazakh)
uzmoq, to pluck (Uzbek)
Á
, kanda, to pluck
(Tajik)
}Ã}}, ~z~~, to pluck
(Kyrgyz)
™}} À ª •, sh~~rch
avakh, to pluck
(Mongolian)
karpiie/a, to pluck, to take
away, to pick, srebti,
wars-slurp, to pluck, to
slip off, to wipe off, to
harvest (Hittite)
town of Falerri?
family name?
“alerus is a
common Roman
name. Note that
the suffi†, "ei"
designates a
personal name,
gen. sing., as
with Elenei and
ia (Helen of
Troy) or
Phersipnei (Gr.
Persephone; Lat.
Proserpina). The
word also
declines as a
verb. Phersipnei
is identifiable in
the Tomba del
Oro fresco; to
pluck [<OE
pluccian], pick
[Prob. Lat.
picus,
woodpecker]
tropa, tropak, troops,
gurdiaren gidaria, chariot
driver,
infanteria, infantry
(Basque)
veles-itis, pl.
velites,
light-armed
infantry,
skirmishers,
auriga-ae,
charioteer,
driver, groom,
pedes-ites,
infantry, foot
soldier
arabacõ, char²oteer, asker,
troops, warr²ors, sold²ers
(Turk²sh)
³ ´ , arbaµõ, charioteer,
¶…† , äsker, troops,
infantry (Kazakh)
aravakash, charuoteer,
qo'shinlar, troops, regiment
(Uzbek)
³ · , aro¸aca,
charioteer, …† ¹,
askaron, troops (Tajik)
³ · , arabaçõ,
charioteer, …† , asker,
troops (Kyrgyz) º º»·¼¹,
teregchin, charioteer,
½º »¾¾ , tsergüüd, troops
(Mongolian), Zhàn
chŒ, charioteer, chariot,
, J¿nduì, army, troops,
military (Traditional
Chinese)
“eLER
(8eLER),
Script Z11,
Z113, Z543,
Z551, Z561,
Z1423, “-6
“elere
(8ELERE)
Script AL-8
“eLERE
(8eLERE),
Script Z50,
Z195, Z245,
Z842, Z851,
Z975, Z1073
“eLEREI
(8eLEREI),
Script Z1013
“eLERES
(8eLERES),
Script
AL-8, A“-7
“eLERI
(8eLERI),
Script Z1430;
“eLERS
(8eLEReS),
Script Z568
11-24
coisithe, infantry, tiománaí
chariot, chariot driver,
trúpaí, troops (Irish)
coisearachd, infantry,
dràibhear carbadan, chariot
driver, saighdearan, troops
(Scott)
cychod, infantry, gyrrwr
chariot, chariot driver,
milwyr, troops (Welsh)
fanteria, infantry, auriga,
charioteer, truppe, troops
(Italian)
infanterie, infantry, cocher,
charioteer, troupes, troopes
(French)
Ž••‘“ ”, pezikoú, infantry,
•–— ˜ V, iníochos, charioteer,
™›œ•›•”Ÿ•›•, stratévmata,
troops (Greek)
¡¢£¤¥¦§¨¥¦©,
hradzgut’yun, infantry,
ª¢«¢¡¬-®, kakhardich’,
charioteer, ¯¥¡°±¡, zork’er,
troops (Armenian)
këmbësori, infantry,
karrocierit, charioteer, trupa,
troops (Albanian)
velcia
(8ELCIA),
Script AT-3,
velces
(8ELCES),
Script AT-5
veli (8ELI),
Script N563,
vels (8ELeS),
R80, Q152,
R103
light infantry
[<Ital. infante,
youth]?,
troops [<OFr
trope],
charioteer, [<Lat.
carras, vehicle],
drive, driver,
[<OE drifan],
11-25
See also,
4-18, "army,
warrior,"
feles, Script
Al-4
See also,
1-106, "arms,
weapons,"
armai, Script
S-37
1-142:
armi, Script
TC222, Q53,
1-107,
armone, "to
arm,"
(ARMÂNE),
Script Q53
ŠÀant, charioteer, leader,
kukäl [B kokale], chariot,
kÁatri* [B kÁatriye],
warrior, nobleman
(Tocharian)
erbbe-: L erbbi, DLpl.
erbbe, AblI erbbedi, war
(Lycian)
erbbe-: DL erbbi, G adj. N
erbbesi, war (Mylian)
zxxaza-: Gpl. zxxazãi,
DLpl. Zxxaza + of a
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warrior, zxxazi(je)-: DLpl.
zxxazije, warrior (Lycian)
ERINMEÃ, army, infantry,
KARAŠ, troops, army,
infantry, tuzzi-, tuzziyant-,
tutsiant, DUMU.NITA,
army, tutsisesr, army
camp? tutsi, army, military
forces, military camp, kula,
an army, ninda tutsi,
soldier bread,
LÚlahhiyala-, soldier, man
of war, lahha p i-, to war,
go on campaign,
ansu.kur.ra,
GIŠhuluganni-chariot
(Hittite)
samŠlocayati, criticize, adhikÁipati, ŠkÁepaÄ,
taunt, censure, abuse, lunŠti, to pluck
keses, par
kandan, rudan, to
pluck; sarzanes kardan,
to taunt xorde gereftan,
musekâfi kardan,
nekuhidan, to
criticise,
enteghad kardan, Å Æ
Ç to criticize, mochi
kardan,
Ç ÈÉÊ
mock, deride, taunt,
dozdidan, Ë
to
abduct, rob, pluck, etc.
(Persian)
,
imit’irebul, mock,
ˆ
,
airchie bumbuli, to
pick feathers
(Georgian)
uttupu, to pluck,
qat pu, to pluck, pick
fruit, be be picked,
trimmed, etc., qatpu,
adj., plucked,
našma u, plucked
thing?, na pu, to be
plucked, torn out. to
tear out, ni pu,
plucking (Akkadian)
†
† ƒ ½Ì,
krytykavaÍ,
criticize, ´ ‡Î̆ ,
špiÏka, taunt,
ƒ ½Ì, zryvaÍ, to
pluck (Belarusian)
kritikovati,
criticize,
podsmijeh, taunt,
osmjeliti, to pluck
(Croatian)
krytykowaÍ,
criticize, kpina,
taunt, podroby, to
pluck (Polish)
kritizŒt, criticize,
nievas, taunt,
nolaist, to pluck
(Latvian)
a critica, criticize,
ÂELIC, bailiff,
familly name in
Moldavia/Romania,
batjocurÐ, taunt,
potroace, to pluck
(Romanian)
arvostella, criticize,
kiusata, taunt,
nyppiä, to pluck
(Finnish-Uralic)
“œ‘›‘“ÑœÒ, kritikáro,
criticise, ˜Ó•Ô•™ŸóV,
chlevasmós, taunt, “óÕÒ,
kóvo, to pluck (Greek)
°©©¢¬¢Ö±×,
k’nnadatel, criticize,
¤Ø±°, gts’ek’, to pluck
(Armenian)
kritikoj, criticize, shpuploj,
to pluck feathers, etc., këpus,
to pluck (Albanian)
vellico-are, to
pluck, twitch,
taunt, criticise,
carpo-ere si-tum
to pluck, pick,
gather, tear off
arrapatu, to pluck (Basque)
11 of 24
velic (8ELIC),
Script K58,
See 11-24,
"to pluck,"
velere,
11-26
tar, to come (Irish)
tighinn,to come (Scott)
i ddod, to come (Welsh)
venire, to come (Italian)
venir, to come (French)
, ÜvŒ, to come
(Gujarati)
gelmek, to come (Turk²sh)
† ÎÝ, kelw, to come
(Kazakh)
kelmoq, to come (Uzbek)
Þ ¹, omadan, to come
(Tajik)
† ξ¾, kelüü, to come
(Kyrgyz)
¼ º , irekh, to come
(Mongolian)
ãmadan, ËÊÙ to come
(Persian)
,
mosvla, to come
(Georgian)
az, aznoti, aznute, esya, to come, future; at,
atati, -te, to walk about, wander, run {sam}, go
or come to
criticise, taunt,
pluck, twitch,
mock, criticise
[Gk. kritikos,
able to discern];
critique,
[<Fr. critique]
karpiie/a, to pluck, take
away, to pic, srebti,
wars-slurp, to pluck, to
slip off, to wipe off, to
harvest (Hitttite)
ayãn [ayare], to come,
avâiti [av], to come, to
go, aêiti [i], to come, to
go, jimat [jim], to
come?, upa-bara
[upa-bar], to bring, to
carry (Avestan)
‡½Ì,
prychodziÍ, to
come (Belarusian)
doÍi, to come
(Croatian)
nun- , nun(-a)-, un-, to przyjÀÍ, to come
come, to bring, ši-(a-)
(Polish)
to come (Urartian)
per, gubat, pereite,
un-, n-, to come, to
to come (Balticbring (Hurrian)
Sudovian)
nŠkt, to come
(Latvian)
a veni, to come;
ÂINE, he/she
comes; ÂINO!
er bu, come, of taxes
come! (Romanian)
or months, to enter, , to tulla, to come
enter into the king or
(Finnish-Uralic)
god’s presence, to
invade, to penetrate, to
return, to arrive, to go
home, etc., ribu,
coming, admitted, a û,
come out of a temple,
etc, depart, go out,
escape, to leave,
gar šu, to come/go to
someone, râ u, to
come, to come to help,
to let go, *mar ašû,
adj., coming from
(Akkadian)
cáineadh, to criticize, taunt,
taunt, cleití a phiocadh,
pick feathers (Irish)
càineadh, criticize,
miannachadh, taunt,
tarraing itean, pick feathers
(Scott)
beirniadu, to adjudicate,
criticize, judge, dannod,
taunt, dewiswch plu, pick
feathers (Welsh)
criticare, criticize, insulto,
schernire, taunt, coraggio,
to pluck (Italian)
critiquer, criticize, raillerie,
taunt, cueillir, to pluck
(French)
–• ÚœÛÒ, na értho,
Úœ˜ Ÿ•‘, érchomai, to come,
(Greek)
¤¢×, gal, to come
(Armenian)
te vish, to come (Albanian)
etorri, to come (Basque)
venio, venire,
veni, ventum
käm- [B käm-], to come,
kän-, to come about, bring
about, cause to come about
(Tocharian)
awi, to come (Luvian)
kis, to become, ari, ar/r, to
come, arrive at, arha u., to
come from afar, anda uwa-,
uwa-, we->, ue/uua,
we/wa, u zzi, anda uwa-,
to come, andan u. to come
in, anda u., to come in, to
turn toward someone for
help, anda u.m, to come
back, ehu!, come! ehu,
come! here! give!, tija, to
come approach, become;
ta, #ta, to come, to take,
appa u., appa, to come
back, nna-, to come, to
receive, to drive, to hurry
to come [<OE
cuman], to
happen, arrive,
arrive [<OFr.,
ariver].
8eNER Script
Z146, Z1853 ,
Script Z150,
Z1853
8eNES, Script
K43;
8eNeSI,
Âeneti?, K52;
veno (8ENÂ),
Script N41
8eNÂ, Script
N268;
Context:
8eNÂ Pe
LERE: TRI8
(TRIB):
General note:
both spellings
(8ENÂ) and
FEN> are
probably the verb
"to come,"
Âenvs
"venio-"
(8ENÂS),
Script Q152?
See also:
11-27
FEN, Script,
BD-14,
FENA, Script,
XB-3, J2-5,
FENE, Script
AK-4; PB-7,
FENI, Script
M81
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(Hittite)
x
ß ¹ , Âieniera,
Âenus (Belarusian)
Âenera, Âenus
(Croatian)
Anâhitâ, Anâhid, Âenus Wenus, Âenus
(Polish)
(Persian)
, venera, Âenus Âenera, Âenus
(Latvian)
(Georgian)
Âenus, Âenera,
Âenus (Romanian)
Âenus, Âenus
(Finnish-Uralic)
satyam, in truth, tattvataÄ, in reality, ittha,
adv., right,well, really, truly, vasantaÄ, Spring
asha [-] Asha, truth,
righteousness, world
order, eternal law,
fitness, zï, indeed, for,
because (Avestan)
haghighat, ðÅ Åñ truth,
berâsti, ò
, adv.,
truly, bahâr, ô Spring
(Persian)
,
simartle, truth
(Georgian)
abarša, truely, surely,
ikkitti, in truth, kittu,
in truth, truly, justly,
correctly, etc., k n tu,
truth, permanency,
stability, loyalty, etc.,
k niš, truthfully,
steadily, loyally, in due
form, correct behavior,
duly, etc., t šu, Spring
(Akkadian)
mayamxmayamfemayammayammayam,
fear, bibheti, to fear, trŠsaÄ, fear,
tarsidan, Ë $ to fear
(Persian) • • , shishi,
to fear (Georgian)
deraš-, to fear
(Urartian)
ug-, to fear (Hurrian)
ad ru, adirtu, edirtu,
idirtu, idištu, fear,
apprehension,
unhappiness,
an nu, fear, ad riš, in
fear, ad ru, to fear the
diety, respect the oath,
ar ru, to fear, to
become agitated,
pal u, to be afraid, to
frighten, to reduce to
fear, to perform
service, to awe, etc.
(Akkadian)
• , pra‚da,
truth, ƒ …¹ ,
viasna, Spring
(Belarusian)
istina. truth,
ProljeÍe, Spring
(Croatian)
prawda, truth, w
rzeczy samej,
indeed, wiosna,
Spring (Polish)
patiesöba, truth,
Pavasaris, Spring
(Latvian)
adevÐr, truth, Arc,
primÐvarÐ, Spring
(Romanian)
totuus, truth, kevät,
Spring (FinnishUralic)
åæœ è—›•, Afrodíti (Greek)
±¡¢, Âenera, Âenus
(Armenian)
Âenus, Âenus (Albanian)
•Ó÷Û•‘•, alítheia, truth,
Ñ– ‘ø•, ánoixi, Spring
(Greek)
ùûý¢¡Ö¥¦§¨¥¦©þ,
chshmartut’yuny, truth,
¤¢¡¥¦©, garun, Spring
(Armenian)
e vërtetë, truth, pranverë,
Spring
(Albanian)
egiatasun, truth, udaberri,
Spring (Basque)
venus-iris,
charm,
lovelines, love,
a loved one;
personif. Âenus,
goddess of
love; also
called
Proserpina-ae,
daughter of
Ceres
ver, veris,
Spring;
verus-a-um,
true, real, just,
reasonable,
right duty; adv.
vero, in truth;
adv. vere, truly,
really, rightly
a-i fi fricÐ, to fear,
misgive
(Romanian)
pelätä, to fear
(Finnish-Uralic)
fírinne, truth, cinte, indeed,
earrach, Spring (Irish)
fìrinn, truth, an earraich,
Spring (Scott)
gwirionedd, truth, war,
indeed, truly, gwanwyn,
Spring (Welsh)
verita, truth; vero, truth,
reality,
primavera, Spring; (Italian)
vérité, truth; vrai, adj. true,
correct,
printemps, Spring (French)
Âenus?
11-28
truth [<OE
treowth]? Spring
[<OE springan]?
verily [<ME
verray, true]
indeed, [<ME
indede], same,
[<ON, samr]
Âenvs
(8ENÂS),
Script Q152;
Phersipnei,
Tomba
del Oro
ver (8ER)
Script Q107,
Q342, Q360,
Q376, Q459
veri (8ERI)
Lat. m. single,
veri, Script
N280
11-29
ats (part.), atsek (part.)
atsaÿ (adv.), indeed, in fact
(Tocharian)
ima, truly, really, indeed,
anda imma, adv., hand n,
indeed, asant-, true,
correct, existing, being,
sakuwassar(a)-, true, legal,
intact, exact, sincere,
(Hittite)
vereor-eri-itus,
fear;
³ ½½ , bajacca, to
fear (Belarusian)
bojati se, to fear
(Croatian)
baÍ si%, to fear
(Polish)
baidöties, to fear
(Latvian)
sÐ se teamÐ, to fear,
fricÐ, fear,
Âéineas, Âenus (Irish)
Âenus, Âenus, (Scott)
Gwener, Friday, Âenus
(Welsh)
Âenere, Âenus (Italian)
Âénus, Âenus (French)
–• æ ÕóŸ•™›•,
na fovómaste, to fear,
&•=Ÿ V, Deimos, fear, terror,
dread, brother of æóÕ V,
Phobos, panic (Greek)
@¢«±©¢×, vakhenal, to fear
(Armenian)
për t'u frikësuar (Albanian)
beldurra izateko, to fear,
beldurra, fear (Basque)
eagla, fear (Irish)
eagal, fear (Scott)
i ofn, to fear (Welsh)
temere, to fear, timore, fear,
phobia, fear (Italian)
avoir peur, to fear, timide,
fearful
(French)
, Yara, fear (Gujarati)
korku, fear (Turkish)
\ \ ¹ ´, qorqõnõµ, fear
(Kazakh)
qo'rquv, fear (Uzbek)
…, tars, fear (Tajk)
† †Ý¹Ý·, korkunuç, fear
(Kyrgyz)
„ …, aidas, fear
(Mongolian)
empele [B empele], adj.,
dreadful, formidable
(Tocharian)
nahh->, n hi, nah/nahh,
nahsrie/a, to fear, revere,
show respect for a diety, be
careful, nahsrat, fear,
to be afraid, fear
[<OE f^r]; to
have respect for
[<Lat.
respecto-are, to
look eargerly
back at] revere
[<Lat. revereor
-vereri veritus];
dread [<OE
draedan],
mayhem, willful,
violent
destruction,
riotous disorder,
confusion [<OFr.
mahaignier],
petulant,
ill-tempered,
unreasonably
irritable [<Lat.
petulans],
timorous, fearful,
timid [<Lat.
timere], adore,
{<Lat.. adorare],
verier
(8ERIER)
Script Q278
See also:
10-66:
TIMAM, Acc.,
Script XC-6,
TIMEM,
Script N123
See also,
6-156:Phobia (
`Â8IA),
Script R93,
Phobia,
possibly
the name of
the god
Phobos
See also,
6-94:
paeveis
(PAEFEIS),
Script S-10;
pav (PAF),
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fright, respect, reverence,
awe, frightfulness,
nahsrnu, to make someone
afraid, nahuasa/i, fearful,
fearsome, uerite/uerit,
werite/werit, werites, fear,
to be frightened,
weritema, fear. fright,
pituliant, fearful, worried,
intimidated (Hittite)
to worshiip as
divine, to love
deeply, idolize
11-30
Script TC38;
pava (PAFA),
Script DL-9
(Script DL is
an engraving
on a mirror of
an augur
reading a liver
and warning
King Tarquin
to fear..)
pavapa
(PAFAPA)
Script XA
7-7:
polomk
(PVLVMiK),
Script Au68,
POLOMiKU
(PVLVMiKF)
Au99
x
x
x
x
x
x
Veronia, place;
Verona?
VeRONIA
(8eRONIA)
Script AP-7
11-31
pari- vartayati, to spin, gh r ate, to revolve,
klath, klathati, to turn around; val, valati, -te, to
turn, return, break forth, appear, cause to
turn or roll, turn away
,
paviarnucca, to turn
(Belarusian)
okrenuti, to turn
(Croatian)
skr ci€, to turn
(Polish)
pagriezties, to turn
(Latvian)
a intoarce, to turn,
învârti, to spin,
revolve, rotate,
twirl, turn, twist
ubbuku, to turn upside (Romanian)
down upset, gar ru, to kääntyä, to turn
turn or roll over,
(Finnish-Uralic)
eg ru, to twist,
become twisted,
perverse, cross,
confused, maneuver
for a position, to feint,
stumble, hobble, egru,
twisted, crossed,
crooked, perverse,
pas lu, turn around, to
twist, nap u, to turn
upside down, to tear
down, demolish, dig
out, dig up, etc
(Akkadian)
•‚ ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰, na gyrísei, to
turn, ƒ„…†Š‹, gyrízo, to turn,
whirl, rotate,
Œ•…•ˆŽ‹, tornévo, to turn
(Greek)
•• ‘’“”•“ –“, Yes dimum
yem, to turn (Armenian)
Unë kthehem,
kthehem nga, to turn,
rrotullohem, revolve
(Albanian)
ad [-], to eat, to say
(Avestan)
khordan, « ¬ to eat,
javidan, «-®¬¯ to chew
(Persian)
, ch°ama, to eat,
, ghech°va, to
chew (Georgian)
vescor-i; to eat;
vescus-a-um,
consumming,
•‚ µ¶‹, na fáo, to eat, Œ• •‚ wasted, thin,
·‚‡¶¸, to na masás, to chew edo-edere and
(Greek)
esse, edi, esum,
”•¹–º, utel, to eat,
to eat, fig. to
»¼“–º, tsamel, to chew
devour,
(Armenian)
ceno-are-ui-um,
për të ngrënë, to eat, te
carxes,
turn,
twirl, whirl, twist, bar
gardândán,
to
turn, gastan,
to
turn, (mhmany v ghyrh
dvrh) (
)
whirl, (Persian)
, chartot, to
turn (Georgian)
khªdati, atti, to eat, bhojaka, adj., eating; valbh,
valbhate, to eat, taste; ghas, ghasti, to devour,
swallow, eat, carvati, to chew, munch
ž• ±, jesci, to eat,
²
³, ´ava€, to
chew (Belarusian)
jesti, to eat,
´vakati, to chew
(Croatian)
ate, te, jesc, to eat
verto [vorto]
-vertere, verti,
versum, to turn,
turn around,
turn up; to turn
oneself
buelta, to turn (Basque)
casadh, to turn (Irish)
gus tionndadh, to turn
(Scott)
i droi, to turn (Welsh)
girare, to turn, x tornire,
voltare, to turn (Italian)
tourner, to turn; se
reverser, to turn, virer, to
transfer, turn, fire, veer,
sack, bank (French)
,
to turn [<Gk.
tornos, lathe],
avert, to turn
away [<Lat.
avertere], gyrate,
[<Lat. gyrare]
verto (8ERTV)
Script Q107,
Q117, Q127,
Q139, Q152,
R359, R381,
R459, R474,
R542, R557
11-32
Pharavu—, to turn, rotate,
, Bha˜akavu—, to
whirl (Gujarati)
çev™rmek, to turn,
košušturma, to wh™rl
(Turk™sh)
›œ , burw, to turn,
•ž ž Ÿž , serwendew, to
whirl (Kazakh)
o'girmoq, to turn, aylanmoq,
to whirl (Uzbek)
, r j, to turn, ›
•¡¢,
£a carroxj, to whirl (Tajik)
› ¤ , buruluu, to turn,
¥ ¦ , kuyuu, to whirl
(Kyrgyz)
§ ¨§¡, ergekh, to turn circle,
rotate, § ¨©©¤§¡, ergüülekh, to
whirl (Mongolian)
wahnu->, uahnu, ne, n a,
wehzi, to turn, wahnu->,
wahnu, uahnu, to turn
something, someone,
wahnu, to make something
turn, to turn someone,
wahnu-, turn over, to turn,
to turn upside down, to
swing, to divert, to make
laps with a racehorse, to
fortify a camp, to distort, to
exchange, wehzi, to turn,
ueh, to turn oneself, weh-,
turn to move, to divert,
weh/wah, to turn oneself,
to patrol, wahadr/wahan
/wehadr/wehan, turning,
appa w., turn upside down,
to bypass, ne, n a, nai/ni,
ne/nai/ni, to turn to
someone, turn onself, send,
n i-, turn oneself, to turn,
to lead, to guide, to happen,
s r arha w., to turn around
someone, (Hittite)
Ith, to eat (Irish)
a dh'itheadh, to eat (Scott)
bwyta, to eat, mess,
corrode; llewa, to eat,
devour; ysu (ys), to
consume, eat (Welsh)
mangiare, to eat, incindiare,
to eat [<OE
etan], use, enjoy;
ingest, to take in
by swallowing
[<Lat. ingere
-gerere -gessi
-gestum, to
carry or put in or
upon]; bite [<OE
ves (8ES)
Script Q95,
Q152, Q95,
Q152
vesi (8ESI),
Script
Z1326
See also,
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to set fire to; bruciare, to
burn, cenere, ashes (Italian)
manger, to eat; incendier, to
set fire to; brûler, to burn,
light, scald, cendre, ashes
(French)
2-52,
cen, Script
AL-8, TC150;
ceni, Script
AN-49;
ceno (CENV),
Script
N216, K52
See also,
3-24,
, Khªvª mª˜¾, to
, Cªvavu, to chew
at-, to eat (Urartian)
zaz, to eat, make eat,
ul-, #a½uhi, #ulan, to
eat (Hurrian)
(Polish)
¾st, to eat (Latvian)
s¿ m¿nânce, to eat
ak lu, to eat, consume,
(Romanian)
provide for oneself,
pat nu, to eat a meal, syödä, to eat
(Finnish-Uralic)
consume, provide a
meal (Akkadian)
niÇedhati, to forbid, interdict, prohibit, sidh,
sedhati, -te, to drive off, scare away, keep off,
prevent, forbid, refuse, deny; vR, vRNoti,
vRNute,
varati, -te, to cover, veil, hide, enclose,
surround, guard, hinder, restrain, keep back,
exclude, forbid
x
žÊ ,
prava vieta, to veto,
Ä ›
± ³,
zabarani€, to forbid
ghadaghan kardan,
(Belarusian)
« È -É to forbid,
veto, to veto,
ban, bâzdâstan, to
zabraniti, to forbid
veto, forbid (Persian)
(Croatian)
, vet°o, to veto,
, ak°rdzalva, weto, to veto,
to forbid (Georgian)
zakaza€, to forbid
(Polish)
asakku, in b t asakki,
perbiletum, to
forbidden place,
deny; draude, to
ikkibu, forbidden
thing, interdicted place forbid (BalticSudovian)
or action (Akkadian)
veto, to veto,
aizliegt, to forbid
(Latvian)
veto, to veto, a
interzice, to forbid
(Romanian)
veto, to veto,
kieltää, to forbid
(Finnish-Uralic)
x
VI, to you - pl.
(Romanian)
pertypësh, to chew
(Albanian)
jan, to eat, mastekatzeko, to
chew (Basque)
eat,
(Gujarati)
to dine, to eat,
yemek ™ç™n, to eat,
cena-ae, dinner, ç™Ànemek, to chew
incendo(Turk™sh)
cendere-cend
²ž , jew, to eat, Á ¢ ,
census; to burn, šaynaw, to chew (Kazakh)
cini-eris,
yemoq, to eat, chaynamoq,
ashes,(This
to chew (Uzbek)
noun declines
¡Â Ÿ , x rdan, to eat,
with an "er"
¡•ÃŸ , xoidan, to chew
infix, except for (Tajik)
Voc. single
²ž, je, to eat, ¢ ••,
cini.). Etr. cen, çaynoo, to chew (Kyrgyz)
ceni, ceno
ߧ¡, idekh, to eat, Ä ²¤ ¡,
appears to be a zajlakh, to chew
verb, cen, I
(Mongolian)
burn, ceno, to
, Qù chÅ, to eat, ,
burn, ceni, is
JÆjué, to chew (Traditional
probably 3rd
Chinese)
pers. single.
incendit. Etr.
súwa, to eat, ek, fodder
3rd pers. single (Tocharian)
drops the final
consonant, "t".
1st pers. single
drops the final
#ata, to eat, (Palaic)
consonant, "o". et-, ud-, to eat (Nesian)
The argument
for the switch
zzi, ezza/ezz, d->, ed/ad,
from "cen-" to
to eat, #at, to eat, azzikk-,
"cin-" might be eat again, to adore,
explained by
adanna, in order to eat,
the Italian shift, hassik-, isp i-, to eat one's
in incindiare, to fill, arsiya-, to eat well,
take care of oneself
burn, and
(Hittite)
cenere, ashes.
cina, Script,
TC46, N41,
N491, N543,
N573, N598,
N615, N647,
N689, N711,
Q435, Q422,
Q481, PQ-4
bitan]; porridge
[<pottage? boiled cinas, Script
N18, N22,
cereal],
N47;
chew, to grind
cinat, Script
something with
the teeth [<OE, c TC57
cine,
Script
¾owan]
N139
cini, Script
11-33
R447
cino, cinu
(CINV),
Script N53,
N216, N483,
N624, Q84,
Q127, R370,
R447, R607.
R619, Aph-7?
cinos, cinus
(CINVS),
Script N230,
N244,
context: ETA
TV: IKV
CENVS Te, he
brings forth
you, I, me,
(ego), a dinner
to you
a thoirmeasc, to forbid
(Irish)
ËÌŒ•, véto, to forbid (Greek)
Í–¹”, veto, to veto,
¼ÎÏ–º–º, argelel, to forbid
(Armenian)
veto, to veto, për të ndaluar ,
to forbid (Albanian)
veto (voto)
votare, vetitum,
to forbid
a chasg, to forbid (Scott)
i wahardd, gwahardd, to
forbid (Welsh)
vietare, to forbid,x veto,
veto, proibire,
prohibit (Italian)
veto, veto, interdire,
empécher, prohiber, to
forbid (French)
to forbid [<OE
forbeodan],
prohibit [<Lat,
prohibeo-ere],
veto,
11-34
uaksiianu, waksinu, to
deny someone something
(Hittite)
x
x
ve, vi, to you (Italian)
to you?
veta (8ETA),
Script Q117,
Q217
vetes
(8ETES),
Script Q487
veto (8ETV),
Script N11,
N21, N53,
N280, N294,
N363, N435,
N476, N522,
N533, N543,
N553, N582,
N590, N607,
N624, N638,
N647, N660,
N676, Q55,
N660, N676,
Q53, Q74,
Q84, Q273,
Q229, R270,
R278, R286,
R294, R314,
R325, R334
vi (8I), Script
N41, G31
11-35
ajÅvaÐ, alive, jivatu, life; satta, existence, being
jân, « ¯ life, spirit, soul,
zendegi, - Ñ life,
cosmos, existence,
hasti, ÒÓ, existence,
²Ô Õ, ´yccio, life,
±•
ž,
isnavannie,
Ö×Ø, zoi, life, being, spirit,
existence
ˆ•¸ bios, life, belongings,
(Belarusian)
vita-ae, life,
victus-us,
livelihood,
sustenance,
way of life,
saol, life, world, society,
beatha, life, food, ann,
existence (Irish)
life [<OE lif],
livelihood,
existence [<Lat.
existere], soul,
[<OE sªol]
via (8IA)
Nom. Single,
Script N357
(part of viato?)
vias (8IAS),
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beatha, life (Scott) bywyd,
life, bith, existence (Welsh)
vita, life, esistenza,
existence (Italian)
vie, life, existence,
existence (French)
being, life, zist,
,
existence, livlihood,
liviing, hayât, Ù Ú life,
Ûmr, Ü life, lifetime,
age (Persian)
,
tskhovreba, life,
, arseboba,
existence (Georgian)
½uÝ-ori / ½oÝ-ori /
½eÝ-eri, alive, ½uÞuri,
life, ulgu-½ß, ulgu-½e,
life (Urartian)
½eƒ-iri, alive, ½uàur-ni,
½eàur-ni, ½eÞurni,life
(Hurrian)
napšu, life, breath,
mudeššû, life-giver,
napištu, in b¾l napišti,
life-giver, protector,
one who has right of
vengeance, nabl u,
life-giving, healing,
napištu, life, vigor,
vitality, good health,
self, etc. (Akkadian)
, JÅvana, life,
, Astitva, existence
(Gujarati)
hayat, life, varoluš,
ex™stence (Turkish)
´ivot, life, vijek,
century, life, age,
time, era,
postojanje,
existence
(Croatian)
ãycie, life,
istnienie, existence
(Polish)
dzÅve, life,
esamÅba, existence
(Latvian)
viaå¿, life,VIE,
alive, existenå¿,
existence
(Romanian)
elämä, life,
olemassaolo,
existence (FinnishUralic)
ôõ± , omir, life, ʱ Á±¤±¥
žÊ , tiršilik etw, existence
(Kazakh)
Žæ‚…èê, ýparxi, existence,
subsitence (Greek)
ìï¼ðñò, kyank°y, life,
ϔóð, goyut°yun,
existence (Armenian)
jetë, life, ekzistencë,
existence (Albanian)
Acc. pl. Script
R633
vie (8IE),
Nom. Pl.?,
Script Q11,
Q33
hayot, life, mavjudlik,
existence (Uzbek)
via-ae, way,
path, road
bizitza, life, existentziaren,
existence (Basque)
¡ ÕÊ, xajot, life,
õ ÷ ŸÃ Ê, mavçudijat,
existence, (Tajik)
11-36
² Á••, jašoo, life, ›
›•¤ , bar boluu, existence
(Kyrgyz)
õ³Ÿ ¤, amidral, life,
• Áà ʕ¨Ê •¡, orshin
togtnokh, existence
(Mongolian)
, Sh¾nghuø, life, ,
Cúnzþi, existence
(Traditional Chinese)
VIKTO
(8IKTV), 2nd.
Decl. Dat. Abl.
Script, N690,
N723
(See via
below;
via, vias,
probably "way,
path.")
huitualahit, life (Luvian)
TI, huisw tar, (TI-tar),
life, huiszi, #huiš,
huis/hus, huisw i-, to live,
huis- (TI), to live, to stay
alive, huiswannas, he of
the life, with a long span of
life, (Hittite)
patha [pathan],
road, path
(Avestan)
râh ÿ ,way, road, path,
route, jâdde, ¯ road
(Persian)
, gza, way, road
(Georgian)
# hari?, road (Urartian)
#hari, xari Þari , road
(Hurrian)
pathi, pathin, path gavtu, way, course,
rªjapatha, street
daraggu, nardamtu,
path, arhu, path, road,
girru, path, road,
journey, caravan,
business trip, military
campaign, etc., giridû,
path, to lay out a path,
giridû, path forming a
way between fields,
ribu, street, rib tu,
street, main street,
thoroughfare, m taqu,
street, walkway,
thoroughfare, passage,
m tequ, path, road,
march, passage,
arr nu, path, road,
highway, trip, journey,
travel, road, etc.,
kibsu, path, gait,
tracks, approach,
traces, nam ru, path,
clearing, pad nu,
path, way, a crease on
a sheep's liver, t luku,
path, course, way, etc.,
tallaktu, road, way,
path, approach, walk,
passage, advance,
movement, traffic,
ways, behavior,
procedure, a cart or
wagon, (Akkadian)
Ÿ •¨ Ÿ •¨ ,
daroha, road
(Belarusian)
cesta, road, put,
road, way, path
(Croatian)
droga, way, road,
path, route, tract,
pathway (Polish)
cenjes, gatve, road
(Baltic-Sudovian)
ce!½, way, road,
route, gateway,
lane, passage
(Latvian)
cale, path, way,
route, track, road,
means, drum, road,
way, path, journey,
route, street
(Romanian)
tie, road, way, path,
route, track,
pathway, reitti,
route, path, way,
track, line, passage
(Finnish-Uralic)
bhealach, way, route (Irish)
slighe, way (Scott)
llwybr-au, path, track, aisle,
alley, corridor; ffordd
(ffyrdd), way, road,
distance; heol-ydd, road;
(Welsh)
la via, way; viaggiatore,
traveller (Italian)
voie, way, voyageur,
traveller; chemin, rue, road
(French)
$…ø·•¸, dromos, way, road,
street, (Greek)
W-jampa; E-janabar, road,
”•%’, ughi, way
(Armenian)
rrugë, street, way, road,
path, route, avenue
(Albanian)
errepide, road, highway,
bipass, cale, street (Basque)
via-ae, way;
viator-oris, a
traveller,
wayfarer,
messenger;
viaticus-a-um,
relating to a
journey; also
money, savings
or prize,
iter- ineris, way,
journey, march,
route, road,
passage,
tramis-itis,
footpath, path
yol, way, road, path, track
(Turkish)
²•¤, jol, road, way, track
(Kazakh)
yo'l, path, road, door
(Uzbek)
•&, roh, road, path, way
(Tajik)
²•¤, jol, road, path, way
(Kyrgyz)
Ä õ, zam, road, way, lane
(Mongolian)
, Lù, road, path, way
(Traditional Chinese)
way, [<OE weg,
road], passage,
course, march,
street, road [<OE
rad], journey,
method, route
[<OFr.], path,
[<OE p *th],
drag (slang),
road, street
11-37
via (8IA), or
viato (8IATV)
Script N357
vias (8IAS),
Script R633;
see note 4) on
mënyrë, as the
Albanian word
for "way" may
refer to the
menhirs that
marked the old
Indo-European
routes
See also
10-95:, trom
(TRVM)
ytªr, [B ytªrye], road
(Tocharian)
hrua, road (Luvian)
harwa, path,
harawa, harwa, a road,
path, plsa, path, road,
campaign, journey,
caravan, occasion, palsa-,
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(KASKAL), path, road,
military campaign, palsas,
#harawa, road, path, road,
campaign, journey,
caravan, occasion,
palsiiahh, to set on the
road, idr, way. (Hittite)
sráidbhaile, village,
chathair, city (Irish)
baile, village, bhaile, city
(Scott)
pentref -i-ydd, village,
hamlet, homestead,
dinas-oedd, city, caer-au
(ceyrydd), wall, rampart
castle, fort, fortress,
fastness, city (Welsh)
villaggio, village, cittþ, city
(Italian)
village, village, ville, city
(French)
dainghu) dah'yun+m
[dah'yu], country
people, region
(Avestan)
dehkade, hamlet,
deh, village, shahr,
= city (Persian)
, sopeli,
village,
,
kalaki, city, town
(Georgian)
grªmaÐ, village, dwelling-place, community,
tribe, race, troop, people, nagaram, puram, city,
town, padra, village; palli, a small village, esp. amahhu, city wall,
a settlement of wild tribes; kheta, a kind of
@ard, town (Hurrian)
village or small town, shield
ru, city, lû, liu,
laju, fem. laj tu,
city dweller,
amumunna, city gate,
adašu, town, lišam,
village by village, each
village, kapru, village
situate in the open
country, farm,
suburban settlement
around a city, region
outside a town,
(Akkadian)
Õ•¥ , vioska,
village, ¨• Ÿ,
horad, city, town
(Belarusian)
selo, village, Grad,
city, town
(Croatian)
wioska, village,
Miasto, city, town
(Polish)
ciems, village,
pils¾ta, city, town
(Latvian)
sat, village,
countryside, ora\,
city, town
(Romanian)
kylä, village,
kaupunki, city, town
(Finnish-Uralic)
Ý‹…‰ø, choriø, village, æø^ê,
pøli, city, town, (Greek)
Ï%ò, gyughy, village,
ñ¼%¼ñò, k°aghak°y, city,
town (Armenian)
fshati, katund,village,
countryside, qytet, city,
town (Albanian)
viculus-i,
village,
urb-bis, walled
city or town,
especially
Rome
herri, town, herrixka, village,
hiri, city, town (Basque)
a little village
[<Lat. villa,
country estate] or
hamlet [<OFr.
hamlet, of Gmc.
origin]; town
, Nagara, town,
,
`ah¾ra, city, town (Gujarati) [<OE tun,
hamlet], city
šeh™r, c™ty, town, köy,
v™llage, country, settlement [<Lat.civitas-atis,
citizenship,
(Turk™sh)
community,
{ ¤ , qala, town, Ô¤Ô,
state]
aw|l|, village (Kazakh)
fastness [<OE
shahar, town, burg, qishloq, faest, fast,
speedy, secure]
village, countryside,
shire, [<OE scÅr]
settlement (Uzbek)
county, urban, of
Á & , šahr, town, city,
or relating to a
Ÿž& , deha, village (Tajik)
Á , šaar, town, ¥ÔÁÊ ¥, city [Lat.
k|štak, village (Kyrgyz)
urbanus], seat, a
¡•Ê¡• , khotkhon, town,
place of
Ê••¨• , tosgon, village
authority, [<ON,
(Mongolian)
s*ti]
, Zh}n, town, ,
Diþnyª, village (Traditional 11-38
Chinese)
VIKiLA
(8IKiLA),
Script R370,
R489, R499
VIKiLAS
(8IKiLAS),
Script R635
See also,
2-35:
kastro
(KASTRV),
Script R13,
R94, R128,
R142, R156,
Z446, Z489,
Z1088, Z1393
2-39:
katrom
(KATRVM),
Script N112,
Q1 (possibly
the number
four)
kuccatªk [B kucatªk],
tower, high house
(Tocharian)
gordum, zordum, a city
(Phrygian)
URU, city, kurtali, citadel
dweller, kurta, town,
hapiria/hapira, hapiriant
, town, place of trade,
happiriya- (URU), town
(Hittite)
jagdh, eating, food, victuals;
ªhªraÐ, aliment, food, nourishment,
poÇa amn, nourishment, jÅvanam, subsistence,
livelihood, maintenance
hvaretha [-], food
(Avestan)
khvarbar, ~ ÿ¬
victuals, food,
alimentation, chorâk,
parvar, nourishment,
ghazâ, ÿ• food,
nourishment, zyst,
life, livelihood,
subsistence, (Persian)
,
metskhoveleoba,
victuals,
,
k’vebis, nourishment,
, pravizija,
victuals,
,
char avannie,
nourishment,
,
srodki da
isnavannia,
livelihood
(Belarusian)
hrana, victuals,
nourishment,
izdržavanje,
livelihood
(Croatian)
artykuøy
, saarsebo spo ywcze,
sashualeba, livelihood victuals, pokarm,
(Georgian)
nourishment,
utrzymanie,
livelihood, ycie,
life (Polish)
še iri, living (Urartian) dieni, victuals,
še ir , living (Hurrian) bar ba, barošana,
nourishment, iztika,
livelihood, dz ve,
life (Latvian)
merinde, alimente,
a du, liquid food
ó
, trófima, victuals,
€ •‚ƒ, thrépsi,
nourishment,
„ … † óV„ … † óV,
bioporismós, livelihood
(Greek)
‡ˆ‰Š‡‹Œ‰•ˆ‰, kerakurner,
victuals, Ž•‹Œ•••, snundy,
nourishment, Š‘‰‹ŒŽ“”
•”–‹—, aprusti mijots’,
livelihood (Armenian)
ushqime, victuals,
nourishment, jetesë,
livelihood (Albanian)
jakiak, victuals, elikadura,
nourishment, bizibidea,
livlihood (Basque)
victus-us,
livlihood,
nourishment
deochanna, victuals,
cothaithe, nourishment, slí
bheatha, livelihood (Irish)
biadh, victuals,
nourishment, beòshlaint,
livelihood (Scott) bwyd,
victuals, maeth,
nourishment, bywoliaeth,
livelihood (Welsh)
vettovaglie, victuals,
nutrimento, nourishment,
mezzi di sussistenza,
livelihood, cibo, alimento,
food (Italian)
victuailles, victuals,
nourriture, nourishment,
moyen de subsistance,
livelihood, aliment,
nourriture, food (French)
living, livelihood
[<OE lifladd],
manner of
life, nourishment
[<Lat. nutrio-ire
and nutrior-iri],
food [<OE foda];
sustenance
[<OFr. sustenir,
to sustain]; board
[<OE bord]
vikito
(8IKIT˜),
Script N676,
N711
11-39
ek, fodder (Tocharian)
edri, food,
sanhua, sanhuna,a food,
tsinail, food stuff, tsowa,
bread, huiszi, huis/hus, to
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served in a dish, aiwa,
food made from
emmer, aš bu, to live,
to reside, stay
somewhere, sit down,
wait, sit idly, mourn,
officiate (of kings,
etc.), populated,
napištu, livelihood,
breath, body, self,
animals counted in a
herd, vitality, vigor,
life, provisions,
sustenance, etc.
(Akkadian)
http://www.maravot.com/Indo-European_Table1F,G.html
victuals, food,
alimenta™ie, hran›,
nourishment, trai,
livlihood
(Romanian)
muona, victuals,
ravinto,
nourishment,
toimeentulo,
livelihood (FinnishUralic)
live (Hittite)
barumand, Ÿ ¡¢£¤
fruitful, khosh, ¥¦§
happy (Persian)
,
naq’opieri, fruitful,
, bednieri,
happy, fortunate
(Georgian)
phalavat, phalin, adj. fruitful, œasyaprada•,
fruitful, fertile, dhanya•, happy, fortunate,
sukhita, adj. joyful, happy; sujivita, a happy
life; modin, adj. rejoicing, pleased, happy
©ª «¬,
pi¨uli, happy (Urartian) plionnuju, fruitful,
pic-o-nni, happy
- © ®,
(Hurrian)
š aslivy, happy
(Belarusian)
plodan, fruitful,
sretan, happy
damqu, dumqu, good (Croatian)
fortune, good luck, to
owocny, fruitful,
prosper, treasure,
szcz¯œliwy, happy
dumuqtu, good luck
(Polish)
friendliness, damiqtu,
augl gs, fruitful,
good relations, good
news, good luck, fame, laim gs, happy
(Latvian)
dam qu, lucky,
propitious, to prosper, roditor, rodnic,
etc., damiqtu, luck,
prolific, fertil,
goodness, good news,
fruitful, fericit,
etc.,
happy (Romanian)
ilu, luck, good fortune, hedelmällinen,
image of a deity,
fruitful, onnellinen,
demon, deity, god, etc.,
happy (Finnishpesû, to be happy,
Uralic)
adû, to be happy,
rejoice (Akkadian)
sharâb, º»£¼ wine
(Persian)
, ghvino, wine
(Georgian)
madira, wine,
¹sava•, wine. liquor
arazapanatašu,
vineyard keeper,
mutinnu, wine,
abburu, a
qualification of wine,
kar nu, wine,
grapevine, grapes,
kar nu, in b t kar ni,
wine cellar, tavern,
vineyard, kar nu, in
rab kar ni, wine
master, kar nu, in ša
kar nišu, wine
peddler, kar n l nu, a
kind of vine the the
wine made of its fruit
(Akkadian)
, vino, wine
(Belarusian)
vino, wine
(Belarus)
vino, wine
(Croatian)
vino, wine (SerboCroatian)
wino, wine (Polish)
vinas, wine (BalticSudovian)
v ns, wine
(Latvian)
˜IN, wine; ˜IA,
˜IE, the vineyard
(Romanian)
viini, wine
(Finnish-Uralic)
felix-icis,
fruitful;
° … ó V,
feliciter,
karpofóros, ±²
V éfforos fruitfully,
fruitful, ±³ ³´µV, eftychís,
auspiciously,
happy (Greek)
successfuly,
¶ˆ·••Š¸‹‰, beghmnavor,
felicitas-atis,
fruitful, ˆ‰–Š•”‡, yerjanik, happiness, good
happy (Armenian)
luck,
i frytshëm, fruitful, i lumtur, vilicus-i,. a
happy (Albanian)
bailiff, steward,
overseer of an
emankorra, fruitful,
estate
zoriontsu, happy (Basque)
torthúil, fruitful, sásta,
happy (Irish)
measail, fruitful, sona,
happy (Scott)
ffrwythlon, fruitful, fertile,
prolific, fecund, cnydfawr,
cnydiog, fruitful,
productive, hapus, happy
(Welsh)
fruttuoso, fecundo, fruitful,
felice, adj. happy, glad,
lucky, felicitous (Italian)
feliciter, to congratulate
to complement, fructueuse,
fructueux, fruitful
heureuse, heureux, happy
French)
oko, [B oko] fruit, result,
effect (Tocharian)
fruitful [Lat.
fruor, frui,
fructus, and
fruitus, to enjoy],
fertile [<Lat.
fertilis-e]; transf.
lucky [<MDu.
luc], successful;
happy [<ON
happ, fortune,
chance,
occurrence]
usantri/usantrai, bringing
blessings, gains, miianu, to
make (branches) fruitbearing, miantila, fruitful,
mianu, to make vine
branches fruitful, tuskiie/a,
tusk(ie/a), to be happy, to
11-40
entertain onself, to play,
dusk-, to be happy,
rejoice, tuskruant, happy,
glad, tuskrat, happiness,
entertainment, tusknu
(duusganu), dusganu, to
make happy, tuskri,
duskarati,
tuskradr/tuskran,
tuskriadr/tuskrian,
happiness, dusgarauwant-,
happy, joyful, glad assul-,
happiness, salvation,
prosperity, (Hittite)
˜ILiK
(8ILiK),
"overseer"
Script Z489,
Au95
FILiK, Script
TC127, Au95
See Filik
fíon, wine (Irish)
fìon, wine (Scott)
gwin-oedd, wine (Welsh)
vino, wine (Italian)
vin, wine (French)
gwin, wine (Breton)
° †½, krasí, ½¾ V, oínos,
wine (Greek)
¿”•”•, ginin, wine
(Armenian)
verë, wine (Albanian)
, ˜¹'ina, wine
(Gujarati)
Àarap, wÁne (TurkÁsh)
vinum-i, wine
, Àarap, wine
(Kazakh)
vino, wine, vine, cup,
sharob, wine (Uzbek)
 , vino, wine (Tajik)
, Àarap, wine
(kyrgyz)
, dars, wine
(Mongolian)
, PútáojiÃ, wine
(Traditional Chinese)
wine [<Lat.
vinum]
11-41
vin (FIN),
Script Z1397,
TC120 vinum
(8IN˜M),
Script Z47,
Z64, Z164,
Z197, Z272,
Z1073, Z1352
vina (FINA),
Script TC-7
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wiana/i, wina/i, vine
(Luvian)
wiana/i, wina/i, vine,
winia, wian, #wiána,
wiyana-, wiána,
GEŠTIN, wine, winia,
wian, of wine, winiant,
wine diefied (Hittite)
azhish [azhi], snake, a
dragon (Avestan)
f’y, ÆÇÈ» viper, mâr, ÉÊ¡
snake (Persian)
, vepkhvi,
viper,
, gveli,
snake, serpent
(Georgian)
apsi apši , #angu, in
illui-ank, Ësnake of
destruction’
(Hurrian)
asq du, snake, also a
rodent, nir u, a little
snake, mušma u, a
mythical snake,
daÄÅaœuka•, viper, sarpa•, snake, serpent,
vihrut, a snake or worm; arbuda, a snake,
svaja, viper, phani, serpent; ajagara, large
serpent, boa
ru, snake, jug,
ar aru, ar’u,
ulma u, šibbu,
urnu, pu m u, a
snake, allamtu, a
snake, a tree, a plant, a
bird, a black stone,
probably basalt,
kupp , a snake,
eel-like fish, a bird,
kur indu, a snake,
plates of armor, a
hatchet, napp tu, a
snake, šeleppû, snake,
turtle, irtu, female
snake, plant, uršašillu,
a kind of a snake
(Akkadian)
viper, viper, nathair, snake
(Irish)
viper, viper, nathair, snake
(Scott)
gwiber-od, viper, adder;
neidr (nadroedd, nadredd),
snake, adder (Welsh)
vipera, viper, serpente,
snake (Italian)
vipère, viper, serpent,
snake (French)
Ì ¬ , hadziuka,
viper, Í , zmieja,
snake, serpent,
,
asp, asp
(Belarusian)
vuz, vuzaka snake
(Belarus)
poskok, viper,
zmija, snake,
serpent, trepetljika,
asp (Croatian)
mija, viper, adder,
asp, wÎ , snake,
serpent (Polish)
viper, odze, viper,
Ïska, snake,
serpent, asp, asp
(Latvian)
viper›, viper,
Àarpe, snake,
serpent, dragon
(Romanian)
kyykäärme, kyy,
viper, käärme,
snake, serpent,
(Finnish-Uralic)
´ Ð, ochiá, viper, ½Ñ , fídi,
snake, serpent, †…½Ñ ,
aspída, asp (Greek)
¸”‘ˆ‰, viper, viper, ÒÓ•,
odzy, snake, serpent, ŠŽ‘,
asp, asp, ”Ô, izh, viper, asp,
adder, cobra (Armenian)
nëpërkë, viper, gjarpër,
snake, serpent, viper, asp
(Albanian)
suge, snake, serpent, viper
asp, asp (Basque)
viper-ae, viper,
snake
serpens-entis,
serpent,
anguis, snake,
serpent,
, S¹pa, snake, serpent,
, ˜¹'ipara , viper,
, Õspa, asp (Gujarati)
yilan, snake, serpent,
engerek, vÁper, asp, asp
(TurkÁsh)
Ö®© , jõlan, snake,
serpent, viper, ×
,
kökserke, asp (Kazakh)
ilon, snake, serpent, zaharli
katta ilon, serpent, asp, asp
(Uzbek)
Í , mor, snake, serpent,
, asp,
ÂØÙ, vift, viper,
asp (Tajik)
Ö®© , jõlan, snake,
serpent,
Ö®© ,
kara çaar jõlan, viper, ASP,
asp (Kyrgyz)
Í Ì Ú, mogoi, snake,
serpent,
, chono, viper,
«©Â , ulias, asp
(Mongolian)
, Shé, snake, serpent,
, Dúshé, viper,氨,
i¹n dÛng ¹n su¹n,asp
(aspartic acid) (Traditional
Chinese)
viper [<Lat.
vipera, snake],
snake [<OE
snaca], serpent,
{<Lat. serpens]
asp, a small
venemous snake,
[<Gk. aspis]
11-42
viper (8IPER),
Script Q442,
Q481;
(see Note 3)
See also,
ancuis
(ANCFIS)
Script Z10
¹r¨al [B ar¨¹klo], snake
(Tocharian)
iluyanka/elyanku, snake,
serpent, MUŠ, snake
(Hittite)
x
x
x
god ˜irbius,
Hippolytus?
x
god ˜irbius,
Hippolytus?
11-43
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˜ipina
(FIPINA) AT-9
˜ipinas
(FIPINAS),
DD-2, DD-4
See Fipina,
Fipinas
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fear, man, cine daonna,
mankind, briathar, veril
(Irish)
fear, man, mac an duine,
mankind, veril, virile
(Scott)
dyn-ion, man, person,
fellow [n.pl.], folk, folks,
dynolryw, mankind, gwr
(gwyr), !r, husband, man,
veril, viiile (Welsh)
uomo, man, umanit$,
mankind, maschio, virile,
adj.virile, manly (Italian)
homme, man, umanit$,
mankind, viril, manly,
masculin, adj., mascuulin
(French)
vîra [-], viro, man
mashîm
[mashya], man
(Avestan)
mard, Ü£¡ man, manly,
masculine, brave,
husband, kas, ÝÞ
person, man, genitals,
nsan, ßÊ à» man, human
being, mankind,
bashar, £ã¤ mankind,
ådam, æÜê Adam, boy,
mankind, etc., šakhï,
ðñ¼ person, body,
etc. (Persian)
, k’atsi, man,
,
k’atsobrioba, mankind,
,
mamak’atsuri,
masculine (Georgian)
vira, man
©
, alaviek,
man, human,
© ûÙ ,
alaviectva,
mankind, Í«Ö ®,
mužny, manly,
,
pravierka, virile
taršuani, 'aš-e man,
'-s(u)wa, man, human
(Belarusian)
being (Urartian)
muzcyna, man
taržuwa-ni, man,
(Belarus)
person, ta e, taôe ~ tae
ovjek, man,
ta e ~ tae , man,
ovje anstvo,
ta e, ta÷e, taù ,
mankind, muževan,
#ta(h)e, man, male,
manly, virilan,
tur-o´´ , tur-o- e, adj. muški, virile
man, male (Hurrian)
(Croatian)
covek, man (SerboCroatian)
d tu, virility,
czlowiek, man,
manliness, lullû, man, ludzkoœü, mankind,
lummunu-am lu,
m¯ski, manly, virile
unfortunate man,
(Polish)
e l tu, manliness,
cilv ks, man,
manhood, e liš, adv.,
manly, cilv ce,
manly, mu’ ru,
mankind, v rišý gs,
murušû, man, hero,
manly, virile
mutu, man, husband,
warrior, mut tu,
(Latvian)
masculinity, heroism,
om, man, omenire,
position of a husband, mankind, b›rb›tesc,
niš , mankind,
viril, virile
humanbeings, people,
(Romanian)
workmen, etc.,
mies, man,
bibu, mankind (lit.
noisemaker), am l tu, ihmiskunta,
mankind,
mankind, the human
miehekäs, manly,
species, people,
virile (Finnishmit artu, mankind,
totality, širra u, man?, Uralic)
abr tu, epât,
sulilannii, tabr tu,
mankind, urnatu,
synonym for male,
zakru, man, manly,
gardu, describing a
man, zikaru, male,
human and animal,
man, ram, a specific
quality of stones and
plants, cloud
formation, zikr tu,
manliness, heroism,
masculinity
(Akkadian)
bines, binâyi, vision,
negâh kardan, ßÜ£Y \Ê^à
ava-lokayati, to look, see, paœyati, to behold,
locanapatha, path of the eyes, sphere of vision, to look, didan, ߟ Ü to
see,
gasddâshtan, Ÿ`|
lak¨ k@tya, to aim
}•¼»Ü to aim (Persian)
, shekhedva,
to look,
, nakhva,
, hliadzie ,
to look,
,
ba y , to see,
, naceli ,
to aim (Belarusian)
pogledati, to look,
, M¹Äasa, man,
, M¹navaj¹ta,
mankind,
, ˜¹'irala,
virile (Gujarati)
adam, man, person,
Ánsanlõk, mankÁnd (TurkÁsh)
Í Ù,
Í, adam, man,
adamzat, mankind
(Kazakh)
Ð¾Ñ V, ándras, man,
¾€ þ…ó ƒ , anthropótita,
mankind, ¾Ñ … ±…µV,
androprepís, manly, ÿµ€± ,
alítheia, veril (Greek)
•Š‰•, mard, man,
€•‚ƒ„‚…,
mardkut’yun, mankind,
“·Š•Š‰•‡Š•—,
tghamardkants’, manly,
virile (Armenian)
njeri, man, person, human
being, njerëzim, mankind,
burrëror, manly, virile,
burren, mankind (Albanian)
gizon, man, gizadiaren,
mankind, gizontasuna,
masculinity (Basque)
vir, viri, a man
homo-inis,
human being,
man, mortal
mas, maris,
the male,
manly;
masculus-a-um,
male, manly,
bold;
genus-eris,
birth, descent,
origin, race,
stock;
vireo-ere, to be
green, vigorous,
healthy, fresh
kishi, man, insoniyat,
humanity, mankind,
adomzod, mankind,
humankind (Uzbek)
Í
, mardona, man,
Â
 Ù, insonijat,
mankind (Tajik)
Í Ù,
Í, adam, man,
adamzat, mankind
(Kyrgyz)
% & , er kh*n, man, &
Ù× ×© Ù× , kh*n
törölkhtön, mankind
(Mongolian)
man [<OE man],
were-wolf [<OE
were-wulf],
mankind, virile,
[<Lat. virilis],
11-44
, Nánz+, man, ,
Rénlèi, mankind, humanity,
, XÏruò de, virile
(Traditional Chinese)
vir (8IR),
Script Z719
vira (8IRA),
Script
Z1780
viri (8IRI)
PM-5, XD-1
virin (8IRIN),
Script Z748,
Z761,
(Lat. virent,
they are
vigorous,
healthy, etc.),
Note 7:See
also pesnim,
N500, N671,
pesnimu,
(PESNIM˜),
N221, N291,
N320, N333,
N444, N529,
N560, N604,
N638, Q162,
Q173, Q190,
Q192, Q194
pesunt rom
(PES˜NT
R˜M), N700
(peasant
Rome)
s'om, s'aumo, man, ¹täl,
man, male, o=k [B e=kwe],
adult male (Tocharian)
OMNE
(˜MNE), J9-8,
man
Note 8, muski,
meski, The
Assyrians
referred to the
Phrygians as
"Muski"
atla-/atra-: A atr>/atru, D
atli/etli, DLpl. atla, G adj.
A atlahi/etlehi, D atlahi,
DLpl. atlahe, person
(Lycian)
atla-/atra-: D atli, G adj.
atlasi, person (Mylian)
antuhsas, man, human
being,
LÚ, man,
person, pesnas, man, gen.
sing., pesan, pesn. psen,
man, male person, pisnadr/
pisnan, manhood, virility,
male parts, pesnili, manly,
in a manly way, ndohsadr/
ndohsan, mankind,
population, maiantes,
young man, to become a
young man, become young
again, mayandatar,
manhood, dandukessar,
mankind, LÚ.UÁ.LU,
person, tuek/tuk/tueka,
person, body, self, body
parts, limbs, (SAG.DU),
harsan-, person, head,
(Hittite)
x
,
na koitá oume, to look,
€w, vlépo, see,
• ‚ ƒ , na stochévoun,
to aim (Greek)
„…†‡ˆ, nayel, to look,
visio, visere,
visi, visum, to
look at, look
into, see after,
to go to, see,
visit, call upon;
Féach, to look, see, aidhm,
to aim (Irish)
gus coimhead, to look, Faic,
to see, a dh 'amas, to aim
(Scott)
disg‰ylo, to look, e pect,
to look [<OE
locian] look at,
look into,
envision, aim
[<OFr. aesmer, to
guess at],
vis (8IS),
Script
N573
vises (8ISES),
Script BS-19,
BS-24
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‰ait,
anticipate; edrych
(edrychyd), to look, behold,
gaze, inspect, i ‰eld, to see,
i anelu, to aim i ‰eld
(Welsh)
guardare, to look, visione,
vision,
vedere, to see, mirare, to
aim (Italian)
regarder, to look, to allude
to, to refer to, miroir, mirror,
viser, to aim (French)
to see,
,
miznad, to aim
(Georgian)
vidjeti, to see,
usmjeriti, to aim
(Croatian)
patrze , to look,
zobaczy , ‰idzie ,
to see, zmierza to
dag lu, to look at,
aim (Polish)
look on ‰ith
skatŒties, to
indifference, o‰n, to
look,redz•t, to see,
take aim, to ‰ait for, to m•rŽ•t, to aim
attend to, belong to,
(Latvian)
d gilu, looking,
A se uita, to look, a
onlooker, no‰, annu,
vedea, to see, VIS,
see, na lu, to see, to
dream; VIZA, to
have eyesight, to look
look at, s•
on, to ‰itness, etc.,
urm•reasc•, to aim
n ilu, adj., seeing,
(Romanian)
ni lu, look, glance,
katsoa, to look,
gaze, abilty to see,
nähdä, to see,
na‹‹alu, ‰ho keeps
tähdätä, to aim
looking, ana/ina
(Finnish-Uralic)
muhhi, to look to
(Akkadian)
furi, to look (from fur,
see), fŠr-, look, to see,
am-, to look at, to look,
to see (Hurrian)
•‡‘„‡ˆ, tesnel, to see,
„’…•…“”„ •…‘„‡ˆ–—
•…˜…™, npatakin hasnelu
hamar, to aim (Armenian)
te shohesh, to look, të
shikosh, to see,
marr shenjë, to aim
(Albanian)
visio-onis,
seeing, vie‰,
appearance,
notion, idea
begiratu, to look, ikusi, to
see, helburua, to aim
(Basque)
bakmak, to look, see, nš›an
almak, to ašm (Turkšsh)
œ • ž, qara‰, to look, see,
Ÿ œ ¡ œ ¢, maqsat qoyu,
to aim (Kazakh)
qaramoq, to look, see,
‰atch, maqsad qilmoq, to
aim (Uzbek)
£ ¤ ¥ • , nigoh
kardan, to look, Ÿ ¥ ,
¦a maksad, to aim (Tajik)
¥ • , karoo, to look, ¥§•¨¨
¨ ¨ , körüü üçün, to see,
Ÿ ¥ ¡ ¥ žž, maksat
kõluu, to aim (Kyrgyz)
© ª©, khaikh, to look, ¨ ©
«, üzekh gej, to see,
(uzekh, to ‰atch)
(Mongolian)
, Kàn, to look, see, ‰atch,
瞄, Miáozh¬n, to aim,
sight (Traditional Chinese)
English, mirror
[<Lat. mirari, to
‰onder at],
vision, [<Lat.
videre, to see]
visio (8ISIV),
Script N491,
N513, N543,
N573, N590,
N615, N647,
N676, N711
11-45
mamna, to look at, regard
‰ith favor, mana, to see
(Luvian)
mamana, to look at, mna,
to see, anda au(s)-, to look
at, to pay attention to,
suw ye->, look, saguaia,
saguaie/a, to look, see,
sakuw i-, to see, see,
sakuuaie/a, sakuuae, to
see, to look, au-, u-, to look,
to see, au/u, au-, uwa-,
usk-, auszi, (u i), to see,
uh-, au(s)-, to see, au(s)-,
to see, to sustain, feel (Hittite)
bhak-ayati, grasate, to devour, bhojaka, adj.,
eating; valbh, valbhate, to eat, taste; ghas,
ghasti, to devour, s‰allo‰, eat; bharv, bharvati,
to munch, devour; kavalaya, -yati, to s‰allo‰,
devour, kh®dati, khad, khadati, to che‰, bite,
eat, devour, consume, destroy atti, to eat,
µ « • ,
pa¶yra , to devour
(Belarusian)
pro¶drijeti, to
devour, gorge
(Croatian)
po·re , pozerac, to
devour, engorge
(Polish)
at- , to eat (Urartian)
•st, to devour
ak lu, to eat, consume, (Latvian)
a devora, to devour,
pat nu, eat a meal,
consume, engorge
consume, provide a
(Romanian)
meal (Akkadian)
syödä, to devour
(Finnish-Uralic)
ad [-], to eat (Avestan)
ordæn, ¯°±²³´
consume, devour
(Persian)
,
shtantkavs, to devour
(Georgian)
vo (8V), Script
R148
vore (8VRE),
Script R162,
R248
voros
(8VRVS),
Script N428
(Boreas-ae, the
north ‰ind?)
a devour, to devour (Irish)
a 'falbh, to devour (Scott)
i dd‰yn, to devour, difa, to
consume, destroy, devour
(Welsh)
divorare; to devour, eat up
(Italian)
dévorer, to devour,
consume, eat up (French)
¸ ‚¹º»w,
na katavrochthízo, to
consume, devour (Greek)
“–—ˆ •…ˆ, kul tal, to devour,
ingest (Armenian)
për të gllabëruar, to devour
(Albanian)
irentsi, to devour,
kontsumitzeko, to consume
(Basque)
voro-are, to eat
greedily,
s‰allo‰ up,
consume,
devour
, Kh®'Œ l•vu¼, to
devour (Gujarati)
yšyšp bštšrmek, to devour,
bštermek, to fšnšsh,
termšnate (Turkšsh)
« Ÿ ž, jalma‰, to devour,
(Kazakh)
yutmoq, to devour, prey
upon (Uzbek)
©½• , Šrdan, to devour
(Tajik)
«ž¡žž, jutuu, to devour
(Kyrgyz)
£©, zalgikh, to devour
(Mongolian)吞, TŠnshì,
to devour (Traditional
Chinese)
karap/kare/ip,
krab/kre/ib, to devour,
consume, zzi, ezza/ezz,
d->, ed/ad, to eat (Hittite)
See also,
3-151: "eat"
to devour [<Lat.
devoro-are]
see also "eat"
11-46
esi, Script
Z537,
Z918, Z1203,
Z1282, Z1326,
TC38, BT-5,
AN-22
esi ce (ESI
Ce), Script
BT-5
eso (ESV),
Script N74,
Q887, R-1,
R100, R238,
R286, MS14
See also,
11-33: to eat,
to che‰
ves (8ES)
Script Q95,
Q152, Q95,
Q152
vesi (8ESI),
Script
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Z1326
See also,
3-24,
cina, Script,
TC46, N41,
N491, N543,
N573, N598,
N615, N647,
N689, N711,
Q435, Q422,
Q481, PQ-4
cinas, Script
N18, N22,
N47;
cinat, Script
TC57
cine, Script
N139
cini, Script
R447
cino, cinu
(CINV),
Script N53,
N216, N483,
N624, Q84,
Q127, R370,
R447, R607.
R619, Aph-7?
cinos, cinus
(CINVS),
BOI, o en; VOIA,
‰ill (Romanian)
Boi-orum
Boii
Boii-orum,
m. pl. a Celtic
people of north
Italy?
11-47
kha¾¿a, book volume
jeld, °³À volume, cover,
tome (Persian)
†
,
tsÁignis motsuloba,
book volume
(Georgian)
'Ÿ, abjom,
volume, tome,
à 'Ÿ ¥
, Abjom
knihi, book
volume
(Belarusian)
volumen, volume,
tome, svezak
knjiga, book
volume (Croatian)
Tom, volume,
objÄtoÅ ksiÆ·ki,
book volume
(Polish)
s•jums, volume,
tome, instalment,
gr®matas apjoms,
book volume
(Latvian)
VOLUM, volume,
book, size, capacity,
tome, volum de
carte, book volume
(Romanian)
ó Ç, tómos, volume
(Greek)
•…•–™, hator, volume,
tome, șɔ •…•–™Ê, grkÁi
hatory, book volume
(Armenian)
vëllimi i librit, book volume,
tome, volum, book
(Albanian)
volumen-inis, a
scroll, book,
‰reath, fold
liburuaren bolumena, book
volume (Basque)
toirte, leabhar, book volume
(Irish)
leabhar, book volume
(Scott)
cyfaint, volume, cyfrol llyfr,
volume, scroll,
book volume (Welsh)
volume, volume, volume del book?
libro, book volume, tomo,
11-48
tome, volume (Italian)
volume, volume, volume du
livre, book volume, tome,
tome, volume (French)
voi (8VI),
Script R66
voia (8VIA),
Script Q278
Note: "ia"
suffi
indicates a
proper noun,
name
volum
(8VLVM),
K154
volyymi, volume,
teos, tome, opus,
‰riting, kirjan
tilavuus, book
volume (FinnishUralic)
you, plural?
vos
vous (French)
11-49
Fiesole, ancient
Florence?
vos, vus
(8VS),
Script K20,
K68
Vosle
(8VSLE?)
Script K67
11-50
go‰dâl, ÌÍÎÏÐ pit;
kevata, cave, pit, gartaË, ava‹aË hole, garta,
kandak, Ñ°ÒÓ pit,
hollo‰, cave, ditch, grave, a ‰ater-hole pit
trench, chalh, ÔÕÖ× pit,
avata, hole, pit; khana, digging, hollo‰, pit;
hole, crater, trench,
karsu, furro‰, trench, incision; parikha, a ditch cavity, moat, ma'den,
or trench around a to‰n;
¯°²Ø mine, mining,
mineral, ore, pit
(Persian)
Ÿ , jama, pit,
•
Ÿ ,
hornaja jama,
mining pit
(Belarusian)
jama, pit, cave,
den, pothole,
rudarska jama,
Ç, lákkos, pit, fosse,
puddle, •€Ù
xó¸ xÙÇ,
spiliá e óry is, mining cave
(spilia, cave) (Greek)
Ú–‘Ê, pÁvosy, pit, Ú–‘,
pÁvos, pit, hole, trench,
moat,
•…„É…™Û†–—„…܇™…“…„
fossa-ae, pit,
ditch, trench,
metalla putei
abyssi, mining
shaft
pit [<OE pytt},
grave [<OE
voso (8VSV),
poll, pit, seafta
graf], pool [<OE Script R653
mianadóireachta, mining
pol], crater [<Gk.
shaft (Irish)
krater, mi ing
sliochd, pit, cas
mèinnearachd, mining shaft vessel], cave,
(Scott)
[<Lat., cava]<
p‰ll, pit, pool, pond, mine,
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siafft m‰yngloddio, mining
shaft (Welsh)
fosse, pit, ditch, grave,
moat, pozzo di estrazione
mineraria, mining shaft
(pozzo, shaft) (Italian)
fosse, pit, ditch, grave,
fossa, puits minier, mining
shaft (French)
€•, Kh®¿Ý, pit,
€•, Kh®¾ak®ma kh®¿Ý,
mining pit (Gujarati)
, ormos, pit,
,
,
samto ormos, (samto,
mining), mining pit
(Georgian)
abbu, la tu, šuttu,
tultu, pit, iss û, clay
pit, aštu, pit, grave,
hole, ar tu, ditch,
ir tu, ditch, moat,
canal, ar u , ditch,
e cavation, ar u,
ir u, ru, ditch,
moat, narš tu, a ditch,
kiš du, ditch, canal,
river bank, rim of a
pot, neckscarf, etc.,
palgu, irrigation ditch,
canal, ikiš, palgiš, like
a ditch, mi ru, ditch or
small canal, lilu,
ditch or canal, a u,
to make a ditch, to
e cavate, to dredge, to
make an incision,
jarru, pool, pond,
jar u, pond, ‰ater
hole, šatup, pit,
e cavation, ‰ell, soil,
(Akkadian)
mining pit
(rudarska, mining)
(Croatian)
dol, pit, hole, fossa,
bottom, kopalnia,
,ining pit (Polish)
bedre, pit, hole,
hollo‰, ieguves
bedre, mining pit
(ieguve, mining)
(Latvian)
groap•, pit, hollo‰,
grave, pool, groap•
minier•, miining pit
(Romanian)
kuoppa, pit,
pothole, hollo‰,
kaivoskuoppa,
mining pit
(Finnish-Uralic)
çukur, pšt, hole, trench,
havuz, pool, pond, basin,
maden ocaÞõ, mšnšng pšt,
(Turkšsh)
ßãåœ •, ›uñqõr, pit,
ª , basseyn, pool,
¡ ž-¥
, ta‰-ken
biligi, mining shaft
(Kazakh)
chuqur, pit, basseyn, pool,
kon mil, mining shaft
(Uzbek)
¤, coh, pit, mine,
¤ ê , havz,pool, ¥ £
Ÿ î , koni ma'dan,
mining shaft (Tajik)
Ú–‘, hankÁardyunaberakan
pÁvos, mining pit
(Armenian)
gropë e thellë, pit, krater në
hënë, pit, gropë minierash,
mining pit (Albanian)
zulo, pit, putzu, pit, shaft,
meatze hobia, mining pit
(Basque)
å, aï, pit,
ª ,
basseyn, pool, ¥ ê , ken
val, mining shaft (Kyrgyz)
¨©, nükh, pit,
ª ,
bassyein, pool, žž
žž•© ª
Ÿ, uul
uurkhain bosoo am, mining
shaft, (bosoo am, shaft)
(Mongolian)
, K•ng, pit, ,
Shuðchí, pool, pond, basin,
, Kuàngjðng, mining
shaft (Traditional Chinese)
basin, a small
enclosed or
partly enclosed
body of ‰ater,
[<OFr , bacin]
11-51
upa-: N upa, A
upò,/ upu, L upa, tomb
(Lycian)
kärtk®l [B kärkk®lle], pool,
pond, spring (Tocharian)
patesr/patesn, pit, hole in
the ground, e cavation,
breach in ‰all (Hittite)
ya-‹iË, staff, cudgel, club, vetram, cane,
lagu¿aË, cudgel, tottra, a stick for driving
cattle;
dandaka, stick, staff;
22 of 24
µ ¥ , palka, stick,
¥ ª, kij, cane, club,
stick (Belarusian)
bâsgâh, ôÏ× club,
÷tap, stick, batina,
chub, stick, bat, rod,
stick, cudgel, club,
stave (Persian)
rod
(Croatian)
P‡
, jokhi, stick,
, khelkÁetÁi, kij, stick, staff,
palka, stick, baton,
baton (Georgian)
bat, cudgel,
gišginû, a heavy stick
bludgeon (Polish)
used as a ‰eapon, bat
nŠju, stick, bat,
or cudgel?, gilgid nu, staff, rod, club,
bat, giškallu, a strong cane (Latvian)
stick, nam aru, a
b•ø, stick, bat, rod,
‰ooden stick or mace
club, s‰itch,
‰ith stones, s‰ord,
baston, cane, stick,
irru, stake, peg,
rod, baton, ‰alking
u ru, stick, sacred
stick, staff
staff, a u, stick,
(Romanian)
scepter, staff, branch,
tikku, stick, pick,
t‰ig, shelf, rakk bu,
keppi, stick, pole,
bat, plank or tree trunk, cane, rod, staff,
breeder animal, boat
stake (Finnishcre‰, paruššu, staff,
Uralic)
goad, gamlu, hooked
or curved staff, gamliš,
like a hooked or
curved staff, u ru,
sacred staff, stick,
n mettu, seat or
couch, an astronomical
term, impost,
complaint, etc.,
timmu, pole, stake,
column, (Akkadian)
¸ ùº, ravdí, stick, cane,
¸ó€
, rópalo, bat, club,
cudgel (Greek)
, pÁaytik, stick,
…“–—˜ÜÊ, akumby, club
(Armenian)
bastun, stick,cane, club
shkop, rod, bat, staff
(Albanian)
adar, branch, horn,
langileak, staff, ardatz,
shaft, a le, a is, makila,
stick, club, zutoin, pole,
masta, mast, haga, stick, bar,
maza, mace (Basque)
fustis-is, stick,
cudgel, club
bata, stick, maide, staff,
club (Irish)
bata, stick (Scott)
ffon (ffyn, ffoni‰ch, stick,
staff, cudgel; (Welsh)
bastone, stick, fusto, trunk,
stalk, shaft, bar, frame,
barrel (Italian)
füt, stock, fusil, handle,
shaft, barrel bâton, stick
(French)
karke [B kar®k*] small
branch (Tocharian)
tura/i, stick, ‰eapon, tura,
to use stick, ‰eapon
(Luvian)
pa in, stick, tuwarsa, a
rod, a vine, alkistan, a
branch (Hittite)
stick [<OE
sticca], cudgel,
club [<ON
klubba]; to be
thumped, in
English is to be
hit ‰ith a large
club or stick, bat,
baton [<Lat.
bastum, stick]
staves, staff
[<OE stæf]
11-52
vost, vust
(8VST),
Script N63,
Q294, R22,
R80, R135
See also,
3-32::
staff, club,
sceptre:
clab, clav
(CLA8),
Script Z1334,
R542
claf (CLAF),
Script AF-20
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Indo-European Table 1, Etruscan Vocabulary, Etruscan Phrases with Ind...
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vas [-], to wish, desire
(Avestan)
sowgánd,
attestation, oath,
sacrament, swear, vow,
xâstán,
to wish,
hope, intend, etc.,
tabany kardan,
to conspire
(Persian)
,
dap’ireba, to swear,
vow,
,
vusurvo, to wish,
,
shekhedulebisamebr, to
conspire (Georgian)
vrata , vow, pratijñ , promise, icchati, to wish,
desire, upajapati, to conspire
šar-, to wish, demand
(Hurrian)
nad nu, to make a
person take an oath, a
sacrifice, to assign,
etc., adê, n š, to take
an oath, n ašu, oath
(lit. life), *mušazkiru,
oath administrater,
qabû, to take an oath,
recite, confess?, to
enjoin, to tell, ibtu,
oath performed by
touching the breast,
seizure, portion sneeze,
etc., tamitu, oath,
speech, wording,
targagû, a term for
oath, curse (Akkadian)
,
prysiaha , to vow,
€ ,
pažada , to wish,
€ •‚ƒ„ , da
zmovy, to conspire
(Belarusian)
zavjetovati, to vow,
poželjeti, to wish,
zavjeru, to conspire
(Croatian)
przysi…ga , to vow,
†yczy , to wish,
konspirowa , to
conspire (Polish)
verta, a vow
(Baltic-Sudovian)
apsol‡t, to vow,
vˆlˆties, to wish,
sazvˆresties, to
conspire (Latvian)
s‰ judece, to vow, a
dori, to wish, a
conspira, to
conspire
(Romanian)
vannon, to vow,
toivottaa, to wish,
salaliitto, to
conspire (FinnishUralic)
http://www.maravot.com/Indo-European_Table1F,G.html
vow, vow, a dhearbhú, to
vow, a mhian, to wish, chun
dul i gcion, to conspire
(Irish)
bhòt, vow, bóidich to vow,
a mhiann, to wish,
co-fheall, to conspire
(Scott)
vow, vow, addo, addunedu
(adduned), to vow;
diofrydu, to vow, devote,
ban, taboo; tyngu, to swear,
vow, adjure, depose, i
gynllwynio, to conspire
(Welsh)
fare voto, to vow, wish,
fare un giuramento, to take
an oath congiurare, to
conspire (Italian) vouer, to
devote, vow, vouloir, to
want, to wish, to intend, to
re«uire, to need, to try,
conspirer, to conspire;
(French)
Š‹ ƒŒ•Ž••‘“, na orkisteí, to
vow, Š‹ ‘”•–q—, na
efchithó, to wish,
pledge,pray, Š‹
•”Š˜™ƒ•ƒ›Š,na
synomotoún, to conspire
(Greek)
œ•Ÿ œ¡¢£¤, yerdvets’ink’,
to vow, ¡¥£¦¥£¥§,
ts’ankanal, to wish, want,
¨¥©¥¦œ•ª œ§,
hamakerpvel, to conspire
(Armenian)
për të zotuar, to vow,
betohem, to swear, vow, te
uroj, to wish, për të
komplotuar, to conspire
(Albanian)
voveo, vovere,
vovi, votum, to
vow, volo,
velle, volui, to
wish, want, to
be willing, to
will, to
purpose, hold,
maintain
konpartitzeko, to conspire,
zin egin, to take an oath,
swear, vow, botatzea, to vow
(Bas«ue)
Š‹ •Œ“¸˜, na trípso, to rub,
Š‹ ¹º›Š‘Ž, na plýnei, to
wash (Greek)
»£¼œ§, shnch’el, to rub,
§ ¥£½¾©, lvanum, to wash
(Armenian)
të fshij, to rub, fërkoj, rub,
massage, carress, burnish,
për të larë, to wash
(Albanian)
igurtzi, to rub, garbitu, to
wash, clean (Bas«ue)
tese-: L tesi, NApl. tasa,
DLpl. tese, vow,
tes¬ti/teseti, oath, Tesm-mi-;
N Tesm-mi, Oath-god
(Lycian)
uwe/a- (?): 3rd uweti, 1st
pret. Uwaxa, to vow
(Mylian)
to vow [<Lat.
vovere], promise
to a god, pray
for, wish [<OE
wyscan]
11-53
MAM TU, oath, maltessar,
vow, mald-, to swear, to
vow, link-> li(n)k,
linganu, linknu/lenknu,
lenknuto, to swear an
oath,, linkai/lenkai, oath
perjury, linganu-, to make
swear, huek-, huek-, to
swear,
appat(a)riie/a, to take in a
pledge, tarant-, promised,
secure, engaged (Hittite)
mâlidán, ®¯ ° to rub,
shostan, ±² to wash
(Persian)
, rubls, to rub,
, daibanet,
to wash (Georgian)
µ ¶, cierci, to
rub, ‚
, my , to
wash (Belarusian)
trljati, to rub,
ek ku, to scratch,
oprati, to wash
kap ru, to be rubbed, (Croatian)
to clean objects, to
trze , to rub, my ,
smear, etc., kâ u, rub,
to wash (Polish)
to grind?, kad du, rub,
berzt,
to rub,
to make an itch,
kas, kasati, -te, to rub, scratch, rub in, dye;
³an ´u, to rub (said of mazg t, to wash
dhav, dhavati, -te, to rinse, wash, cleanse,
purify, knead, press out, cleanse, rub or anoint, male animals as part of (Latvian)
a freca, to rub,
the sexual act, etc.),
rub off, wash; labh, labhate (-ti & lambhate),
VÂR, I introduce, I
to catch, seize, get, receive, {sama}, rub over, maš , to rub, comb
put in; VREA,
wool,
comb
out
hair,
touch, anoint
etc., lap tu, to rub,
he/she wants,
osbscure, to defeat, to
VÂR·, he/she
touch, etc., muššu’u,
introduces, puts in,
to rub with linaments,
a spala, to wash
*muššu’tu, rubbing
(Romanian)
medication, aš šu,
hieroa, to rub, pestä,
to rub with oil, š ltu,
to wash (Finnishscraper, blade, cutting
Uralic)
edge (Akkadian)
k l (n.a.) [B ak lk], wish,
desire (Tocharian)
voto (8VTV),
Script Q351,
Q908, R413,
R653
vov (8V8),
Script N607,
PL-20, PL-28
frio-ere, to rub,
lavo-are, lavi,
lautum,
lavatum and
lotum, to wash,
bathe, to wet,
soak, wash
away
rub, to rub, a nigh, to wash
(Irish)
a 'snìomh, to rub, gus a
nighe, to wash (Scott)
i rwbio, to rub, i olchi, to
wash (Welsh)
strofinare, to rub,
fra, in, within, between,
among, amid; frizionare, to
rub, lavare, to wash
(Italian)
frotter, to rub, scrape,
scrub, laver, to wash, se
baigner, to bathe (French)
¿¿, jww, to wash,
À Á ¿, õs«õlaw, to rub
(Kazakh) yuvish uchun, to
wash, yuvinmo«, to wash,
lave, atone, ish«alamo«, to
rub (Uzbek)
ÿ Ä Å, Æustan, to wash,
怎, rext, to rub (Tajik)
¿¿, juu, to wash,
Áƒƒ, sõloo, to rub
(Kyrgyz)
See also:
4-115
iro, iru (IRV),
Script
R191, Z61?
3-60:
cona (CVNA),
Script
K55, K124,
XM-2
Kona
(KVNA),
Script Aph-3
conoeri
(CVNVERI),
Script Z755,
M-8
vr (8R) Script
Q899
vra (8RA),
Script N294;
TC179
vre (8RE),
Script R459,
See also,
to rub [<ME
rubben], crumble
[<OE
(ge)crymian],
wash, [<OE,
wacsan],
burnish, to rub,
polish, [<OFr.,
burnir]
11-54
5-26, bathe,
wash:
laues (LAFES)
Script TC120,
VF-4 , L. Subj.
you would
wash, lav ˆs;
lavo, lauo
(LAFV), L,
lavo, I wash, to
wash, Script
AN42,
(appears to be
praise;
however, laus
declines with
laud-),
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Indo-European Table 1, Etruscan Vocabulary, Etruscan Phrases with Ind...
24 of 24
http://www.maravot.com/Indo-European_Table1F,G.html
¿ Ç, ugaakh, to wash,
È ÉÇ, ürekh, to rub
(Mongolian)
, XÊ, to wash,
, C , to rub (Traditional
Chinese)
yar, to bathe, A/B lik-, to
wash (Tocharian)
laos, laus
(LAVS), Script
TC213, SC-1
lavan, lauan
(LAVAN), they
praise, L.
lavant, Script
DN-6
lavtin, lautin
(LAV TiN),
(probably "I
praise Tini, I
praise god,,"
Script K7
Lavo (LAYO),
lavo or lago?
Script AJ-9
peszi, pes/pas, pasihae,
psihae, to rub, to s«ueeze,
to crush, pes, to rub, scrub
with soap, sartiie/a,
sarta/srt, to rub, wipe,
s ezzi, to s«ueeze, rri,
arr/rr, arr/ar, arra/arr,
arriie/a, to wash, arha t. ,
to wash, drive away, uarp,
warpzi, uarpiie/a, warp,
to wash, bathe, warputsi,
bathing article, la(h)un(a)i,
to wash, mesû, to wash
(Akkadian word),
(SEXNAGA), to wash
(Hittite)
x
x
x
x
xii, Roman
numeral 12
x
numeral 12
(See Scripts AN
for several texts
with the age of
the occupants at
death in
"Roman"
numerals.
11-55
XII Script Q11
6/8/2020 7:13 PM
Notes to Indo-European Table Part 11:
(1) The Divination_Lesson.html says, "to Feltune [the great [god] of thunder] they fortell the way of life of
Tarquin, i.e., Tarkonos (Tarkvnvs) RAR LaR (rare or unique of the god )." The subscript
above the head of the augur says, "He fears (pava) the Tarquins (Tarkie). Thus, Script DL-1,
ocern, they fortell; See also Script N, "okri per visio," he prophesied by the vision / the appearance.
(2) Uni attended the birth of Apollo. On the Volterra Mirror you can see her suckling Heracles. Script AH, is
at that site.
(3) Click here on the Tuchulcha.html to view the Etruscan god of terror, Tuchulcha. He appears to be the
name Treviper (three viper) in the Tavola Eugubena, Script Q. As one can see, out of his head come two
snakes and he threatens the shade of Theseus (These) with a third snake.
(4) The word "gur" in Albanian in the context of a sign or omen is interesting, since "gur" also means "rock"
in Indo-European and probably has surfaced as "kir" or "caere" in names such as Caereleon in Britain.
"Kir" is also a Semetic term for a city (fortified, hill-top town). Early settlements were atop defendable rises
and rock ridges. I am reminded also of the menhir, a megalithic stone pillar often set over and around
mounds and also used as a roadsign, as it were, to mark boundaries and roads. Using a rock, a gur, as a sign
to mark off a place is very Indo-European, from Europe through the Russian steppes to Asia.
(5) The Hittite god, Teshub, must have some affinity to the word "tesha"; Divinations among the Romans
were accomplished via three principal methods: examination of animal or human entrails, lightning, and the
flight of birds. Dreams would also have been a source of divination. Ancient and primitive peoples around the
world have placed high emphasis on dream interpretation (as we do today, thanks to Freud), and perhaps to
some degree the other methods.
(6) Ais, used frequently in the Zagreb Mummy text may be "mouth" based upon the Sanskrit and Hittite
correlation. While Latin "os" may be a bone or mouth in Latin, in the other languages there is a marked
distinction between the two words, and "ais" may be "mouth," in Etruscan. I thought it was Latin "aes,
aeris," copper or bronze, but it may be "mouth" and would appear to be so since the Egyptian texts spend so
much with the "opening of the mouth," to which this word and its associated text may apply.
7. Hittite pesnas>, Pesn. Pisenm, man, male person: See Etruscan PESNIM, PESNIMV. The Etruscan word
appears to be used as an address, i.e. as in English speeches, "my fellow men," or "gentlemen..."
8. muski, meski, Curiously, the Assyrians referred to the Phrygians as "Muski." (See
Assyrian Catalogue of Anatolian Cities and Leaders," by Mel Copeland, academia.eu.
Please beam me back to Indo-European_Table 1
Please beam me back to Etruscan_Phrases
Launched 3.02.04
Updated: 3.04.04; 3.07.04; 3.13.04; 3.15.04; 3.28.04; 3.30.04; 3.31.04; 4.01.04; 4.04.04; 4.13.04; 4.21.04; 4.30.04;
5.14.04; 6.06.04; 6.25.04; 7.11.04; 7.14.04; 9.23.04; 5.14.05; 2.23.06; 5.11.06; 6.04.06; 7.22.06; 12.13.09; 10.19.11;
08.02.18; 8.21.19; 06.08.2020
Copyright © 1981-2020 Maravot. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 1981-2020 Mel Copeland. All rights reserved.
Indo-European Table 1, Etruscan Vocabulary, Etruscan Phrases with Ind...
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08.20.19 Etruscan etymological relationships to other Indo-European languages; Proto-Indo-European (PIE):
Etruscan_Phrases
Indo-European Table 1, Part 11
by Mel Copeland
(from a work published in 1981)
Table 1 Index
(Recommend opening this page to facilitate navigation through Table 1)
Table 1, section 1G: Indo-European words as they relate to Etruscan. Notes: *Armenian W = West Armemenian.
Sanskrit
Avestan, Persian,
Georgian, Hurrian,
Akkadian
v ham, ata kim, yes, evam, just so
zî, indeed (Avestan)
bale, yes
(Persian)
,
diakh, yes
(Georgian)
Slavic, Baltic,
Romanian,
Finnish-Uralic
Greek, Armenian, Albanian,
Basque
, dy, yes
(Belarusian)
da, yes (Croatian)
tak, yes (Polish)
j , yes (Latvian)
da, yes (Romanian)
kyllä, yes (FinnishUralic)
, nai, yes (Greek)
, ayo, yes (Armenian)
po, yes (Albanian)
€ •‚, zakapaƒ,
to bury, € „ … ††‡,
pachavannie,
funeral (Belarusian)
pokopati, to bury,
pogreb, funeral
(Croatian)
pochowaƒ, to bury,
pogrzeb, funeral
(Polish)
ˆ‰Š‹ , a thápsei, to bury,
Œ•Ž‹• , kideía, funeral
(Greek)
• ‘“”, t’aghel, to bury,
• –‘ —˜ ™ — –• –š,
hugharkavorut’yun, funeral
(Armenian)
për të varrosur, to bury,
ceremonia e funeralit,
funeral ceremony, varrimi,
bai, yes (Basque)
Latin
Other
ita (ese), etiam,
yes,
certus-a-um,
settled
yes, yes (Irish)
tha, yes (Scot)
ie, yes (Welsh)
sì, yes (Italian)
oui, oc (S. Fr.), yes (French)
English
yes [<OE gese],
aye [< I, or ON,
ei], yes, aye, aye.
11-1
anda imma, indeed
(Hittite)
anna, anni, annû,
yes, indeed, ikkitti,
yes, in truth, ibašši,
yes, possibly, there,
j jaja, expressing
acceptance of an
order (Akkadian)
ni-khanati, to inter a corpse, antye a , funeral
dafn kardan,
to bury, dari,
funeral
(Persian)
,
damarkhva, to bury,
,
dak’rdzalva, funeral
(Georgian)
qeb ru, to bury the
dead, to bury
objects, to cover up,
humo-are, to
perform funeral
rites or bury;
omen-inis, an
omen, sign,
prognostication,
ominor-ari, to
presage,
prophesy,
predict
a adhlacadh, to bury,
sochraide, funeral (Irish)
gus adhlacadh, to bury,
tiodhlacadh, funeral (Scott)
i gladdu, to bury, angladd,
funeral (Welsh)
seppellire, to bury, funerale,
funeral (Italian)
enterrer, to bury, funérailles,
funeral (French)
to bury [<OE
byrgan], funeral,
[<Lat. funus]
burial, cremation
ceremony, inter,
[<Med. Lat.
interrare], grave,
[<OE gra æf]
11-2
Etruscan
uk, ok (VK),
Script Z817,
Z826, Z1789
Context: Z817
RE VK SINA
CAFER
SVS LEFA Ce
"These
matters, yes,
indeed, she
would permit
(L. Conj.3rd
Pers. Single
sinat), to draw
out (It. cavare)
the double (It.
m. sosia) she
lifts up (L.
levo-are, Ind.
Pres. 3rd Pers.
single levat)
here
Z826: RE VK
SINE TI.
RAMVER.
FINVM
ACILaR
AME "These
matters, Yes,
she will permit
to you; to
leave behind
(L.
remoror-ari)
the wine (L.
vinum-i) of
Aquilar she
would love (L.
amo-are, Conj.
Pres. 3rd Pers.
Single amet)"
Z1789 VK
TIRVR: "Yes,
I am used up
(L t ro, Pas.
Ind. Pres. 1st
Pers. Single
'teror')
um, om (VM),
Script Q754 "I
bury"
uma, oma,
(VMA), Script
Q534, Q661,
Q726, humat,
"he buries"
umai omai,
(VMAI),
Script S30
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Indo-European Table 1, Etruscan Vocabulary, Etruscan Phrases with Ind...
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hide, to roll up in a
cloth or reed mat in
preparation for
burial, to roll up,
tem ru, to bury, to
conceal, to be
sunken, to be buried
(Akkadian)
ekas, one, ekI kR, to unite, become one; yu,
yauti, yute, yuvati,te, to fasten, hold, bind,
harness, join, unite, yunakti or yoja- yati, saœ-, yek, •žŸ one,
mottahed shodad,
-, to unite, yuga , yugam, to yoke
¡ ¢£¤ to unite
(Persian)
, erti, one,
,
gaertianeba, to
unite,
,
bat’ono, yoke
(Georgian)
¥ukki, ¥ukko, one
(Hurian/Urartian)
aha aha,
one-by-one, išt n,
one, unique,
outstanding, first,
for the first time,
em du, to join
together, unite, etc.,
išt niš, jointly, as
one group, išt štu,
one, once, at the
first time, first,
išt ššu, once, one
time, firstly,
dišam, one-by-one,
individually, išt nâ,
one-by-one, one
apiece, once, singly,
išt ššu, adv., one
time, once, firstly,
išt nutu, once, for
the first time, ullu,
yoke, n ru,
crosspiece,
domination, rule,
aprakt, to bury,
b res, funeral
(Latvian)
a îngropa, to bury,
înmormântare,
funeral, funeralii,
funeral (Romanian)
haudata, to bury,
hautajaiset, funeral
(Finnish-Uralic)
¦†, adzin, one,
§'¨ † •‚,
abjadnaƒ, to unite,
¨©ª«, jarmo, yoke
(Belarusian)
jedan, one,
ujediniti se, to
unite, jaram, yoke
(Croatian)
jeden, one,
zjednoczyƒ, to
unite, jarzmo, yoke
(Polish)
vienas, one (BalticLithuanian)
vienu, one,
apvienoties, to
unite, j¬gs, yoke
(Latvian)
UN, UNA, UNU,
one, f., UNELE, the
ones; a uni, to unite,
UNIM, we unite,
we put together,
UNIT-, united, jug,
yoke (Romanian)
yksi, one, yhdistyä,
to unite, ies, yoke
(Finnish-Uralic)
http://www.maravot.com/Indo-European_Table1F,G.html
funeral (Albanian)
lurperartu, ehortzi, to bury,
hileta, funeral (Basque)
® ¯, énas, énaone,
‹ °±‹ , na enósei, to
unite, Ž‹² «³‹´ • ,
dexiotechnía, skill,
craftsmanship, µ¶·ó¯, zygós,
yoke (Greek)
¸“˜¹, meky, one, ¸º ™ —“”,
miavorel, to unite, ”»º, ltsi,
yoke (Armenian)
një, one, për t'u bashkuar, to
unite,
shilar, yoke (Albanian)
bat, one, elkartu, to unite,
batu, to unite, connect, pick,
uztarria, yoke, uzteko, to
yoke (Basque)
për t'u bashkuar
(probably a
name noted by
"ai"suffix, as
in AECAI,
Aesacus,
Elinai, Helen
of Troy)
ume, ome
(VME), Script
Z92, Q512,
humet. "he
would bury"
umen, omen
(VMEN)
Script R381,
R554 "omen"
umis, omis
(VMIS) Script
BT-14 (L.
Conj. Pres.
2nd Pers.
single hum s,
"you could be
buried]?"):
Context:
BT-9: TEIS :
RVIS :
RVTaS SS V
[Translation:
for, to, by the
gods (L. deus
divus, Dat.,
Abl. pl. deis)
of the kings
(L. Fr. roi, m.
L. rex, regis)
you brandish,
swing, whirl
around [your
weapon] " (L.
roto-are, Ind.
Pres. 2nd Pers.
single rotas)
SS; O VMIS,
L. Ind. Pres.
2nd Pers.
single hum s,
"you could be
buried"]
BT-14 ›
VMIS (end of
text, blank
space)
ukturi, cremation site,
constant, steady, firm,
eternal, adj. (Hittite)
unnus-a-um,
genit., unius,
dat. uni, one
only one, one
and the same,
any one; una, in
one together
texo - texere,
texui, textum,
to plait, to
weave, to put
together;
coniungo
-iungere
iunsi -iuntum,
to unite;
iugum-i, yoke,
collar; iugo-are,
to bind together
amháin, aon, one, le chéile,
to unite, cuing, yoke (Irish)
aon, one, gus a thighinn
còmhla, to unite, cuing,
yoke (Scott)
un-au, one, i unoi uno, to
unite, ieuo (ieu-), to yoke,
yog, yoke (Welsh)
uno [m], una [f], one; unire,
to unite, giogo, yoke
(Italian);
un, une, indef. art., one,
unir, to unite,
joug, yoke (French)
yuk, yoke (Gothic)
tsin¼tsin , one, on one
hand or the other (Luvian)
si, sia, siela, haika, one,
number one, * s, one,
trup, unite, collect, to plaid
together; (midd.) to collect
oneself, to be finished,
taks, unify, to devise,
iukan, a yoke, yug/yuga,
yoke, pair, ishaur, yoke,
plow (Hittite)
one [<OE an]
unite, LLat.
unire], yoke
[<OE geoc]
11-3
un (VN), Nom.
Single "unus"
Script Z54,
Z206, Z913,
Z1057, Z1586,
Z1607, Z1623,
N670, N700,
J29, Au86,
AF-1, AN49,
PO-13?
unas (VNAS),
L. Acc. f. pl.
Script PA-16
une (VNE),
Script
Z851, Q194,
Q452
unias
(VNIAS),
Script Au86
Gen. Single
"unius"
uno (VNV),
Script
R270, R286;,
Abl. single M.
unem (VNEM)
Script L-57,
Voc., Acc. N.
pl.?.
unum
(VNVM), Acc.
M., N. Single
Script Z446 ½
See
numbers
unitia
(FNITIA)
Script M67
IOC (IYC),
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part of a door, of a
loom, (part of the
liver, probably the
omasal impression),
a part of the lung, a
constellation, n ru,
in ša mu i n ri,
yoke ornament
(Akkadian)
limpati, to anoint, besmear
x
Script AE6
IOCE (IVCE)
Script, N476,
Q53, Q167,
Q214, Q243,
Q416, R258
IOCES
(IVCES),
Script N718
IOCI (IVCI)
Script AE-6,
N-1, N357,
N476, N692,
K39
YVCI, SCript
M93
IOCIE
(IVCIE),
Script N435,
N513, N650,
R270, R286,
R394, R505,
K150IOCIPa
(IVCIPa),
Script R310
IOCO (IVCV),
Script K36,
Q225
IOKA
(IVKA), Script
N505, N563
mâlidán, ¾¿ ¤ to
anoint, smear
(Persian)
,
sulit, to anoint,
, natskhis, to
smear (Georgian)
€ ª •‚,
pamazaƒ, to anoint,
ª •‚, mazaƒ, to
smear (Belarusian)
pomiriti, to anoint,
razmazati, to smear
(Croatian)
paš šu, to anoint
namaÀciƒ, to anoint,
oneself, to be
anointed, to smear,
rozmazaƒ, to smear
paššu, adj.,
(Polish)
anointed, râku, to
svaidÁt, to anoint,
smear, to knead?,
lai uztriepes, to
kap ru, to smear on smear (Latvian)
paint or liquid, to
s ungi, to anoint,
wipe off, to clean
UNS, to anoint;
objects, to rub, to
UNGE, he/she
purify magically,
anoints, la frotiu, to
etc., (Akkadian)
smear (Romanian)
voitelemaan, to
anoint, kuolla, to
smear (FinnishUralic)
x
x
x ´Ã•±«¶ , na chrísoun, to
anoint, ‹Ä Å‹• «¶Å‹, na
epimeínoume, to smear,
alinein, to anoint, to smear,
Ä ± Æ‹•ÇÈ, pasaleífo,
smear (Greek)
É»“”, otsel, to anoint,
Ê Ë“”, khabel, to smear
(Armenian)
për të vajosur, to anoint, për
të shpifurpër, to smear
(Albanian)
ungo [unguo]
ungere
anoint, [<Lat.
inunguere]
besmear [<OE
smerian]
11-4
Juno, consort of x
Jupiter
Uni, goddess
childbirth,
consort of Tini
(Zeus, Jupiter)
11-5
x
x
x
x
unce (VNCE)
Script AN-33
sakniie/a, to anoint, hlina?
to anoint, clay, isgae,
iskie/a, to smear (Hittite)
anoint?, lohitu, orban, to
smear (Basque)
ÌÃ , Íra, Hera, consort of
Zeus; Eileithyia, goddes of
childbirth; also mother of
Eros
a anoint, to anoint, chun
smearaidh, to smear (Irish)
gu ungadh, to anoint, gus
smear, to smear (Scott)
i eneinio, to anoint, i
chwistrellu, to smear
(Welsh)
ungere, to anoint,
macchiare, to smear
(Italian)
oindre, to anoint, enduire,
maculer to smear (French)
usus-us,
application,
practice,
exercise
Euxinus-a-um,
the Black Sea
x
application,
practice,
exercise?
unknown word
TBD
Uni (VNI),
Script
Z1654, TC171,
N173, N435,
J25,
AH-7, PL-31½
Note 2)
Unia (VNIA)
Script Au13,
AH-7, Aph-3
USuS (Script
XB-26
11-6
anusanda-, to enquire, consider
chetor, ÎÏÐÑ how
(Persian)
! rogor!,
how! (Georgian)
inu-, unu-, conj.
how, (Hurrian)
akk ’i, how?, k ?
how, adv., kiam,
adv., how, thus, in
this manner, tuma,
conj.?, how
(Akkadian)
x¨ !, jak?, how!
(Belarusian)
kako?, how!
(Croatian)
wjaki sposób!, how!
(Polish)
k ?, how! (Latvian)
cum?, how!
(Romanian)
millä tavalla!, how!
(Finnish-Uralic)
xÄȯ! pos!, how! (Greek)
ºšÒÓ“Ô, inch’pes: how!
(Armenian)
se si!, how! (Albanian)
nola!, how (Basque)
ut
conas!, how? cibé bealach,
in whatever way (Irish)
ciamar? how! (Scott)
sut? how! (Welsh)
come? how! (Italian)
comment? how! (French)
how! [<OE h¬]
In whatever way
ut (VT) Script
V-10
11-7
kos-ne (conj.), how, how
much, as much (Tocharian)
m hhan, how, kmme/i,
kmmet(i), however many
(Hittite)
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x
x
karoti, to do, karman, to act
sâkhtan, £Õ Ö to
make (Persian)
x
http://www.maravot.com/Indo-European_Table1F,G.html
x
utor, uti, usus
x
xdz ‰´ ‹ , ftiáchnei, he
makes (Greek)
š ˜ Ù — –¸ Ú
na katarum e, he makes
(Armenian)
ai bën, he makes (Albanian)
facio-facerefeci-factum, to
make
Déanann sé, he makes
(Irish)
employ, to use,
enjoy;
possibly the
name Otin,
Oden; Unknown
word; TBD
utas (FTAS)
Script FB-5
utin (FTYN)
Script XB-4,
XB-16
11-8
bhidyate, to vary, differ, vihara,
transposition, change vairI bhU, to change into
hatred; vikArin, adj., producing or
undergoing a change, changing into, gacchati,
going
׆ ©«§¦•‚, jon
robiƒ, he makes
(Belarusian)
,
on pravi, he makes
is ak’etebs, he makes (Croatian)
(Georgian)
On sprawia, he
makes (Polish)
du-, tan- to make, to viإ taisa, he makes
do, zad-(u-), to
(Latvian)
make, to do, to
el face, he makes,
build, u/or-, to
F-!, make!, do!
make, to work
(Romanian)
(Urartian)
hän tekee, he makes
ep šu, to do or act, (Finnish-Uralic)
kalû, to do
something without
ceasing, to block
progress, etc.,
ma û, to do what
one wants, to
amount to, to be
sufficient for, to
provide sufficient
help, to make
suffice, etc.,
(Akkadian)
jasaiti, to be going
(Avestan)
degargun kardan,
gardânidan, to
vary, raftan, £ Î to
go (Persian)
,
ganskhvavdeba, to
vary,
, is
midis, he goes
(Georgian)
… ©'¦© … •‚,
varjiravaƒ, to vary,
׆ ¦ ‡, jon idzie,
he goes
(Belarusian)
da se razlikuju, to
vary, on ide, he
goes (Croatian)
róÝniƒ siÞ, to vary,
on idzie, he goes
(Polish)
mainÁties, to vary,
viإ iet, he goes
ul-, u/ol- to go, to
(Latvian)
start going
a diversifica, to
(Urartian)
Üab-an-, to go, itt-,
vary, el merge, he
to go (Hurrian)
goes (Romanian)
vaihdella, to vary,
atalluku, italluku,
hän menee, he goes
to go, walk about, to
(Finnish-Uralic)
live, act, be in
tha e a 'dèanamh, he makes
(Scott)
mae'n gwneud, he makes
(Welsh)
lui fa, he makes (Italian)
il fait, he makes (French)
egin, to make, do, commit
(Basque)
poikillo, diafero, vary;
allagi, allasso, metaballo,
change, Ä ‹ , paei, he goes
(Greek)
Ù —Ë“— Ú, tarber e to vary,
š ßš –¸ Ú, na gnum e, he
goes (Armenian)
ndryshon, ndryshoj, to vary,
ai shkon, he goes
(Albanian)
vario-are, to
vary, change,
vadit, he goes<
eo, ire, ivi and
ii, itum, to go
aldatu, to vary, joan, to go
(basque)
gao [-], cattle
(Avestan)
mâdegâv, gâv, ã å
cow, gav nr, ç ã å
bull (Persian)
, dzrokha,
cow,
, khari,
bull, ox (Georgian)
gava, bull, cow;
gotva, state or
nature of a cow, và a , bull, go, và a , ox, cow
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ar u, m rtu, cow,
abkigu, poetic term
for cow,
*umm natu, adult
cow, heifer, alpu,
bull ox, beef, alpu,
cattle shed, arki
alp , ox driver,
alpu-a, bull
sacrifice, to
sacrifice, kullizu,
ox driver, leading
ox, ox used for
plowing, kulliz tu,
work of an ox
driver, m ru, young
bull, rimu, wild
bull, r mtu, wild
cow, r m niš, like a
wild bull, apasû,
an exotic bovine,
alû, bull, as a
mythological being,
aladlammû, bull
colossus with
human head,
fa (FA) Script
AF-16
11-9
iya->, ie/a, issa/issto, to
make, to do, #annijazi, he
makes, he does (Hittite)
motion (Akkadian)
©«… , karova,
cow, § , byk,
bull, …«ê, vol, ox
(Belarusian)
krava, cow, bik,
bull, vol, ox
(Croatian)
krowa, cow, byk,
bulla, bull, wóø, ox
(Polish)
govs, cow, bullis,
bull, v rsis, ox
(Latvian)
vacÂ, cow; VACI,
cows, Taur, bull,
bou, ox
(Romanian)
lehmä, cow, sonni,
bull, härkä, ox
(Finnish-Uralic)
he makes, to
make, [<OE
macian] to do
[<OE dÛn]
·‹Æ‰Ž , ageláda, cow,
³ ïë¯, távros, bull, ðóŽ ,
vódi, bodi, ox (Greek)
˜ ™˜ ™m, kov,
cow, ñ –”, ts’ul, bull, Ô ß¹,
sagy, ox (Armenian)
lopë, cow, bulë, bull, dem,
bull, ox (Albanian)
behi, cow, zezen. bull, idi,
ox, ganadu, cattle (Basque)
a athrú, to vary, téann sé, he
goes (Irish)
gus atharrachadh, to vary,
tha e a 'dol, he goes (Scott)
amrywio, to vary,
differ, fluctuate,
mae'n mynd, he goes
(Welsh)
variare, to vary, lui va, he
goes (Italian)
varier, to vary, il va, he
goes (French)
to vary [<Lat.
vario-are],
diversify [<Lat.
diverto (divorto)
vertere -verti
versum, to
change, differ]
va (VA), Script
change [<lat.
Z455, Z1397,
cambiare], alter; N582
third person
sing.,
tmeomn, different, strange, to go, [<OE g n],
belonging to someone else, he goes,
tameummes, tmeomes, to
become different,
11-9
i, ie/a, to go, p i->, paii/pai,
pi/pai, pae, to go past, to
pass, ske/a, going, to be
gomg (Hittite)
bó, cow, tarbh, bull, damh,
ox (Irish)
bò, cow, tarbh, bull, damh,
ox (Scott)
buwch (buchod), cow, taw,
tawr, bull, och, ox (Welsh)
mucca, vacca, cow, Toro,
bull, bue, ox (Italian)
vache, cow, beef, taureau,
bull, bôuf, ox (French)
vaccae-ae, cow,
taurus-i, bull,
bos, bovis, ox,
bullock, cow
öküz, ox (Turkõsh)
ko, [B Ke], keu, [B ko]
cow, kowi (adj.) [B
kewiye], of a cow, kayur
[B kauur e], bull, opäs*[B
okso], ox (Tocharian)
cow [<OE cu);
cattle [<Med
Lat. capitale,
property], bull,
[<ON boli]<
bovine, [<Lat.
bos], ox [<OE,
oxa]
vaca (8ACA)
Script CP-36
vace (8ACE),
Z500
vaci (8ACI)
Script Z500)
11-10
buqa, ox (Uighur-Turkic)
wawa/ uwa, cow (Lycian)
wawa/i, cow (Luvian)
wawa, a bull, prtshanasi,
supl(a) cattle, GU÷, kuau,
cow, kuauli, like a cow
(Hittite)
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gum u, a choice
bull, quma u,
cattle, qannu, cattle
pen, gugallu, bull of
extraordinary size,
elû, bull of heaven,
pu ru, a
qualification of
bulls, raš šu, cattle
herd, alap šadê,
mountain ox, alap
n ri, river ox,
foreign animal, alap
mê, water ox,
alap n ri, one yoke
ox,
re’û, to tend cattle,
sheep, other
animals, to pasture,
to graze, shepherd,
etc. (Akkadian)
âvâre budan, Îùãù
Ï to wander
(Persian)
, ikheven, to
wander (Georgian)
at, atati, -te, to walk about, wander, run;
bhram, bhramati, to wander, roam, stroll, fly
about; go astray, be perplexed or mistaken; car,
carati (-te), to move, go drive, walk, roam,
wonder through
or along
upatyak , droþÁ, valley, vale, glenn, nipAda,
low ground, valley; nivat, depth, valley
dâlu, wander
aimlessly, to prowl,
wander about in
despair, move
unnaturally, move
with indifference,
nag šu, to go away,
to leave, to run
about, to rove,
stroll, rap du, to
wander, to roam, to
cause to roam, to
run, run around, to
vex, šar bu, to
wander about
(Akkadian)
darre, Î valley
(Persian)
, kheoba,
valley, ravine,
gorge, canyon
(Georgian)
amqu, valley
(Akkadian)
sustha or svastha, well, tejasvin, vigorous,
zavareca [zavare],
strength, vigor
(Avestan)
khub, ÿÏÕ well,
zu$%mænd, ¤Îã
vigorous (Persian)
, k’argad,
well,
,
energiuli, vigorous
(Georgian)
nir-, nÁr-, niri, nîri,
to be good, fa&r-,
faÜri, faÜr(i)-to be
good, beautiful,
nir=i=¥¥e, goodness
(Hurrian)
*dumqi¥, well, adv.,
dumqu, well-being,
treasure, favor,
grace, fame,
emamu, strong,
adallu, gabru, ga¥ru,
Üu¥ua, adj., strong,
a¥ u, strong, hard,
difficult, alru, datnu,
strong, heroic,
itpuqu, strong, solid,
dan nu, to become
strong, increase,
etc., thick, heavy,
kab ru (Akkadian)
bhrAnta, adj., roaming, roamed, perplexed,
confused, mistaken; mistake, error; bhram,
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… † © … •‚,
vandravaƒ, to
wander (Belarusian)
lutati, to wander
(Croatian)
wedrowac, to
wander (Polish)
klaiØot, to wander
(Latvian)
a se intreba, to
wander (Romanian)
vaeltaa, to wander
(Finnish-Uralic)
ꦆ , dalina,
valley (Belarusian)
dolina, valley
(Croatian)
dolina, valley
(Polish)
ielej , valley
(Latvian)
VALE, valley
(Romanian)
laakso, valley
(Finnish-Uralic)
Ä‹Ã ÄÆ •ˆ«ïÅ‹,
na periplanithoúme, to
wander (Greek)
• û ý“”, t’ap’arrel, to
wander (Armenian)
për të endur, to wander
(Albanian)
ibiltzea, to wander (Basque)
Œ« ƉŽ , koiláda, valley
(Greek)
• ™ºÙ, hovit, valley
(Armenian)
luginë, lugajë, valley
(Albanian)
valles-is
bailara, ibar, valley (Basque)
«§© , dobra, well, \ Ɖ, Kalá, well,
§ ש , badziory, ±ˆ‹ Ãó¯, sthenarós,
vigorous
vigorous, ‹ ‹Ã·•³ Œó¯,
(Belarusian)
energitikós (Greek)
dobro, well, sna+an,
, lav, well,
,
vigorous (Croatian) uzhegh, vigorous
dobrze, well
(Armenian)
energiczny,
mirë, well, energjik,
vigorous (Polish)
vigorous (Albanian)
labi, well,
ener@isks, vigorous
(Latvian)
bine, well, viguros, ondo egoteko, to be well,
kementsu, vigorous (Basque)
vigorous
(Romanian)
hyvin, well,
voimakas, vigorous
(Finnish-Uralic)
€ …¦†‡, pa vinie, to
aiwi-druzhaiti [aiwi- fault, € ª †… •‚,
vagor-ari, to
wander;
vagio-ire, to
whimper
chun wander,? to wander
(Irish)
gus a dhol fodha,?, gus
coiseachd, to wander (Scott)
i grwydro, crwydro, to
wander, stray, roam, digress
(Welsh)
vagare, girovagare, to
wander (Italian)
errer, s'agarer, vaguer,
divaguer, to wander
(French)
gleann, valley (Irish)
gleann, valley (Scott)
cwm (cymau,
cymoedd), glyn
-noedd, dyffryn, valley,
dale, dell, glen, dingle
(Welsh)
vallata, valle, valley
(Italian)
vallée, valley, val, vale, dell
(French)
to wander [<OE
wadrian],
ramble, rove?
roam [<OE
romen],
whimper?
See fak, fakir
11-11
vakos te, vakus
te
(8AKVS) Te,
Script Q899
vacorent
(8ACVRENT)
Script N349
vage (8AbE),
Script Q84
vago (8AbV)
Script Q209
valley [<Lat.
valles-is], glen,
[<OIr. glend],
vale, dale [<OE
dôl]
val (8AL),
Script
K79
valas (8ALAS)
Script K65
well, [<OE wel]
to be strong,
vigorous, [<Lat.]
energetic [<Gk.
energ tikos]
valsti
(8ALSTI)
Script K79
xbade-, river valley
(Milian)
valeo, valere,
valuisti, well, to
be strong,
vigorous,
bene, adv. well
fallo, fallere,
fefelli, falsum
maith, well, bríomhar,
vigorous (Irish)
gu math, well, èibhinn,
vigorous (Scott)
yn dda, well, yn egn^ol,
vigorous (Welsh)
bene, well, vigoroso,
vigorous (Italian)
bien, well, vigoureux,
vigorous (French)
kuÀal [B kuÀal], good,
salutary (Tocharian)
inaraur, strength, inara,
vigor, lazzies, latsiur, well,
to become well, become
good, latsiur, wellness
(Hittite)
chun locht, to fault,
dearmad, mistaken,
11-12
to deceive [<Lat.
decipio
valta (8ALTA),
Script M50
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druj], false, to break
a contract or
agreement, to
deceive (Avestan)
fariftan, gomrâh
kardan, to deceive,
gonâh, âhu, fault,
gonâh kardan, to be
at fault, eeb `¾{,
fault, farib dâdan,
ù `Ÿ to deceive,
eshtebâh, mistake,
radshodan, £|}¡Îã
fail (Persian)
, bralia, to
fault,
,
mot’q’ueba, to
deceive,
,
tsdeba, mistaken,
, ver, fail
(Georgian)
bhramati, to roam, wander, stroll, go astray, be
perplexed or mistaken, bhrama , error,
mistake, do a , fault, failing, blemish, de a ,
fault
†
el tu, deception,
high land, top part,
el n ti, deceitful
words, a û, to
make a mistake, fail,
neglect, commit an
offense, i u, fault,
harm, damage,
crime, etc.,
û,
faulty, portending
evil, wrong, nak lu,
to deceive, pay
tricks, to act clever,
to cheat, etc.,
par u, to deceive,
lie, to violate, break
an oath, etc.,
mudi u, deceiver,
rašû, faults, to
develop faults,
deficiencies, to
attain wisdom,
experience,to
develop a disease, to
acquire, etc., to
bring about a
verdict, etc.
(Akkadian)
†
http://www.maravot.com/Indo-European_Table1F,G.html
padmanvaƒ, to
deceive,
€ ª ê «… ,
pamylkovy,
mistaken,
meabhlaireachta, to deceive,
theipeann, fail (Irish)
gu fault, to fault,
a mhealladh, to deceive,
mearachd, mistaken,
fàilligeadh, fail (Scott)
i fai, to fault, i dwyllo, to
deceive,
camgymryd, to
mistake, err;
camgymeriad, mistaken,
camgymeriadffaeledd-au,
failing, defect, fault; methu
(meth-), to fail, miss, falter,
mistake (Welsh)
fallare, to err, make a
mistake (Italian)
falloir, to be necessary;
faute, fault, faire faillite, to
go bankrupt, fail (French)
,
tryva nia da u,
fail (Belarusian)
na pogrešku, to
fault, zavarati, to
deceive, u zabludi,
mistaken,
iznevjeriti, fail
(Croatian)
do winy, to fault,
oszuka , to deceive,
bø dny, mistaken,
zawie , fail
(Polish)
vainas d , to fault,
maldin t, to
deceive, k d jies,
mistaken,
neizdoties, fail
(Latvian)
la vina, to fault, a
amagi, to deceive,
gre it, mistaken,
e ua, fail
(Romanian)
vika, to fault,
pettää, to deceive,
virheellinen,
mistaken,
epäonnistua, fail
(Finnish-Uralic)
†
,
se sfálma, to fault, €
x • ‚ƒ „…€, na
e†apatísoun, to
deceive,
‡€„V,
esfalménos, mistaken, €
•„‚ˆ‰ Š, na apotýchei, to
fail (Greek)
‹Œ•Ž••‘’“,
meghavorin, to fault,
”Ž•Œ–, khabel, to deceive,
—”Ž–‹Ž‹•, skhalmamb,
mistaken, ˜Ž”•••Œ–,
dzakhoghvel, fail
(Armenian)
për të gabuar, to fault, te
mashtrosh, to deceive, i
gabuar, mistaken, dështoj,
fail (Albanian)
guh kune* [B kuh käññe],
deception, trickery, kl wa- 11-13
ke™ [B a›kai™]
(Tocharian)
engainatzea, atzipetu to
deceive, erratu, to err, akats
bat egiteko, to make a
mistake (Basque)
†
-cipere-cepi
-ceptum],
lead astray, cause
to be mistaken
[<ON mistaka, to
take in error];
disappoint, fault
[<Lat. fallo,
fallere, to
deceive], fail
[<Lat. fallere],
to err,
apla, deceit, trap, aplae,
entrap, mrsant, deceitful,
dishonest, unholy, mrsadr,
deception, fraud, treachery
(Hittite)
†
†
œamerias,
person's name
11-14
tohi, puc, void,
adj; tohi kardan,
to vacate; bihude,
†odbin, vain, adj.
khali, žŸ ¡ empty,
bati, ¢£ ¤ void
(Persian)
,
tsarielia, empty,
, batilia,
void (Georgian)
quldi-, empty,
desolate (Urartian)
tucchay, -yati, to make empty or poor; reku,
adj. empty, void; nirbIja, adj., seedless, empty;
nya•, empty, void zUnya, adj. empty, void,
desert, vacant, lonely, solitary, unreal, vain,
void, vacuum
†
erû, empty, emptyhanded, naked,
destitute, r qiš,
empty-handed,
r q tu, emptyhanded, emptiness,
free time, r qu,
empty, idle, without
work, râqu, empty,
to become empty,
etc., to be idle,
pe û, emptied (of
vegetation,
obstructions, of
land, etc.,), cleared,
bleached, pale,
white, m rênu,
emptiness,
nakedness
(Akkadian)
†
¥ ¦ , pusty,
empty,
§¦ ¥
¨,
niesapra dnym,
void (Belarusian)
prazan, empty,
poništiti, void
(Croatian)
pusty, empty,
uniewa©ni , void
(Polish)
tukšs, empty, sp k
neesošs, void
(Latvian)
gol, empty, vid,
void (Romanian)
tyhjä, empty,
mitätön, void
(Finnish-Uralic)
ª Š «¬, adeiázo, empty,
- €óV, kenós, void,
achristos, useless (Greek)
®Ž¯Ž‘°, datark, empty,
Ž“•Ž•Œ‘, anvaver, void
(Armenian)
bosh, empty, i pavlefshëm,
void (Albanian)
†
†
vanus-a-um,
empty, void,
vain, idle
folamh, empty, neamhní,
void (Irish)
falamh, empty, fànas, void
(Scott)
gwag, coeg, adj. empty,
vain, yn wag, gwag (pl.
gweigion), void, empty,
vacant, blank, vain, hollow,
inane; gweili, adj. empty,
idle (Welsh)
vuoto, empty, void, vano,
vain, useless, vacuo, empty
(Italian)
vide, empty, void, vacant,
vain, vain, (French)
ekär (adj.) [B aikare],
empty, deprived, fallen into
decay (Tocharian)
hustu, empty, clear (Basque)
empty [<OE
aemtig], void
[<Lat. vacuus
-a-um, empty],
vain [<Lat.
vanus-a-um,
empty], idle
[<OE idle],
vacant [<lat.
vacare, to be
empty]
œamerias
(8AMERIAS),
Script Q11,
Q95, Q152
(See
PœMPERIAS
vanose
(8ANœSE), or
vano se Script
Z1300, Z1345
11-15
sannapilahh, sanabilah, to
empty, sanabiles,
sannapiles, emptied, to be
emptied, sanabili, emptyhanded, emptiness, void
(Hittite)
†
†
œanth, Etruscan
goddess?
vanth (œAN±)
or œANR,
Script DH-3
11-16
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degargun kardan,
gardânidan, to
vary, taghiir kardan,
²³´µ ´¶¶·¸ to vary
(Persian)
,
ganskhvavdeba, to
vary (Georgian)
vihara,
transposition, change; vairI bhU, to change into
hatred; vikArin,
adj., producing or undergoing a change,
changing into,
bhidyate, to vary, parivartaya , to alter,
change
'¹
,
varjirava , to vary
(Belarusian)
nak ru, to change, da se razlikuju, to
to change (said of a vary (Croatian)
roznic sie,
dynasty, a rule), to
to vary (Polish)
change (mostly for
the worse), to
main ties, to vary
change domicile, to (Latvian)
change course, to
varia, to vary
change an
(Romanian)
agreement, a
decision, an attitude, vaihdella, to vary
(Finnish-Uralic)
to change a name,
etc., pu u, to
change, to alter the
wording, etc., enû,
change, to displace,
shift, invert, to
revoke, alternate,
etc. (Akkadian)
zarf, ½´¾ container,
dish, vessel,
receptacle, utensil,
vase, goldân, ²¿ÀÁÂ
pot, vase, urn,
jardinière, ketri,
ôĵ kettle, skillet,
pot (Persian)
,
kÅontÅeineri,
container,
,
bankÅshi, pot,
,
vaza, vase
(Georgian)
tar=idi (from tari,
ÆfireÇ), pot
(Hurrian)
-ˆ• „
pu¼a•, bowl, vessel, cup, kumbha•, kala a•,
vase, karaka, a water, pot; piThara, pot, pan;
saraka, cup, pot; kalaza, pot, water-jar; caru,
pot, kettle, sacrificial food, esp. boiled rice;
patra, container
for drinking, cup, bowl, vessel, pot, dish,
gha¼i-, bowl, pot
* aba u, pot,
a bu, small pot,
shell, formed clay,
potsherd, a battu,
small pot, postsherd,
shell, agû, kaldu,
kubarinnu, lakbu,
mušt nû, nabrû,
pirassu, a vessel,
išqillatu, stone
vessel, pebble,
aballu, vessel for
drawing water,
assammû, metal
vessel, large vessel,
kappu, bowl,
usually of metal,
adakurru, vessel
with pointed
bottom, irsu,
purs tu, pursiu,
bowl, qab tu,
qulliu, p ru,
shallow bowl or
pla er, ašhalu,
stone bowl, agannu,
large bowl,
diq rutu, lu u,
small bowl,
apis m š, a type of
bowl, dapi’u, bowl
or goblet, itquru,
shallow bowl, oar
blade, ubunnu,
bowl, lamp bowl,
diq ru, bowl with
round bottom for
serving and heating,
mazlu, metal pot for
liquids, maqqû,
libation bowl made
of silver or gold,
pouring, k šu, metal
bowl, maslaqtu,
metal cooking pot,
munaqqitu, libation
bowl, lummu, small
pot, kirippu, a pot,
karpatu, pot,
earthen container, a
measure, etc., k ru,
bowl or platter,
kurkurru, bowl or
container, kalkallû,
¦
, sudna, ship,
vessel, goblet, mug,
È É „Ê, harš ok,
pot, Ë , vaza,
vase, Ê ÌÍ § ,
kantejnier,
container
(Belarusian)
posuda, vessel,
container, dish, pot,
plate, cruse, lonac,
pot, cruse, vaza,
vase, kontejner,
container
(Croatian)
naczynie, vessel,
dish, utensils,
utensil, thing, tools,
garnek, pot, crock,
jug, jugful,
fleshpot, waza,
vase, tureen,
pojemnik,
container (Polish)
trauks, container,
vessel, bowl,
utensil, basin, pods,
pot, v ze, vase,
bowl, konteiners,
container (Latvian)
vas, vessel, ship,
bowl, jar,
receptacle, argosy,
oalÎ, pot, saucepan,
crock, kettle, vazÎ,
vase, recipient,
container
(Romanian)
astia, vessel,
container, bin,
bowl, receptacle,
jar, pannu, pot, pan,
kettle, maljakko,
vase, kontti,
container (FinnishUralic)
€ ªŠ ‡º„…€,
na diaféroun, to vary
(Greek)
¯Ž‘•Œ‘ », tarber e, to vary
(Armenian)
për të ndryshuar, to vary
(Albanian)
vario-are, to
vary
aldatu, to vary, change,
alter, modify (Basque)
ÏÏ Ð„, angeío, vessel, vase,
pot, vas, ª„‰ Є,
docheio, pot, container,
agkeio; vase, Š ЪŠ„,
phialídio, phiale, vial,
flitzani, -ˆ• „, kypello,
cup; -„ˆ• koupa, cup,
mug, beaker, tankard,
tsoukali, pot (Greek)
Ž“•Ñ, anotÅ, vessel, jar,
receptacle, container,
ÒŽ‹•Ó•Ô•, zambyugh, pot,
ÕŽ•ŽÑ, gavatÅ, (W-cavat,
E-bajhag)
cup, bowl, mug, pot, goblet,
beaker, °•“¯ŒÓ“Œ‘,
konteyner, container
(Armenian)
enë, container, vessel, dish,
receptacle, tank, vazo, vase,
bowl, pot, flowerpot,
receptacle, flower vase
(Albanian)
lorontzi, vase, flowerpot,
katilu, bowl, basin, kopa,
kikara, cup, eltze, pot, pan,
ontzi, vessel, lapiko, teontzi,
kettle (Basque)
ÒŽ‹•Ó•Ô•
a athrú, to vary (Irish)
gus atharrachadh, to vary
(Scott)
i amrywio, to vary,
differ, fluctuate
(Welsh)
variare, to vary (Italian)
varier, to vary (French)
damiummahh,
tmiomah, (dmiumah), to
change (Hittite)
vas, vasis, a
utensil;
basio-are, to
kiss; basis-is
and eos, a
pedestal, base;
cali†-icis, a
drinking or
cooking vessel
soitheach, vessel,
pota, pot, coimeádán,
container (Irish)
soitheach, vessel, pot, pot,
còmhdach, container
(Scott)
llong, vessel, pot-iau, pot;
llestr-i, vessel, bark, craft,
receptacle, dish, utensil,
priddlestr-i, earthenware
vessel, pottery; baeol-au,
pot, pitcher, bucket;
crochan-au, pot, cauldron,
boiler; cwpan-au, cup,
mug, goblet; ffio
(phiol)-au, vial, cup,
flagon, goblet; godard
(godart) ; gorflwch
(gorflychau), goblet, cup,
cynhwysydd, container
(Welsh)
vaso, pot, vessel, vase,
contenitrice, f., container
(Italian)
vase, vase, pot, pot,
récipient, container
(French)
kump*, pot, -), kunti [B
kunti, kunti ke], bowl, pot
(Tocharian)
tahukappi, kikkula, a
vessel, plha/i, broad bowl
or cask for liquids, lhutsi,
lelhuntai, lelhuntali,
vessel for pouring,
lahuesr/lahuesn, pouring
cup, lahu, container,
katakuranta, libation
vessel, ura, hnesr/hnesn
(hanesr/hanesn),
a vessel, peran,
pedunas/pedumas,
container, platter? for
carrying things, tseri, cup,
tseriali, cup holder,
prstuha (prstoha?),
earthenware cup, warpsi?,
bowl for washing, kinobi,
container, tsao, container, a
kind of vessel or plate used
in rituals (Hittite)
to vary [<Lat.
vario-are],
diversify [<Lat.
diverto (divorto)
vertere -verti
versum, to
change, differ]
change [<lat.
cambiare]
11-17
pot [<OE pott],
vase,
vessel [<Lat. vas,
container, <Lat.
continere, to
contain], vase;
cup [LLat.
cuppa, drinking
vessel], goblet
[<OFr. gobelet,
drinking
vessel with a
stem]; cauldron,
caldron [<LLat.
caldaria]; vial
[<Gk. phiale, a
small container];
kettle,
pail [<OE
paegel],
pan [<OE panne]
crock [<OE
crocc],
ashlar, a squared
block of building
stone, masonry
made of ashlar
stones, [Lat.
a†illa, dim, of
a†is, board],
kettle,
var (8AR),
Script
Z369
varar
(œARAR)
Script œG-8
varran
(8ARRAN),
Script Z327,
Z1013, Z1861
vas (8AS)
Script CP-39
vase (8ASE),
Script Z255,
Z263, Z405;
(Note: -e, Abl.
case)
vasei (8ASEI)
Script Z72,
Z214, Z289,
Z455, Z1013,
Z1049, Z1853,
Z1869
vasi, (8ASI)
Z190,
11-18
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small bowl-shaped
vessel possibly with
a lid, kalakku,
vessel, a container,
bo†, storehouse, raft
(kelek), silo, etc.,
masia tu, anointing
vessel, vessel for
sprinkling, maš u,
vessel used for beer,
šassu, vessel
(Akkadian)
ruze, Ö×ØÙ fasting
(Persian)
, markhva,
fasting (Georgian)
eli, feast (Hurrian)
upav sa•, fasting from food
nuba u, feast, eve
of a feast, evening
ceremonies,
evening me,
evening, bivouac,
overnight stay
(Akkadian)
È Ú
§,
haladannie, fasting
(Belarusian)
post, fasting, fast
(Croatian)
poszczenie, fasting,
po ci , fast, keep a
fast (Polish)
badošan s,
gav šana, fasting
(Latvian)
post, fasting
(Romanian)
paasto, fasting, fast,
Lent (FinnishUralic)
€Û ‚ Ð , nisteía, fasting,
feast (Greek)
Ü•‹ ÝŽÞŒ–ß, tsom pahely,
fasting (Armenian)
agjërimit, fasting, kreshmë,
fasting, fast (Albanian)
fasti-orum, list
of legal days
troscadh, fasting (Irish)
fastadh, fasting (Scott)
cyflymu, fasting (Welsh)
fasto, legal days, digiuno,
fasting (Italian)
jeûne, fasting, fast, faste,
pomp, display (French)
fasti, list of legal
days œastia,
Fastia, person's
name, or name
of a holiday?
11-19
vasti (8ASTI),
HT-1, Aœ-1
œASTIA
(8ASTIA)
Script MF-1;
Note: "ia"
suffi† indicates
proper name
kalistruna, feast, party
(Hittite)
duit, to you (Irish)
Dhutsa, to you (Scott)
i chi, to you (Welsh)
ve, vi, to you, (Italian)
à toi, to you (French)
†
†
å [tûm], you
(Avestan)
tu, 㸠thou, you,
your, tra, ¿´¸ you,
tura ¿Ù 㸠, shamra,
(obj.), you,
ædam, ç³ì you,
(Persian)
, shentis, to
you (Georgian)
†
î§, ciabie, to you
(Belarusian)
tebi, to you, thyself
(Croatian)
do Ciebie, to you
(Polish)
tev, to you (Latvian)
œI, to you - pl.
(Romanian)
sinulle, to you
(Finnish-Uralic)
†
-ci, you (Tocharian)
‡€ , se eséna, to you
(Greek)
ïŒÒ, kÅez, to you
(Armenian)
për ju, to you, ty, thee, to
you (Albanian)
†
ti/tu, to you (Palaic)
tibi, to you
œeii-orum
you, to you?
tu, to you, ti/tu, unts, you
(Single), u(n)tsa, you, pl.
11-20
(Luvian)
tsik/tu, you (Lat. tuam),
ti/tu, you (Single), ti/ di,
(Acc.), ta tu (Dat.), zik, you
(pl.), sum s, sum, Nom.
sumes, sumeis, smi/ sma/
sme, you, yours, smas, to
you, tsikila, you, yourself,
KUNU, KA, ti/ta/te, your,
smi/sma/sme, your, their
(Hittite)
†
œeii, major
Etruscan city
11-21
dhanya•, highly favored, mahabh gyavat,
enjoying heavenly felicity, vRdh, vardhati, -te,
†ojaste, far†onde,
kâmravâ, blessed,
îÚ ¦Ú ð ,
blaslaviony, blessed
beo-are, to
bless, make
ve (8E),
Script N21,
N87
vei (8EI),
Script N689
veia (8EIA),
Script R166,
G-4
veio (8EIœ),
Script Q243
veito (8EITœ);
Script N63,
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mobârak, ôÙ õ÷
blessed, happy,
fortunate (Persian)
, dalotsa,
blessed (Georgian)
to make grow, elevate; strengthen, inspire, be
blessed or fortunate
†
ra’imu, beloved,
kanûtu, (an epithet
of goddesses),
honored,
worshipped,
iši tu, beloved
object, desirable,
supplies, useful,
need, necessities,
etc., mud du,
beloved one,
namaddu,
nar mtu, beloved
one, favorite,
nar mu, beloved
one, favorite, he
who loves, love,
free will, good will,
etc., ašduk, adj.,
beloved or the like,
kunnû, adj.,
beloved, smoothed,
honored (said of
deities)
†
(Belarusian)
blaùen, blessed
(Croatian)
blogoslawiony,
blessed (Polish)
deivatai, blessedly
(Baltic-Sudovian)
sv t ts, blessed
(Latvian)
binecuvântat,
blagoslovit, blessed,
happy (Romanian)
siunattu, blessed
(Finnish-Uralic)
†
… „ÏÛ ‡€„V,
evlogiménos, blessed
(Greek)
ü‘Þ“•ŽÜ, orhnvats,
blessed, sanctified
(Armenian)
i bekuar, blessed, charmed
(Albanian)
†
happy;
beatus-a-um,
blessed,
prosperous,
happy
beannaigh, blessed (Irish)
beannaichte, blessed (Scott)
bendigedig (bendigaid),
adj. wonderful, blessed
(Welsh)
beato, blessed, happy,
benedetto, blessed (Italian)
béni, blessed (French)
us(a)nu, bless, to treat,
usantri / usantrai,
blessings, bringing
blessings, bringing gains
(Hittite)
†
†
blessed [<OE
bletsian, bless],
prosperous
[<Lat, prosper
-are, to make
fortunate];
benediction
[<Lat.
benedictio]
11-22
place, œelcha, a
town of
Campania
11-23
keses, par
kandan, rudan,
dozdidan, ²Àþ³×³ to
pluck, snatch,
abduct (Persian)
,
daidzabeba, to pluck
(Georgian)
lun ti, to gather, to strip off feathers, to cut,
sever, mow, pluck, hew down, tear asunder,
pierce, destroy, cut off, muT, moTate, to break
or pluck off; hID, heDati, heQate, helate, to
ve†, afflict, be angry or hostile, pluck out
uttupu, to pluck,
qat pu, to pluck,
pick fruit, be be
picked, trimmed,
etc., qatpu, adj.,
plucked, našma u,
plucked thing?,
na pu, to be
plucked, torn out. to
tear out, ni pu,
plucking, šummutu,
plucked branch,
tappištu, plucking
apart, combing
(Akkadian)
Ë
, zryva , to
pluck (Belarusian)
iskoristiti, to pluck
(Croatian)
skuba , to pluck
(Polish)
nopl kt, to pluck
(Latvian)
pentru a scoate, to
pluck, œALER,
name (Romanian)
ryöstää, to pluck
(Finnish-Uralic)
€
«‡ÿ Š, na mazépsei, to
pluck (Greek)
Õ!Œ–, gtsÅel, to pluck
(Armenian)
për të rrëmbyer, to pluck
(Albanian)
ateratzea, erauzi, to pluck
(Basque)
vello, vellere,
velli [vulsi,
volsi], volsum
[volsum], to
pull, twitch, to
pluck out;
vulsus-a-um,
plucked,
smooth
a pluck, to pluck (Irish)
a 'plucadh, to pluck (Scott)
i ffynnu, plicio, to pluck,
peel, strip (Welsh)
coglier, to pluck (Italian)
cueillir, to pluck, arracher,
to snatch (French)
N194, N268,
N304, N324,
N333, N483,
N491, N505,
N700, N725,
Q488, Q500,
R394
town of Falerri?
family name?
œalerus is a
common Roman
name. Note that
the suffi†, "ei"
designates a
personal name,
gen. sing., as
with Elenei and
ia (Helen of
Troy) or
Phersipnei (Gr.
Persephone; Lat.
Proserpina). The
word also
declines as a
verb. Phersipnei
is identifiable in
the Tomba del
Oro fresco; to
pluck [<OE
pluccian], pick
[Prob. Lat.
picus,
woodpecker]
velcia
(8ELCIA),
Script AT-3,
velces
(8ELCES),
Script AT-5
œeLER
(8eLER),
Script Z11,
Z113, Z543,
Z551, Z561,
Z1423, œ-6
œelere
(8ELERE)
Script AL-8
œeLERE
(8eLERE),
Script Z50,
Z195, Z245,
Z842, Z851,
Z975, Z1073
œeLEREI
(8eLEREI),
Script Z1013
œeLERES
(8eLERES),
Script
AL-8, Aœ-7
œeLERI
(8eLERI),
Script Z1430;
œeLERS
(8eLEReS),
Script Z568
11-24
patti•, in pl. pattaya•, pad taya• (m. pl.),
infantry, caturagga, adj., consisting of four
members or parts; a complete army (infantry,
cavalry, elephants, chariots), s rathi•, k#att$,
charioteer
spâdhem, army,
aurva [-] adj., brave,
gallant, vâsha [-],
carriage, vehicle,
chariot (Avestan)
sarbâze piyâde,
Ö³ ¶% × ¤´&
pyadhenzam,
ç +>@³ ¶% infantry
(Persian)
, kveiti,
infantry,
€
,
kÅalata mdzgholi,
cart driver
(Georgian)
hur-ade, warrior,
maria=nni-,
charioteer (Hurrian)
ašannu, soldier,
lik s ri, a type of
soldier, lilu, lilu,
fem., liltu, liltu,
warrior, brave one,
9 of 20
¥ J„ , piachota,
infantry, ¥ §Ë K
K„, pryjezdùy ùo,
charioteer
(Belarusian)
pješaštvo, infantry,
voza bojnih kola,
charioteer
(Croatian)
piechota, infantry,
woXnica, charioteer
(Polish)
k jnieki, infantry,
ratiYš, charioteer
(Latvian)
infanterie,
infantry, ofer de
ofer, chariot driver
(Romanian)
jalkaväki, infantry,
kilpa-ajaja,
charioteer (FinnishUralic)
• «Š-„ˆ, pezikoú, infantry,
ۀЄ‰„V, iníochos, charioteer
(Greek)
Þ‘Ž˜Õ•ÔÑÓ•Ô“,
hradzgutÅyun, infantry,
°Ž”Ž‘®’\, kakhardichÅ,
charioteer (Armenian)
këmbësori, infantry,
karrocierit, charioteer
(Albanian)
tropa, tropak, troops,
gurdiaren gidaria, chariot
driver (Basque)
veles-itis, pl.
velites,
light-armed
infantry,
skirmishers
coisithe, infantry, tiománaí
chariot, chariot driver
(Irish)
coisearachd, infantry,
dràibhear carbadan, chariot
driver (Scott)
cychod, infantry, gyrrwr
carriot, chariot driver
(Welsh)
fanteria, infantry, auriga,
charioteer (Italian)
infanterie, infantry, cocher,
charioteer (French)
ant, charioteer, leader,
k#atri* [B k#atriye],
warrior, nobleman
(Tocharian)
light infantry
[<Ital. infante,
youth]?,
troops [<OFr
trope]
11-25
veli (8ELI),
Script
N563,
vels (8ELeS),
R80,
Q152, R103
ERINME^, army, KARAŠ,
troops, army, infantry, tuzzi-,
tuzziyant-, tutsiant, army,
tutsisesr, army camp?
tutsi, army, military force,
military camp, kula, an
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raksu, soldier in the
calvary or chariotry,
mariannu, chariot
driver, appati, in
muk l app ti,
chariot driver,
ašâtu, in muk l
ašâti, chariot driver,
kall bu, member of
the light troops
(special military
formation), kall b
šipirti, light troops
messenger, gunnu,
elite troops,
ašarittu, crack
troops, bu, troop
of soldiers, workers,
contingent, etc.,
umm nu, military
force, troops, army,
populace, work
force, personnel,
z ku, infantry
(Akkadian)
sam locayati, criticize, adhik#ipati, k#epa•,
taunt, censure, abuse, lun ti, to pluck
keses, par
kandan, rudan, to
pluck; sarzanes
kardan, to taunt
†orde gereftan,
musekâfi kardan,
nekuhidan, to
criticise,
enteghad kardan,
²³´µ ³ `Ä{¿ to criticize,
mochi kardan, ¢|÷
²³´µ mock, deride,
taunt, dozdidan,
²Àþ³×³ to abduct, rob,
pluck, etc. (Persian)
,
imitÅirebul, mock,
•
,
airchie bumbuli, to
pick feathers
(Georgian)
uttupu, to pluck,
qat pu, to pluck,
pick fruit, be be
picked, trimmed,
etc., qatpu, adj.,
plucked, našma u,
plucked thing?,
na pu, to be
plucked, torn out. to
tear out, ni pu,
plucking (Akkadian)
army, ninda tutsi, soldier
bread (Hittite)
Ê
Ê
,
krytykava ,
criticize, É¥¹Ú Ê ,
špi}ka, taunt,
Ë
, zryva , to
pluck (Belarusian)
kritikovati,
criticize,
podsmijeh, taunt,
osmjeliti, to pluck
(Croatian)
krytykowa ,
criticize, kpina,
taunt, podroby, to
pluck (Polish)
kritiz t, criticize,
nievas, taunt,
nolaist, to pluck
(Latvian)
a critica, criticize,
œELIC, bailiff,
familly name in
Moldavia/Romania,
batjocurÎ, taunt,
potroace, to pluck
(Romanian)
arvostella, criticize,
kiusata, taunt,
nyppiä, to pluck
(Finnish-Uralic)
-ºŠ‚Š- º¬, kritikáro,
criticise, ‰ …
óV,
chlevasmós, taunt, -ó~¬,
kóvo, to pluck (Greek)
ï““Ž®Ž¯Œ–,
vellico-are, to
kÅnnadatel, criticize,
pluck, twitch,
Õ!Œï, gtsÅekÅ, to pluck
taunt, criticise
(Armenian)
kritikoj, criticize, shpuploj,
to pluck feathers, etc., këpus,
to pluck (Albanian)
ayãn [ayare]
jimat [jim]
(Avestan)
ãmadan,
to
come (Persian)
, mosvla, to
come (Georgian)
nun- , nun(-a)-, un-,
to come, to bring,
ši-(a-) to come
(Urartian)
un-, n-, to come, to
bring (Hurrian)
az, aznoti, aznute, eSya, to come, future; at,
atati, -te, to walk about, wander, run {sam}, go
or come to
10 of 20
er bu, come, of
taxes or months, to
enter, , to enter into
the king or god’s
presence, to invade,
to penetrate, to
return, to arrive, to
go home, etc.,a û,
come out of a
temple, etc, depart,
go out, escape, to
leave, gar šu, to
come/go to
someone, râ u, to
come, to come to
help, to let go,
ribu, coming,
admi ed,*mar ašû,
adj., coming from
(Akkadian)
,
prychodzi , to
come (Belarusian)
do i, to come
(Croatian)
przyj , to come
(Polish)
per, gubat, pereite,
to come (BalticSudovian)
n kt, to come
(Latvian)
a veni, to come;
VINE, he/she
comes; VINO!
come! (Romanian)
tulla, to come
(Finnish-Uralic)
q , na értho,
, érchomai, to come,
(Greek)
, gal, to come
(Armenian)
te vish, to come (Albanian)
venio, venire,
veni, ventum
cáineadh, to criticize, taunt,
taunt, cleití a phiocadh,
pick feathers (Irish)
càineadh, criticize,
miannachadh, taunt,
tarraing itean, pick feathers
(Scott)
beirniadu, to adjudicate,
criticize, judge, dannod,
taunt, dewiswch plu, pick
feathers (Welsh)
criticare, criticize, insulto,
schernire, taunt, coraggio,
to pluck (Italian)
critiquer, criticize, raillerie,
taunt, cueillir, to pluck
(French)
criticise, taunt,
pluck, twitch,
mock, criticise
[Gk. kritikos,
able to discern];
critique,
[<Fr. critique]
velic (8ELIC),
Script •58,
11-26
8eNER Script
Z146, Z1853 ,
Script Z150,
Z1853
8eNES, Script
tar, to come (Irish)
K43;
tighinn,to come (Scott)
8eNeSI,
to come [<OE
i ddod, to come (Welsh)
Veneti?, K52;
cuman], to
venire, to come (Italian)
veno (8ENV),
happen, arrive
venir, to come (French)
Script N41
8eNV, Script
General note:
käm- [B käm-], to come
N268;
both spellings
(Tocharian)
Context:
Awi, to come (Luvian)
(8ENV) and
8eNV Pe
kis, to become;
FEN> are
LERE: TRI8
ari, Ar/R to come, arrive at,
probably the verb (TRIB):
anda uwa-, uwa-,
"to come,"
we->,ue/uua, we/wa,
venio>
Venvs
u zzi, to come, ehu!, come!
(8ENVS),
tija, to come approach,
11-27
Script Q152?
become; ta, to come, to
See also:
take (Hittite)
FEN, Script,
BD-14,
FENA, Script,
XB-3, J2-5,
FENE, Script
AK-4; PB-7,
FENI, Script
M81
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x
satyam, in truth, tattvata•, in reality, itthA,
adv., right,well, really, truly, vasanta•, Spring
Anâhitâ, Anâhid,
Venus (Persian)
, venera,
Venus (Georgian)
€•€ ‚, Vieniera,
Venus (Belarusian)
Venera, Venus
(Croatian)
Wenus, Venus
(Polish)
Venera, Venus
(Latvian)
Venus, Venera,
Venus (Romanian)
Venus, Venus
(Finnish-Uralic)
‚— ‚, pra˜da,
truth, ™›œ•‚,
viasna, Spring
asha [-] Asha, truth, (Belarusian)
righteousness, world istina. truth,
order, eternal law,
Prolje e, Spring
fitness, zî, indeed,
(Croatian)
for, because
prawda, truth,
(Avestan)
wiosna, Spring
haghighat, Ž•••‘
(Polish)
truth, bahâr, “”•–
paties•ba, truth,
Spring (Persian)
Pavasaris, Spring
,
(Latvian)
simartle, truth
adevžr, truth, Arc,
(Georgian)
primžvarž, Spring
(Romanian)
totuus, truth, kevät,
Spring (FinnishUralic)
ƒ„ …†‡ˆ, Afrodíti (Greek)
‰Š‹ŠŒ , Venera, Venus
(Armenian)
Venus, Venus (Albanian)
Ÿ q¡ , alítheia, truth,
¢ £ˆ, ánoixi, Spring
(Greek)
¤¥¦ Œ§¨©ª«¨©‹¬,
chshmartut’yuny, truth,
Œ¨©‹, garun, Spring
(Armenian)
e vërtetë, truth, pranverë,
Spring
(Albanian)
egiatasun, truth, udaberri,
Spring (Bas-ue)
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venus-iris,
charm,
lovelines, love,
a loved one;
personif. Venus,
goddess of
love; also
called
Proserpina-ae,
daughter of
Ceres
Véineas, Venus (Irish)
Venus, Venus, (Scott)
Gwener, Friday, Venus
(Welsh)
Venere, Venus (Italian)
Vénus, Venus (French)
fírinne, truth, cinte, indeed,
earrach, Spring (Irish)
fìrinn, truth, an earraich,
Spring (Scott)
gwirionedd, truth,
gwanwyn, Spring (Welsh)
verita, truth; vero, truth,
reality,
primavera, Spring; (Italian)
vérité, truth; vrai, adj. true,
correct,
printemps, Spring (French)
Venus?
11-28
truth [<OE
treowth]? Spring
[<OE springan]?
verily [<ME
verray, true]
ver, veris,
Spring;
verus-a-um,
true, real, just,
11-29
reasonable,
right duty; adv.
vero, in truth;
adv. vere, truly,
ats (part.), atsek (part.)
really, rightly
atsa® (adv.), indeed, in fact
(Tocharian)
Venvs
(8ENVS),
Script Q152;
Phersipnei,
Tomba
del Oro
ver (8ER)
Script Q107,
Q342, Q360,
Q376, Q459
veri (8ERI)
Lat. m. single,
veri, Script
N280
ima, truly, really, indeed,
anda imma, indeed
(Hittite)
abarša, truely,
surely, ikkitti, in
truth, kittu, in truth,
truly, justly,
correctly, etc.,
k n tu, truth,
permanency,
stability, loyalty,
etc., k niš,
truthfully, steadily,
loyally, in due form,
correct behavior,
duly, etc., t šu,
Spring (Akkadian)
mayamxmayamfemayammayammayam,
fear, bibheti, to fear
tarsidan, •¯°± to
fear (Persian)
,
shishi, to fear
(Georgian)
deraš-, to fear
(Urartian)
ug-, to fear
(Hurrian)
ad ru, adirtu,
edirtu, idirtu,
idištu, fear,
apprehension,
unhappiness,
an nu, fear, ad riš,
in fear, ad ru, to
fear the diety,
respect the oath,
ar ru, to fear, to
become agitated,
pal u, to be afraid,
to frighten, to
reduce to fear, to
perform service, to
11 of 20
vereor-eri-itus,
fear;
²‚› ‚, bajacca, to
fear (Belarusian)
bojati se, to fear
(Croatian)
ba si³, to fear
(Polish)
baid•ties, to fear
(Latvian)
sž se teamž, to fear,
a-i fi fricž, to fear,
misgive
(Romanian)
pelätä, to fear
(Finnish-Uralic)
„ ´ó µ‡¡,
na fovómaste, to fear,
¶¡· ¸, Deimos, fear, terror,
dread, brother of „ó´ ¸,
Phobos, panic (Greek)
¹ ºŠ‹ , vakhenal, to fear
(Armenian)
për t'u frikësuar (Albanian)
eagla, fear (Irish)
eagal, fear (Scott)
i ofn, to fear (Welsh)
temere, to fear, timore, fear
(Italian)
avoir peur, to fear, timide,
fearful
(French)
nahh->, n hi, nah/nahh,
nahsrie/a, to fear, revere,
show respect for a diety, be
careful, nahsrat, fear,
fright, respect, reverence,
awe, frightfulness,
nahsrnu, to make someone
afraid, nahuasa/i, fearful,
fearsome, uerite/uerit,
werite/werit, werites, fear,
to be frightened,
weritema, fear. fright,
pituliant, fearful, worried,
intimidated (Hittite)
to be afraid, fear
[<OE f»r]; to
have respect for
[<Lat.
respecto-are, to
look eargerly
back at] revere
[<Lat. revereor
-vereri veritus];
dread [<OE
draedan],
mayhem, willful,
violent
destruction,
riotous disorder,
confusion [<OFr.
mahaignier],
petulant,
ill-tempered,
unreasonably
irritable [<Lat.
verier
(8ERIER)
Script Q278
See also:
TIMAM, Acc.,
Script XC-6,
TIMEM,
Script N123
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awe, etc.
(Akkadian)
petulans],
timorous, fearful,
timid [<Lat.
timere]
11-30
x
x
x
x
x
x
Veronia, place;
Verona?
VeRONIA
(8eRONIA)
Script AP-7
11-31
pari- vartayati, to spin, gh r¼ate, to revolve,
klath, klathati, to turn around; val, valati, -te, to
turn, return, break forth, appear, cause to
turn or roll, turn away
carxes, gardes, turn,
gastan, ½¾¿À to turn,
(mhmany v ghyrh)
dvrh) (Á°•Â à ÄŔƕ )
Á“ÃÇ whirl, (Persian)
•
, chartot,
to turn (Georgian)
ubbuku, to turn
upside down upset,
gar ru, to turn or
roll over, eg ru, to
twist, become
twisted, perverse,
cross, confused,
maneuver for a
position, to feint,
stumble, hobble,
egru, twisted,
crossed, crooked,
perverse, pas lu,
turn around, to
twist, nap u, to turn
upside down, to tear
down, demolish, dig
out, dig up, etc
(Akkadian)
ad [-], to eat
(Avestan)
khordan, Ç“ÐÑ to
eat (Persian) ‚
,
ch’ama , to eat
(Georgian)
kh dati, atti, to eat, bhojaka, adj., eating; valbh,
valbhate, to eat, taste; ghas, ghasti, to devour,
swallow, eat
niÒedhati, to forbid, interdict, prohibit, sidh,
sedhati, -te, to drive off, scare away, keep off,
prevent, forbid, refuse, deny; vR, vRNoti,
vRNute,
varati, -te, to cover, veil, hide, enclose,
surround, guard, hinder, restrain, keep back,
exclude, forbid
at-, to eat (Urartian)
zaz, to eat, make eat
(Hurrian) ak lu, to
eat, consume,
provide for oneself,
pat nu, to eat a
meal, consume,
provide a meal
(Akkadian)
ghadaghan kardan,
Ç°Ó ½Â Ô to forbid,
ban, bâzdâstan, to
veto, forbid
(Persian)
, vet’o, to
veto,
,
ak’rdzalva, to forbid
(Georgian)
asakku, in b t
asakki, forbidden
place, ikkibu,
forbidden thing,
interdicted place or
action (Akkadian)
‚™› •È ‚,
paviarnucca, to turn
(Belarusian)
okrenuti, to turn
(Croatian)
skr³ci , to turn
(Polish)
pagriezties, to turn
(Latvian)
a intoarce, to turn,
învârti, to spin,
revolve, rotate,
twirl, turn, twist
(Romanian)
kääntyä, to turn
(Finnish-Uralic)
€œ , jesci, to eat
(Belarusian)
jesti, to eat
(Croatian)
je , to eat (Polish)
ate, te, jesc, to eat
(Polish)
st, to eat (Latvian)
sž mžnânce, to eat
(Romanian)
syödä, to eat
(Finnish-Uralic)
‚™‚ ™€Õ‚,
prava vieta, to veto,
‚²‚ ‚• ,
zabarani , to forbid
(Belarusian)
veto, to veto,
zabraniti, to forbid
(Croatian)
weto, to veto,
zakaza , to forbid
(Polish)
perbiletum, to
deny; draude, to
forbid (BalticSudovian)
veto, to veto,
aizliegt, to forbid
ÉÊ †µ¡ , na gyrísei, to
turn, ÉÊ †Ë , gyrízo, to turn,
whirl, rotate, tornévo, to
turn (Greek)
ÌÍ ÎϦ¨©¦ Š¦, Yes dimum
yem, to turn (Armenian)
Unë kthehem,
kthehem nga, to turn,
rrotullohem, revolve
(Albanian)
„¢ , na fáo, to eat
(Greek)
¨©§Š , utel, to eat
(Armenian)
për të ngrënë, to eat
(Albanian)
casadh, to turn (Irish)
gus tionndadh, to turn
(Scott)
i droi, to turn (Welsh)
girare, to turn, x tornire,
verto [vorto]
voltare, to turn (Italian)
-vertere, verti,
tourner, to turn; se
versum, to turn,
reverser, to turn, virer, to
turn around,
transfer, turn, fire, veer,
turn up; to turn sack, bank (French)
oneself
wahnu->, wahnu, uahnu,
to turn something,
someone, ne, n a, nai/ni,
ne/nai/ni, to turn to
someone, turn onself, send,
wehzi, to turn, ueh,
weh/wah, to turn oneself,
to patrol, wahadr/wahan
/wehadr/wehan, turning
(Hittite)
vescor-i; to eat;
vescus-a-um,
consumming,
wasted, thin;
Ith, to eat (Irish)
a dh'itheadh, to eat (Scott)
bwyta, to eat, mess,
corrode; llewa, to eat,
devour; ysu (ys), to
consume, eat (Welsh)
mangiare, to eat, (Italian)
manger, to eat; (French)
súwa, to eat (Tocharian)
#ata, to eat, (Palaic)
et-, ud-, to eat (Nesian)
zzi, ezza/ezz, d->, ed/ad,
to eat, #at, to eat, (Hittite)
to turn [<Gk.
tornos, lathe],
avert, to turn
away [<Lat.
avertere]
11-32
to eat [<OE
etan], use, enjoy;
ingest, to take in
by swallowing
[<Lat. ingere
-gerere -gessi
-gestum, to
carry or put in or
upon]; bite [<OE
bitan]; porridge
[<pottage? boiled
cereal]
veto (voto)
votare, vetitum,
to forbid
a chasg, to forbid (Scott)
i wahardd, gwahardd, to
forbid (Welsh)
vietare, to forbid,x veto,
veto, proibire,
prohibit (Italian)
veto, veto, interdire,
empécher, prohiber, to
forbid (French)
ves (8ES)
Script Q95,
Q152, Q95,
Q152
vesi (8ESI),
Script
Z1326
11-33
a thoirmeasc, to forbid
(Irish)
´ ‡ , véto, to forbid (Greek)
¹Š§¨, veto, to veto,
Œ Š Š , argelel, to forbid
(Armenian)
veto, to veto, për të ndaluar ,
to forbid (Albanian)
verto (8ERTV)
Script Q107,
Q117, Q127,
Q139, Q152,
R359, R381,
R459, R474,
R542, R557
to forbid [<OE
forbeodan],
prohibit [<Lat,
prohibeo-ere],
veto,
11-34
veta (8ETA),
Script Q117,
Q217
vetes
(8ETES),
Script Q487
veto (8ETV),
Script N11,
N21, N53,
N280, N294,
N363, N435,
N476, N522,
N533, N543,
N553, N582,
N590, N607,
N624, N638,
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N647, N660,
N676, Q55,
N660, N676,
Q53, Q74,
Q84, Q273,
Q229, R270,
R278, R286,
R294, R314,
R325, R334
(Latvian)
veto, to veto, a
interzice, to forbid
(Romanian)
veto, to veto,
kieltää, to forbid
(Finnish-Uralic)
x
x
VI, to you - pl.
(Romanian)
x
x
ve, vi, to you (Italian)
to you?
vi (8I), Script
N41, G31
11-35
jân, zendegi, life;
hasti, zist, existence,
hayât,
life
(Persian)
,
tskhovreba, life
(Georgian)
aj va , alive, jIvAtu, life; sattA, existence,
being
šu -ori / šo -ori /
še -eri, alive,
šu uri, life, ulgu-š ,
ulgu=še, life
(Urartian)
še -iri, alive,
šu ur-ni, še ur-ni,
še urni,life
(Hurrian)
napšu, life, breath,
mudeššû, life-giver,
napištu, in b l
napišti, life-giver,
protector, one who
has right of
vengeance, nabl u,
life-giving, healing,
napištu, life, vigor,
vitality, good health,
self, etc. (Akkadian)
, žyccio, life
(Belarusian)
život, life, vijek,
century, life, age,
time, era (Croatian)
ycie, life (Polish)
dz ve, life (Latvian)
via , life,VIE,
alive (Romanian)
elämä, life (FinnishUralic)
Z , OI, bios, life;
(Greek)
, kyank’y, life
(Armenian)
jetë, life (Albanian)
vita-ae, life,
victus-us,
livelihood,
sustenance,
way of life,
via-ae, way,
path, road
saol, life, world, society,
beatha, life, food (Irish)
beatha, life (Scott) bywyd,
life (Welsh)
vita, life (Italian)
la vie, life (French)
life [<OE lif],
livelihood,
existence [<Lat.
existere]?
11-36
TI, life, huiszi, huis/hus, to
live (Hittite)
via (8IA)
Nom. Single,
Script N357
(part of viato?)
vias (8IAS),
Acc. pl. Script
R633
vie (8IE),
Nom. Pl.?,
Script Q11,
Q33
VIKTO
(8IKTV), 2nd.
Decl. Dat. Abl.
Script, N690,
N723
(See via
below;
via, vias,
probably "way,
path.")
patha [pathan],
road, path
(Avestan)
râh €,way, road,
path, route, jâdde,
• ‚ road (Persian)
pathi, pathin, path gavtu, way, course,
r japatha, street
ƒ„…†‡„ƒ„…†‡„,
daroha, road
, gza, way, road (Belarusian)
(Georgian)
cesta, road, put,
road, way, path
(Croatian)
daraggu,
droga,
way, road,
nardamtu, path,
path, route, tract,
arhu, path, road,
pathway (Polish)
girru, path, road,
journey, caravan,
cenjes, gatve, road
business trip,
(Baltic-Sudovian)
military campaign,
ceˆš, way, road,
etc., giridû, path, to route, gateway,
lay out a path,
lane, passage
giridû, path forming (Latvian)
a way between
cale, path, way,
fields, ribu, street,
route, track, road,
rib tu, street, main
street, thoroughfare, means, drum, road,
way, path, journey,
m taqu, street,
route, street
walkway,
(Romanian)
thoroughfare,
tie, road, way, path,
passage, m tequ,
route, track,
path, road, march,
passage, arr nu, pathway, reitti,
path, road, highway, route, path, way,
trip, journey, travel, track, line, passage
(Finnish-Uralic)
road, etc., kibsu,
path, gait, tracks,
approach, traces,
nam ru, path,
clearing, pad nu,
path, way, a crease
on a sheep's liver,
t luku, path,
course, way, etc.,
tallaktu, road, way,
path, approach,
walk, passage,
advance, movement,
traffic, ways,
‰Šó‹†Œ, dromos, way, road,
street, (Greek)
W-jampa; E-janabar, road,
•Ž••, ughi, way
(Armenian)
rrugë, street, way, road,
path, route, avenue
(Albanian)bidea, bedezior,
via-ae, way;
viator-oris, a
traveller,
wayfarer,
messenger;
viaticus-a-um,
relating to a
journey; also
money, savings
or prize
bhealach, way, route (Irish)
slighe, way (Scott)
llwybr-au, path, track, aisle,
alley, corridor; ffordd
(ffyrdd), way, road,
distance; heol-ydd, road;
(Welsh)
la via, way; viaggiatore,
traveller (Italian)
la voie, way, voyageur,
traveller; chemin, rue, road
(French)
hrua, road (Luvian)
harawa, harwa, a road,
path, plsa, palsas, path,
road, campaign, journey,
caravan, occasion,
palsiiahh, to set on the
road, idr, way? (Hittite)
way [<OE weg,
road], passage,
course, march,
street, road [<OE
rad], journey,
method, route
[<OFr.], path,
[<OE p æth],
drag (slang),
road, street
11-37
via (8IA), or
viato (8IATV)
Script N357
vias (8IAS),
Script R633;
see note 4) on
mënyrë, as the
Albanian word
for "way" may
refer to the
menhirs that
marked the old
Indo-European
routes
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behavior, procedure,
a cart or wagon,
(Akkadian)
dainghu) dah'yunãm
[dah'yu], country
people, region
(Avestan)
dehkade, hamlet,
• –—„, vioska,
village, ‡†…„ƒ,
horad, city, town
(Belarusian)
selo, village, Grad,
city, town
(Croatian)
gr ma , village, dwelling-place, community,
wioska, village,
tribe, race, troop, people, nagaram, puram, city,
Miasto, city, town
town, padra, village; palli, a small village, esp. amahhu, city wall,
(Polish)
a settlement of wild tribes; kheta, a kind of
*ard, town (Hurrian) ciems, village,
village or small town, shield
pils ta, city, town
ru, city, lû, liu,
(Latvian)
laju, fem. laj tu,
sat, village,
city dweller,
countryside, ora˜,
amumunna, city
city, town
gate, adašu, town,
(Romanian)
lišam, village by
village, each village, kylä, village,
kapru, village
kaupunki, city, town
situate in the open
(Finnish-Uralic)
country, farm,
suburban settlement
around a city, region
outside a town,
(Akkadian)
deh, • village,
shahr, ‘“” city
(Persian)
, sopeli,
village,
,
kalaki, city, town
(Georgian)
¬…„•-®-¯, pravizija,
victuals,
°„…±„•„²²³,
char´avannie,
nourishment,
–…†ƒ—- ƒ„
-–²„•„²²¯,
srodki da
isnavannia,
livelihood
(Belarusian)
hrana, victuals,
nourishment,
izdržavanje,
livelihood
(Croatian)
artykuøy
spo ywcze,
,
victuals, pokarm,
saarsebo sashualeba, nourishment,
livelihood
utrzymanie,
(Georgian)
livelihood, ycie,
life (Polish)
dieni, victuals,
bar ba, barošana,
še iri, living
nourishment, iztika,
(Urartian)
livelihood, dz ve,
še ir , living
life (Latvian)
(Hurrian)
merinde, alimente,
victuals, food,
alimentaµie, hran ,
nourishment, trai,
livlihood
a du, liquid food
(Romanian)
served in a dish,
muona, victuals,
aiwa, food made
ravinto,
from emmer, aš bu, nourishment,
to live, to reside,
toimeentulo,
stay somewhere, sit livelihood (Finnishdown, wait, sit idly, Uralic)
mourn, officiate (of
kings, etc.),
populated, napištu,
hvaretha [-], food
(Avestan)
khvarbar, € £€ ¤¥
victuals, food,
alimentation,
chorâk, parvar,
nourishment, ghazâ,
¦§ food,
nourishment, zyst,
¨©ª« life,
livelihood,
subsistence,
(Persian)
,
metskhoveleoba,
victuals,
,
k’vebis,
nourishment,
jagdh, eating, food, victuals;
h ra , aliment, food, nourishment,
po¡a¢amn, nourishment, j vanam, subsistence,
livelihood, maintenance
™Š›ó, chorió, village, œó•Ÿ,
póli, city, town, (Greek)
•Ž• , gyughy, village,
•
, k’aghak’y, city,
town (Armenian)
fshati, katund,village,
countryside, qytet, city,
town (Albanian)
viculus-i,
village,
urb-bis, walled
city or town,
especially
Rome
sráidbhaile, village,
chathair, city (Irish)
baile, village, bhaile, city
(Scott)
pentref -i-ydd, village,
hamlet, homestead,
dinas-oedd, city, caer-au
(ceyrydd), wall, rampart
castle, fort, fortress,
fastness, city (Welsh)
villaggio, village, città, city
(Italian)
village, village, ville, city
(French)
kuccat k [B kucat k],
tower, high house
(Tocharian)
gordum, zordum, a city
(Phrygian)
URU, city, kurtali, citadel
dweller, kurta, town,
hapiria/hapira, hapiriant
, town, place of trade
(Hittite)
¶Šó·›‹¸, trófima, victuals,
¹Šº»Ÿ, thrépsi,
nourishment,
¼›†œ†Š›½‹óŒ¼›†œ†Š›½‹óŒ,
bioporismós, livelihood
(Greek)
¾¿ •Ž¿ ¾¿, kerakurner,
victuals, À •Ž Á , snundy,
nourishment, ¿•ŽÀÕ
Ä•Å•Æ, aprusti mijots’,
livelihood (Armenian)
ushqime, victuals,
nourishment, jetesë,
livelihood (Albanian)
victus-us,
livlihood,
nourishment
deochanna, victuals,
cothaithe, nourishment, slí
bheatha, livelihood (Irish)
biadh, victuals,
nourishment, beòshlaint,
livelihood (Scott) bwyd,
victuals, maeth,
nourishment, bywoliaeth,
livelihood (Welsh)
vettovaglie, victuals,
nutrimento, nourishment,
mezzi di sussistenza,
livelihood, cibo, alimento,
food (Italian)
victuailles, victuals,
nourriture, nourishment,
moyen de subsistance,
livelihood, aliment,
nourriture, food (French)
a little village
[<Lat. villa,
country estate] or
hamlet [<OFr.
hamlet, of Gmc.
origin]; town
[<OE tun,
hamlet], city
[<Lat.civitas-atis,
citizenship,
community,
state]
fastness [<OE
faest, fast,
speedy, secure]
shire, [<OE sc r]
county, urban
VIKiLA
(8IKiLA),
Script R370,
R489, R499
VIKiLAS
(8IKiLAS),
Script R635
11-38
living, livelihood
[<OE lifladd],
manner of
life, nourishment
[<Lat. nutrio-ire
and nutrior-iri],
food [<OE foda];
sustenance
[<OFr. sustenir,
to sustain]; board
[<OE bord]
vikito
(8IKITV),
Script N676,
N711
11-39
ek, fodder (Tocharian)
edri, food,
sanhua, sanhuna,a food,
tsinail, food stuff, tsowa,
bread, huiszi, huis/hus, to
live (Hittite)
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livelihood, breath,
body, self, animals
counted in a herd,
vitality, vigor, life,
provisions,
sustenance, etc.
(Akkadian)
barumand, ÈÉÊË‘£
fruitful, khosh, ̤¥
happy (Persian)
,
naq’opieri, fruitful,
,
bednieri, happy,
fortunate (Georgian)
pi¡uli, happy
(Urartian)
pic=o=nni, happy
(Hurrian)
phalavat, phalin, adj. fruitful, Çasyaprada ,
fruitful, fertile, dhanya , happy, fortunate,
sukhita, adj. joyful, happy; sujIvita, a happy
life; modin, adj. rejoicing, pleased, happy
damqu, dumqu,
good fortune, good
luck, to prosper,
treasure, dumuqtu,
good luck
friendliness,
damiqtu, good
relations, good
news, good luck,
fame, dam qu,
lucky, propitious, to
prosper, etc.,
damiqtu, luck,
goodness, good
news, etc.,
ilu, luck, good
fortune, image of a
deity, demon, deity,
god, etc., pesû, to
be happy, adû, to
be happy, rejoice
(Akkadian)
¬Í ²²ÎÏ,
plionnuju, fruitful,
б„–Í-• ,
š´aslivy, happy
(Belarusian)
plodan, fruitful,
sretan, happy
(Croatian)
owocny, fruitful,
szczÑÇliwy, happy
(Polish)
augl gs, fruitful,
laim gs, happy
(Latvian)
roditor, rodnic,
prolific, fertil,
fruitful, fericit,
happy (Romanian)
hedelmällinen,
fruitful, onnellinen,
happy (FinnishUralic)
felix-icis,
fruitful;
Ò¸Šœ†·óŠ†Œ,
feliciter,
karpofóros, ÓÔ·†Š†Œ éfforos fruitfully,
fruitful, ÓÕ¶Õ ÖŒ, eftychís,
auspiciously,
happy (Greek)
successfuly
×¾•Ä Ø•¿, beghmnavor,
vilicus-i, m. a
fruitful, ¾¿Å • , yerjanik, bailiff, steward,
happy (Armenian)
overseer of an
i frytshëm, fruitful, i lumtur, estate
happy (Albanian)
sharâb, wine
(Persian)
, ghvino,
wine (Georgian)
madira, wine,
sava , wine. liquor
•-²†, vino, wine
(Belarusian)
vino, wine
arazapanatašu,
(Belarus)
vineyard keeper,
vino, wine
mutinnu, wine,
(Croatian)
abburu, a
vino, wine (Serboqualification of
wine, kar nu, wine, Croatian)
wino, wine (Polish)
grapevine, grapes,
kar nu, in b t
vinas, wine (Baltickar ni, wine cellar, Sudovian)
tavern, vineyard,
v ns, wine
kar nu, in rab
(Latvian) VIN,
kar ni, wine
wine; VIA, VIE,
master, kar nu, in
the vineyard
ša kar nišu, wine
(Romanian)
peddler, kar n
l nu, a kind of vine viini, wine
(Finnish-Uralic)
the the wine made
of its fruit
(Akkadian)
f’y, ÜÝÞ viper, mâr,
€ Ê snake (Persian)
‡„ƒ®Ï—„, hadziuka,
torthúil, fruitful, sásta,
happy (Irish)
measail, fruitful, sona,
happy (Scott)
ffrwythlon, fruitful, fertile,
prolific, fecund; , cnydfawr,
cnydiog, fruitful,
productive, hapus, happy
(Welsh)
fruttuoso, fecundo, fruitful,
felice, adj. happy, glad,
lucky, felicitous (Italian)
feliciter, to congratulate
to complement French)
oko, [B oko] fruit, result,
effect (Tocharian)
usantri/usantrai, bringing
blessings, gains, miantila,
fruitful, mianu, to make
vine branches fruitful,
tuskruant, happy, glad,
tusknu (duusganu),
dusganu, to make happy,
(Hittite)
fruitful [Lat.
fruor, frui,
fructus, and
fruitus, to enjoy],
fertile [<Lat.
fertilis-e]; transf.
lucky [<MDu.
luc], successful;
happy [<ON
happ, fortune,
chance,
occurrence]
VILiK
(8ILiK),
"overseer"
Script 489,
Au95
FILiK, Script
TC127, Au95
See Filik
11-40
fíon, wine (Irish)
fìon, wine (Scott)
gwin (Breton) gwin-oedd,
wine (Welsh)
vino, wine (Italian)
vin, wine (French)
ÒŠ¸½Ù, krasí, †ÙÚ†Œ, oínos,
wine (Greek)
• • , ginin, wine
(Armenian)
verë, wine (Albanian)
† ›ß, ochiá, viper, ·Ùå›, fídi,
snake, serpent (Greek)
vinum-i, wine
viper-ae, viper,
wiana/i, wina/i, vine
(Luvian) wiana/i, wina/i,
vine, winia, wian,
GEÛTIN, wine, winiant,
wine diefied (Hittite)
11-41
vin (FIN),
Script 1397,
TC120 vinum
(8INVM),
Script 47,
64, 164,
197, 272,
1073, 1352
vina (FINA),
Script TC-7
viper [<Lat.
viper (8IPER),
wine [<Lat.
vinum]
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da¢çaÇuka , viper, sarpa , snake, serpent,
vihrut, a snake or worm; arbuda, a snake
, vepkhvi,
viper,
, gveli,
viper, ®è³¯, zmieja,
snake, serpent
snake, serpent
(Georgian)
(Belarusian)
asq du, snake, also poskok, viper,
zmija, snake,
a rodent, nir u, a
little snake,
serpent (Croatian)
mušma u, a
mija, viper, wê ,
mythical snake,
snake, serpent
(Polish)
ru, snake, jug,
viper, odze, viper,
ar aru, ar’u,
´îska,
snake,
ulma u, šibbu,
urnu, pu m u, a serpent (Latvian)
viper , viper,
snake, allamtu, a
ïarpe, snake,
snake, a tree, a
serpent,
dragon
plant, a bird, a black
(Romanian)
stone, probably
kyykäärme,
kyy,
basalt, kupp , a
snake, eel-like fish, viper, käärme,
snake, serpent,
a bird, kur indu, a
(Finnish-Uralic)
snake, plates of
armor, a hatchet,
napp tu, a snake,
šeleppû, snake,
turtle, irtu, female
snake, plant,
uršašillu, a kind of
a snake (Akkadian)
x
x
ؕ¾¿, viper, viper, ðñ ,
odzy, snake, serpent
(Armenian)
nëpërkë, viper, gjarpër,
snake, serpent, viper
(Albanian)
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snake
serpens-entis,
serpent
viper, viper, nathair, snake
(Irish)
viper, viper, nathair,snake
(Scott)
gwiber-od, viper, adder;
neidr (nadroedd, nadredd),
snake, adder (Welsh)
vipera, viper, serpente,
snake (Italian)
vipôre, viper, serpent,
snake (French)
vipera, snake],
snake [<OE
snaca], serpent
11-42
suge, snake, serpent
(Basque)
r¡al [B ar¡ klo], snake
(Tocharian)
iluyanka/elyanku, snake,
serpent, MUŠ, snake
(Hittite)
x
god Virbius,
Hippolytus?
x
god Virbius,
Hippolytus?
11-43
võra [-], viro,
mashõm
[mashya], man
(Avestan)
mard, •‘Ê man,
manly, masculine,
brave, husband,
kas, kârgar, man,
nsan, ö ©÷ man,
human being,
mankind (Persian)
, k’atsi, man,
,
mamak’atsuri,
masculine
(Georgian)
±„Í„•³—, ´alaviek,
man, human,
èÎ ² , mužny,
manly, virile
(Belarusian)
muzcyna, man
(Belarus)
´ovjek, man,
muževan, manly,
virile, virilan,
muški, virile
(Croatian)
covek, man (Serbod tu, virility,
Croatian)
manliness, lullû,
czlowiek, man,
man, lummunumÑski, manly, virile
am lu, unfortunate (Polish)
man, e l tu,
cilv ks, man,
manliness,
manly, v rišù gs,
manhood, e liš,
manly,
virile
adv., manly,
(Latvian)
mu’ ru, murušû,
man, hero, mutu,
om, man,
man, husband,
b rb tesc, viril,
warrior, mutîtu,
virile (Romanian)
masculinity,
mies, man,
heroism, position of miehekäs, manly,
a husband, niš ,
virile (Finnishmankind,
Uralic)
humanbeings,
people, workmen,
etc., bibu,
mankind (lit.
noisemaker),
am l tu, mankind,
the human species,
people, mit artu,
mankind, totality,
širra u, man?,
abr tu, epât,
sulilannii, tabr tu,
mankind, urnatu,
synonym for male,
zakru, man, manly,
gardu, describing a
taršuani, 'aš=e man,
'-s(u)wa, man,
human being
(Urartian)
taržuwa-ni, man,
person, ta e,
ta e, ta e, ta ,
tur-o , tur=o= e,
adj. man, male
(Hurrian)
vira (man)
Script Q442,
Q481;
(see Note 3)
ßÚ劸Œ, ándras,
¸Ú劆œŠÓœÖŒ,
androprepís, manly (Greek)
Ä ¿Á, mard, man,
Õ Ä ¿Á
Æ,
tghamardkants’, manly,
virile (Armenian)
njeri, man, person, human
being,
burrëror, manly, virile
(Albanian)
gizon, man, gizontasuna,
masculinity (Basque)
fear, man (Irish)
fear, man (Scott)
vir, viri, a man dyn-ion, man, person,
fellow
[n.pl.], folk, folks;
homo-inis,
gwr (gwyr), ûr, husband,
human being,
man (Welsh)
man, mortal
uomo, maschio, virile,
mas, maris,
adj.virile, manly (Italian)
the male,
homme, man, viril, manly,
manly;
masculus-a-um, masculin, adj. (French)
male, manly,
s'om, s'aumo, man, täl,
bold;
man, male, oük [B eükwe],
genus-eris,
adult male (Tocharian)
birth, descent,
origin, race,
antuhsas, man, human
stock;
being,
LÚ, man,
vireo-ere, to be person, pesnas, man, gen.
green, vigorous, sing., pesan, pesn. psen,
healthy, fresh
man, male person, pisnadr/
pisnan, manhood, virility,
male parts, pesnili, manly,
in a manly way, ndohsadr/
ndohsan, mankind,
population (Hittite)
Vipina
(FIPINA) AT-9
Vipinas
(FIPINAS),
DD-2, DD-4
See Fipina,
Fipinas
vir (8IR),
Script 719
vira (8IRA),
Script
1780
viri (8IRI)
PM-5, XD-1
virin (8IRIN),
Script 748,
761
man [<OE man],
were-wolf [<OE
were-wulf]
11-44
Note 7:See
also pesnim,
N500, N671,
pesnimu,
(PESNIMV),
N221, N291,
N320, N333,
N444, N529,
N560, N604,
N638, Q162,
Q173, Q190,
Q192, Q194
See also,
OMNE
(VMNE), J9-8
Note 8, muski,
meski, The
Assyrians
referred to the
Phrygians as
"Muski"
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Indo-European Table 1, Etruscan Vocabulary, Etruscan Phrases with Ind...
17 of 20
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man, zikaru, male,
human and animal,
man, ram, a specific
quality of stones and
plants, cloud
formation, zikr tu,
manliness, heroism,
masculinity
(Akkadian)
bines, binâyi, vision,
negâh kardan, þ÷
ö•‘ÿ to look, didan,
öȪ• to see,
gasddâshtan, È!#
$%” • to aim
(Persian)
,
shekhedva, to look,
, nakhva, to
see,
,
miznad, to aim
(Georgian)
furi, sight, fîr-,
am-, to look, to see
(Hurrian)
ava-lokayati, to look, see, paÇyati, to behold,
locanapatha, path of the eyes, sphere of vision, dag lu, to look at,
look on with
lak¡ kýtya, to aim
indifference, own,
to take aim, to wait
for, to attend to,
belong to, d gilu,
looking, onlooker,
now, annu, see,
na lu, to see, to
have eyesight, to
look on, to witness,
etc., n ilu, adj.,
seeing, ni lu, look,
glance, gaze, abilty
to see, na&&alu, who
keeps looking,
ana/ina muhhi, to
look to (Akkadian)
‡Í¯ƒ®³ +, hliadzie>,
to look, @„± +,
ba´y>, to see,
²„ YÍ- +, naceli>,
to aim (Belarusian)
pogledati, to look,
vidjeti, to see,
usmjeri , to aim
(Croa an)
patrze>, to look,
zobaczy>, widzie>,
to see, zmierza> to
aim (Polish)
skat ties, to
look,redz t, to see,
m rù t, to aim
(Latvian)
A se uita, to look, a
vedea, to see, VIS,
dream; VI A, to
look at, s
urm reasc , to aim
(Romanian)
katsoa, to look,
nähdä, to see,
tähdätä, to aim
(Finnish-Uralic)
Ú¸ Ò†›¶ß\†Õ‹Ó,
na koitáxoume, to look,
¼•ºœ™, vlépo, see, Ú¸
½¶† ÓÔ†ÕÚ, na stochévoun,
to aim (Greek)
¾^, nayel, to look,
þÀ ¾^, tesnel, to see,
 à • ` À ¾^•Ž
` Ä ¿, npatakin hasnelu
hamar, to aim (Armenian)
te shohesh, to look, të
shikosh, to see,
marr shenjë, to aim
(Albanian)
Féach, to look, see, aidhm,
to aim (Irish)
gus coimhead, to look, Faic,
to see, a dh 'amas, to aim
(Scott)
disgwylo, to look, expect,
wait,
anticipate; edrych
(edrychyd), to look, behold,
gaze, inspect, i weld, to see,
i anelu, to aim i weld
(Welsh)
visio, visere,
visi, visum, to guardare, to look, visione,
vision,
look at, look
vedere, to see, mirare, to
into, see after,
aim (Italian)
to go to, see,
visit, call upon; regarder, to look, voir, to
visio-onis,
see, look, watch, behold,
seeing, view,
viser, to aim at, to
appearance,
sight, to take a
notion, idea
sight on, to concern, to
allude to, to refer to, miroir,
mirror (French)
to look [<OE
locian] look at,
look into,
envision, aim
[<OFr. aesmer, to
guess at],
English, mirror
[<Lat. mirari, to
wonder at],
vision, [<Lat.
videre, to see]
vis (8IS),
Script
N573
vises (8ISES),
Script BS-19,
BS-24
visio (8ISIV),
Script N491,
N513, N543,
N573, N590,
N615, N647,
N676, N711
11-45
mamna, to look at, regard
with favor, mana, to see
(Luvian)
mamana, to look to, at,
mna, to see, suw ye-{,
saguaia, saguaie/a, to look,
see, au-, u-, auszi, (u i) to
look, see (Hittite)
bhak¡ayati, grasate, to devour, bhojaka, adj.,
eating; valbh, valbhate, to eat, taste; ghas,
ghasti, to devour, swallow, eat; bharv, bharvati,
to munch, devour; kavalaya, -yati, to swallow,
devour, kh dati, khAd, khAdati, to chew, bite,
eat, devour, consume, destroy atti, to eat,
x
ad [-], to eat
(Avestan) obâridan,
to
devour, xordæn,
öÈ Ý|£ consume,
devour (Persian)
,
shtantkavs, to
devour (Georgian)
¬„ …„ +,
pažyra>, to devour
(Belarusian)
proždrijeti, to
devour, gorge
(Croatian)
po re>, pozerac, to
devour, engorge
(Polish)
st, to devour
at- , to eat (Urartian)
(Latvian)
ak lu, to eat,
a
devora, to devour,
consume, pat nu,
consume, engorge
eat a meal,
consume, provide a (Romanian)
sy}dä, to devour
meal (Akkadian)
(Finnish-Uralic)
BOI, oxen; VOIA,
will (Romanian)
x
Ú¸ Ò¸¶¸¼Š† ¹Ù~™,
na katavrochthízo, to
consume, devour (Greek)
•Ž^ Ã ^, kul tal, to devour,
ingest (Armenian)
për të gllabëruar, to devour
(Albanian)
x
voro-are, to eat
greedily,
swallow up,
consume,
devour
a devour, to devour (Irish)
a 'falbh, to devour (Scott)
i ddwyn, to devour, difa, to
consume, destroy, devour
(Welsh)
divorare; to devour, eat up
(Italian)
dévorer, to devour,
consume, eat up (French)
to devour [<Lat.
devoro-are]
see also "eat"
11-46
karap/kare/ip, to devour,
zzi, ezza/ezz, d->, ed/ad,
to eat (Hittite)
Boi-orum
Boii
Boii-orum,
m. pl. a Celtic
people of north
Italy?
11-47
kha¢ça, book volume
jeld, È|‚ volume,
cover, tome
(Persian)
,
„@' è, abjom,
volume, tome
(Belarusian)
volumen, volume,
tome (Croatian)
Tom, volume
(Polish)
¶ó‹†Œ, tómos, volume
(Greek)
volumen-inis, a
` Õ¿, hator, volume, tome
scroll, book,
(Armenian)
wreath, fold
vëllim, volume, capacity,
toirte, volume (Irish)
volume, volume (Scott)
cyfaint, volume (Welsh)
volume, volume, il tomo,
tome, volume (Italian)
volume, scroll,
book?
vo (8V), Script
R148
vore (8VRE),
Script R162,
R248
voros
(8VRVS),
Script N428
(Boreas-ae, the
north wind?)
voi (8VI),
Script R66
voia (8VIA),
Script Q278
Note: "ia"
suffix
indicates a
proper noun,
name
volum
(8VLVM),
K154
11-48
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ts’ignis motsuloba,
book volume
(Georgian)
http://www.maravot.com/Indo-European_Table1F,G.html
s jums, volume,
tome, instalment
(Latvian)
VOLUM, volume,
book, size, capacity,
tome (Romanian)
tome, volum, book
volyymi, volume,
(Albanian)
teos, tome, opus,
writing (FinnishUralic)
volume, volume, le tome,
tome, volume (French)
you, plural?
x
x
x
x
vos
vous (French)
11-49
x
x
x
x
x
x
Fiesole, ancient
Florence?
vos, vus
(8VS),
Script K20,
K68
x
Vosle
(8VSLE?)
Script K67
11-50
gowdâl, pit;
kandak, gowdâl,
sangar, trench,
chalh,
pit, hole,
crater, trench,
cavity, moat
(Persian)
, ormos, pit
(Georgian)
kevata, cave, pit, garta , ava&a hole, garta,
hollow, cave, ditch, grave, a water-hole pit
avaTa, hole, pit; khana, digging, hollow, pit;
karsu, furrow, trench, incision; parikhA, a
ditch or trench around a town;
ya i , staff, cudgel, club, vetram, cane,
lagu a , cudgel, tottra, a stick for driving
cattle;
dandaka, stick, staff;
18 of 20
abbu, la tu,
šuttu, tultu, pit,
issû, clay pit, aštu,
pit, grave, hole,
ar tu, ditch,
ir tu, ditch, moat,
canal, ar u ,
ditch, excavation,
narš tu, a ditch,
kiš du, ditch, canal,
river bank, rim of a
pot, neckscarf, etc.,
palgu, irrigation
ditch, canal, ikiš,
palgiš, like a ditch,
ar u, ir u,
ru, ditch, moat,
mi ru, ditch or
small canal,
lilu, ditch or
canal, a u, to
make a ditch, to
excavate, to dredge,
to make an incision,
jarru, pool, pond,
jar u, pond, water
hole, šatup, pit,
excavation, well,
soil, (Akkadian)
, jama, pit
(Belarusian)
jama, pit, cave,
den, pothole
(Croatian)
dol, pit, hole, fossa,
bottom (Polish)
bedre, pit, hole,
hollow (Latvian)
groap , pit, hollow,
grave, pool
(Romanian)
kuoppa, pit,
pothole, hollow
(Finnish-Uralic)
, palka, stick,
, kij, cane, club,
stick (Belarusian)
štap, stick, batina,
bâsgâh,
club,
chub, stick, bat, rod, stick, cudgel, club,
rod (Croatian)
stave (Persian)
P
, jokhi, stick, kij, stick, staff,
,
palka, stick, baton,
khelk’et’i, baton
bat, cudgel,
(Georgian)
bludgeon (Polish)
n ju, stick, bat,
gišginû, a heavy
staff, rod, club,
stick used as a
cane (Latvian)
weapon, bat or
b , stick, bat, rod,
cudgel?, gilgid nu, club, switch,
bat, giškallu, a
baston, cane, stick,
strong stick,
rod, baton, walking
nam aru, a wooden stick, staff
stick or mace with
(Romanian)
stones, sword, irru, tikku, stick, pick,
stake, peg, u ru, keppi, stick, pole,
stick, sacred staff,
cane, rod, staff,
a u, stick, scepter, stake (Finnishstaff, branch, twig,
Uralic)
shelf, rakk bu, bat,
plank or tree trunk,
breeder animal, boat
crew, paruššu, staff,
goad, gamlu,
hooked or curved
staff, gamliš, like a
V, lákkos, pit, fosse,
puddle Greek)
, p’vosy, pit,
,
p’vos, pit, hole, trench,
moat (Armenian)
gropë e thellë, pit, krater në
hënë, pit (Albanian)
poll, pit (Irish)
sliochd, pit (Scott)
pwll, pit, pool, pond, mine;
(Welsh)
fosse, pit, ditch, grave,
moat (Italian)
fosse, pit, ditch, grave,
fossa (French)
fossa-ae, pit,
ditch, trench
patesr/patesn, pit, hole in
the ground, excavation,
breach in wall (Hittite)
zulo, pit, putzu, pit, shaft
(Basque)
€•‚ƒ„, ravdí, stick, cane,
€ó…• , rópalo, bat, club,
cudgel (Greek)
, p’aytik, stick,
†‡ ˆ‰Š , akumby, club
(Armenian)
bastun, stick,cane, club
shkop, rod, bat, staff
(Albanian)
adar, branch, horn,
langileak, staff, ardatz,
shaft, axle, axis, makila,
stick, club, zutoin, pole,
masta, mast, haga, stick, bar,
maza, mace (Basque)
kärtk l [B kärkk lle], pool,
pond, spring (Tocharian)
bata, stick (Irish)
bata, stick (Scott)
ffon (ffyn, ffoniwch, stick,
staff, cudgel; (Welsh)
bastone, stick, fusto, trunk,
stalk, shaft, bar, frame,
barrel (Italian)
füt, stock, fusil, handle,
shaft, barrel bâton, stick
(French)
fustis-is, stick,
cudgel, club
karke [B kar k*] small
branch (Tocharian)
tura/i, stick, weapon, tura,
to use stick, weapon
(Luvian)
pa in, stick, tuwarsa, a
rod, a vine, alkistan, a
branch (Hittite)
pit [<OE pytt},
grave [<OE
graf], pool [<OE voso (8 S ),
pol], crater [<Gk. Script R653
krater, mixing
x
vessel]
11-51
stick [<OE
sticca], cudgel,
club [<ON
klubba]; to be
thumped, in
English is to be
hit with a large
club or stick, bat,
baton [<Lat.
bastum, stick]
staves, staff
[<OE stæf]
vost, vust
(8 ST),
Script N63,
Q294, R22,
R80, R135
11-52
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hooked or curved
staff, u ru, sacred
staff, stick,
n mettu, seat or
couch, an
astronomical term,
impost, complaint,
etc., timmu, pole,
stake, column,
(Akkadian)
sowgánd, ‹Œ• Ž
attestation, oath,
sacrament, swear,
vow (Persian)
,
dap’ireba, to swear,
vow (Georgian)
vrata , vow, pratijñ , promise
nad nu, to make a
person take an oath,
a sacrifice, to
assign, etc., adê,
n š, to take an oath,
n ašu, oath (lit.
life), *mušazkiru,
oath administrater,
qabû, to take an
oath, recite,
confess?, to enjoin,
to tell, ibtu, oath
performed by
touching the breast,
seizure, portion
sneeze, etc., tamitu,
oath, speech,
wording, targagû, a
term for oath, curse
(Akkadian)
••‘ “ ”•,
prysiaha–, to vow
(Belarusian)
zavjetovati, to vow
(Croatian)
przysi—ga–, to vow
(Polish)
verta, a vow
(Baltic-Sudovian)
apsol˜t, to vow
(Latvian)
s judece, to vow
(Romanian)
vannon, to vow
(Finnish-Uralic)
™• € ›œ•ž„, na orkisteí, to
vow (Greek)
Ÿ ¡¢Ÿ£¤¥¦, yerdvets’ink’,
to vow (Armenian)
për të zotuar, to vow,
betohem, to swear, vow
(Albanian)
voveo, vovere,
vovi, votum, to
vow
konpartitzeko, to conspire,
zin egin, to take an oath,
swear, vow, botatzea, to vow
(Basque)
19 of 20
voto (8 T ),
Script Q351,
Q908, R413,
R653
vov (8 8),
Script N607,
PL-20, PL-28
to vow [<Lat.
vovere], promise
to a god, pray
for, wish [<OE
wyscan]
11-53
MAM TU, oath, link->
li(n)k, linganu,
linknu/lenknu, oath, to
swear, linkai/lenkai, oath
perjury (Hittite)
See also:
4-115
iro, iru (IR ),
Script
R191, Z61?
3-60:
cona (C NA),
Script
K55, K124,
XM-2
Kona
(K NA),
Script Aph-3
conoeri
(C N ERI),
Script Z755,
M-8
rub, to rub, a nigh, to wash
(Irish)
a 'snìomh, to rub, gus a
nighe, to wash (Scott)
i rwbio, to rub, i olchi, to
wash (Welsh)
strofinare, to rub,
fra, in, within, between,
among, amid; frizionare, to
rub, lavare, to wash
(Italian)
frotter, to rub, scrape,
scrub, laver, to wash
(French)
mâlidán, §‹¨ © to
rub, shostan, ª«¬- to
wash (Persian)
, rubls, to
rub,
,
daibanet, to wash
(Georgian)
”¯•” , cierci, to
rub, •”•, my–, to
wash (Belarusian)
ek ku, to scratch,
trljati, to rub,
kap ru, to be
oprati,
to wash
rubbed, to clean
(Croatian)
objects, to smear,
trze–, to rub, my–,
etc., kâ u, rub, to
grind?, kad du,
to wash (Polish)
rub, to make an itch, berzt, to rub,
kas, kasati, -te, to rub, scratch, rub in, dye;
®an u, to rub (said mazg t, to wash
dhAv, dhAvati, -te, to rinse, wash, cleanse,
of male animals as
(Latvian)
purify, knead, press out, cleanse, rub or anoint, part of the sexual
a freca, to rub (to
rub off, wash; labh, labhate (-ti & lambhate),
act, etc.), maš , to
rub, ÂR, I
to catch, seize, get, receive, {sama}, rub over, rub, comb wool,
introduce, I put in;
touch, anoint
comb out hair, etc.,
REA, he/she
lap tu, to rub,
osbscure, to defeat, wants, ÂR°,
he/she introduces,
to touch, etc.,
puts in, a spala, to
muššu’u, to rub
wash (Romanian)
with linaments,
*muššu’tu, rubbing hieroa, to rub, pestä,
to wash (Finnishmedication,
aš šu, to rub with Uralic)
oil, š ltu, scraper,
blade, cutting edge
(Akkadian)
vow, vow (Irish)
bhòt, vow, bóidich to vow
(Scott)
vow, vow, addo, addunedu
(adduned), to vow;
diofrydu, to vow, devote,
ban, taboo; tyngu, to swear,
vow, adjure, depose
(Welsh)
fare voto, to vow, wish, fare
un giuramento, to take an
oath congiurare, to conspire
(Italian) vouer, to devote,
vow, vouloir, to want, to
wish, to intend, to require,
to need, to try, conspirer, to
conspire; (French)
™• •€„±², na trípso, to rub,
™• … ³™ž›, na plýnei, to
wash (Greek)
´¥µŸ¶, shnch’el, to rub,
¶¢†¥ ˆ‰, lvanum, to wash
(Armenian)
të fshij, to rub, fërkoj, rub,
massage, carress, burnish,
për të larë, to wash
(Albanian)
igurtzi, to rub, garbitu, to
wash, clean (Basque)
yar, to bathe (Tocharian)
frio-ere, to rub
peszi, pes/pas, pasihae,
psihae, to rub, to squeeze,
to crush, pes, to rub, scrub
with soap, sartiie/a,
sarta/srt, to rub, wipe,
s ezzi, to squeeze, rri,
arr/rr, arra/arr, arriie/a,
to wash, uarp, warpzi,
uarpiie/a, warp, to wash,
bathe, warputsi, bathing
article, la(h)un(a)i, to wash,
(Hittite)
to rub [<ME
rubben], crumble
[<OE
(ge)crymian]
11-54
vr (8R) Script
Q899
vra (8RA),
Script N294;
TC179
vre (8RE),
Script R459
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Indo-European Table 1, Etruscan ocabulary, Etruscan Phrases with Ind...
20 of 20
x
x
x
x
http://www.maravot.com/Indo-European_Table1F,G.html
xii, Roman
numeral 12
x
numeral 12
(See Scripts AN
for several texts
with the age of
the occupants at
death in
"Roman"
numerals.
11-55
XII Script Q11
8/21/2019 10:57 AM
Notes to Indo-European Table Part 11:
(1) The Divination_Lesson.html says, "to Feltune [the great [god] of thunder] they fortell the way of life of
Tarquin, i.e., Tarkonos (Tarkvnvs) RAR LaR (rare or unique of the god )." The subscript
above the head of the augur says, "He fears (pava) the Tarquins (Tarkie). Thus, Script DL-1,
ocern, they fortell; See also Script N, "okri per visio," he prophesied by the vision / the appearance.
(2) Uni attended the birth of Apollo. On the Volterra Mirror you can see her suckling Heracles. Script AH, is
at that site.
(3) Click here on the Tuchulcha.html to view the Etruscan god of terror, Tuchulcha. He appears to be the
name Treviper (three viper) in the Tavola Eugubena, Script Q. As one can see, out of his head come two
snakes and he threatens the shade of Theseus (These) with a third snake.
(4) The word "gur" in Albanian in the context of a sign or omen is interesting, since "gur" also means "rock"
in Indo-European and probably has surfaced as "kir" or "caere" in names such as Caereleon in Britain.
"Kir" is also a Semetic term for a city (fortified, hill-top town). Early settlements were atop defendable rises
and rock ridges. I am reminded also of the menhir, a megalithic stone pillar often set over and around
mounds and also used as a roadsign, as it were, to mark boundaries and roads. Using a rock, a gur, as a sign
to mark off a place is very Indo-European, from Europe through the Russian steppes to Asia.
(5) The Hittite god, Teshub, must have some affinity to the word "tesha"; Divinations among the Romans
were accomplished via three principal methods: examination of animal or human entrails, lightning, and the
flight of birds. Dreams would also have been a source of divination. Ancient and primitive peoples around the
world have placed high emphasis on dream interpretation (as we do today, thanks to Freud), and perhaps to
some degree the other methods.
(6) Ais, used frequently in the Zagreb Mummy text may be "mouth" based upon the Sanskrit and Hittite
correlation. While Latin "os" may be a bone or mouth in Latin, in the other languages there is a marked
distinction between the two words, and "ais" may be "mouth," in Etruscan. I thought it was Latin "aes,
aeris," copper or bronze, but it may be "mouth" and would appear to be so since the Egyptian texts spend so
much with the "opening of the mouth," to which this word and its associated text may apply.
7. Hittite pesnas>, Pesn. Pisenm, man, male person: See Etruscan PESNIM, PESNIMV. The Etruscan word
appears to be used as an address, i.e. as in English speeches, "my fellow men," or "gentlemen..."
8. muski, meski, Curiously, the Assyrians referred to the Phrygians as "Muski." (See
Assyrian Catalogue of Anatolian Cities and Leaders," by Mel Copeland, academia.eu.
Please beam me back to Indo-European_Table 1
Please beam me back to Etruscan_Phrases
Launched 3.02.04
Updated: 3.04.04; 3.07.04; 3.13.04; 3.15.04; 3.28.04; 3.30.04; 3.31.04; 4.01.04; 4.04.04; 4.13.04; 4.21.04; 4.30.04;
5.14.04; 6.06.04; 6.25.04; 7.11.04; 7.14.04; 9.23.04; 5.14.05; 2.23.06; 5.11.06; 6.04.06; 7.22.06; 12.13.09; 10.19.11;
08.02.18; 8.21.19
Copyright © 1981-2018 Maravot. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 1981-2018 Mel Copeland. All rights reserved.
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