Stylistics Shahlo

THE MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN THE UZBEKISTAN STATE WORLD LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY Course work The theme: Stylistic Аnаlysis of the novel “The Great Gatsby” Done by: Ergasheva Sh Group: 307, 3RD English Faculty Tashkent-2018 Content Introduction……………………………………………………………………….3 Chapter I General analysis of the novel “The Great Gatsby” ……………4 Francis Scott Fitzgerald’s life and writing style as an extraordinary manner…4 Influences on Scott Fitzgerald’s writing in The Great Gatsby………………….9 Precise data about the title, genre, characters, and main themes of the novel as well as the plot analysis…………………………………………………….10 Chapter II Specific analysis of the novel “The Great Gatsby” ………….14 2.1 Used types of speech in the novel……………………………………………14 2.2 Stylistic devices utilized in it……………………………………………...…15 2.3 Differentiation of English vocabulary……………………………………….23 Summary…………………………………………………………………….…..24 List of used literature……………………………………………………….…..27  Introduction The importance of the decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan № 2909 “On measures for further development of Higher Education system” dated from April 20,2017 is about superior task in the reforms of higher educational system, socio-economic development of our country, to improve the meaning and content of training specialists, to create the necessary conditions for the preparation of high-qualified specialists in the level of international standards. in the independent republic great attention is paid to the problems for extension of scientific studies, deepening and efficient use of their results in various spheres of the education system. Moreover, The Decree of President Islam Karimov «On measures for further improvement of foreign languages learning» (December 10, 2012)s is a key factor for modernization of teaching foreign languages at all stages, in which the importance of teaching and learning English across the country were pointed out. So, a foreign language becomes one of the important educational subjects, at all educational institutions. Since, being аs future language specialist we should now not only foreign language but also its literature , аs well аs when we face on with literature , certainly we should now it is style аs well. When it comes to stylistic it helps us to comprehend the deep meaning of written work. The theme of the course paper is dedicated to the study and аnаlyze of the novel “The Great Gatsby”. The theme is helpful аnd worth of pаying special attention because it is one of the most admirable work of English literature. The aim of the research is to analyze and show the peculiаrities of the novel. The subject of the stylistic аnаlysis is to help the reаders understand novels in their deep meaning. The objectives: To identify the features of the novel аs а meаns of stylistic To analyze the main peculiarities of the novel The sources of the stylistic analysis the novel “The Great Gatsby”, internet sources. Chapter I General analysis of the novel “The Great Gatsby”. Francis Scott Fitzgerald’s life and writing style as an extraordinary manner. “What little I've accomplished has been by the most laborious and uphill work, and I wish now I'd never relaxed or looked back— but said at the end of The Great Gatsby: 'I've found my line—from now on this comes first.” (F. Scott Fitzgerald) About the author American short-story writer and novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald in full Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald, is known for his turbulent personal life and his famous novel The Great Gatsby. He was born September 24, 1896, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S. Fitzgerald was the only son of an unsuccessful, aristocratic father and an energetic, provincial mother. Half the time he thought of himself as the heir of his father’s tradition, which included the author of “The Star-Spangled Banner,” Francis Scott Key, after whom he was named, and half the time as “straight 1850 potato-famine Irish.” As a result, he had typically ambivalent American feelings about American life, which seemed to him at once vulgar and dazzlingly promising. He also had an intensely romantic imagination, what he once called “a heightened sensitivity to the promises of life,” and he charged into experience determined to realize those promises. At both St. Paul Academy (1908–10) and Newman School (1911–13) he tried too hard and made himself unpopular, but at Princeton he came close to realizing his dream of a brilliant success. He became a prominent figure in the literary life of the university and made lifelong friendships with Edmund Wilson and John Peale Bishop. He became a leading figure in the socially important Triangle Club, a dramatic society, and was elected to one of the leading clubs of the university; he fell in love with Ginevra King, one of the beauties of her generation. Then he lost Ginevra and flunked out of Princeton. He returned to Princeton the next fall, but he had now lost all the positions he coveted, and in November 1917 he left to join the army. In July 1918, while he was stationed near Montgomery, Alabama, he met Zelda Sayre, the daughter of an Alabama Supreme Court judge. They fell deeply in love, and, as soon as he could, Fitzgerald headed for New York determined to achieve instant success and to marry Zelda. What he achieved was an advertising job at $90 a month. Zelda broke their engagement, and, after an epic drunk, Fitzgerald retired to St. Paul to rewrite for the second time a novel he had begun at Princeton. In the spring of 1920 it was published, he married Zelda. This Side of Paradise was a revelation of the new morality of the young; it made Fitzgerald famous. This fame opened to him magazines of literary prestige, such as Scribner’s, and high-paying popular ones, such as The Saturday Evening Post. This sudden prosperity made it possible for him and Zelda to play the roles they were so beautifully equipped for, and Ring Lardner called them the prince and princess of their generation. Though they loved these roles, they were frightened by them, too, as the ending of Fitzgerald’s second novel, The Beautiful and Damned (1922), shows. The Beautiful and Damned describes a handsome young man and his beautiful wife, who gradually degenerate into a shopworn middle age while they wait for the young man to inherit a large fortune. Ironically, they finally get it, when there is nothing of them left worth preserving. To escape the life that they feared might bring them to this end, the Fitzgerald’s (together with their daughter, Frances, called “Scottie,” born in 1921) moved in 1924 to the Riviera, where they found themselves a part of a group of American expatriates whose style was largely set by Gerald and Sara Murphy; Fitzgerald described this society in his last completed novel, Tender Is the Night, and modeled its hero on Gerald Murphy. Shortly after their arrival in France, Fitzgerald completed his most brilliant novel, The Great Gatsby (1925). All of his divided nature is in this novel, the naive Midwesterner afire with the possibilities of the “American Dream” in its hero, Jay Gatsby, and the compassionate Yale gentleman in its narrator, Nick Carraway. The Great Gatsby is the most profoundly American novel of its time; at its conclusion, Fitzgerald connects Gatsby’s dream, his “Platonic conception of himself,” with the dream of the discoverers of America. Some of Fitzgerald’s finest short stories appeared in All the Sad Young Men (1926), particularly “The Rich Boy” and “Absolution,” but it was not until eight years later that another novel appeared. The next decade of the Fitzgerald’s’ lives was disorderly and unhappy. Fitzgerald began to drink too much, and Zelda suddenly, ominously, began to practice ballet dancing night and day. In 1930 she had a mental breakdown and in 1932 another, from which she never fully recovered. Through the 1930s they fought to save their life together, and, when the battle was lost, Fitzgerald said, “I left my capacity for hoping on the little roads that led to Zelda’s sanitarium.” He did not finish his next novel, Tender Is the Night, until 1934. It is the story of a psychiatrist who marries one of his patients, who, as she slowly recovers, exhausts his vitality until he is, in Fitzgerald’s words, un homme épuisé (“a man used up”). This is Fitzgerald’s most moving book, though it was commercially unsuccessful. With its failure and his despair over Zelda, Fitzgerald was close to becoming an incurable alcoholic. By 1937, however, he had come back far enough to become a scriptwriter in Hollywood, and there he met and fell in love with Sheilah Graham, a famous Hollywood gossip columnist. For the rest of his life—except for occasional drunken spells when he became bitter and violent—Fitzgerald lived quietly with her. (Occasionally he went east to visit Zelda or his daughter Scottie, who entered Vassar College in 1938.) In October 1939 he began a novel about Hollywood, The Last Tycoon. The career of its hero, Monroe Stahr, is based on that of the producer Irving Thalberg. This is Fitzgerald’s final attempt to create his dream of the promises of American life and of the kind of man who could realize them. In the intensity with which it is imagined and in the brilliance of its expression, it is the equal of anything Fitzgerald ever wrote, and it is typical of his luck that he died of a heart attack with his novel only half-finished. He was 44 years old. Author’s style. Paul, Minnesota Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald became widely known as one of the greatest American authors. Fitzgerald wrote both novels and short stories, mainly set in the Jazz age. Many influences to his writing came from his own personal life and the world he saw around him. His wife, Zelda, was one of the major influences seen within many of his works. Fitzgerald encompasses many of these things in his books The Great Gatsby and Tender is the night. Letting his own life experiences and insight guide his writing, Fitzgerald explores the effect of social hierarchy on society amidst the Roaring Twenties through his use of evocative, colorful imagery and eloquent use of underlying tone. Throughout Fitzgerald's writing he weaves his works with a multitude of themes: failure, social structures, the struggles of one’s relationships, and facades of the wealthy. Like other late 19th century Realist writers, he tried to show the diverse manners, classes, and stratification of life in America and he created this picture by combining a broad variety of details derived from surveillance and documentation to approach the norm of his experience. Along with this technique, he compared the objective or absolute existence in America to that of the universal truths, or observed facts of life. As a result, the Realistic elements are apparent in all his works. Fitzgerald directed the modernistic renaissance by using realistic and naturalistic techniques. He is considered as a romantic writer, but he combined these qualities with Realism, meaning precision of observation and characterization. Moreover, what is noteworthy about this author is the influence of European Existentialisms on his canon of works and the depth of the cultural moments he capture in his art. All the way through his literary life, Fitzgerald was often regarded as a not-quite-serious literary figure. This assessment was fueled by his image as a free-spending, heavy-drinking playboy and by the material he frequently exploited and became famous for rather than because of his technical innovations: the pursuit of wealth, success, and happiness by ambitious poor boys; the romantic interests of young people; the concerns of affluent, upper-middle-class men and women. He provided memorable portraits of the other kinds of people who manifest recognizably Fitzgeraldian qualities as well. His central characters undertake processes of self-assessment, or they judge others, or they are judged by Fitzgerald himself. Many of his most complex female characters are incompetent of sharing the arrogant dreams and aspirations of the men who love them. One of the best and the most familiar personifications of double vision in Fitzgerald's work is Nick Carraway, who either participates in and comments on the action of the novel. For Fitzgerald the American Dream was bound up inevitably with the country's history. He wrote about the rich, but his perception of the influence of money on character was complex. His works reflect his appeal to and his mistrust of the rich. Fitzgerald used a fiscal metaphor, Emotional Bankruptcy to label a theme that permeates his work. Fitzgerald expanded this idea from his individual struggles with money, personal affiliation, and internal and external obstructions to his work. To sum up, the foremost themes of Fitzgerald's novels derive from the declaration of tension when one idea (usually personified in a character) triumphs over another. The main denominators are the topics with which Fitzgerald deals with in all of his novels: youth, bodily attractiveness, wealth, and potential or romantic willingness—all of which are ideals to Fitzgerald. Next to these subjects are their polar opposites: wasted potential, poverty, ugliness, age. Such conflict and consequential tension is, certainly, the stuff of which all fiction is made. Symbolism in Fitzgerald's novels and short fiction is given much attention to. Fitzgerald in his mature work employed the Saturation method, mixing a diversity of styles and forms With The Great Gatsby Fitzgerald truthfully became the novelist of selection, disciplining his wealth of literary sources and his creative imagination. His writing style is impressionistic and his details evoke sensory responses in the reader. He, nevertheless, was not in essence a modernist or an experimental writer, as were many of his contemporaries. Fitzgerald's techniques and writing style were traditional because his vision of the world was at least in part drawn from pre-World War I assumption. He was beyond all, a story teller who achieved a close relationship with the reader by the voice of his fiction, which was warm, intimate, and witty. Fitzgerald has been mostly praised for his handling of point of view and structure, particularly in The Great Gatsby. In the first half of the 20th century, Fitzgerald became the most famous American writer in the world. His unique style differs distinctively from that of writers before him, and his work helped shape both the British and American literature that followed it. He was the self-styled spokesman of the Lost Generation, clearly a master of stylistic and technical devices that are often identified with great writing. All in all, Fitzgerald's style is utterly his own and perhaps the most unique aspect of his prose. Many writers have acknowledged their respect of his style, but no writer has productively imitated him. He was undoubtedly a master of stylistic and technical devices that are often identified with great writing. 1.2 Influences on F. Scott Fitzgeralds' writing in The Great Gatsby The Roaring Twenties was a period of frivolous days and exciting nights. Times were prosperous and life was good for most. In The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, F. Scott Fitzgerald writes about the fictitious life of Jay Gatsby, a self-made millionaire (Gross 1). The setting of the novel is New York in the twenties, a time, and place, where people were jovial and carefree. In New York, more than anywhere, people did not worry about life's downs, but focused on the highlife and partying. Prohibition made partying difficult, but it prevailed nonetheless. In the novel, Fitzgerald's description of humans was of an appalling nature. He shows them as careless, greedy, and inconsiderate; much like they truly were in this decade. Inevitably he …show more content…  Fitzgerald was a dreamer. He though everything would turn out fine, just as Gatsby had, but he was wrong and had to recompense for it in the end. The roaring twenties was a time of parties, and socializing. Times were prosperous and people just wanted to enjoy themselves. Since the war was over, soldiers were back at home, working and taking care of their families. There was a sense of rebellion in America at this time. The rich were lazy and slapdash, which, in The Great Gatsby, was portrayed by their very shoddy driving abilities. Times were excellent, for most, and people were beginning to just have a good time. Many people were so rich they had no need to work, so they had to occupy themselves with other things. Prohibition began in 1919 (Moss, Wilson 148). People did not like the idea though, so they started revolting the law. Gangsters would get liquor and other kinds of alcohol to people who wanted it, but for a price. In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby is involved in these illegal activities. Gatsby always had alcohol at his parties. His wealth gave him things that normal people couldn't have. He invited hundreds of guests to his parties, and most of them got extremely intoxicated before the night was over. The female crowds at Gatsby's parties show how women really dressed and acted in the twenties. Bobbed hair, short dresses, bright red lipstick, and long strands of pearls with a knot tied in them were female fads of the elite citizens. The Great Gatsby is considered Fitzgerald's finest work, with its beautiful lyricism, pitch-perfect portrayal of the Jazz Age, and searching critiques of materialism, love and the American Dream. Seeking a change of scenery to spark his creativity, in 1924 Fitzgerald had moved to Valescure, France, to write. Published in 1925, The Great Gatsby is narrated by Nick Carraway, a Midwesterner who moves into the town of West Egg on Long Island, next door to a mansion owned by the wealthy and mysterious Jay Gatsby. The novel follows Nick and Gatsby's strange friendship and Gatsby's pursuit of a married woman named Daisy, ultimately leading to his exposure as a bootlegger and his death. Although The Great Gatsby was well-received when it was published, it was not until the 1950s and '60s, long after Fitzgerald's death, that it achieved its stature as the definitive portrait of the "Roaring Twenties," as well as one of the greatest American novels ever written. 1.3. Precise data about the title, genre, characters, and main themes of the novel as well as the plot analysis I. Main idea of the book: Scott Fitzgerald wrote a love story that embraces American ideals. The main character Jay Gatsby was so desperate to get Daisy. Gatsby felt that the only way to win over Daisy was by obtaining money. This major factor of the story represents 1920's era of wanting to have fun and spending lots of money while doing it. Daisy and the rest of the rich people of New York loved their parties, cars and mansions. Gatsby threw large parties to attract Daisy. He was reaching his goal to catch the green light and he was willing to take any risk to achieve his goal. In the beginning of the novel, there was a scene when Nick found Gatsby on the dock. Nick narrates, “he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and, far as I was from him, I could have sworn he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seaward—and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock.” The green light was directly toward Daisy. He also purposely bought his mansion that mirrors the Buchanan’s mansion. Large parties over large parties. He used large parties to attract Daisy.  Gatsby had lost Daisy when he left for the war. When he came back Daisy had been married to the old money, Tom Buchanan. Daisy had her spot in society. She was from West egg before she married Tom and now she lives in East Egg with Tom. II. Plot: Our narrator, Nick Carraway, moves to the East Coast to work as a bond trader in Manhattan. He rents a small house in West Egg, a nouveau riche town in Long Island. In East Egg, the next town over, where old money people live, Nick reconnects with his cousin Daisy Buchanan, her husband Tom, and meets their friend Jordan Baker. Tom takes Nick to meet his mistress, Myrtle Wilson. Myrtle is married to George Wilson, who runs a gas station in a gross and dirty neighborhood in Queens. Tom, Nick, and Myrtle go to Manhattan, where she hosts a small party that ends with Tom punching her in the face. Nick meets his next-door neighbor, Jay Gatsby, a very rich man who lives in a giant mansion and throws wildly extravagant parties every weekend, and who is a mysterious person no one knows much about. Gatsby takes Nick to lunch and introduces him to his business partner - a gangster named Meyer Wolfshiem. Nick starts a relationship with Jordan. Through her, Nick finds out that Gatsby and Daisy were in love five years ago, and that Gatsby would like to see her again. Nick arranges for Daisy to come over to his house so that Gatsby can “accidentally” drop by. Daisy and Gatsby start having an affair. Tom and Daisy come to one of Gatsby’s parties. Daisy is disgusted by the ostentatiously vulgar display of wealth, and Tom immediately sees that Gatsby’s money most likely comes from crime. We learn that Gatsby was born into a poor farming family as James Gatz. He has always been extremely ambitious, creating the Jay Gatsby persona as a way of transforming himself into a successful self-made man - the ideal of the American Dream. Nick, Gatsby, Daisy, Tom, and Jordan get together for lunch. At this lunch, Daisy and Gatsby are planning to tell Tom that she is leaving him. Gatsby suddenly feels uncomfortable doing this in Tom’s house, and Daisy suggests going to Manhattan instead. In Manhattan, the five of them get a suite at the Plaza Hotel where many secrets come out. Gatsby reveals that Daisy is in love with him. Tom in turn reveals that Gatsby is a bootlegger, and is probably engaged in other criminal activities as well. Gatsby demands that Daisy renounce Tom entirely, and say that she has never loved him. Daisy can’t bring herself to say this because it isn’t true, crushing Gatsby’s dream and obsession. It’s clear that their relationship is over and that Daisy has chosen to stay with Tom. That evening, Daisy and Gatsby drive home in his car, with Daisy behind the wheel. When they drive by the Wilson gas station, Myrtle runs out to the car because she thinks it’s Tom driving by. Daisy hits and kills her, driving off without stopping. Nick, Jordan, and Tom investigate the accident. Tom tells George Wilson that the car that struck Myrtle belongs to Gatsby, and George decides that Gatsby must also be Myrtle’s lover. That night, Gatsby decides to take the blame for the accident. He is still waiting for Daisy to change her mind and come back to him, but she and Tom skip town the next day. Nick breaks up with Jordan because she is completely unconcerned about Myrtle’s death. Gatsby tells Nick some more of his story. As an officer in the army, he met and fell in love with Daisy, but after a month had to ship out to fight in WWI. Two years later, before he could get home, she married Tom. Gatsby has been obsessed with getting Daisy back since he shipped out to fight five years earlier. The next day, George Wilson shoots and kills Gatsby, and then himself. The police leave the Buchanans and Myrtle’s affair out of the report on the murder-suicide. Nick tries to find people to come to Gatsby’s funeral, but everyone who pretended to be Gatsby’s friend and came to his parties now refuses to come. Even Gatsby’s partner Wolfshiem doesn’t want to go to the funeral. Wolfshiem explains that he first gave Gatsby a job after WWI and that they have been partners in many illegal activities together. Gatsby’s father comes to the funeral from Minnesota. He shows Nick a self-improvement plan that Gatsby had written for himself as a boy. Disillusioned with his time on the East coast, Nick decides to return to his home in the Midwest. III. Characters: A) Narrator: Nick Carraway - our narrator, but not the book’s main character. Coming East from the Midwest to learn the bond business, Nick is horrified by the materialism and superficiality he finds in Manhattan and Long Island. He ends up admiring Gatsby as a hopeful dreamer and despising the rest of the people he encounters. B) Protagonists: Jay Gatsby - a self-made man who is driven by his love for, and obsession with, Daisy Buchanan. Born a poor farmer, Gatsby becomes materially successful through crime and spends the novel trying to recreate the perfect love he and Daisy had five years before. When she cannot renounce her marriage, Gatsby’s dream is crushed. C) Antagonist: Tom Buchanan - Daisy’s very rich, adulterous, bullying, racist husband. Tom is having a physically abusive affair with Myrtle Wilson. He investigates Gatsby and reveals some measure of his criminal involvement, demonstrating to Daisy that Gatsby isn’t someone she should run off with. After Daisy runs over Myrtle Wilson, Tom makes up with Daisy and they skip town together. D) Epithodic: Daisy Buchanan - a very rich young woman who is trapped in a dysfunctional marriage and oppressed by her meaningless life. Daisy has an affair with Gatsby, but is ultimately unwilling to say that she has been as obsessed with him as he has with her, and goes back to her unsatisfying, but also less demanding, relationship with her husband, Tom. Jordan Baker - a professional golfer who has a relationship with Nick. At first, Jordan is attractive because of her jaded, cynical attitude, but then Nick slowly sees that her inveterate lying and her complete lack of concern for other people are deal breakers. Myrtle Wilson - the somewhat vulgar wife of a car mechanic who is unhappy in her marriage. Myrtle is having an affair with Tom, whom she likes for his rugged and brutal masculinity and for his money. Daisy runs Myrtle over, killing her in a gruesome and shocking way. George Wilson - Myrtle’s browbeaten, weak, and working class husband. George is enraged when he finds out about Myrtle’s affair, and then that rage is transformed into unhinged madness when Myrtle is killed. George kills Gatsby and himself in the murder-suicide that seems to erase Gatsby and his lasting impact on the world entirely. Chapter II Specific analysis of the novel “The Great Gatsby”. 2.1 Used types of speech in the novel. I. Аffirmative – This speech serves to provide interesting and useful information to the audience: E.g : In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I’ve been turning over in my mind ever since. (Kichikroq va uncha himoyalanmagan yillarimda otam menga bir necha maslahat berdi, men shu kundan beri ongimda ularni qaytarib kelmoqdaman). II. Interrogаtive – is term is used in grammar to refer to features that form of questions E.g : “How do you get to West Egg village?” he asked helplessly. ("Qanday qilib G'arbiy Egg qishlog'iga borasiz?" deb so'rab qolishdi). III. Exclamatory – is used express sudden emotion . It could be fear, anger, аnxiety, admiration, excitement. E.g: “How gorgeous! Let’s go back, Tom. To-morrow!” Then she added irrelevantly: “You ought to see the baby.” ("Qanday ajoyib! Ketdik, orqaga qaytamiz. Tom. Ertasi kuni "- dedi. Keyin u noto'g'ri qo'shib qo'ydi:" Siz chaqaloqni ko'rishingiz kerak”). IV. Impertive – the form of а sentence which is used for giving orders and asking permission or request. E.g: “Hello Jordan”, she called unexpectedly. ‘Please comehere.’ (“Qalesiz, Jordan”,- u kutilmaganda chaqirdi. “Iltimos, bu yerga keling!”). 2.2.Stylistic devices utilized in the novel I. Phonetic stylistic devices: Аlliterаtion is repetition of the same sounds in sequence. E.g : At least once a fortnight a corps of caterers came down with several hundred feet of canvas and enough colored lights to make a Christmas tree of Gatsby's enormous garden. In chapter 3, F. Scott Fitzgerald frequently uses alliteration to give his writing flow and rhythm, helping to engage the reader: Onomаtopoepiа is a figure of speech in which words are used imitate sounds. E.g: a) Occasionally a line of grey cars crawls along an invisible track, gives out a ghastly creak and comes to rest, and immediately the ash-grey men swarm up with leaden spades and stir up an impenetrable cloud which screens their obscure operations from your sight. In chapter 2 Fitzgerald describes the Valley of Ashes, using onomatopeia: The word creak imitates the sound that it means, while ash suggests the color in its meaning. b) I heard the familiar "jug-jug-spat!" of a motor cycle, and a frantic policeman rode alongside.  In Chapter 4, Nick narrates, The sound of the motorcycle imitates the words that Nick uses. c) The caterwauling horns had reached a crescendo and I turned awway and cut across the lawn toward home. In Chapter 3, Nick also narrates, both these words in boldface suggest the sounds that they define. Rhyme is the occurrence of the same sound аt the end of two or more words. E.g : No—Gatsby turned out all right at the end; it is what preyed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows The rhythm of the writing is poetic, such as in the phrase "abortive sorrows of men." There, the stress fall on "aBORtive" and "SORrow," stressing the internal repetition of sound. This technique also adds to the emotional intensity of the story.and shortwinded elations of men II. Lexicаl stylistic devices: Аllusion is basically a reference to something else. It’s when a writer mentions some other work, or refers to an earlier part of the current work. E.g: a) "You make me feel uncivilized, Daisy," his words are taken up in "an unexpected way" by Tom, who breaks out violently… "Civilization's going to pieces,...I've gotten to be a terrible pessimist about things.  Have you read The Rise of the Coloured Empires by this man Goddard?" In Chapter 1 when Nick Carraway meets Tom Buchanan, Tom emerges as supercilious and arrogant.  When Nick innocuously remarks. The Rise of the Coloured Empires was written by Lothrop Goddard; it postulates the collapse of the white empire and colonialism, because of the rise in population of the black people.  Ironically, Tom misinterprets Goddard's book because Goddard did not advocate a white race bid for world domination as Tom wants to believe.  Instead Goddard questions the white man's right to invade other countries and impose its will upon other peoples.. b) Te rain cooled about half-past three to a damp mist through which occasional thin drops swam like dew. Gatsby looked with vacant eyes through a copy of Clay’s ‘Economics,’ starting at the Finnish tread that shook the kitchen floor and peering toward the bleared windows from time to time as if a series of invisible but alarming happenings were taking place outside. Finally he got up and informed me in an uncertain voice that he was going home.  In chapter 5 as Nick brings Daisy to Gatsby's house, Daisy and Gatsby try to act nonchalant.  Gatsby looks with "vacant eyes through a copy of Clay's Economics.  Henry Clay, of course, was a prominent congressman from Kentucky who sought to bring tarriff laws against the British. c) That's the secret of Castle Rackrent Nick has invited Daisy to his cottage as a favor to Gatsby.  She doesn't really know why she's there and  asks Nick, teasingly, if he's in love with her.  He answers and says it. This allusion comes from an old Irish novel in which the ownership of the family estate (Castle Rackrent) is under much speculation--and the final resolution remains unknown to the reader.  Here, then, Nick tells her she's just going to have to live without knowing. . Epithet is a by name, or a descriptive term , accompanying or occurring in place of a name and having entered common usage. E.g : a) The Great Gatsby – ironic epithet. b) I have an unaffected scorn. c) creative temperament d) great American dream e) enormous leverage — a cruel body. f)“My family has been prominent, well-to-do people in this Middle Western city for three generations.” g) “Now he was a sturdy straw-haired man of thirty with a rather hard mouth and a supercilious manner. …two shining arrogant eyes… enormous power… enormous leverage — a cruel body… a gruff husky tenor”. h) “She was a slender, small-breasted girl, with an erect carriage, which she accentuated by throwing her body backward at the shoulders like a young cadet.” g) “Her face was sad and lovely with bright things in it, bright eyes and a bright passionate mouth.” Asyndeton is the omission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence. E.g : a) “People disappeared, reappeared, made plans to go somewhere, and then lost each other, found each other a few feet away”. b) I was a guide, a pathfinder, an original settler" Litotes - ironic understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary. E.g : a) I lived at West Egg, the—well, the less fashionable of the two, though this is a most superficial tag to express the bizarre and not a little sinister contrast between them. Zeugmа usually a verb or an adjective, applies to more than one noun, blending together grammatically and logically different ideas. E.g: a) “At the enchanted metropolitan twilight I felt a haunting loneliness sometimes, and felt it in others—poor young clerks who loitered in front of windows waiting until it was time for a solitary restaurant dinner—young clerks in the dusk, wasting the most poignant moments of night and life.” In chapter 3, Nick's dreams of finding fortune and happiness in New York City are challenged by the unearned excess and leisure he observes near his home in East Egg. He associates companionship and intimacy with wealth and fantasizes about romantic encounters with women who would ignore his financial and social standing and invite him into their lives. There is a melancholy air to the empty marriage of wealth and companionship in Nick's musings that is no better expressed in the novel than in the following passage, where zeugma is used in the final phrase to highlight the sense of loneliness and unnecessary loss. b) He was leaning against a table in the hall, heavy with dejection or sleep Chapter 8 Page 157 Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities, by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense. E.g: a) But it’s so hot…and everything is so confused. b) The colors yellow and gold repeatedly symbolize money, while green, such as the green light at the end of Daisy's pier, symbolizes desire. The clock that falls from Nick's mantle when Daisy and Gatsby meet for the first time in five years represents time's fragility. c) old sport This phrase isn't a symbol, but its oddness point to the not-quite-successful way Gatsby is trying to act like the social elite. d) - The green light on Daisy’s dock - The eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg - The valley of ashes main symbols in The Great Gatsby Personification of nouns is treating the idea, or concept as if it were a person - making an abstract force or power more real. E.g : a) “The lawn started at the beach and ran toward the front door for a quarter of a mile, jumping over sun-dials and brick walks and burning gardens…”. b) “I must have stood for a few moments listening to the whip and snap of the curtains and the groan of a picture on the wall.” c) The practical thing was to find rooms in the city, but it was a warm season and I had just left a country of wide lawns and friendly trees. d) …above the grey land and the spasms of bleak dust ... you perceive ... the eyes of Doctor. T.J. Eckleburg. The eyes ... are blue and gigantic -- their retinas are one yard high. They look out of no face, but, instead, from a pair of enormous yellow spectacles which pass over a nonexistent nose. ... But his eyes ... brood on over the solemn dumping ground." The eyes are described as human eyes would be, exchanging looks with characters and witnessing scenes "with peculiar intensity." Chapter 2 Page 26. The most famous instance of personification in the novel is an advertisement that overlooks ash-heaps. Hyperbole uses extreme exaggeration to make a point or show emphasis. It is the opposite of understatement.  E. g : a) “If personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures...” b) “I’m p-paralyzed with happiness.” c)“The whole town is desolate. All the cars have the left wheel painted black as a mourning wreath, and there’s a persistant wail all night along the north shore.” Irony is a figure of speech in which words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words. It may also be a situation that ends up in quite a different way than what is generally anticipated. In simple words, it is a difference between appearance and reality. E.g : a) “They’re such beautiful shirts,” she sobbed.… “It makes me sad because I’ve never seen such—such beautiful shirts before.” Irony in Gatsby is the scene where Daisy cries over Gatsby's shirts.  This episode takes place in Chapter 5 and presents an irony within the romance of Daisy and Gatsby. The shirts are symbolic, functioning as an emblem of Gatsby's success and the material comfort that his success brings. Such success is ironic in two ways in this scene. b) “Tom Buchanan compelled me from the room as though he were moving a checker to another square”. In chapter 1. c) “Do you always watch for the longest day of the year and then miss it? I always watch for the longest day in the year and then miss it.” In chapter 1. It is an example of irony--the idea that someone anticipates an event (which lasts longer than the average day) and then does not recognizes the event when it occurs.  Fitzgerald uses this thought to illustrate the Old Money folks as being so self-involved and bored with life that one day is just like any other. It also would be stretching it to argue that this is anaphora (the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of lines or sentences) because the entire quote is almost a repetition of itself.  You can describe this quote by Daisy as a rhetorical question because she answers it herself and asks the question in the midst of her babbling (trying to distract herself and Nick from the tension in her marriage). d) “I think he half expected her to wander into one of his parties”. Gatsby displays his new money by throwing large, extravagant parties. The old money establishment of East Egg think Gatsby does this to show off his new money, but his motif is different. Jordan states it. This shows that even Daisy’s friends know what the parties are centered around. Gatsby waits for Daisy to walk in one night, wanting her to see everything he has become, but she never does. He does it all for her: the money, the house, the cars, the criminal activities, everything. It takes Gatsby finding Daisy, to get her there. Gatsby tells Nick in a panic, “She didn’t like it,” he insisted. “She didn’t have a good time”  e) “And I hope she’ll be a fool – that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool” Imagery is visually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work. E.g : a) It describes using the five senses of sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell, abounds, such as in the long passage describing the preparations for Gatsby's immense parties or the scene in which Nick sees Tom and Daisy for the first time in Long Island, and the women's dresses and the curtains billow and twist in the breezes. Metaphor is a figure of speech that makes an implicit, implied, or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated, but which share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics. Satire  is a literary term and form of rhetoric that uses various devices to expose flaws, critique society, and ridicule politics. Such devices include humor, irony, and exaggeration. E.g.: a) Jordan is always “balancing something on her nose” – her precarious position, perhaps? when describing Tom Buchanan and Jordan Baker Metaphor is a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn’t literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison. E.g: a) “I am still a little afraid of missing something if I forget that, as my father snobbishly suggested, and I snobbishly repeat, a sense of the fundamental decencies is parceled out unequally at birth.” b) “I wanted the world to be in uniform and at a sort of moral attention forever” c) “ it is what preyed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest ” d) Her voice is full of money. e) "foul dust." people like Daisy and Tom are likened to it. Metonymy is a word or phrase that is used to stand in for another word. Sometimes a metonymy is chosen because it is a well-known characteristic of the word. E.g : a) “In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the star”. It’s found in the way Nick dates Jordan, but finds himself a narrator of Gatsby’s love dream. b) “...I was standing beside his bed and he was sitting up between the sheets, clad in his underwear, with a great portfolio in his hands”. c) Unlike Gatsby and Tom Buchanan I had no girl whose disembodied face floated along the dark cornices and blinding signs and so I drew up the girl beside me, tightening my arms”. Simile : is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws resem-blance with the help of the words “like” or “as.” Therefore, it is a direct comparison. E.g : a) …and of Daisy, gleaming like silver, safe and proud above the hot struggles of the poor”. b) “Some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away. c) “For a moment the last sunshine fell with romantic affection upon her glowing face; her voice compelled me forward breathlessly as I listened—then the glow faded, each light deserting her with lingering regret, like children leaving a pleasant street at dusk.” d) “She was a slender, small-breasted girl, with an erect carriage, which she accentuated by throwing her body backward at the shoulders like a young cadet.” Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction.  E.g: a) “magnanimous scorn” b) “sweet fever” c) “cheerful snobbery” d)”… I drove over to East Egg to see two old friends whom I scarcely knew at all.” e)“…I’m pretty cynical about everything.” Onomatopoeia is the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named. E.g.: “I must have stood for a few moments listening to the whip and snap of the curtains and the groan of a picture on the wall.” Polysyndeton is a literary technique in which conjunctions (e.g. and, but, or) are used repeatedly in quick succession, often with no commas, even when the conjunctions could be removed. E.g.: a)“Then there was a boom as Tom Buchanan shut the rear windows and the caught wind died out about the room, and the curtains and the rugs and the two young women ballooned slowly to the floor.” Ellipsis is the omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues. E.g.: a) “What you doing, Nick?” b) “Never heard of them” c) “Don’t know a single — ” d) “What people plan?”. III. Syntacticаl – stylistics device: Repetition is a literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a few times to make an idea clearer and more memorable. There are several types of repetition commonly used in both prose and poetry. I. Anaphora is a rhetorical device that is the repetition of a word or phrase in successive clauses or phrases. E.g.: And so with the sunshine and the great bursts of leaves growing on the trees--just as things grow in fast movies--I had that familiar conviction that life was beginning over again with the summer. There was so much to read for one thing and so much fine health to be pulled down out of the young breath-giving air. Nick also repeats the phrase "and so" over 20 times in the novel.  His narrative voice in both inside and outside the story.  "And so" has a detached ring to it, as if Nick doesn't want to advance the plot to its tragic end. II. Epiphora is a stylistic device in which a word or a phrase is repeated at the ends of successive clauses.  E.g.: a) “Do you always watch for the longest day of the year and then miss it? I always watch for the longest day in the year and then miss it.” b) "Want to go with me, old sport?" "I thought you knew, old sport." "If you want anything, just ask for it, old sport." Jay Gatsby repeats the phrase "old sport" 42 times. A rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question that is asked to make a point rather than to elicit an answer. E.g: a)“Who with?” b) “You must know Gatsby.” “Gatsby?” demanded Daisy. “What Gatsby?” Antithesis literally means “opposite,” is a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect. E.g : a)an indefinable expression, at once definitely unfamiliar and vaguely recognizable”. b)“Conduct may be founded on the hard rock or the wet marshes…” c)“Instead of being the warm center of the world, the Middle West now seemed like the ragged edge of the universe…” Periphrasis: be defined as the use of excessive and longer words to convey a meaning which could have been conveyed with a shorter expression, or in a few words. E.g : “I participated in that delayed Teutonic migration known as the Great War. I enjoyed the counter-raid so thoroughly that I came back restless.” Summary The Great Gatsby is a story told by Nick Carraway, who was once Gatsby's neighbor, and he tells the story sometime after 1922, when the incidents that fill the book take place. As the story opens, Nick has just moved from the Midwest to West Egg, Long Island, seeking his fortune as a bond salesman. Shortly after his arrival, Nick travels across the Sound to the more fashionable East Egg to visit his cousin Daisy Buchanan and her husband, Tom, a hulking, imposing man whom Nick had known in college. There he meets professional golfer Jordan Baker. The Buchanans and Jordan Baker live privileged lives, contrasting sharply in sensibility and luxury with Nick's more modest and grounded lifestyle. When Nick returns home that evening, he notices his neighbor, Gatsby, mysteriously standing in the dark and stretching his arms toward the water, and a solitary green light across the Sound. One day, Nick is invited to accompany Tom, a blatant adulterer, to meet his mistress, Myrtle Wilson, a middle-class woman whose husband runs a modest garage and gas station in the valley of ashes, a desolate and run-down section of town that marks the convergence of the city and the suburbs. After the group meets and journeys into the city, Myrtle phones friends to come over and they all spend the afternoon drinking at Myrtle and Tom's apartment. The afternoon is filled with drunken behavior and ends ominously with Myrtle and Tom fighting over Daisy, his wife. Drunkenness turns to rage and Tom, in one deft movement, breaks Myrtle's nose. Following the description of this incident, Nick turns his attention to his mysterious neighbor, who hosts weekly parties for the rich and fashionable. Upon Gatsby's invitation (which is noteworthy because rarely is anyone ever invited to Gatsby's parties — they just show up, knowing they will not be turned away), Nick attends one of the extravagant gatherings. There, he bumps into Jordan Baker, as well as Gatsby himself. Gatsby, it turns out, is a gracious host, but yet remains apart from his guest — an observer more than a participant — as if he is seeking something. As the party winds down, Gatsby takes Jordan aside to speak privately. Although the reader isn't specifically told what they discuss, Jordan is greatly amazed by what she's learned. As the summer unfolds, Gatsby and Nick become friends and Jordan and Nick begin to see each other on a regular basis, despite Nick's conviction that she is notoriously dishonest (which offends his sensibilities because he is "one of the few honest people" he has ever met). Nick and Gatsby journey into the city one day and there Nick meets Meyer Wolfshiem, one of Gatsby's associates and Gatsby's link to organized crime. On that same day, while having tea with Jordan Baker, Nick learns the amazing story that Gatsby told her the night of his party. Gatsby, it appears, is in love with Daisy Buchanan. They met years earlier when he was in the army but could not be together because he did not yet have the means to support her. In the intervening years, Gatsby made his fortune, all with the goal of winning Daisy back. He bought his house so that he would be across the Sound from her and hosted the elaborate parties in the hopes that she would notice. It has come time for Gatsby to meet Daisy again, face-to-face, and so, through the intermediary of Jordan Baker, Gatsby asks Nick to invite Daisy to his little house where Gatsby will show up unannounced. The day of the meeting arrives. Nick's house is perfectly prepared, due largely to the generosity of the hopeless romantic Gatsby, who wants every detail to be perfect for his reunion with his lost love. When the former lovers meet, their reunion is slightly nervous, but shortly, the two are once again comfortable with each other, leaving Nick to feel an outsider in the warmth the two people radiate. As the afternoon progresses, the three move the party from Nick's house to Gatsby's, where he takes special delight in showing Daisy his meticulously decorated house and his impressive array of belongings, as if demonstrating in a very tangible way just how far out of poverty he has traveled. At this point, Nick again lapses into memory, relating the story of Jay Gatsby. Born James Gatz to "shiftless and unsuccessful farm people," Gatsby changed his name at seventeen, about the same time he met Dan Cody. Cody would become Gatsby's mentor, taking him on in "a vague personal capacity" for five years as he went three times around the Continent. By the time of Cody's death, Gatsby had grown into manhood and had defined the man he would become. Never again would he acknowledge his meager past; from that point on, armed with a fabricated family history, he was Jay Gatsby, entrepreneur. Moving back to the present, we discover that Daisy and Tom will attend one of Gatsby's parties. Tom, of course, spends his time chasing women, while Daisy and Gatsby sneak over to Nick's yard for a moment's privacy while Nick, accomplice in the affair, keeps guard. After the Buchanans leave, Gatsby tells Nick of his secret desire: to recapture the past. Gatsby, the idealistic dreamer, firmly believes the past can be recaptured in its entirety. Gatsby then goes on to tell what it is about his past with Daisy that has made such an impact on him. As the summer unfolds, Gatsby and Daisy's affair begins to grow and they see each other regularly. On one fateful day, the hottest and most unbearable of the summer, Gatsby and Nick journey to East Egg to have lunch with the Buchanans and Jordan Baker. Oppressed by the heat, Daisy suggests they take solace in a trip to the city. No longer hiding her love for Gatsby, Daisy pays him special attention and Tom deftly picks up on what's going on. As the party prepares to leave for the city, Tom fetches a bottle of whiskey. Tom, Nick, and Jordan drive in Gatsby's car, while Gatsby and Daisy drive Tom's coupe. Low on gas, Tom stops Gatsby's car at Wilson's gas station, where he sees that Wilson is not well. Like Tom, who has just learned of Daisy's affair, Wilson has just learned of Myrtle's secret life — although he does not know who the man is — and it has made him physically sick. Wilson announces his plans to take Myrtle out West, much to Tom's dismay. Tom has lost a wife and a mistress all in a matter of an hour. Absorbed in his own fears, Tom hastily drives into the city. The group ends up at the Plaza hotel, where they continue drinking, moving the day closer and closer to its tragic end. Tom, always a hot-head, begins to badger Gatsby, questioning him as to his intentions with Daisy. Decidedly tactless and confrontational, Tom keeps harping on Gatsby until the truth comes out: Gatsby wants Daisy to admit she's never loved Tom but that, instead, she has always loved him. When Daisy is unable to do this, Gatsby declares that Daisy is going to leave Tom. Tom, though, understands Daisy far better than Gatsby does and knows she won't leave him: His wealth and power, matured through generations of privilege, will triumph over Gatsby's newly found wealth. In a gesture of authority, Tom orders Daisy and Gatsby to head home in Gatsby's car. Tom, Nick, and Jordan follow. As Tom's car nears Wilson's garage, they can all see that some sort of accident has occurred. Pulling over to investigate, they learn that Myrtle Wilson, Tom's mistress, has been hit and killed by a passing car that never bothered to stop, and it appears to have been Gatsby's car. Tom, Jordan, and Nick continue home to East Egg. Nick, now disgusted by the morality and behavior of the people with whom he has been on friendly terms, meets Gatsby outside of the Buchanans' house where he is keeping watch for Daisy. With a few well-chosen questions, Nick learns that Daisy, not Gatsby, was driving the car, although Gatsby confesses he will take all the blame. Nick, greatly agitated by all that he has experienced during the day, continues home, but an overarching feeling of dread haunts him. Nearing dawn the next morning, Nick goes to Gatsby's house. While the two men turn the house upside down looking for cigarettes, Gatsby tells Nick more about how he became the man he is and how Daisy figured into his life. Later that morning, while at work, Nick is unable to concentrate. He receives a phone call from Jordan Baker, but is quick to end the discussion — and thereby the friendship. He plans to take an early train home and check on Gatsby. The action then switches back to Wilson who, distraught over his wife's death, sneaks out and goes looking for the driver who killed Myrtle. Nick retraces Wilson's journey, which placed him, by early afternoon, at Gatsby's house. Wilson murders Gatsby and then turns the gun on himself. After Gatsby's death, Nick is left to help make arrangements for his burial. What is most perplexing, though, is that no one seems overly concerned with Gatsby's death. Daisy and Tom mysteriously leave on a trip and all the people who so eagerly attended his parties, drinking his liquor and eating his food, refuse to become involved. Even Meyer Wolfshiem, Gatsby's business partner, refuses to publicly mourn his friend's death. A telegram from Henry C. Gatz, Gatsby's father, indicates he will be coming from Minnesota to bury his son. Gatsby's funeral boasts only Nick, Henry Gatz, a few servants, the postman, and the minister at the graveside. Despite all his popularity during his lifetime, in his death, Gatsby is completely forgotten. Nick, completely disillusioned with what he has experienced in the East, prepares to head back to the Midwest. Before leaving, he sees Tom Buchanan one last time. When Tom notices him and questions him as to why he didn't want to shake hands, Nick curtly offers "You know what I think of you." Their discussion reveals that Tom was the impetus behind Gatsby's death. When Wilson came to his house, he told Wilson that Gatsby owned the car that killed Myrtle. In Tom's mind, he had helped justice along. Nick, disgusted by the carelessness and cruel nature of Tom, Daisy, and those like them, leaves Tom, proud of his own integrity. On the last night before leaving, Nick goes to Gatsby's mansion, then to the shore where Gatsby once stood, arms outstretched toward the green light. The novel ends prophetically, with Nick noting how we are all a little like Gatsby, boats moving up a river, going forward but continually feeling the pull of the past. List of used literature The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Fitzgerald, F. S. (2013). The Great Gatsby. Wuhan, China: Wuhan Publishing House. American literature (pp.118-206). Cambridge: Harvard University Press Internet sources: https://www.shmoop.com https://www.wikipedia.org https://www.merriam-webster.com https://dictionary.cambridge.org https://literarydevices.net/ 26