CITATION AND REFERENCING GUIDE

CITATION AND REFERENCING GUIDE for POSTGRADUATE STUDIES in the DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT University of Venda Compiled by Dr. Richard Shambare Department of Business Management University of Venda 2017 © i TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1. 2. 3. 1 Popular referencing styles 2 Plagiarism: Some considerations 2 General rules of citations and references 2 JOURNAL ARTICLES AND PERIODICALS 5 1.1. Journal article: Author unknown 5 1.2. Journal article: (Single) Author 6 1.3. Journal article: Two Authors 6 1.4. Journal article: More than two authors 6 1.5. Newspaper articles and reports 7 BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS 8 2.1. A book with two authors 8 2.2. A book with three authors 8 2.3. A book with four or more authors 9 2.4. A chapter in an edited book (with multiple authors and editors) 9 2.5. A book with an author and a translator 10 2.6. A translated book, original author unknown 10 2.7. Editors and compilers 10 2.8. More than one book by the same author, different years 11 2.9. More than one book by the same author in the same year 11 2.10. Reference to a number of pages in a work 11 2.11. A book without page numbers 12 2.12. Reference to a whole chapter 12 2.13. Reference to a whole book 12 2.14. Multiple works by different authors 13 2.15. Corporate author 14 2.16. Corporate author with a subsection 14 2.17. Paper in a conference proceedings 14 GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS 15 3.1. Departments (Ministries) 15 3.2. Provincial Departments (Ministries) 15 3.3. The Constitution 16 3.4. Government gazettes 16 3.5. Commissions of inquiry 17 ii 4. 5. 6. 7. 3.6. Laws (Acts) 18 3.7. Green papers 18 3.8. White papers 18 OTHER TYPES OF WORKS 20 4.1. Dissertations and theses 20 4.2. Patents 21 4.3. Study guides, course outlines, and course material 21 4.4. Encyclopaedias 22 4.5. Personal communications: Interviews, letters, emails, and photocopies 23 4.6. Internal documents 25 4.7. Dictionaries 25 NON-PRINTED FORMATS 26 5.1. Videos 26 5.2. Radio and television programmes 27 ELECTRONIC SOURCES 28 6.1. The Internet 28 6.2. e-Books 29 6.3. Online newspaper articles and reports 29 AN EXAMPLE OF A LIST OF REFERENCES 30 APPENDIX A: Abbreviations of the months of the year 33 APPENDIX B: Abbreviations of the states of the United States of America (USA) 34 iii Introduction Referencing is an integral part of research. It is that one factor that differentiates the latter from other forms of writing such as poetry, journalism, and letters. Referencing consists of two elements: in-text citations and a list of references. In-text citations (or simply citations) refer to quotations from other authors or scholarly works. A list of reference is an alphabetical listing of the sources of citations used in the written work. A reference is different from a bibliography. The former contains only the citations used in the body of the research; and the latter includes both citations used in the documents as well as other reading material not cited in the document. For dissertations and research proposals we use references. The three primary functions of references and referencing are: (1) It demonstrates that an author’s work is based or grounded within the existing body of knowledge (BoK). (2) It serves as an acknowledgment of others’ contribution. (3) It beckons readers to a body of the literature within a particular discipline. It is for this reason that many researchers (including dissertation and theses examiners) flip through the list of references first before reading the research. The reference section is the second-most read section of a journal article, conference paper, thesis, or dissertation – after the title, of course. It, therefore, cannot be over-stated that referencing is such an important and integral part of research. Generally speaking, there is a high correlation between good referencing habits and excellence. This truism is often applied by examiners when assessing dissertations and theses. For instance, Chad Perry (2002), in his instruction manual for presenting theses elaborates much on the critical importance of referencing. Appropriately using correct and consistent referencing conventions will improve the quality of your work. Also, it ensures that you are less likely to plagiarise others’ works. As such, this manual is designed to help you use the Harvard Style of Referencing in your proposal, dissertation, or thesis. The guide is applicable for both manual and automated referencing systems. Automated referencing programmes such as EndNote allow you to customise a template that suits your unique referencing needs. 1 Popular referencing styles To promote consistency, researchers developed standards for referencing also known as referencing styles. The three most common styles used in commerce and social science disciplines are the, Harvard, American Psychology Association (APA), and the Numbered styles of referencing. The first two (Harvard and APA) are also known as the Author-year systems of referencing. The Harvard and the APA are similar and differ only in the arrangement of the lists of references. Many universities, journals in South Africa and beyond prefer using the Harvard Referencing Style and likewise is encouraged. Nevertheless, the underlying principle in referencing is consistency. Whatever you do, you need to be consistent. Plagiarism: Some considerations Plagiarism is the worst of all academic sins. Plagiarism takes on various shapes and forms. It ranges from mere incorrect citations to blatant copying and pasting. Simply, plagiarism refers to taking or using another author’s work and giving the impression that it is your own. At times plagiarism is difficult to detect and often its cause may never be known. Nevertheless, examiners will never take kindly to plagiarism whether it was committed out of ignorance or with wilful intent. Examples of plagiarism are (Sirbenhagen & Bijl, 2004): o Copying [in verbatim] another person’s work without acknowledgement; o Paraphrasing of another person’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation without acknowledging the source; and o Unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another person’s work and/ or the presentation of another person’s idea(s) as one’s own. General rules of citations and references The important consideration to make when you are citing other authors’ works is to determine what kind of material it is. Depending on whether it is a journal article, a dissertation, a newspaper, or website there are salient differences that need to be addressed differently. Some issues, however, will be addressed the same. For instance, if the in-text citation falls at the end of the sentence, the entire citation is placed inside round brackets or parentheses “()”. On the other hand, if the citation is anywhere else within the sentence, be it at the beginning or in the middle, only the year and page number are placed inside brackets. 2 Also, when compiling a list of references, at the end of your dissertation or report, depending on the source, the reference is presented differently. In other words, the reference for a book will be indicated differently from a newspaper. This will help the reader identify your sources more easily. To this effect, it is expected that a vast majority (> 75 per cent) of your sources be journal articles. However, achieving three-quarters of your references being scholarly articles (i.e., journal articles) might be unachievable for some disciplines and topics, in that case, an absolute minimum of 50 per cent should be considered. Having said that, students should seek specific guidance from their supervisors. Examples of citing and referencing the various sources are presented next. 3 Instructions for compiling CITATIONS AND REFERENCES 4 1. JOURNAL ARTICLES AND PERIODICALS Special Notes for Journals and Periodicals: o o o o o o The title of the periodical is followed by a comma. The place of publication and the name of the publisher of the periodical are not provided. The numbering of the periodical and the pages on which the article appears are provided. Avoid abbreviating journal titles, unless the abbreviated title is internationally recognised and used by all specialists in the subject field. Maintain the original spelling convention of the journal or periodical. For example, for the Journal of Organizational Change Management, the word organizational (with a “z”) should be left as is even though the rest of your dissertation uses UK English with an “s” – organisational. Use of capital letters in recording periodical or journal articles: - The title of the article of the journal is recorded in the “Sentence case.” The first word should be capitalised. All other words, except nouns (names of people, places, and organisations) should be in lower case. - Capitalise each word of the name of the periodical or journal (e.g., Emerging Markets Review). Date and numbering: After the name of the journal, details of the specific edition of the journal in which the relevant article appears, follow in the sequence given below: o The volume of the journal in Arabic numerals (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4); o The issue or edition between round brackets (parentheses); o The pages of the article cited, preceded by an un-spaced colon (double dots or “:”) o The date (month) is only necessary when no issue number is available. o The month may be abbreviated according to the recognised abbreviations and must appear in the language in which you are writing. 1.1. Journal article: Author unknown Citation: “Entrepreneurship challenges are increasing in high-growth companies” (Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Journals, 2013:43). Reference: 'Entrepreneurship challenges in high-growth companies and consequences for SME policy. 2018. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Journal, 53(1): 41 - 45. Notes: o Write the name of the journal in italics (African Journal of Economics) o Comma is placed after the name of the journal o No space between volume and issue numbers o One space after the colon and page numbers o No space between dash on page numbers 5 1.2. Journal article: (Single) Author Citation: From relatively contingent and unpredictable beginnings evolved an (end of sentence) institutional matrix… (Donnelly, 2012:90-103). Citation: Donnelly (2012:103) states … (in the sentence) Reference: Donnelly, P. 2012. Tracing the path to “Tiger Hood”: Ireland's move from protectionism to outward looking economic development. Organization Management Journal, 9(2): 90-103. 1.3. Journal article: Two Authors Citation: The mobile phone market is steadily approaching maturity (Mati & (end of sentence) Shambare, 2016:52). Citation: According to Mati and Shambare (2016:52), the mobile … (in the sentence) Reference: Mati, K. & Shambare, R. 2016. Developing lifelong customers in the mobile phone market: A South African case study. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 8(1): 52–60. Notes: o o 1.4. For citations at the end of the sentence, the entire citation is in brackets. For these citations, use sign “&.” For all other positions, other than the end, only the year and page numbers are in parentheses. For these citations, use the word “and.” Journal article: More than two authors Citation: Firms’ fundamental values allows researchers to identify common (1st citation) patterns (Tetlock, Saar-Tsechansky & MacSkassy, 2008:1438) Citation: Tetlock et al (2008:1440) indicate that to create a quantitative variable … (other citations) Reference: Tetlock, P.C., Saar-Tsechansky, M. & MacSkassy, S. 2008. More than words: quantifying language to measure firms' fundamental, The Journal of Finance, 63(3): 1437-1467. 6 1.5. Newspaper articles and reports A newspaper is a special form of a periodical; and it is cited and referenced as such. Generic example: Author (if known). Date (year). Title of the report/article (if author is unknown title moves to area 1). Title of newspaper (in italics), rest of date: page/s in newspaper where article or report appears. 1.5.1. Newspaper article with an author Citation: MTN and Vodacom decided to … (Sigonyela, 2000:1). (end of sentence) Citation: According to Sigonyela (2000:1), MTN and Vodacom have decided … (in the sentence) Reference: Sigonyela, M. 2000. ICASA decision a blow to cellular groups' plans. Sunday Times, Nov. 5:1. 1.5.2. Newspaper article without an author Citation: The virgin voyage of the new passenger ship, the Queen Elizabeth II, nearly ended in a tragedy today (Fateful voyage of happy ending, 1993:3). Reference: Fateful voyage of happy ending. 1993. Star, May 12:3. 7 2. BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS Citation: Every research project begins with a literature review (Mouton, 2001:86). (end of sentence) Citation: (in the sentence) Reference: According to Mouton (2001:86), it is essential that every research project begins with a literature review of the existing literature. Mouton, J. 2001. How to succeed in your master's and doctoral studies: A South African guide and resource book. Pretoria: Van Schaik. 2.1. A book with two authors Citation: The problem of communication … (Gardner & Shelton, 1967:40). (end of sentence) Citation: Gardner and Shelton (1967:40) refer to the problem of communication (in the sentence) Reference: Gardner, E.K. & Shelton, B. 1967. Communication across cultures. Cape Town: Via Afrika. Notes: o Outside the brackets, the word “and” is used. o Inside the brackets, “&” is used. 2.2. A book with three authors Citation: (1st citation) According to Cawood, Strydom and Van Loggerenberg (1980:23), … or Statistics show the opposite (Cawood, Strydom & Van Loggerenberg, 1980:23). Citation: According to Cawood et al (1980:23), … (other citations) or The latest data shows a contrary position (Cawood et al, 1980:23). Reference: Cawood, J., Strydom, A. & Van Loggerenberg, N. 1980. Doeltreffende onderwys. Goodwood: Nasou. Notes: o In the first citation, all three authors’ surnames are listed. o In subsequent citations, only the first author followed by the words “et al.” o The words “et al” must be italicised. o All authors’ surnames are listed in the reference. 8 2.3. A book with four or more authors When there are more than three authors, the abbreviation et al. (and others) is used in the citation and underlined or typed in italics. However, all the authors are mentioned in the bibliographic reference. Citation: Photosynthesis refers to … (Meyer et al, 1987:74). (end of sentence) Citation: According to Meyer et al. (1987:74), photosynthesis is the… (in the sentence) Reference: Meyer, B.S., Anderson, D.P., Bohning, R.H. & Fratanna, D.G. 1987. Introduction to plant physiology. New York: Van Nostrand. Notes: o In situations where there are four or more authors, the words “et al” must be used after the first author. 2.4. A chapter in an edited book (with multiple authors and editors) This is used when an author and editor are mentioned on the title page. The book will be referenced under the author, but the editor will also be named. Citation: Service delivery constraints are a major challenge (Shambare, 2016:212). (end of sentence) Citation: Shambare (2016:212) found that … (in the sentence) Reference: Shambare, R. 2016. Consumer Adoption of E-Government in South Africa: Barriers, Solutions, and Implications. Handbook of Research on Consumerism and Buying Behavior in Developing Nations. Edited by Ayantunji Gbadamosi Hershey, PA: IGI Publishers Notes: o Both the citation and the reference will be in the authors’ name o The editors are also mentioned in the reference 9 2.5. A book with an author and a translator Citation: Body language refers to … (Shane & Walpole, 1990:100). (end of sentence) Citation: Shane and Walpole (1990:100) pointed out that … (in the sentence) Reference: Shane, W. & Walpole, D.S. 1990. Body language. Translated by U. Mey. Pretoria: HAUM. 2.6. A translated book, original author unknown Citation: According to Teacher's guide to classroom management (1990:90), the teacher … Reference: The Teacher's guide to classroom management. 1990. Translated by G. Jones. London: Bodley Head. 2.7. Editors and compilers These examples apply only if the whole document is referred to and only the name of the editor appears on the title page. The abbreviated ed. (for editor) or comp. (for compiler) is used and placed in brackets. Citation: Information is … (McElroy, 1984:32). (end of sentence) Citation: According to McElroy (1984:32), the organisation of information … (in the sentence) Reference: McElroy, A.R. (ed.). 1984. Communicative aspects of information organisation. London: Library Association. 10 2.8. More than one book by the same author, different years The works are listed chronologically in the bibliography, with the earliest date filing first. The date in the citation will distinguish between the two entries in the bibliography. Citation: A dissertation, according to Black (1990:69; 1992:25), … or A dissertation contains 200 pages or more (Black 1990; 1992). Reference: Black, S. 1990. Education for the physically disabled. London: Hodder & Stoughton. Black, S. 1992. Special education. London: Penguin. 2.9. More than one book by the same author in the same year Citation: Black (1990b:123-124) suggests a number of activities for parents. Reference: Black, S. 1990a. Education of the physically disabled. London: Hodder & Stoughton. Black, S. 1990b. Living with a physically disabled child: a guide for parents. London: Faber & Faber. Notes: o Alphabetical suffixes (i.e., a, b, c etc after the year) to the year are added to differentiate the works. o In the reference list, the works are cited in alphabetical order. 2.10. Reference to a number of pages in a work Citation: Swart (1989:4, 59-60) points out that... Reference: Swart, B.H. 1989. Administration of insolvent estates. 3rd ed. Lynnwood Ridge: Pro Plus. Notes: o Text in bold is just for emphasis, not to be cited in bold 11 2.11. A book without page numbers Citation: South Africa, Department of Finance (1999:par. B19.9) provides the following statistics... Reference: South Africa. Department of Finance. 1999. Annual report. Pretoria: Government Printer. Notes: o Text in bold is just for emphasis, not to be cited in bold o Where par. B19.9 is a paragraph number. Citation: South Africa, Department of Finance (1999:col.19.9) provides the following statistics... Reference: South Africa. Department of Finance. 1999. Annual report. Pretoria: Government Printer. Notes: o Text in bold is just for emphasis, not to be cited in bold o Where col. 19.9 is a column number. 2.12. Reference to a whole chapter Citation: Swart (1989:Chapter 3) points out that... Reference: Swart, B.H. 1989. Administration of insolvent estates. 3rd ed. Lynnwood Ridge: Pro Plus. Notes: o Text in bold is just for emphasis, not to be cited in bold 2.13. Reference to a whole book Citation: Swart (1989) points out that... Reference: Swart, B.H. 1989. Administration of insolvent estates. 3rd ed. Lynnwood Ridge: Pro Plus. 12 2.13.1. Reference to different works of an author Citation: Insolvent estates … (Swart, 1978:65; 1984:43; 1989:4). (end of sentence) Citation: Swart repeatedly (1978:65; 1984:43; 1989:4) refers to the... (in the sentence) Reference: Swart, B.H. 1978. Insolvent estates. Pretoria: Pro Plus. Swart, B.H. 1984. Administration of insolvent estates. 2nd ed. Lynnwood Ridge: Pro Plus. Swart, B.H. 1989. Administration of insolvent estates. 3rd ed. Lynnwood Ridge: Pro Plus. Notes: o The works are listed chronologically – starting with the oldest to the newest. 2.14. Multiple works by different authors Citation: Swart (1989:4) and Van Dyk (1994:13-14) are of the opinion that ... or Insolvent estates ... (Swart, 1989:4; Van Dyk, 1994:13-14). Reference: Koen, D.G. 1995. Insolvency legislation handbook: Insolvency Act, schedules, regulations, taxation of legal costs. Roodepoort: Digma. Swart, B.H. 1989. Administration of insolvent estates. 3rd ed. Lynnwood Ridge: Pro Plus. Van Dyk, A.S. 1994. Administration of estates and drafting of wills. Kenwyn: Juta. Notes: o Both in the citation and reference list, the works are listed alphabetically. 13 2.15. Corporate author Citation: Shoes come in numerous shapes (Shoe Factory, 2015:120). (end of sentence) Citation: According to the Shoe Factory (2015:120), … (in the sentence) Reference: Shoe Factory. 1985. Analytical methods for atomic absorption spectrometry. Norwalk: Perkin Elmer Corporation. Notes: o Avoid using prefixes such as “a” and “the” before corporate authors’ names (e.g. The Shoe Factory) in the reference list. The correct way is “Shoe Factory” o Include a full stop after the corporate author 2.16. Corporate author with a subsection Citation: (end of sentence) Citation: (in the sentence) The best degree to study in university is the B Com Management (University of Venda, Department of Business Management, 2017:13). According to the University of Venda, Department of Business Management (2017:13), the best degree to study in university is the B Com Management. Bibliographic University of Venda. Department of Business Management. 2017. reference: Learning Report. Thohoyandou: University of Venda. Notes: o In the citation, place a comma between the corporate author (University of Venda) and its subsection or department (Department of Business Management). o In the reference, place a full stop between the corporate author (University of Venda) and its subsection or department (Department of Business Management). 2.17. Paper in a conference proceedings Citation: Mabasa, Ngirande, and Mabasa (2015:1064) pointed out that … Reference: Mabasa, F.D., Ngirande, H., Mabasa, E.L. 2015. An Investigation on the relationship between perceived organisational support, job satisfaction and organisational commitment among academic staff members at a selected higher learning institution. The 27th Southern African Institute of Management Scientists (SAIMS) Proceedings, 30 Aug. – 1 Sept., Cape Town. 14 3. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS The several branches or departments of the government (provincial, local, and even ministries) are treated as independent authors as cited as such.. The official titles of these departments are often very long. As such, preference is given to an abbreviated form in the citation (e.g. SA instead of South Africa, Department of Education) (Sirbenhagen & Bijl, 2004). A ''see'' reference (cross-reference) is made in the reference list, e.g. SA see South Africa. 3.1. Departments (Ministries) Citation: The production of the platinum group of metals remained unchanged (Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs, 1995:14). Reference 1: Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs see South Africa. Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs. Reference 2: South Africa. Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs. 1995. Annual report. Pretoria: Government Printer. Notes: o In the reference, publications by government ministries (i.e., departments) are listed under both the country's name and the name of the department o In the citation, only the name of the department is given. 3.2. Provincial Departments (Ministries) Provincial departments are treated in the following way: Citation: Upgrading of regional roads will be priority (Department of Local Government, Traffic Control and Traffic Safety, 1999:12). Reference 1: Department of Local Government, Traffic Control and Traffic Safety see Mpumalanga Province (South Africa). Department of Local Government, Traffic Control and Traffic Safety. Reference 2: Mpumalanga Province (South Africa). Department of Local Government, Traffic Control and Traffic Safety. 1999. Annual report. Nelspruit: The Department. 15 3.3. The Constitution Citation: In terms of Article 32(1) of the Constitution (1996), every one has the right of access to government information. Reference: Constitution see South Africa. South Africa. 1996. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa as adopted by the Constitutional Assembly on 8 May 1996 and as amended on 11 October 1996. Pretoria: Government Printer. (B34B-96). 3.4. Government gazettes 3.4.1. National government gazette Citation: The requirement in this case is that the licence be withdrawn (SA, 1997:149). Reference: SA see South Africa. South Africa. 1997. The duty of the court to pass judgement on the suspension or revocation of a driver's licence. Government Gazette, 5804:149, Nov. 18. (Regulation Gazette No. 2561) Notes: o Government Gazettes are listed under their respective country's name. o Gazettes are treated like periodicals or journal articles with the following information appearing in the reference: Title No. of Gazette Page number Gazette Date Type & number Government Gazette 5804 149 Nov. 18 Regulation Gazette No. 2561 Other types of gazettes are: board notice, general notice, government notice, legal notice, media release or proclamation. 16 3.4.2. Provincial government gazettes Citation: The boundaries of Pampierstad do not include the Vaalharts Settlement (North-West, 1995:58). Reference: North West (South Africa). 1995. The determination of areas of transitional authorities: Pampierstad Local Council. North-West Provincial Gazette extraordinary, 5086:58-59, Mar. 1. 3.5. Commissions of inquiry 3.5.1. Without a known chairperson Citation: In his fourth interim report it appears that the Commission of Inquiry into Certain Organisations (1974:56) is convinced. Reference 1: Commission of Inquiry into Certain Organisations see South Africa. Commission of Inquiry into Certain Organisations. Reference 2: South Africa. Commission of Inquiry into Certain Organisations. 1974. Fourth interim report. Pretoria: Government Printer. (RP 33/1974). Notes: o It is important to furnish the number (RP …) of the Government publication, because that facilitates retrieval. 3.5.2. With a chairperson Citation: According to the commission (Katz, 1994:7), the tax system... Reference: Katz, M.M. (chair). 1994. Interim report of the Commission of Inquiry into Certain Aspects of the Tax Structure of South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printer. 17 3.6. Laws (Acts) Citation: The purpose of the Labour Relations Act is to advance economic development (1995:1). Reference 1: Acts see South Africa. Reference 2: South Africa. 1995. Labour Relations Act, No. 33 of 1995. Government Gazette, 366(16861), Dec. 13:1-20. 3.7. Green papers Citation: Technology can reduce the workload of women (SA, 1996:89). Reference 1: SA see South Africa. Reference 2: South Africa. Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology. 1996. South Africa's Green Paper on Science and Technology: preparing for the 21st century. Pretoria: Government Printer 3.8. White papers These publications are listed under the country's name and name of the department in the bibliography, while the citation only contains the abbreviated form of the name of the country. 3.8.1. Published separately Citation: In the White Paper on Tourism (SA, 1996:48) the government … Reference: SA see South Africa. South Africa. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. 1996. The development of tourism in South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printer. (WPB-1996). 18 3.8.2. Published in the Government Gazette Citation: According to the White Paper on Education and Training (SA, 1995:21), higher education … Reference: SA see South Africa. South Africa. Department of Education. 1995. White Paper on Education and Training. Government Gazette, 16312:21, Mar. 15. (WPJ- 1995). 19 4. OTHER TYPES OF WORKS 4.1. Dissertations and theses Citation: Social networks are … (Chakuzira, 2015:5). (end of sentence) Citation: Chakuzira (2015:5) researched that … (in the sentence) Reference: Chakuzira, W. 2015. Application of Mobile and Social Networking Technologies in Higher Learning Institutions. M Com Management. (Dissertation). University of Venda. Notes: o For a dissertation, the following particulars should be presented: - Surname and initials of author - Date - Title of thesis or dissertation (in italics) - Name of qualification - Name of educational institution - Place where institution is located (If the name of the place where the institution is located forms part of the name of the institution, e.g. University of Venda, the place is left out. But University of South Africa will be: Pretoria, University of South Africa). Citation: (end of sentence) Citation: Succession planning is important in family businesses (Mabunda, 2013:144). Mabunda (2013:144) mentioned that the average number of … (in the sentence) Reference: Mabunda, M. 2023. An Investigation of Factors Influencing Succession Planning in Family Business at Giyani Area. B Com (Honours) Management (Dissertation). University of Venda. 20 4.2. Patents Citation: Flouride is found in water … (Gitari, Izuagie, & Gumbo, 2016:23). (end of sentence) Citation: Gitari, Izuagie, and Gumbo (2016:23) found that the provision of … (in the sentence) Reference: Gitari, W., Izuagie, A. & Gumbo, J. 2016. Defloridation treatment of water with trimetal magnesium/cerium/manganese oxide modified diatomaceous earth. (South Africa Patent 2016/ 08590). Notes: o A patent is entered under the names of the inventors. o The name of the organisation is called the patent holder (or patentee) if applicable, as well as the number of the patent should be included. o If the patent is registered in the name of a company (the patentee) and the names of the inventors are not available, then it is entered under the name of the patentee. o The basic principle of 3 more authors still applies, i.e., the use of “et al” 4.3. Study guides, course outlines, and course material 4.3.1. Author indicated Citation: The objective of BIS 3641 is … (Kadyamatimba, 2012. (end of sentence) Citation: Kadyamatimba (2012:11) avers that users of electronic commerce (in the sentence) applications… Reference: Kadyamatimba, A. 2012. BIS 3641 Electronic Commerce. Thohoyandou: University of Venda. (Course Outline – BIS 3641). 21 4.3.2. Without an indication of the author or author is unknown Citation: In other words, transplanting ‘a perfect policy’ from one country will not necessarily guarantee success in another country (DTI, 2015:7). Reference: DTI, 2015. Integrated Strategy on the Promotion of Entrepreneurship and Small Enterprises, Pretoria: Department of Trade and Industry. Notes: o If author is unknown, these types of publications are entered under the name of the publishing institution. o If the entry is the same as the name of the publisher (e.g. University of Venda), then the name of the publisher is not repeated in the publisher area. 4.4. Encyclopaedias 4.4.1. Article with an author Citation: Hieroglyphics indicate a similarity to art forms (Brunner, 1984:853). (end of sentence) Citation: Hieroglyphics, according to Brunner (1984:583), represent a form of art. (in the sentence) Reference: Brunner, H. 1984. Hieroglyphic writing. In: World Book Encyclopaedia, 3:853-855. Notes: o If an encyclopaedia article mentions its authors, then it is cited as a book. o It is unnecessary to give the place of publication and publisher's name of a well-known encyclopaedia. 4.4.2. Article without an author Citation: Oriental music is music of civilized Oriental peoples (Oriental music, 1989:122). Reference Oriental Music. 1989. In: Encyclopaedia of Music, vol. 4. 4th ed. New York: Bowker:121-122. Notes: When the author is not specified, the citation and reference will be made out in the title of the encyclopaedia. 22 4.5. Personal communications: Interviews, letters, emails, and photocopies It sometimes happens that use is made of letters or personal communications that have not been published in some form. Furnish the following details as far as possible: o Author, Year o Title or nature of material o Place of origin o Notes on physical nature, scope or where the material is available 4.5.1. Interviews Citation: Qualitative research is … (Mlambo, 2017). (end of sentence) Citation: In an interview with Mlambo (2017), he explained that qualitative data (in the sentence) is…. Reference: Mlambo, S. 2017. Interview. Thohoyandou. (Notes in possession of author), 2 February. 4.5.2. Letters Citation: Plagiarism … (Van Aswegen, 2001). (end of sentence) Citation: Van Aswegen (2001) expressed her utter dissatisfaction about … (in the sentence) Reference: Van Aswegen, L. 2001. Letter from Mrs. L. van Aswegen, Head of Department, Department of Library and Information Studies, Cape Technikon, 16 June. Notes: o include the person's title or designation and his/ her organisation after his/ her name, if known. 23 4.5.3. Emails Generic example: Sender. (Sender's e-mail address if available). Year. Title/heading/subject of the message. [E-mail to:] Receiver. (Receiver's address). Month day. Citation: The special exam timetable is … (Crafford, 2017). (end of sentence) Citation: Crafford (2017) expressed his gratitude … (in the sentence) Reference: Crafford, J. 2017. Email from Prof. J. Crafford, Deputy Vice Chancellor, University of Venda, 2 February. 4.5.4. Photocopies If the original source from which the photocopies were made is known, the particulars of the original source are given. If it is unknown, the following examples apply: Citation: A research proposal contains … (Pickworth, 2013). (end of sentence) Citation: Pickworth (2013) suggested that students … According to White (in the sentence) (s.a.), the writing of the research proposal should … Reference 1: Pickworth, G. 2013. How students learn: deep and surface learning. Learning Strategies Workshop, MEDUNSA, 18 September 1998. Photostat copy. Reference 2: WHITE, C.J. (S.a.) Research design. Photostat copy. 24 4.6. Internal documents Internal documents (e.g., policies, guidelines, mission statements) include material that is used by members or employees of an organisation in the execution of their work. Citation: (end of sentence) Citation: (in the sentence) Reference: 4.7. University of Venda aspires to be at the centre of tertiary education for rural and regional development in Southern Africa (University of Venda, 2015:3). University of Venda (2015:3) states that its mission is to be the centre for rural and regional development. University of Venda. 2015. Mission statement. Internal document. Dictionaries Citation: (end of sentence) The word "discordant" means "not in harmony" (Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus, 2009:262). Citation: The Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus (2009:262) defines the word (in the sentence) “discordant” as … Reference: Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus. 2009. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 25 5. NON-PRINTED FORMATS 5.1. Videos Information organised exactly as for printed formats, with format in square brackets directly after the title. If there is no publisher, provide the name of the manufacturer or distributor. Generic example: Author (if known). Date (year). Title (in italics) (if author is unknown, title moves to area 1) [Format]. Place of publication: name of publisher/manufacturer/distributor. 5.1.1. Video: Author or speaker known Citation: SPSS allows to calculate means and frequencies (Roncchi, 2015). (end of sentence) Citation: According to Roncchi (2015), the variables view in SPSS allows you to … (in the sentence) Reference: Roncchi, M. 2015. Tutorial: Introduction to SPSS [Video]. Johannesburg: You Tube. 5.1.2. Video: Author or speaker unknown Citation: If watching the video Online searching (2013), one can clearly see that … Reference: Online searching [Video]. 2013. S.l.: s.n. The place of publication and the name of the publisher are unknown. The format is recorded directly after the title - the same applies to the examples that follow. Generic example: Station. Date (year). Title of programme (in italics) [Format]. Day month. 26 5.2. 5.2.1. Radio and television programmes Television programme Citation: The programme Carte Blanche is … (M-Net, 2000). (end of sentence) Citation: According to the TV programme Carte Blanche (M-Net, 2000), one can (in the sentence) clearly see that … Reference: M-Net. 2000. Carte Blanche [TV programme]. 5 Nov. 5.2.2. Radio Programme Citation: Classes will begin on Monday … (Univen Radio, 2015). (end of sentence) Citation: It was announced on the six o'clock news (Univen Radio, 2015) that … (in the sentence) Reference: Univen Radio. 2015. Six o'clock news [Radio programme]. 1 Jan. 27 6. ELECTRONIC SOURCES Electronic sources provide an entirely new approach to information, creating new problems because of the differences in format and contents (Van der Walt, 2000:34). The variety of sources makes it impossible to cover all and therefore only general guidelines will be given. Generic example: Author. Date (year). Title (in italics if commercially published) (moves to area 1 if author is unknown) [Computer file on format]. Word-processing software. Place of publication: name of publisher/manufacturer/distributor (if internally produced, use 'Unpublished' or 'Internal document'). 6.1. The Internet For sources acquired from the Internet, it is important to ascertain authorship. In other words, to establish the person or party that is responsible for the intellectual or artistic property (Vaal University of Technology, 2004). To establish, authorship, the latter advises that: o Look at the bottom of the “page” or screen for the name(s) of the author(s). o Who created the home page? If it is an individual’s home page, which is a subdivision of an institution’s home page, was the former authorised by the mother institution? For example, some educational institutions allow their students to compile their own home pages but disclaim any responsibility for the student’s work. o If responsibility can still not be ascertained, go back on the “address” (URL) and look for clues Citation: “Let there be justice for all. Let there be peace for all” (Mandela, 1994). (end of sentence) Citation: In his inaugural speech President Mandela (1994) used the following (in the sentence) famous words: “Let there be justice for all. Let there be peace for all”. Reference: .Mandela, N. 1994. Statement of the president of the African National Congress, Nelson Mandela, at his inauguration as president of the Republic of South Africa, Union Buildings, Pretoria, 10 May 1994. [Online]. Available at: http://www.anc.org.za:80/ancdocs/speeches/inaugpta.html. [Accessed on: 5 February 2017]. 28 6.2. e-Books Citation: The heart is a hollow muscular organ (Gray, 2000). (end of sentence) Citation: According to Gray (2000), the heart is a hollow muscular organ. (in the sentence) Reference: Gray, H. 2000. Anatomy of the human body [Online]. S.l.: Bartleby.com. Available from: http://www.bartleby.com/cgibin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?query=hear t &filter=col107&Submit=Go [Accessed: 3 March 2004]. 6.3. Online newspaper articles and reports Generic example: Author (if given). Date (year). Title (moves to area 1 if author unknown). Newspaper title (in italics) [Format], Rest of date:paging (if available). Available from: Internet address [Accessed: day/month/year]. Citation: " ZESA Holdings is in the process of mobilising funding to whittle (end of sentence) down its debt to South Africa’s Eskom after the value of power imports under a Government guarantee………" (Sibanda, 2017). Citation: Zesa Holdings, according to Sibanda (2017), will … (in the sentence) Reference: Sibanda, G. 2017. ZESA mulls Eskom debt clearance. Herald Zimbabwe [Online], February 7. Available from: http://www.herald.co.zw [Accessed: 7 February 2017]. 29 7. AN EXAMPLE OF A LIST OF REFERENCES General Notes for a List of References o A list of references is compiled in alphabetical order o Unlike the body a dissertation or a thesis, a list of references is left-justified so that the references do not appear as if they are stretched as common in the full-justified format. REFERENCES Acts see South Africa. Adeoti-Adekeye, W.B. 1997. The need for user education in secondary school libraries. Library review [CD-ROM], 46(8). Basset, R.E. & Smythe, M. 1979. Communication and instruction. 3rd ed. New York: Harper & Row. (Communication guides, no. 1). Black, S. 1992. Special education. London: Penguin. Cilliers, S. 1986. Psychiatric nursing (VPE 420). Potchefstroom: PU for CHE. (Study guide S98/51). Claassen, C.J. (comp.). 1975. Dictionary of legal words and phrases, vol. 1. Durban: Butterworths. College library collection development. 1977. In: Delaney, J. (ed.). The administration of the college library. 2nd ed. New York: Bowker:52-164. Commission of Inquiry into Certain Organisations see SOUTH AFRICA. Commission of Inquiry into Certain Organisations. Constitution see South Africa. Department of Education see South Africa. Department of Education. Department of Local Government, Traffic Control and Traffic Safety see Mpumalanga 30 Province (South Africa). Department of Local Government, Traffic Control and Traffic Safety. Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs see South Africa. Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs. Katz, M.M. (chair). 1994. Interim report of the Commission of Inquiry into Certain Aspects of the Tax Structure of South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printer. Koen, D.G. 1995. Insolvency legislation handbook: Insolvency Act, schedules, regulations, taxation of legal costs. Roodepoort: Digma. Le Roux, A.S. 1992. The role of communication in classroom management. M.Ed. dissertation, University of South Africa, Pretoria. Libraries. 2000. In: Microsoft Encarta online encyclopaedia 2000 [Online]. Available from: http://encarta.msn.com [Accessed: 11/09/2000]. Lockwood, A. 1992. Applying service quality concepts to tourism and hospitality education. (Paper read at the Conference on Tourism Education, April 10, Valencia, Spain). Unpublished. Markoff, J. 1996. Voluntary rules proposed to help insure privacy for Internet users. New York Times [Online], June 5. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/y05dat.html [Accessed: 05/06/1996]. McElroy, A.R. (ed.). 1984. Communicative aspects of information organisation. London: Library Association. Meyer, B.S., Anderson, D.P., Bohning, R.H. & Fratanna, D.G. 1987. Introduction to plant physiology. New York: Van Nostrand. M-Net. 2000. Carte Blanche [TV programme]. 5 Nov. Mpumalanga Province (South Africa). Department of Local Government, Traffic Control and Traffic Safety. 1999. Annual report. Nelspruit: The Department. 31 North West (South Africa). 1995. The determination of areas of transitional authorities: Pampierstad Local Council. North-West Provincial Gazette extraordinary, 5086:58-59, Mar. 1. Oriental music. 1989. In: Encyclopaedia of Music, vol. 4. 4th ed. New York: Bowker:121122. South Africa. 1996. The Constitution [Online]. Available from: http://www.gov.za/structure/constitution.htm [Accessed: 04/03/2004]. South Africa. 1997. The duty of the court to pass judgement on the suspension or revocation of a driver's licence. Government Gazette,5804:149, Nov. 18. (Regulation Gazette No. 2561). South Africa. Commission of Inquiry into Certain Organisations. 1974. Fourth interim report. Pretoria: Government Printer. (RP 33/1974). South Africa. Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology. 1996. South Africa's Green Paper on Science and Technology: preparing for the 21st century. Pretoria: Government Printer. South Africa. Department of Education. 2002. Annual report 2001-2002 [Online]. Available from: http://www.gov.za/annualreport/2002/doe/part1.pdf [Accessed: 02/02/2002]. South Africa. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. 1996. The development of tourism in South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printer. (WPB-1996). South Africa. Department of Finance. 1999. Annual report. Pretoria: Government Printer. South Africa. Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs. 1995. Annual report. Pretoria: Government Printer. South African Reserve Bank. Department of Bank Supervision. 1994. Annual report. Pretoria: SARB. 32 APPENDIX A: Abbreviations of the months of the year Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Abbreviation Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. 33 APPENDIX B: Abbreviations of the states of the United States of America (USA) Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Canal Zone Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi AL AK AS AZ AR CA CZ CO CT DE DC FL GA GU HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 34 MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA PR RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA VI WA WV WI WY