Petrographic Analysis of Selected Vessels and Objects

I Pre-print from: Tel Re¢ov The 1997–2012 Excavations Volumes I–V Amihai Mazar and Nava Panitz-Cohen (editors) QEDEM Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Pre-print distributed in 2016 II Editors’ Comment The final publication of the excavations at Tel Re¢ov, that were carried out between 1997–2012, is a lengthy process which hopefully will culminate in 2017 in the form of five volumes, to be published in Qedem, Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Since some of the chapters were submitted a few years ago, we decided to enable the distribution of pre-print copies of these chapters. Please note that the page numbers are provisional. For articles on the Tel Re¢ov excavations, see www.rehov.org and http://huji.academia.edu/AmihaiMazar Tel Re¢ov, view to the east (Photo: Albatross) III Table showing the correlation between the general strata and the local strata in each excavation area, as well as their assignation to periods and the suggested dates. General Strata Local strata in excavation areas A B C D E F E-0 F-0 Period G Dates* J I A-1 B-1a B-1b II A-2 B-2 J-2 Iron Age IIB/C Post J-3 late 8th/early 7th centuries (?) IIIA A-3 B-3 J-3 Iron Age IIB destruction second half of 8th century–732 IIIB A4' A4 B-4' B-4 J-4 Iron Age IIB ca. 830?–first half of 8th century IV A-5 B-5a C-1a D-1a E-1a F-1 G-1a J-5 V B-5b C-1b D-1b E-1b F-2 F-3 G-1b J-6a VI B-6 C-2 D-2 E-2 F-4? G-2a G-2b J-6b Early Iron Age IIA Ca. 980/960–ca. 920 VII B-7 B-8 C-3a C-3b C-4 D-3 D-4a D-4b D-5 E-3 J-7 J-8 Iron Age IB 11th century–ca. 980/960 D-6a D-6b Iron Age IA/B transition second half of 12th century D-7a D-7b Iron Age IA (“Late Bronze III”) first half of 12th century D-8 D-9a D-9b Late Bronze Age IIA/B late 14th–13th centuries D-10 Late Bronze Age IIA 14th century D-11a D-11b Late Bronze Age I/IIA J-1 Late Islamic burials Early Islamic Unknown 8th–12th centuries CE destruction early 9th century–ca. 840/830 Late Iron Age IIA Iron I phases in Area A3 Late Bronze layer Early Bronze II-III remains and fortification in Area H * All dates are BCE except Stratum I late 10th–early 9th centuries 15th–early 14th centuries IV Topographic map of Tel Re¢ov showing excavation areas CHAPTER 26B: PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SELECTED VESSELS AND OBJECTS Anat Cohen-Weinberger Background clay, chalk and gypsiferous sediments (Picard 1956; Sneh, Bartov, and Rosensaft 1998; Hatzor 2000). Cenomanian to Neogene sedimentary rocks and Neogene basalts are exposed in the nearby Gilboa Mountain (Picard 1956; Sneh, Bartov and Rosensaft 1998; Hatzor 2000). The banks of the Jordan River to the east of the site are composed of alluvial sediments which have been extracted from the diverse lithologies exposed along its drainage system. Clastic and lacustrine sediments of the Lisan Formation are exposed along the Jordan River (Horowitz 2001; Zilberman et al. 2004). The Beth-Shean Valley is also characterized by soils including calcareous serozem, marly hydromorphic grumusol and grey rendzina desert lithosol (Dan and Raz 1970). In Jordan, east of the Beth-Shean Valley, marl and shales of the Mastrichtian and the Paleocene Age (Taqiye Formation) and chalk and limestone of the Eocene Age are exposed (Sneh, Bartov and Rosensaft 1998). Limited exposures of tufa appear east of the Jordan River near Tabaqat Fa¢l (Sneh, Bartov and Rosensaft 1998). See also Chapter 2, TBS II: 548, TBS III: 523 and TBS IV: 312–313. Potential clay-rich raw materials exposed in the vicinity of Tel Re¢ov that could have been used for pottery production are the clayey-marly units of the tufa-rich Re¢ov Formation, the Pliocene Bira Formation, the Paleocene marls east of the Jordan River and local soils. This study presents the results of the petrographic analysis of 16 Iron Age II clay objects and vessels from the Tel Re¢ov excavations (Table 26.5).1 The samples taken for this study include a variety of vessel types which are uncommon in the pottery assemblage and are considered imports to the site, including two Philistine Bichrome jug sherds, a Phoenician Bichrome jug sherd, a Phoenician jug belonging to Achziv Ware, a jug belonging to Late Philistine Decorated Ware (LPDW)/Ashdod Ware, a thin-walled red-slipped Phoenician bowl, an Assyrian bottle, a large barrel jug, and an elaborately decorated Phoenician storage jar (Table 26.5:Nos. 1–8, 10, 12). In addition, several special vessels and objects were sampled, including a painted chalice with petals, a nicely painted jug or flask, three altars and a model shrine (Table 26.5:Nos. 9, 11, 13–16). Geological Setting Tel Re¢ov is located in the Beth-Shean Valley, which is mostly covered by Holocene alluvial sediments. Quaternary tufa (travertine) dominates the lithology of the valley (Schulman 1962; Horowitz 1979; Kronfeld et al. 1988; Shaliv, Mimran and Hatzor 1991; Sneh, Bartov and Rosensaft 1998; Hatzor 2000; Zilberman et al. 2004; Rozenbaum et al. 2005). The pisolite-bearing tufa known as the Beth-Shean Formation was separated from the upper “marl member” (Shaliv, Mimran and Hatzor 1991: 173), which is termed the Re¢ov Formation (Horowitz 2001: 546–547). The sequence of the “marl member” comprises white-brownish, occasionally black clays and marls, with very abundant pisolites and Melanopsis shells (Shaliv, Mimran and Hatzor 1991; Horowitz 2001: 547). The area north of the Beth-Shean Valley is covered by Neogene basalts and sediments. The latter include the Pliocene Bira Formation, which comprises marl, Results T wo Philistine Bichrome Jug Sherds (Table 26.5:Nos. 1–2)2 These two sherds are characterized by a calcareous silty matrix which is optically active (Photo 26.19). The silt is well sorted and contains mainly quartz grains, but also a recognizable quantity of other minerals, such as hornblende, zircon, mica minerals, feldspars, augite and ore minerals. The matrix 19 20 CHAPTER 26B of No. 2 comprises some planktonic foraminifera. The sand-sized non-plastic assemblage (f:c ratio {0.062mm} = Ó95:5) includes well-sorted rounded to sub-rounded (300-500µm) quartz grains, with the occasional appearances of feldspars. The quartz grains often exhibit undulose extinction. Based on published data (see e.g., Porat 1987: 112–115; Rognon et al. 1987; Goren, Finkelstein and Naºaman 2004: 112–113) and a comparable collection of thin sections at the Israel Antiquities Authority petrographic laboratory, the matrix is identified as loess soil, which is widely exposed mainly in the northern Negev and southern Shephelah. The overall distribution of sites that doubtlessly produced pottery from loess soil does not extend significantly beyond the limits of this region. Hence, it is concluded that these two vessels were imported from Philistia to Tel Re¢ov.3 The phenomenon of Philistine Bichrome vessels found at sites outside the core area of its distribution and shown by petrographic studies to have been imported from Philistia is known from other sites as well (Arie, Buzaglo and Goren 2006: 563; Gilboa, Cohen-Weinberger and Goren 2006). Phoenician Bichrome Jug Sherd (Table 26.5:No. 3)4 This sherd is characterized by calcareous clay with some iron oxides. The sand-sized non-plastic components (f:c ratio {0.062mm} = Ó90:10) include fragments of chalk, beachrock, Amphiroa sp. coralline alga and chert in a size of 200-500µm, a few fine quartz grains of up to 300µm and Tertiary foraminifera (Photo 26.20). The non-plastic components are derived from a beach deposit. Quaternary sediments cover most of the Levantine coast and can vary considerably in composition. In the southern coast of Israel, the main source of the sand deposits are the Nile sediments dominated by quartz grains with a fewer accessory feldspar and “heavy minerals” (Nir 1985: 507; 1989:12; Bakler 1989: 201). On the northern coast of Israel (from Akko northwards) and the restricted sandy coasts of Lebanon, this type of deposit diminishes and the sediments become increasingly calcareous with bioclastic grains and a significant appearance of coralline algae (e.g., Avnimelech 1943: 67; Orni and Efrat 1964: 35; Rohrlich and Goldsmith 1984: 100; Gur and Goldsmith 1988; Nir 1989: 12–15; Sivan 1996). In this region, the coralline algae of the genus Amphiroa occur in bioclastic coastal sediments of Quaternary to Recent age and in several localities constitutes nearly 70% of the sand components (Gavish and Friedman 1969; Buchbinder 1975; Sanlaville 1977: 161–177; Almagor and Hall 1980; Bakler 1989; Sivan 1996; Walley 1997; Bettles 2003: 141, 184; Griffiths 2003; Ownby and Griffiths 2009). Raw materials of ceramics from sites located on the coast of northern Israel and Lebanon (e.g., Tyre, Sarepta and Sidon) consist of fragments of Amphiroa sp. alga (e.g., Wycoff 1939: 95; Smith, Bourriau and Serpico 2000, Section 5.1, Fig.18c, top right-hand corner; Bettles 2003: 163, Appendix VI; Ownby and Griffiths 2009). A slow decrease in the amount and size of the sand quartz grains is evident from the source, which are the beaches of the Nile Delta, to the north (Nir 1985: 507). It is noteworthy that sand-sized quartz still significantly appears along several northern Levantine coasts and the sand composition can considerably vary within a short distance along the coast (Emery and George 1963: 7; Sanlaville 1977: 162–164; Nir 1989: 12–15; Bettles 2003: Pls. 103–106, 111–112; Goren, Finkelstein and Naºaman 2004: 109–110, 165; Ownby and Griffiths 2009). The small amounts and size of the quartz grains, as well as the siginificant occurance of the Amphiroa sp. alga in this Phoenician Bichrome jug, indicate a north Levantine coastal area as the source. The matrix is identified as marl and the foraminifera indicate Tertiary marl. Paleogene and Miocene marls are widely exposed near the coast between Tyre and Sidon (Dubertret 1962), suggesting a provenance in this area of Phoenicia. Painted Jug Body Sherd (Table 26.5:No. 4) This sherd is characterized by a clayey matrix, which exhibits strong optical orientation. The nonplastic components (f:c ratio {0.062mm} = Ó85:15) comprise abundant limestone fragments, discrete foraminifera, abundant fine biotite laths and occasional chloritized and serpentinized minerals as well as plagioclase and clinopyroxene (Photo 26.21). A few fine sand-sized gabbroidic rock fragments and spilitic basalt also appear. This petrographic assemblage rules out Israel as a possible source of the raw material and strongly indicates that it derives from an ophiolite complex. PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SELECTED VESSELS AND OBJECTS Hence, the provenance of this vessel is most likely related to the vicinity of the Troodos Mountains in Cyprus. This vessel was defined by Joanna Smith as a “nipple jug or bottle” belonging to the Cypriot Bichrome ware (Chapter 27). Phoenician Jug (Achziv Ware) (Table 26.5:No. 5)5 This jug is characterized by calcareous foraminiferous clay (Photo 26.22). The foraminifera exhibit a milky appearance due to the high firing temperature and are most probably Upper Cretaceous in age. A few discrete rhombohedral dolomite crystals appear in the clay, as well as Ó3% silt-sized quartz grains. The sand-sized non-plastic components (f:c ratio {0.062mm} = Ó85:15) are up to 500µm and comprise chalk, angular limestone and a few quartz geode fragments. This raw material is identified as originating from Cenomanian-Turonian marls or a soil which developed on CenomanianTuronian rocks. The Galille and some areas in Lebanon, as well as many other regions, are possible sources (Dubertret 1962; Waley 1997; Sneh, Bartov and Rosensaft 1998) and thus, the provenance cannot be securely determined. 21 Issachar (Nir 1960), or streams that drain westwards to the Jeezrel Valley. A more specific provenance cannot be determined. Phoenician Bowl (Red-Slip Ware) (Table 26.5:No. 7) This bowl is characterized by calcareous foraminiferous clay, rich in silty carbonate and silty quartz grains as well as few small feldspar and hornblende grains of aeolian origin (Photo 26.24). The sandsized non-plastic components (f:c ratio {0.062mm} = Ó95:5) comprise fine quartz grains of Ó200µm and discrete Tertiary foraminifera (Photo 26.24). This raw material is identified as Rendzina-derived Grumusol soil (Wieder and Adan-Bayewitz 2002: 403). The fine quartz inclusions suggest an origin in the western part of Israel, relatively close to the coastal sand dunes. The origin of such vessels in Phoenicia was already suggested based on the distribution and provenance analysis of this ware (Aznar 2005: 100). Aznar (2005) classified the various types of these bowls (“Red-Slip Ware”) and divided them into fabric groups. The raw material of the bowl from Tel Re¢ov is most similar to Aznar’s fabric group 1D, which was attested in such a bowl from Tell Abu Hawam (Aznar 2005: 143, 171). LPDW (Ashdod Ware) Jug (Table 26.5:No. 6) This jug is characterized by calcareous foraminiferous clay with Ó5% silt-sized quartz grains. The sand-sized non-plastic components (f:c ratio {0.062mm} = Ó90:10) comprise poorly sorted chalk fragments, rounded basalt fragments with inter-granular texture and alterations to chlorite minerals (the latter appear yellow-brown, sometimes with a fibrous radial texture and anomalous colors), a few fine, rounded quartz grains (300µm), sparitic limestone and dolomite (Photo 26.23). The matrix is identified as Rendzina soil, which is widely exposed and cannot serve as an indicator of provenance. The poorly sorted chalk fragments are related to the soil parent material. Based on their shape and sorting, it is concluded that the other non-plastic components were derived from river sand that was intentionally added to the paste as temper; this river drained sedimentary, as well as basalt rock fragments. The ingredients and the nature of the sand suggest a provenance in the Jordan River, or in local streams that drain into it, such as Na¢al ¡arod, Na¢al Tabor and Na¢al Assyrian Bottle (Table 26.5:No. 8)6 This intact vessel is characterized by ferruginous silty clay, rich in ferruginous and clay-rich shales and a few ferruginous ooliths (Photo 26.25). The sand-sized non-plastic components (f:c ratio {0.062mm} = Ó95:5) comprise fine decomposed limestone fragments, a few sand-sized quartz grains, orbitolina?, as well as fine siltstone fragments. These components best suit the Lower Cretaceous formations (Greenberg and Porat 1996; Cohen-Weinberger and Goren 2004: 75; Goren, Finkelstein and Naºaman 2004: 103–105) that crop out in the Lebanon mountains, in the Anti-Lebanon and Hermon mountains, along the eastern slopes of the upper Galilee mountains, eastern Samaria, about 12 km away from Tel Re¢ov, and in Transjordan, south of Wadi Zarqa (Dubertret 1962; Bender 1968; Sneh, Bartov and Rosensaft 1998). The Lower Cretaceous clay was not the typical raw material used for Iron Age pottery at sites in the Beth-Shean Valley, but was used for specific forms, such as the Hippo jars (see Chapters 25, 26A). 22 CHAPTER 26B Vessels made of the Lower Cretaceous clay could have been brought to the Beth-Shean Valley sites from other areas where this raw material is exposed. Alternatively, these vessels were locally made by clay that was brought to Tel Re¢ov from eastern Samaria (Wadi Farªah or Wadi el-Mali¢). This bottle was assumingly produced at a site that was occupied by Assyrian (military or civilian) settlers. Production near Tel Re¢ov is possible, as well as at other sites located more closely to Lower Cretaceous outcrops, such as Tell el-Farªah (north) that was occupied following the Assyrian conquest and where a pointed-base Assyrian bottle was found (Chambon 1984: Pl. 61:16), or at sites located in Jordan. Painted Chalice with Petals (Table 26.4:No. 9) This vessel is characterized by calcareous clay with 5% silt-sized quartz grains. The sand-sized nonplastic components (f:c ratio {0.062mm} = Ó80:20) comprise mainly poorly sorted tufa fragments of up to 2mm in size and also some chalk and shell fragments, as well as discrete foraminifera. A few fine basalt fragments of 200-400µm and rarely, chert and bone fragments are also presented (Photo 26.26). This raw material is local to the Beth-Shean Valley and the immediate vicinity of Tel Re¢ov (Cohen-Weinberger 1998; Cohen-Weinberger and Goren 2004). The clay is most likely a local soil and the fine basalt fragments are derived from the adjacent outcrops west of Tel Re¢ov or from the basalt outcrops north of the Beth-Shean Valley. Large Barrel Jug (Table 26.5:No. 10) The matrix of this vessel exhibits strong optical orientation. Angular silt-sized quartz grains Ó7% are evenly dispersed in the matrix, which is also rich in fine mica laths (Photo 26.27). The sand-sized nonplastic components include coarse carbonatic rock fragments of micritic limestone and caliche, as well as argillaceous rocks which are rounded to angular. Fine quartz grains and mica laths are present in the argillaceous rock fragments. Rarely, fine weathered basalt fragments and fine quartz-arenite are present. This petrographic assemblage rules out Israel as a possible source of the raw material. Possible provenances of this flask are Cyprus, Cilicia or northern Syria. The producers of this flask imitated the shape of a Cypriot White Painted I barrel jug and thus, it is noteworthy that such a vessel was found in the same locus (Fig. 21.14:2; see Chapter 27, this volume). Painted Jug or Flask Body Sherd (Table 26.5:No. 11) This sherd is characterized by calcareous foraminiferous clay with some silty quartz grains (Photo 26.28). Terra Rossa soil nodules with silty quartz grains appear in the clay. The foraminifera are often silicified. The sand-sized non-plastic components include sparitic limestone, poorly sorted chalk fragments of up to 2mm in size and rarely, fine chert. This raw material is identified as Rendzina soil. Adding Terra Rossa soil to paste made of Rendzina or some other calcareous matrix was common and done to improve the properties of the highly calcareous soil material (CohenWeinberger and Goren 1996: 78, Fig. 1; Wieder and Adan-Bayewitz 2002: 405–406, 413). Rendzina soils were developed in the Beth-Shean Valley, as well as on Senonian and Eocene chalks in other wide areas in the Levant (Ravikovitch 1970; Dan et al. 1972; see also Chapter 2). The provenance of this vessel can not be specifically determined. Decorated Phoenician Storage Jar (Table 26.5:No. 12) This vessel is characterized by optically active foraminiferous clay (Photo 26.29). The foraminifera are often oxidized and argillaceous shales appear in the clay as well. The sand-sized nonplastic components (f:c ratio {0.062mm} = Ó95: 5) comprise rounded chalk fragments of up to 1.5mm in size. This clay is identified as a Tertiary marl deposit, most likely belonging to the Paleocene Taqiye Formation. This formation is widely exposed in the Levant. The closest exposures are the Maastrichtian-Paleocene (undivided) chalkmarl member in Jordan east of Tel Re¢ov, as well as limited exposures in the Gilboa mountain to the southwest of the site (Sneh, Bartov and Rosensaft 1998; Bender 1975: 120; Hatzor 2000). However, archaeological and stylistic considerations, along with the petrographic results, may relate this vessel to Tertiary marls which crop out near the Phoenician coast between Tyre and Sidon (Dubertret 1962), although it is noteworthy that no coastal components appear in the paste, so this suggestion is not unequivocal. 23 PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SELECTED VESSELS AND OBJECTS Altar Fragment with Figurines (Table 26.5:No. 13) This altar is characterized by calcareous clay with silty quartz grains and rarely, mica laths. The sandsized non-plastic components (f:c ratio {0.062mm} = Ó90:10) comprise mainly tufa and mollusk shell fragments, as well as elongated voids, which are traces of straw (Photo 26.30). A single fine basalt fragment also appears, as well as a few discrete foraminifera. The nature of the non-plastic components suggests a local provenance in the BethShean Valley for the raw material, which is similar to No. 9. Two Complete Altars and a Model Shrine (Table 26.5:Nos. 14–16) The two complete altars and model shrine are characterized by optically active calcarerous clay with silty carbonate particles, silty quartz grains and a few discrete foraminifera. The sand-sized non-plastic components (f:c ratio {0.062mm} = Ó95/90:5/10) are mostly rounded and include sparitic and micritic limestone, chalk, diversified basalt fragments, basalt-derived minerals, such as clynopyroxene and plagioclase, and also chert, tufa, chalk and nari fragments (Photos 26.31– 26.32). Elongated voids in the matrix are traces of straw and are considerably visible, especially in altar No. 15. The matrix of these three cultic objects is most likely the local Rendzina soil. From the variability and sorting of the non-plastic components, it may be concluded that they were derived from river sand. The nearby Jordan River is the most likely provenance of the non-plastic components. Table 26.5. Petrographic samples and suggested provenance Sample Type No. Reg. No. 1 Jug (Philistine Bichrome) 28428/12 2835 D-4b 16.46:13 26.19 Philistia 2 Jug (Philistine Bichrome) 18323 1837 D-2 16.62:7 Philistia 3 Jug (Phoenician Bichrome) 54611/5 5466 C-2 13.21:9 26.20 Northern Table 26.6: No. 5 Levantine (Phoenician) coast 4 Painted jug (Cypriot Bichrome) 16567/6 1664 E-1b 18.3:16 26.21 Cyprus 5 Jug (Phoenician, 46130/13 4616 E-1a Achziv Ware) 18.13:9 26.22 Unidentified marl or soil 6 Jug (LPDW/ Ashdod Ware) 4478 C-2 13.19:22 26.23 Jordan Valley/ Jezreel Valley 7 Thin-walled 14395/2 Phoenician bowl 1482 C-1a 13.75:6 26.24 Phoenician coast 8 Assyrian bottle 32185 3226 B-2 46.2:6 26.25 Local/eastern Samaria/Jordan/ upper Galilee/ Lebanon? 9 Painted chalice 44304 4437 C-1b 13.61:1 26.26 Local 44439/1 Locus Stratum Fig. Thin- Provenance section Photo Other petrographic studies in this volume Table 26.1: No. 163 Table 26.1: No.175 Chapter 26A– Assyrian-period Sample No. 4 24 CHAPTER 26B Sample Type No. Reg. No. Locus Stratum Fig. Thin- Provenance section Photo 10 Large barrel jug 40313/2 4052 G-1a 21.14:1 26.27 11 Painted jug/flask 28539/4 2833 D-3 16.56:17 26.28 Undetermined 12 Decorated Phoenician storage jar 26030 2607 E-1a 18.20 Northern Levantine (Phoenician) coast? 13 Altar fragment 64007/8 6401 C-1a Chapter 26.30 35, No. 5 Local 14 Altar 44553 4454 C-1b Chapter 35, No. 1 Local 15 Altar 16097 1613 E-1a Chapter 26.31 35, No. 4 Local 16 Model shrine 54575 5439 C-1a Chapter 35, No. 36 Local 26.29 26.32 Other petrographic studies in this volume Cyprus/Cilicia/ northern Syria? Photo 26.19. Table 26.5:No. 1, loess soil,×50 Photo 26.20. Table 26.5:No. 3, quartz grain, chert and algae fragments in calcareous clay,×100 Photo 26.21. Table 26.5:No. 4, serpentinized minerals in clayey matrix,×100 Photo 26.22. Table 26.5:No. 5, calcareous, forminiferous clay,×50 Photo 26.23. Table 26.5:No. 6, chalk and basalt fragments in calcareous clay,×50 Photo 26.24. Table 26.5:No. 7, calcareous, foraminiferous clay,×50 PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SELECTED VESSELS AND OBJECTS 25 Photo 26.25. Table 26.5:No. 8, ferruginous, silty clay,×100 Photo 26.26. Table 26.5:No. 9, basalt and tufa fragments in calcareous clay,×100 Photo 26.27. Table 26.5:No. 10, micaceous clay,×100 Photo 26.28. Table 26.5:No. 11, calcareous foraminiferous clay,×100 Photo 26.29. Table 26.5:No. 12, calcareous foraminiferous clay,×100 Photo 26.30. Table 26.5:No. 13, tufa fragment embedded in calcareous silty clay,×50 Photo 26.31. Table 26.5:No. 15, basalt and nari fragments embedded in calcareous clay,×50 All photos — crossed polars (XPL) Photo 26.32. Table 26.5:No. 16, basalt and chert fragments embedded in calcareous clay,×50 26 CHAPTER 26B NOTES This study was conducted in 2009 as a pilot petrographic analysis of the Tel Re¢ov ceramics and thus the sample is small and selective. Four of the items sampled in this study were re-examined in subsequent studies by Ben-Shlomo (Chapter 26A) and Waiman-Barak (Chapter 26C). 2 Table 26.5:No. 2 was also analyzed petrographically by Ben-Shlomo (Chapter 26A, Table 26.1:No. 163). 3 This same conclusion was reached by Ben-Shlomo for the Philistine Bichrome sherds he examined (Chapter 26A). 1 4 This sherd was also analyzed petrographically by Waiman-Barak (Chapter 26C:Table 26.6:No. 4), with similar conclusions. 5 This jug was was also analyzed petrographically by Ben-Shlomo (Chapter 26A, Table 26.1:No. 175), with similar conclusions. 6 This vessel was also analyzed petrographically by Ben®Shlomo (Chapter 26A, Assyrian period Sample No. 4), with different conclusions. BIBLIOGRAPHY Almagor, G. and Hall, J.K. 1980. Morphology of the Continental Margin of Northern Israel and Southern Lebanon. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 29: 245– 252. Arie, E., Buzaglo, E. and Goren, Y. 2006. Petrographic Analysis of Iron Age I Pottery. 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