Project Work 1 Project Work 2

International Journal of Project Management, 2010

The purpose of this study is to understand the constructs of work motivation in project-based organizations. We first juxtapose work motivation in traditional and project-based organizations to put forward an operational definition of work motivation for our study. We then present the research methodology where we profile work motivation as perceived by project workers using principal component analysis. We obtain a five factor structure of work motivation. Finally, we discuss these results by putting them within the project management perspective and suggest managerial implications.

Human Relations, 2014

In this article, we study emotional processes associated with the project management discourse. Employing a constructionist approach where emotions are experienced within an ordering discursive context, the study identifies four distinct emotional processes associated with the invocation of the project management discourse in daily work practices. From a study of theatre and opera house employees, we suggest that the project management discourse tends to normalize feelings of rigidity and weariness in project-based work, while emphasizing projects as extraordinary settings creating thrill and excitement. Moreover, we argue that this discourse is invoked in ways that lead individuals to internalize emotional states related to chaos and anxiety, while ascribing feelings of certainty and confidence to external organizational norms and procedures. The study highlights how employees construct project-based work as a promise of exciting adventures experienced under conditions of rational control, but also how the negative and suppressed aspects of project-based work are constructed as inevitable and to be endured. Through these emotional processes, the project management discourse is sustained and reinforced.

International Journal of Project Organisation and Management, 2012

Multi-project work is fragmented and unpredictable making project professionals continuously facing the risk of experienced control being reduced. In such work settings, there is an increased need for (temporary) sense making structures. In this article, the concept of infrastructure is applied to multi-project work. The findings, which are based on 43 interviews with multi-project professionals, reveals that task lists are important infrastructures created for supporting sense making, control and prioritising. The task lists reduces ambiguity and uncertainty and thus bridge the gap between organisational demands and individual resources providing room for improvised action.

Poems with medical or dietary content are a special area of narrativeoriented physician-patient interactions. On the one hand, they are in the tradition of ancient didactic poetry, while on the other hand they point forward to the often satirical poems of modern authors, in which diseases such as gout or addictions such as tobacco consumption are treated. Joachim Camerarius, who was not a doctor himself but dealt with numerous medical subjects in his works, also approaches this field of knowledge in poetry. In a hexametric praise of health, he places himself in the tradition of orphic hymns and thus documents, on the one hand, a feeling for the fact that certain objects can be depicted particularly well in certain genre traditions. On the other hand, it reveals his fundamentally philological approach to medical knowledge. Other poems deal with dietetics and, in their orientation towards the course of the year and towards nature, are based on the idea of a pre-stabilised harmony between humans and the environment as well as a close connection between the microcosm and macrocosm. They focus primarily on health prevention. At the same time, some poems reveal an interest in astrology, because the latter, as evidence of divine planning, allows a deeper understanding of illness. While Melanchthon demanded philosophical education from the physician, Camerarius demands poetic intuition from him. Healing and literary style seem to be intrinsically linked. Both are connected with finding the right measure. This is why, in ancient times, those who could produce medicines in the proper mixture were considered gods or children of the gods. Therefore, the modern physician 'had to adopt the methodology and disposition of the ancient physician in order to be able to practise successfully under the changed conditions of early modern medicine'. The same applies mutatis mutandis to the modern poet. Therein lies the bridge between medicine and literature and probably also a constant in Camerarius' thinking. The medical poems show him to be a humanist who also regarded health as a philosophical and literary concept.

Teori adalah serangkaian hipotesa atau proposisi yang saling berhubungan tentang suatu gejala (fenomena) atau sejumlah gejala (Sarwono, 1995: 4). Dalam buku Sarlito Wirawan Sarwono yang berjudul "Teori -teori Psikologi Sosial" (1995: 237-238) terdapat 4 teori persepsi sosial, yaitu:

Zeitschrift fur Personalforschung, 2004

The model of transformational leadership, proposed by Bass (1985), has been widely used in the United States in applied research as well as in practice for more than twenty years. In Germany, as well, this approach has received increasing attention since the late nineties. This article aims to offer a rough introduction to the model proposed by Bass and to provide a general survey on recent German research dealing with this paradigm. First of all, the transferability of the concept to Germany will be discussed. Similarities with results obtained in America are shown and differences thoroughly conferred. Although some limitations and restrictions have to be considered, it can be shown that the concept of transformational leadership is a fruitful approach for leadership research in Germany. Moreover, interesting implications for managerial practice are derived. Furthermore, advanced research questions concerning antecedences and consequences of transformational leadership in Germany are examined. Furthermore, recent findings show that the self-rater version of the MLQ provides additional information concerning the quality of leadership. A detailed look is taken at the relation between leadership and different facets of commitment. It could be shown that there are significant contributions of transformational leadership to affective and normative commitment. Interesting differences appear, if one considers the different contexts. Another direction of current research focuses on the role of followers for the perception and maintenance of transformational leadership. Results indicate that followers' characteristics, such as personality traits and implicit leadership theories, influence the perception and acceptance of transformational leadership.