An Introduction to APA

Department of Management Sciences APA Style Guide A I t odu io to APA This do u e t p o ides a i t odu io to ii g i A e i a Ps hologi al Asso iaio APA st le. All of the i fo o tai ed ithi the si th ediio 2 d p i i g of the Pu li aio Ma ual of the A e i a Ps hologi al Asso iaio . aio i this do u e t is Headi gs The APA st a d detail. lo e ase headi gs i le e o e ds up to i e le els of headi gs; ho e e , the i e le els a e used o l i epo ts that o tai a g eat a ou t of o te t Please Note that fo headi gs at Le el - , the i st lete of the i st o d i the headi g is uppe ase, a d the e ai i g o ds a e e ept fo p ope ou a d i st o d to follo a olo : . The follo i g ta le sho s fo at of headi g ith a e a ple of ho to put the thesis/pape . Le el Fo at Le el E a ple Literature Review Ca te ed, Boldfa e, Uppe ase a d Lo e ase Headi g Corporate Social Responsibility Flush Let, Boldfa e, Uppe ase a d Lo e ase Headi g I de ted, Boldfa e, lo e ase headi g e di g ith a pe iod. Concept of CSR. I de ted, Boldfa e, Itali ized, lo e ase headi g e di g ith a pe iod. Economical Responsibilities. I de ted, Itali ized, lo e ase headi g e di g ith a pe iod. Concept of Economics. Qui k ie APA Fo your text starts here your text starts here your text starts here ai g Ma gi s: Mi i u of Ma gi o all sides. Te t Alig e t: Flush Let Ragged Right Edge . Fo t: Ti es Ne Ro a fo Te t. A ial fo Ta les a d Figu es. Fo t “ize is pt. fo Headi gs a d Te t; Ta les fo t a e edu ed to pt. Spa i g: Dou le “pa e th oughout i ludi g efe e es. Pa ag aphs: I de t the egi i g of e pa ag aph . . A oid o e se te e pa ag aphs. Nu e s: Nu e s less tha te a e ite as o ds i.e., O e to Ni e . Nu e s o g eate use A a i igu es e-g . Use % s ol a d igu es to epo t a u e as pe e tage % . Capitalisaio : Capitalise ajo o ds a d all othe o ds of fou lete s o o e, i headi gs, itles, a d su itles outside efe e e lists, fo e a ple, A “tud of No-Wi “t ategies. Quotaio s It is app op iate to i lude a uote he the autho ’s u i ue ph asi g sufe s su sta iall o loses ea i g he pa aph ased. I -li e uotaio s a e i o po ated i to the te t, set ithi dou le uotaio a ks, a d follo ed the i -te t itaio ith the page u e of the uote. Use p. fo a uote f o a si gle page, use pp. fo a uote that spa s a a ge of pages. Note that the se te e pu tuaio follo s the itaio . E a ple: Keep ou ii g a essi le a oidi g use of poi t -headed p ose Ba a o, , p. . If a i -te t itaio fo the uoted autho as gi e ea lie i the se te e, o l the page u e follo s the uote. E a ple: “ ith a d Jo es fou d gu he i g i p o ed stude ts’ ete io of lass oo ate ial, ut also oted p ofesso s fou d the sight of ud- he i g fa es disgusi g a d de o alizi g p. . Lo g uotes of o ds o o e a e set as lo k uotes; ea h li e is i de ted spa es . i . a d dou le-spa ed. Fo e a ple Not all t pes of i o atio pe fo a e a e p o oted k o ledge ase i te s of the t iple-heli elatio s a o g te h olog , o ga izatio , a d te ito . The positi e effe t of k o ledge ase o pate t p odu ed as i o atio pe fo a e is sig ifi a t, ut is ot sig ifi a t o te h olog p odu ed Niu, Xie, & Leo a d, , p. . Pu tuaio Co as Use o e spa e ate all pu tuaio , i ludi g ate o as, olo s, se i- olo s; ate pu tuaio that sepa ate pa ts of a efe e e itaio ; a d ate pe iods of the i iials i pe so al a es. E a ple: e.g., J. R. )ha g APA, A e iaio a d A o APA e og izes o l se e a o io s ii g out a e i full o ou ust use the a e iaio fo eade s a keep t a k of o l to , p. a ks at the e d of se te es; ate pe iods . s s as o ds that do ot e ui e dei iio : HIV, AID“, IQ, E“P, REM, NADP, ACTH. Dei e all othe a e iai st use a d pui g a e iaio i pa e theses. E a ple: …“ hool of “o ial Wo k ““W … . O e dei ed, all su se ue t efe e es; APA does ot set a li it o the u e of a e iaio s allo ed; ho e e , ost u fa ilia a e iaio s. Itali s The o e t use of itali s is . To i t odu e a o d used as a te ; d op itali s o su se ue t use of te APA . E a ple: I o aio is …p odu i g a e p odu t/ se i e. Thus, i o aio … 2. Titles of ooks, pe iodi als, o hu es, epo ts--i te t & efe e e e t ies APA . E a ple: “eka a ’s ook o usi ess esea h ethods, Busi ess Resear h Methods, is idel taught at u i e sit le el . To des i e a ho s of a s ale E a ple: …used a -poi t like t s ale ith ai gs that a ged f o Stro gly Agree to Stro gly Disagree … . Lete s used as staisi al s ols o alge ai a ia les E a ples: F , = . , t test. a/ = /d, SD, I o e t use: Do ’t use itali s fo e phasis – el o ou ii g to gi e e phasis to a thought.  Fo eig ph ases that ha e e o e a epted as E glish o ds i.e., i luded i Merria -We ster’s Di io ary E a ples: et al. ad ho  Che i al te s CO , H O , T igo o et i te s si , log, osi e a d G eek lete s α, β) Ta les Ta les a e ea t to supple e t the te t athe tha epla e te t; the efo e, ou te t ust efe to a d dis uss the ke i fo ea h ta le. The ith ediio of the APA Ma ual p o ided su i t ad i e o hat akes a good ta le: "Ta les that o i e data a e efe i e o l he the data a e a a ged so that thei ea i g is o ious at a gla e" p. . aio p ese ted i u i ate ua ita- Si ple Ta le Rules           Ta les a e u e ed ith A a i igu es: E a ple, Ta le . If the ta le is i luded i a appe di , the the ta le u e ill i lude the appe di lete : E a ple, Ta le B de otes the i st ta le i Appe di B. Ta le is lushed let, ot itali ised. Ea h ta le should ha e a itle i itali s ith headli e st le apitalizaio ; the itle sta ts o the li e u de the ta le u e . All ele e ts of a ta le should e dou le-spa ed, ith the e epio of ta le otes that a e pla e i ediatel elo ta le. Fo staisi al ta les, use a sa s se if fo t su h as A ial; fo te t ta les, use Ti es Ne Ro a fo t. Fo t size a e edu ed to pt. ut ot s alle . Do ot i lude e i al li es. Pla e a solid ho izo tal a elo the olu heade s a d elo the ta le to sepa ate ta le otes. Fo aesthei s sake, do ot ake the olu headi gs u h ide tha the olu e t ies. I lude a ze o efo e the de i al poi t fo a de i al f a io less tha o e, su h as . . O it the ze o if ou epo t a staisi that a ot e g eate tha o e, as a p opo io o staisi al sig ii a e, Fo E a ple i stead of p = . use p = . . Ge e al otes a e p o ided i st follo i g the o d Note. i itali s, a d the spe ii otes a e added usi g the supe s ipts a a d so o . “pe ii otes a e i di ated supe s ipt lo e ase lete s. E t e el detailed ta les should e p ese ted i a appe di . Ta le E a ple: Table 8 Regression analysis predicting influence of Islamic HR practices on an Indispensable Worker Hypotheses Regression Weights Adjusted R2 F p-value Hypotheses Supported H1 RS → IW .160 12.225 .011* Yes H2 Compensation → IW .013 0.234 .631 No H3 KM → IW .010 1.570 .215 No Note. *p < 0.05. RS: Recruitment and Selection, IW: Indispensable Worker, KM: Knowledge Management. Figu es I APA st le a t pe of illust aio that is ot a ta le g aphs, ha ts, d a i gs, aps a d photog aphs is alled a igu e. Notes:  Figu e u e s a e i A a i u e als, lush let, itali ised, elo the igu e.  The o d "Figu e" a d its o espo di g u e is let jusiied, itali ised a d follo ed Figu e itle i se te e fo at follo s the igu e u e o the sa e li e. Capitalise o l the i st o d a d a p ope ou s. A is la els Use apitalisaio of i po ta t o ds a d a sa se if t pefa e e.g., A ial, Hel ei a . Ve i al a is la els use e i all alig ed te t. Lege ds a e o tai ed ithi the o de s of the g aph. The ze o poi t is pla ed o the o di ate a is. Li es a d poi ts should e lea a d sha p. U its of Count of People        a pe iod; o e spa e ate the pe iod, t pe the itle fo the igu e. The i st lete of the itle is i uppe ase ith su se ue t lete s i lo e ase. easu e e t a e spe iied. 60 40 20 0 TV Social Media Bill Boards Radio Magazines Medium of Advertisement Figure . Pa i ipa ts p efe e es fo dife e t ediu of ad e ise e t Refe e es The efe e e se io is a list of ited o ks i a APA pape . It appea s at the e d of the pape . E t ies a e listed i alpha ei al o de autho s' last a e, o itle if the e is o autho . Do ot list a i les that e e ot ited i ou epo t, ut i lude all a i les that e e ited. APA st le e ui es efe e e itaio s i the te t of the pape a d a efe e e list at the e d. Refe e e itaio s ide if the sou e of a idea, a pa aph ase, o a di e t uote. The i lude the a e of the autho s a d ea of pu li aio of the o igi al i fo aio . Note that Refe e es headi g is e te ed ut ot Bold. The fo at fo the Refe e e se io uses a ½ o 5-spa e ha gi g i de t, a d is dou le-spa ed th oughout. If the e a e t o o o e o ks the sa e autho s , those o ks a e a a ged pu li aio date ith the oldest o k ited i st. Guide to I Te t Citaio s One Author E e itaio : last a e, pu li aio Authors E e itaio : Autho & Autho ea E a ple: “ ith, , ea Use & ithi pa e theses. W ite out the o d a d he autho s’ a es a e used i the sig al ph ase. ...A othe is to si pl ...Ga ia a d Cala to e - Authors or more Authors Organization as Corporate Author e o e ei ie t. A d et a othe a is to e ote that ide a iet of dei iio s of i o ei o ai e Wals o th & Ve o aio has esulted i a, … ague ess … Fi st use: List all autho s sepa ate a es ith o as a d pu li aio date Ruji a a i h, Addiso , & “ all a , “u se ue t use: List i st autho + et al., + date; et al. ea s a d othe s Ruji a a i h et al., Note: et is Lai a d ot a a e iaio , o pe iod —al. is a a e iaio fo the Lai alia othe s a d the efo e al a s uses a pe iod. I the itaio , a o a sepa ates et al. f o the date. Fi st use: i st autho + et al., + date o a sepa ates et al. a d date Fa ad et al., If i di idual autho s a e ot listed, use the o ga izaio as the autho . To dei e a a e iaio o po ate autho that ou ill ite se e al i es, e lose the a e iaio i s ua e a kets. A est I te aio al, A as U i e sit Pesha a [AUP], ithi a itaio fo a Guide to Refe e e E t ies Jou al A i le Basi fo : Autho A, F. M., & Autho B, F. M. Pu li aio ea . Title of a i le ith i st o d apped The est is s all . Jour al Na e, ol issue o. , page a ge. E a ple: Bo to , A., & ) ud, R. . A assess e t of ii al su ess fa to s. Sloa Ma age e t Re ie , , - . Note. Autho A a d Autho B efe s to the last a e of the i st a d se o d Autho , F a d M efe s to the Fi st a d Middle I iials of the Autho . I ase the e as o e the t o autho s the autho s a e sepa ated ., ith & lete et ee d last a d last autho . Book Basi Fo : Autho A, F. M., & Autho B, F. M. Pu li aio ea . Title i itali s a d se te e st le aps. Cit : Pu lishe . Fo O e Autho : Willia s, C. . Ma age e t th ed. . Maso , OH: “outh-Weste Ce gage Lea i g. Fo T o Autho s: Willia s, C., & “ ith, D. . Ma age e t th ed. . Lo do : Koga Page. Chapte i edited ook Basi Fo : Autho A, F. M., & Autho B, F. M. Pu li aio ea . Title of the hapte . I F.M.Last Na e s Eds. , Title of the ook i itali s page a ge ith pp. . Cit : Pu lishe . E a ple: “ha pe, T. J., & C eed, R. T. . De elop e tal disa iliies. I “. J. Pa ish & H. Hu Eds. , Ad a es i ser i g ul era le populaio s pp. - . Medield, OR: Wal ut P ess. Note. F.M. Last Na e, efe s to the Fi st. Middle. Last Na e of the Edito . Edito s a es a e ot i e ted. O ga izaio Put o ga izaio ’s a e i pla e of autho ’s a e slot: A est I te aio al. . Hu a rights a d Pakista . Washi gto , DC: Autho . If the age o o ga izaio is also the pu lishe , put Autho i the spot fo pu lishe a e. Title of the epo t is i Itali s. athe tha epeai g the APA St le Che klist        Ha e ou he ked ith ou le tu e o tuto as to ho Did ou de ide o ho a ou epo t is to e st led? headi g le els ou eed to use? Ha e ou he ked ou pu tuaio ? Ha e ou used itali s o e tl ? A e all the ta les p ope l fo A e all the igu es lea a d fo A e all ta les a d igu es ated? ated o e tl ? e io ed i the te t? Appe di es If the e is o l o e appe di , la el it Appe di ; if the e is o e tha o e appe di , la el ea h o e ith a apital lete Appe di A, Appe di B, et . i the o de i hi h it is e io ed i the ai te t. Ea h appe di ust ha e a itle. Plagia is Plagia is is the fo al p ese taio o su issio of esea h, o ds, ideas, illust aio s o diag a s of othe s as o e's o ithout itaio o edit. Co i ed iolaio s a esult i se e e dis ipli a a io s, that a i lude e ii g of the assig e t; o pleio of a othe assig e t; a ze o pe e t g ade assig ed to the ele a t e aluaio o po e t; o faili g g ade o the ou se as a hole;. It is the efo e ad ised that stude ts o side follo i g poi ts i o de to a oid plagia is .    Put i uotaio s e e thi g that o es di e tl f o the te t espe iall he taki g otes. Pa aph ase, ut e su e ou a e ot just ea a gi g o epla i g a fe o ds. Che k ou pa aph ase agai st the o igi al te t to e su e ou ha e ot a ide tall used the sa e ph ases o aio is a u ate. o ds, a d that the i fo - Refe e es A e i a Ps hologi al Asso iaio . . Pu li aio A as a ual of the A eri a Psy hologi al Asso iaio APA Guide p epa ed Depa t e t of Ma age e t “ ie es U i e sit , Ri g Road Cha sadda Li k Pesha a , Pakista th ed. . Washi gto , DC: Autho .