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Journal of Economics, Trade and Marketing Management, 2023
Displaced persons are Refugees, cross borders under coercion by force, leave motherland and difficult to return safely to home of parents. Root word is ‘refuge’ from which ‘refugee’ is derived, it means hiding and shelter from danger. Pakistan is not signatory of Refugee Convention 1951 but member of the United Nations (UN). Afghan refugees are living in Pakistan for approximately four decades, the Government of Pakistan provides favorable treatment and atmosphere to Afghan Refugees in Pakistan. Resultantly, Pakistan has been suffering terrorism, political instability, and economic dropdown though after left of Unites States of America (USA) in 2021, many more Afghan Refugees are expected to migrate to Pakistan. International Community is required to work and ensure peace and stability in Afghanistan in order to ensure returning back of Afghan Refugees to their parent’s home safely and work for stability and peace of Afghanistan and the region so that they live there peacefully. According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ (UDHR) article 14: everybody has freedom and right to enjoy, seek asylum from persecution in other countries. Asylum right not invoked if (i) genuinely arising prosecutions from non-political crimes, or (ii) acts repugnant to principles and purposes of United Nations, and Convention Relating to Status of Refugee signed in 1951 under United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). There are 145 signatories currently to Refugee Convention 1951 but Pakistan has not yet acceded to Refugee Convention 1951. According to Refugee Convention 1951 preamble: freedom under fundamental rights enjoyed by human beings under Charter of the UN and UDHR without discrimination. The UN has assured efforts to expand freedom under fundamental rights to refugees. Communitarian Critique research methodology is deployed to help understand issues of refugees. Qualitative methodology is used while conducting this research, an analytical and comparative methods to analyze and compare Government of Pakistan’s treatment of Afghan refugees in Pakistan approximately for 4 decades as compare to Syrian Refugees’ treatment by European Union (EU). The largest populated migrants refugee country of the world for 4 decades is Pakistan, approximately 5 million Afghan nationals migrated to Pakistan during Cold War and approximately around 1.3 million still living in Pakistan and they are not willing to go back to Afghanistan specially after withdrawal of USA in 2021. The International Community is required, requested, and suggested to wish, help, and endeavor to build up economies of Afghanistan and Pakistan and try to strengthen stability and peace so that remaining Afghan nationals who are living as refugees in Pakistan can go back to their motherland safely, happily, and live there peacefully.
2013
This report surveys Afghan refugee resettlement from Pakistan for the Know Reset Project in order to better understand the processes and practices of the refugee populations' resettlement in EU member states. T his i nvolved i nterviews wi th v arious ag encies wo rking wi th r efugees as w ell as wi th individual refugees. The collected source material explains how the Afghan refugee community, living in different localities in Pakistan, are informed a bout r esettlement p olicies, an d how refugees ar e identified and selected and what Afghan refugee groups, if any, are given priorities in the resettlement processes. The report also examines the role played by local, national and international agencies, such as UNHCR, Pakistan-based NGOs, including SACH (Struggle for Change), Sharp (Society for Human Rights and Prisoners Aid), the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) and the International Organization o f M igration (IOM). M ore sp ecifically we ex amined t hese o rganizations as they identified, registered and selected refugees for resettlement. The report also considers how information about resettlement is disseminated to Afghan refugees in "refugee villages", camps or places; how the refugees ar e su bsequently i dentified and ch osen f or r esettlement; an d h ow t hey ar e assi sted i n submitting applications and obtaining security clearance from the Pakistan Interior and Foreign Affairs departments. We then asked how submissions are then forwarded to the individual EU countries for resettlement and what selection an d scrutiny measures, if any, are adopted b y the r esettlement countries. Finally, the report looks at the responses and reactions of the Pakistani government in the resettlement of Afghan refugees in Europe and beyond. The findings not only add to the empirical knowledge o f r esettlement i n P akistan, b ut o ffer d ata t o i mprove t he ef ficiency o f r esettlement schemes in individual EU member states.
Global Regional Review, 2021
Since 1979, Pakistan has been a key player in the management of Afghan refugees despite challenging economic and security conditions. The repatriation efforts in the past could not bring conclusive results as a significant population still live in Pakistan. The outbreak of COVID 19 has increased their vulnerability due to inadequate quarantine and health facilities. The positive political developments by way of new elections and a political settlement with the Taliban provide an opportunity for honourable repatriation of Afghan refugees. This article investigates the dilemma in the management of Afghan refugees in Pakistan and suggests a viable course of action for their honourable repatriation to Afghanistan.
Taban publisher , 2019
Afghanistan’s refugee crisis is decades old. Afghans began fleeing the country after 1978; then more fled in the opening scenes of the Soviet invasion in 1979 and throughout the war. Another wave left during the civil war in the early 1990s, and when the Taliban control all country after the Najib government they are attack and controlled all country. The U.S.-led war in Afghanistan over the last decade has pushed yet more Afghans to leave the country, and other international organizations have invested in assisting returnees. The Costs of War project writes that, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reported that Afghanistan remained the world’s top producer of refugees for the 32nd year in a row in civil war in Afghanistan between 1978 till in 2014, with more than 3.7 million as of July 2014, 700,000-plus of which are internally displaced persons (IDPs).1 The latest audit report from the Special Inspector General for Afghan Reconstruction (SIGAR) highlights that the State Department (and by extension UNHCR, on which State relies for data on refugees) are unable to independently verify the number of Afghan refugees in Pakistan and Iran. That’s despite Washington spending nearly $1 billion since 2002 on assistance to Afghan refugees in Pakistan and Iran and programs to facilitate repatriation to Afghanistan and help returnees and IDPs. The SIGAR report comments that “State relies on UNHCR current- and future-year projections on Afghan refugees, among other factors, to help inform its annual funding requests to Congress for programs intended to support Afghan refugees.( UNHCR :2015:2) But in 3 waves that new immigration stated in this wave there a lot of young people going to other EUROPE country and they are trying to find better life in In 2015 alone, 213,000 Afghans arrived in Europe, with 176,900 claiming asylum that year, according to European Union data.( SIGAR :2015:11)
The International Protection System aims at ensuring the protection of people who have a claim of a “well- founded fear of persecution” and for this reason they are fleeing from their country of origin. UNHCR's mandate is to guarantee an individual refugee status determination for all persons claiming international protection and/or the prima facie recognition when a mass exodus does not allow an individual application treatment. The history of the Afghan Refugees in Pakistan during 40 years of armed conflicts (1970s to 2010s), from the perspective of International Refugee Law led to two main types of analysis: first of all, countries like Pakistan (which are non-signatory of the 1951 Refugee Convention nor the 1967 Protocol), have only ensured the minimum standard of protection established by UNHCR, but they also made a political usage of the exodus, transforming a humanitarian crisis in a geopolitical objective. In that context the principle of non-refoulement has been strategical for protecting refugees in a vacuum of international and national legislation. Secondly, ensuring the respect of the principle of volunteer repatriation for millions of refugees is a significant challenge. The government of Pakistan showed to the International Community its willingness to protect refugees from a forced return but, at the same time, it gradually fostered a discriminatory environment in which the same refugees have been persecuted again in the country of asylum. Under these circumstances, UNHCR's mandate, focused on the humanitarian needs of the Afghan refugees, has been repeatedly overstepped by national interests and the U.N. Agency has been eventually attacked for its silence.
Central Asia, Area Study Center Peshawar University, 2021
Refugees and internally displaced persons are inescapable components of wars, political unrest and natural disasters. Traditionally, people confronting religious and racial persecutions used to leave for nonviolent regions, but presently political subjugation is the major cause of enforced migration. Today, the settlement of more than eighty million displaced persons worldover is a paramount challenge for the international community. Sometimes refugees, displaced persons and migrants gain worldwide significant for serving the political interests of various great powers otherwise these vulnerable people and their host nations have least worth for the world. The Soviet invasion of Kabul in December 1979 out-broke more than four million Afghans into Pakistan as refugees. The international community, especially the West, lavishly assisted the Afghan Mujahedeen, as they had launched their guerilla war against the Soviet troops. Since it was part of the cold war anti-Communist agenda of United States and Western Europe. The United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1992 initiated a large scale repatriation of Afghan refugees from Pakistan after the Russian withdrawal from Kabul and the termination of cold war. Likewise, another massive repatriation program was also initiated in 2002 after the collapse of Taliban regime by the US led International Security Assistance Forces (ISAF). Nonetheless, these initiatives were spoiled by the terrible economic and security situations in Afghanistan. Pakistan seeks to repatriate millions of Afghans from its soil at the earliest, while the UNHCR, refugees and Afghanistan have adopted the time-gaining strategy. An in-depth study of this highly complex issue reveals that Islamabad could not table a comprehensive repatriation plan, Kabul is incapable and inadvertent to the issue and the global community has least interest in the Afghan refugees. Pakistan, hosting millions of Afghans and the refugees are the worst sufferers of this paramount challenge.
This research paper explores the legal challenges Afghan refugees face globally, emphasizing the bureaucratic obstacles within asylum processes. Utilizing qualitative analysis of secondary sources, the study highlights critical issues including legal limbo, refoulement, restrictive state policies, and the UNHCR's limited mandate, with a particular focus on unaccompanied minors. The consequences, such as increased vulnerability and marginalization, are discussed. The paper calls for comprehensive policy reforms, streamlined asylum procedures, adherence to non-refoulement, expanded UNHCR resources, and global responsibility-sharing. It advocates urgent, multifaceted strategies combining legal, international, and societal efforts to address the humanitarian needs of Afghan refugees effectively.
LRIP, 2021
The Afghan Refugee situation in Pakistan accounts for the most protracted case of refugee settlement in UNHCR's post-cold war operations. Despite around 3.9 million Afghan refugees having been repatriated, under the largest repatriation program of the organization's history, Pakistan still continues to host 10 percent of the global refugee population. Interestingly Pakistan is not a signatory of the key international conventions and multilateral treaties that determine the status of Refugees and Asylum seekers in host states. In coming analysis, we will look at what alternative management and legal strategies have been adopted by Pakistan and UNHCR to manage and finally repatriate this refugee situation and what have been the socio-political consequences of these strategies.
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