Chapter 3: Empirical expectations
Miranda del Corralvisibility
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In his famous article “An Essay on Bargaining” (1956), Thomas Schelling introduced the concept of commitment into the game-theoretical framework. Committed behaviour, following Schelling, is a kind of strategic action whose goal is to modify the other players' strategies, through the manipulation of their expectations (Schelling 1960, 122). The two paradigmatic cases of social commitment would be promises and threats. Thus, for a commitment (either a promise or a threat) to be effective, it has to be both believable and believed by the other players. Schelling argues that credibility can be attained by the agent by means of different mechanisms, such as voluntarily ruling out one or more of the available options (either by making some choices impossible or by raising its cost), the power of reputation, and the ability to bargain. Nevertheless, as Schelling points out, credible promises and threats seem to lead to a paradoxical situation: once the commitment has been stated, and having already manipulated the other agent's choices and actions, what's the reason to keep it? Let's imagine, for example, that two agents, Sally and Bob, are playing a public goods game; Sally promises to invest all her tokens into the public good if Bob does the same. Bob believes that Sally's promise is credible, and invests all his tokens. Then, why would Sally keep her promise? From the point of view of narrow strategic rationality, Sally's best option is to free-ride, not only before she made the promise, but also after (and probably she would be more tempted to do so after Bob invested all his tokens in the public good). This problem can be stated as follows: the incentives to cooperate are exactly the same than the incentives to keep a promise or a threat. Nonetheless, experimental results show a significant tendency to act according to one's commitments, as well as a tendency to consider the other's commitments credible (Ostrom, Walker, and Gardner 1992; Kerr and Kaufman-Gilliland 1994; Kerr et al. 1997; Kurzban et al. 2001; Boadway, Song, and Tremblay 2007; Balliet 2010). It would be unrealistic to state that everyone lives up to their commitments, but the puzzling results do not have to do with the amount of promises and threats that are kept or broken; they are puzzling because, everything else being equal, keeping a commitment is irrational if the behaviour promised is irrational as well—and if it is not irrational, because it is the agent's preferred choice, then the commitment is unnecessary. This Chapter deals with the strategic problem of commitment, as stated by Schelling.
Related papers
Why do people keep their promises? An overview of strategic commitment
Cuadernos de Economía (2015), 34(65):237-260
Strategic commitments, such as promises and threats, pose several problems to the standard model of economic rationality: first, they can only arise when there is an incentive to free‑ride; second, they need to be credible in order to manipulate the others' behaviour; third, once the commitment has succeeded, it is no longer in the agent's self‑interest to fulfil her commitment. Why, then, do people keep their promises (and threats)? This paper reviews the literature concerning the problem of commitment within the scope of pro-sociality and cooperation, and examines two mechanisms that enable credibility and trust: reputation and social emotions.
The bargaining power of commitment: An experiment of the effects of threats in the sequential hawk–dove game
This article studies experimentally the conditions that improve bargaining power by means of threats. The analysis centers on three essential elements of the commitment: the possibility of announcing one’s actions, the credibility of these messages, and the experience acquired in the negotiation process. For this, we chose the sequential hawk–dove game due to the fact that it is a negotiation environment with a non-equitable distribution of payoffs in equilibrium. The empirical evidence of our experiment shows that, in the first period, subjects do not realize the bargaining power of the commitment. When the game is repeated and experience increases, senders understand that using threats can work in their favor and increase their payoffs. The credibility of the messages is also relevant for the strategic move. It is common to find subjects that are strategic liars, who lose bargaining power for this behavior.
The Conditions for Commitments
2015
Previous work describes the use of formal commitments to mediate the communication between autonomous agents through commitment-based protocols. I extend that work to examine the conditions that encourage the success of agents that use commitments. I define a parameterized and iterated Committer’s Dilemma game that extends the well-known Prisoner’s Dilemma game, and then use this game and different agent strategies to examine how the conditions for commitments affect game outcomes. I describe the results of multiple simulations on a multiagent society with various game parameters. Results show that committing and satisfying agent types dominate over other agent types most frequently (1) when commitments are frequently exchanged, (2) when games tend to end at other than a Nash equilibria, (3) when the cost to create a commitment is low, and (4) when the utility of a given good is about 40% to 60% of the utility of a received good. A classifier, with over 95% accuracy, is trained to p...
Commitments: A game-theoretic and logical perspective
Cognitive Science Quarterly, 2002
Many social interactions between agents demand the use of commitments to reach socially efficient or avoid socially inefficient outcomes. Commitments express the desires, goals, or intentions of the agents in an interaction. In this article, we distinguish between unilateral and bilateral commitments, and between whether or not an agent has to agree with a commitment made by the other agent before the commitment becomes effective. Using a game-theoretic model, we will show that, depending on the incentive structure, different interactions require different types of commitments to reach socially efficient outcomes. Based on these results, we discuss whether existing (or slightly adapted) logical formalizations are adequate for the description of certain types of commitments and which formalization is suitable for reaching a socially efficient outcome in a specific interaction. We claim that a logical formalization of commitment aiming at a socially efficient outcome should be based on assumptions about the type of interaction and the suitable type of commitment. A more general conclusion of this article is that game-theoretic arguments can help to provide specifications for logical formalizations of systems of more agents if one has an idea about the incentive structure of the interaction.
Never retreat, never surrender: The bargaining power of commitment in the Hawk-Dove game
2010
This paper studies experimentally the conditions that improve bargaining power using threats in a negotiation process. Following Schelling's (1960) ideas we choose the hawk-dove game because is the simplest negotiation environment with inequity distribution in equilibrium. The analysis is focused on three essential elements of commitment: the possibility of a player to announce his own actions, the credibility of these messages and the experience acquired in the negotiation process. The empirical evidence shows that, in the first period, subjects do not realize the bargaining power of commitment. When the game is repeated and experience increases, subjects gradually understand the advantages of a threat, turning the payoffs into their favor. Credibility is also relevant for the relation, if subjects can choose their message, it is common to find strategic liars, and their rivals punish this behavior.
To Commit or Not to Commit? An Experimental Investigation of Pre-Commitments in Bargaining Situations with Asymmetric Information
Social Science Research Network, 2014
In a recent paper Konrad and Thum (2014) present a model that shows that unilateral precommitment reduces the likelihood of agreement in bilateral negotiations over the provision of a public good when parties have private information over their contribution costs. We test the model in a laboratory experiment paying particular attention to how behavioral motivations other than payoff-maximization affect the strength of the model's result. We find that the result is no longer statistically significant when we allow for non-payoff-maximizing behavior at each stage of the game. Introducing communication has an interesting effect as it influences different forms of non-payoff-maximizing behavior asymmetrically and leads to the model's result again becoming significant. All in all, we find strong experimental support for Konrad and Thum's model even though we observe considerable amounts of non-payoffmaximizing behavior that is not accounted for in the original model. JEL-Code: C900.
Promises, Expectations, and Social Cooperation
The Journal of Law and Economics, 2019
Promising serves as an important commitment mechanism by operating on a potential cheater's internal value system. We present experimental evidence on what motivates people to keep their promises. First, they feel that they are duty-bound to keep their promises regardless of whether promisees expect them to (promising per se e¤ect). Second, they care about not disappointing promisees'expectations, regardless of whether those expectations were induced by the promise (expectations per se e¤ect). Third, they are even more motivated to avoid disappointing promisees'expectations when those expectations were induced by a promise (interaction e¤ect). Clear evidence of some of these e¤ects has eluded the prior literature due to limitations inherent to the experimental methods employed. We sidestep those di¢ culties by using a novel between-subject vignette design. Our results also shed light on how promising may contribute to the self-reinforcing creation of trust.
Commitment and (in) Efficiency: A Bargaining Experiment
Journal of the European Economic Association
In many matching markets, bargaining determines who matches with whom and on what terms. We experimentally investigate allocative efficiency and how subjects’ payoffs depend on their matching opportunities in such markets. We consider three simple markets. There are no information asymmetries, subjects are patient, and a perfectly equitable outcome is both feasible and efficient. Efficient perfect equilibria of the corresponding bargaining game exist, but are increasingly complicated to sustain across the three markets. Consistent with the predictions of simple (Markov perfect) equilibria, we find considerable mismatch in two of the markets. Mismatch is reduced but remains substantial when we change the nature of bargaining by moving from a structured experimental protocol to permitting free-form negotiations, and when we allow players to renege on their agreements. Our results suggest that mismatch is driven by players correctly anticipating that they might lose their strong bargai...
The Emergence of Commitments and Cooperation
Agents make commitments towards others in order to influence others in a certain way, often by dismissing more profitable options. Most commitments depend on some incentive that is necessary to ensure that the action is in the agent's interest and thus, may be carried out to avoid eventual penalties. The capacity for using commitment strategies effectively is so important that natural selection may have shaped specialized capacities to make this possible. Evolutionary explanations for commitment, particularly its role in the evolution of cooperation, have been actively sought for and discussed in several fields, including Psychology and Philosophy. In this paper, using the tools of evolutionary game theory, we provide a new model showing that individuals tend to engage in commitments, which leads to the emergence of cooperation even without assuming repeated interactions. The model is characterized by two key parameters: the punishment cost of failing commitment imposed on either side of a commitment, and the cost of managing the commitment deal. Our analytical results and extensive computer simulations show that cooperation can emerge if the punishment cost is large enough compared to the management cost.
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r
ek
e
p
to
r
b
r
o
k
e
n;t
he
ya
r
ep
uz
z
l
i
ngb
e
c
a
us
e
,e
v
e
r
y
t
hi
nge
l
s
eb
e
i
nge
q
ua
l
,k
e
e
p
i
ngac
o
mmi
t
me
nt
3
Cha
p
t
e
r3
.
Emp
i
r
i
c
a
le
x
p
e
c
t
a
t
i
o
ns
i
si
r
r
a
t
i
o
na
li
ft
heb
e
ha
v
i
o
urp
r
o
mi
s
e
di
si
r
r
a
t
i
o
na
la
swe
l
l
—a
ndi
fi
ti
sno
ti
r
r
a
t
i
o
na
l
,
b
e
c
a
us
ei
ti
st
hea
g
e
nt
'
sp
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
dc
ho
i
c
e
,
t
he
nt
hec
o
mmi
t
me
nti
sunne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
.
Thi
sCha
p
t
e
rd
e
a
l
swi
t
ht
hes
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
cpr
o
b
l
e
mo
fc
o
mmi
t
me
nt
,a
ss
t
a
t
e
db
y
S
c
he
l
l
i
ng
.
3
.
1
.
WHYDO PEOPLEKEEPTHEIRPROMISES?
As
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
cc
o
mmi
t
me
nti
sas
o
c
i
a
li
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
nwho
s
eg
o
a
li
st
omo
d
i
f
yt
hea
g
e
nt
'
s
b
e
ha
v
i
o
urt
hr
o
ug
ht
hema
ni
p
ul
a
t
i
o
no
fhe
re
mp
i
r
i
c
a
le
x
p
e
c
t
a
t
i
o
ns
.F
r
o
m as
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
c
a
l
p
o
i
nto
fv
i
e
w,t
he
n,c
o
mmi
t
me
ntc
a
no
nl
ya
r
i
s
ei
ns
i
t
ua
t
i
o
nsi
nwhi
c
ht
he
r
ei
sa
n
i
nc
e
nt
i
v
et
of
r
e
e
r
i
d
eo
rt
oc
he
a
t
.Ot
he
r
wi
s
e
,ap
r
o
mi
s
eo
rat
hr
e
a
two
ul
dno
tb
es
uc
h
b
utad
e
c
l
a
r
a
t
i
o
no
fi
nt
e
nt
i
o
ns
:“
ap
r
o
mi
s
eo
rat
hr
e
a
tmus
tb
et
od
os
o
me
t
hi
ngt
ha
tt
he
i
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
lwo
ul
dno
tb
eo
t
he
r
wi
s
emo
t
i
v
a
t
e
dt
od
o
.Tha
ti
swha
td
i
s
t
i
ng
ui
s
he
st
he
s
e
p
l
e
d
g
e
sf
r
o
m me
r
ef
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
s
”(
Hi
r
s
hl
e
i
f
e
r2
0
0
1
,3
0
9
)
.Thus
,c
o
mmi
t
me
nts
e
r
v
e
sa
sa
c
o
nt
r
o
lme
c
ha
ni
s
msi
no
r
d
e
rt
oi
nc
e
nt
i
v
ec
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
na
ndo
v
e
r
c
o
mi
ngt
het
e
mp
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
ff
r
e
e
r
i
d
i
ng
:“
c
o
mmi
t
me
nti
same
a
nsb
ywhi
c
hp
l
a
y
e
rc
a
na
s
s
ur
eo
nea
no
t
he
rt
ha
t
t
he
ya
r
eno
tg
o
i
ngt
of
r
e
er
i
d
eo
no
t
he
r
'
sc
o
nt
r
i
b
ut
i
o
ns
,s
ot
ha
tg
r
o
upme
mb
e
r
sc
a
n
c
o
nt
r
i
b
ut
ewi
t
ho
utf
e
a
r
i
ngt
ha
tt
he
ywi
l
lb
ef
r
e
er
i
d
d
e
n”(
Kur
z
b
a
ne
ta
l
.2
0
0
1
,1
6
6
3
)
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,i
ti
sno
tc
l
e
a
rwha
tme
c
ha
ni
s
msp
r
o
mo
t
ec
o
mmi
t
me
nti
nt
hef
i
r
s
tp
l
a
c
e
:
whe
nt
he
r
ei
sat
e
mp
t
a
t
i
o
nt
of
r
e
e
r
i
d
e
,t
he
r
ei
si
nd
e
e
dt
hes
a
met
e
mp
t
a
t
i
o
nt
op
r
o
p
o
s
e
af
a
l
s
ec
o
mmi
t
me
nt
.I
nt
hi
ss
e
c
t
i
o
n,Iwi
l
le
x
p
l
o
r
et
hep
r
o
b
l
e
mso
fc
o
mmi
t
me
nti
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
cc
o
nt
e
x
t
s
.Co
mmi
t
me
ntwo
r
k
sa
same
c
ha
ni
s
mt
ha
te
nha
nc
e
sc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
ni
n
s
o
c
i
a
ld
i
l
e
mma
s
,
b
uti
t
sc
r
e
d
i
b
i
l
i
t
ya
nde
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ne
s
sd
e
p
e
nd
so
no
t
he
rme
c
ha
ni
s
mst
ha
t
e
na
b
l
ep
r
o
s
o
c
i
a
l
b
e
ha
v
i
o
ur
.
Thus
,ho
wd
o
e
sa c
o
mmi
t
me
ntmo
d
i
f
yt
he p
a
y
o
f
fs
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
? Wha
to
t
he
r
i
nc
e
nt
i
v
e
s
,b
e
s
i
d
e
st
hee
x
p
l
i
c
i
tp
a
y
o
f
f
s
,a
r
et
a
k
e
ni
nt
oa
c
c
o
untb
yt
hea
g
e
nt
s
?I
st
he
t
e
mp
t
a
t
i
o
nt
of
r
e
e
r
i
d
ei
nag
a
met
hes
a
mek
i
ndo
ft
e
mp
t
a
t
i
o
na
st
heo
net
ha
tl
e
a
d
st
o
d
e
c
e
p
t
i
o
n?Or
,s
t
a
t
e
do
t
he
r
wi
s
e
,i
fa
na
g
e
nti
sa
f
r
a
i
do
fc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
ngb
e
c
a
us
es
he
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
st
ha
tt
heo
t
he
ra
g
e
nt
sa
r
eg
o
i
ngt
of
r
e
e
r
i
d
e
,t
he
ns
hewo
ul
da
l
s
oha
v
er
e
a
s
o
ns
f
o
rb
e
l
i
e
v
i
ngt
ha
t
,
i
nt
hec
a
s
et
ha
ta
l
lt
heo
t
he
rp
l
a
y
e
r
sc
o
mmi
tt
he
ms
e
l
v
e
st
oc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
,
t
he
ya
r
ea
l
s
og
o
i
ngt
oc
he
a
t
,a
ndb
r
e
a
kt
he
i
rc
o
mmi
t
me
nt
s
.F
o
l
l
o
wi
ngt
hi
sa
r
g
ume
nt
,
S
á
nc
he
z
Cue
nc
a(
1
9
9
8
)c
l
a
i
mst
ha
tt
he
r
ei
sa t
r
a
d
e
o
f
fb
e
t
we
e
nt
he ne
e
do
fa
c
o
mmi
t
me
nta
ndi
t
sc
r
e
d
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
:
4
3
.
1
.
Whyd
op
e
o
p
l
ek
e
e
pt
he
i
rp
r
o
mi
s
e
s
?
Ac
o
mmi
t
me
nti
sc
r
e
d
i
b
l
ewhe
ne
v
e
r
y
o
nee
x
p
e
c
t
st
ha
tt
hep
e
r
s
o
nwhoma
k
e
si
tc
a
nno
t
r
e
ne
g
eo
ni
t
.Buti
tha
p
p
e
nst
ha
tt
hec
o
nd
i
t
i
o
nst
ha
tma
k
ei
td
i
f
f
i
c
ul
tt
or
e
ne
g
ea
r
et
he
s
a
mec
o
nd
i
t
i
o
nst
ha
tma
k
ei
td
i
f
f
i
c
ul
tt
oc
o
mmi
t
.
Thus
,
t
hemo
r
ec
r
e
d
i
b
l
eac
o
mmi
t
me
nti
s
,
t
hemo
r
eunl
i
k
e
l
yt
ha
tt
hec
o
mmi
t
me
ntc
a
nb
ema
d
e
.
(
S
á
nc
he
z
Cue
nc
a1
9
9
8
,
8
6
)
He
nc
e
,t
hemo
r
eac
o
mmi
t
me
nti
sne
e
d
e
d
,t
hel
e
s
sl
i
k
e
l
yt
hi
sc
o
mmi
t
me
ntwi
l
l
he
l
pi
ns
o
l
v
i
ngt
hep
r
o
b
l
e
m.Co
mmi
t
me
nt
sa
r
ene
e
d
e
di
nc
a
s
e
si
nwhi
c
ht
hep
a
y
o
f
f
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
ei
nc
e
nt
i
v
e
st
hep
l
a
y
e
rt
of
r
e
e
r
i
d
e
;a
ndma
k
i
ngac
o
mmi
t
me
nti
sno
tg
o
i
ngt
o
c
ha
ng
et
hi
ss
i
t
ua
t
i
o
n.Whe
nt
het
e
mp
t
a
t
i
o
nt
of
r
e
e
r
i
d
ei
ss
t
r
o
ng
e
r
,t
hemo
r
ene
e
d
e
da
c
o
mmi
t
me
nti
s
,b
utt
hel
e
s
sc
r
e
d
i
b
l
ei
twi
l
lb
e
,s
ot
hel
e
s
sl
i
k
e
l
yi
twi
l
ls
o
l
v
ey
o
ur
1
p
r
o
b
l
e
m.Thee
mp
i
r
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
mo
fc
o
mmi
t
me
nti
st
hust
hef
o
l
l
o
wi
ng(
F
r
a
nk2
0
0
3
)
:
ho
wd
o
e
sac
o
mmi
t
me
ntmo
d
i
f
yt
hea
g
e
nt
'
si
nc
e
nt
i
v
e
s
,
c
o
ns
t
r
a
i
ni
ngt
he
i
rc
ho
i
c
e
s
?And
whya
r
ec
o
mmi
t
me
nt
sf
ul
f
i
l
l
e
di
nt
hea
b
s
e
nc
eo
fa
ne
x
t
e
r
na
le
nf
o
r
c
i
ngme
c
ha
ni
s
m?
S
o
mea
ut
ho
r
sa
r
g
uet
ha
tas
o
c
i
a
lc
o
mmi
t
me
ntne
c
e
s
s
a
r
i
l
ye
nt
a
i
l
sa
ne
x
t
e
r
na
le
nf
o
r
c
i
ng
me
c
ha
ni
s
ms
,whi
c
hc
a
nb
es
e
l
f
i
mp
o
s
e
d
,s
uc
ha
sr
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
ngo
ne
'
so
p
t
i
o
nso
rma
k
i
ng
t
he
m mo
r
ec
o
s
t
l
y(
El
s
t
e
r2
0
0
0
;El
s
t
e
r2
0
0
3
;s
e
ea
l
s
oCha
p
t
e
r2
)
.
The
s
ema
ni
p
ul
a
t
i
o
nso
f
a
na
g
e
nt
'
ss
e
to
fo
p
t
i
o
nsi
no
r
d
e
rt
o ma
k
eac
o
mmi
t
me
ntc
r
e
d
i
b
l
ea
r
ec
a
l
l
e
d
c
o
mmi
t
me
ntt
e
c
hno
l
o
g
i
e
s
.Onc
et
hec
o
mmi
t
me
ntt
e
c
hno
l
o
g
yi
ss
e
tup
,
t
he
r
ei
snone
e
d
f
o
ra
na
d
d
i
t
i
o
na
lme
c
ha
ni
s
mt
oi
nc
e
nt
i
v
ei
t
sf
ul
f
i
l
me
nt
,
b
e
c
a
us
ef
ul
f
i
l
l
i
ngi
tma
t
c
he
st
he
a
g
e
nt
'
ss
e
l
f
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
.Ho
we
v
e
r
,Iwi
l
la
r
g
uet
ha
ti
ti
sp
o
s
s
i
b
l
et
oe
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
hc
r
e
d
i
b
l
e
c
o
mmi
t
me
nt
s wi
t
ho
utne
c
e
s
s
a
r
i
l
yr
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
ng o
ne
'
so
p
t
i
o
ns
.F
i
r
s
t
,t
he
o
r
i
e
sa
b
o
ut
p
r
o
s
o
c
i
a
lb
e
ha
v
i
o
urc
l
a
i
mt
ha
tc
e
r
t
a
i
nme
c
ha
ni
s
ms
,s
uc
ha
sr
e
p
ut
a
t
i
o
na
nde
mo
t
i
o
ns
,
s
uf
f
i
c
e f
o
r a
c
c
o
unt
i
ng f
o
r a
l
t
r
ui
s
t
i
c a
nd c
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
v
e b
e
ha
v
i
o
ur
.S
e
c
o
nd
,
g
a
me
t
he
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
la
p
p
r
o
a
c
he
st
oc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
ni
ns
o
c
i
a
ld
i
l
e
mma
s
Huma
ni
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
nsc
a
ng
r
e
a
t
l
yv
a
r
yi
nc
o
mp
l
e
x
i
t
y
,s
ot
he
r
ei
sawi
d
es
c
o
p
eo
f
s
i
t
ua
t
i
o
nsi
n whi
c
ha
g
e
nt
si
nt
e
r
a
c
t
.Thev
a
r
i
e
t
yo
fa
c
t
i
o
nsi
nv
o
l
v
e
di
n as
o
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
nma
k
e
sc
o
mp
l
i
c
a
t
e
dt
het
a
s
ko
fc
ho
o
s
i
ngt
hec
r
i
t
e
r
i
at
ob
ui
l
dat
y
p
o
l
o
g
y
wi
t
h;t
hi
si
swhy
,d
e
p
e
nd
i
ngo
nt
heg
o
a
lo
ft
het
y
p
o
l
o
g
y
,d
i
f
f
e
r
e
ntc
r
i
t
e
r
i
at
e
ndt
o
o
v
e
r
l
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s(
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1
)
a
i
mst
oe
x
p
l
a
i
nc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
v
eb
e
ha
v
i
o
urb
e
t
we
e
ni
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
l
st
ha
ta
r
eno
tg
e
ne
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
,a
nda
p
p
l
i
e
sag
a
me
t
he
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
lf
r
a
me
wo
r
kt
os
c
e
na
r
i
o
si
nwhi
c
ht
he
r
ei
sa
n
i
nc
e
nt
i
v
et
of
r
e
e
r
i
d
e
,
s
uc
ha
st
hePr
i
s
o
ne
r
'
sDi
l
e
mma(
s
e
eTa
b
l
e4
.
2
)
.
F
r
o
mt
hi
sp
o
i
nto
f
v
i
e
w,ma
nyb
e
ha
v
i
o
ur
s
,p
r
e
v
i
o
us
l
yc
o
ns
i
d
e
r
e
da
l
t
r
ui
s
t
i
c
,a
r
eno
ti
nd
e
e
dd
i
s
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
e
d
.
Whe
np
uni
s
hme
ntme
c
ha
ni
s
msa
r
ei
nt
r
o
d
uc
e
d
,c
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
ngi
sa
ni
nv
e
s
t
me
ntf
o
rt
he
a
g
e
nt
,wa
r
r
a
nt
i
ngf
ut
ur
ei
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
ns
:“
Thei
d
e
ahe
r
ei
st
ha
ti
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
l
sc
a
nt
a
k
et
ur
ns
i
nhe
l
p
i
nge
a
c
ho
t
he
r
,f
o
re
x
a
mp
l
eb
yp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nt
i
a
l
l
ya
i
d
i
ngo
t
he
r
swhoha
v
ehe
l
p
e
d
t
he
mi
nt
hep
a
s
t
.
Tr
i
v
e
r
st
e
r
me
dt
hi
s‘
r
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
a
la
l
t
r
ui
s
m’
”(
We
s
t
,
Gr
i
f
f
i
n,a
ndGa
r
d
ne
r
2
0
0
7
,
2
4
0
)
.
Co
o
p
e
r
a De
f
e
c
t
t
e
Co
o
p
e
r
a
t
e 3
,
3
0
,
5
De
f
e
c
t
1
,
1
5
,
0
Ta
b
l
e2
:ThePr
i
s
o
ne
r
'
sDi
l
e
mmapa
yo
f
fma
t
r
i
x(
Ax
e
l
r
o
d1
9
8
0
,
5
)
The
s
e
sa
na
l
y
s
i
sp
a
ya
t
t
e
nt
i
o
nb
o
t
ht
ot
heg
e
ne
r
a
lt
e
nd
e
nc
yo
fc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
nwi
t
hi
nt
he
g
r
o
up
,a
ndt
ot
hei
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
nb
e
t
we
e
nt
woi
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
l
si
nt
heg
r
o
up
:t
hel
a
t
t
e
ri
s
s
up
p
o
s
e
dt
oe
x
p
l
a
i
nt
hef
o
r
me
r
.Ho
we
v
e
r
,l
a
r
g
eg
r
o
up
sa
r
ep
r
o
b
l
e
ma
t
i
c
,b
e
c
a
us
et
he
l
a
r
g
e
rt
heg
r
o
up
,t
hel
e
s
sa
d
v
a
nt
a
g
e
o
usi
st
os
e
tupac
o
nt
r
o
lme
c
ha
ni
s
mt
oa
v
o
i
dt
he
t
e
mp
t
a
t
i
o
no
ff
r
e
e
r
i
d
i
ng
.I
ns
ma
l
lg
r
o
up
s
,i
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
l
st
e
ndt
oi
nt
e
r
a
c
tr
e
p
e
a
t
e
d
l
ywi
t
h
o
t
he
rme
mb
e
r
s
.
Thus
,
t
heo
ut
c
o
meo
fp
r
e
v
i
o
usi
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
nsc
a
nb
er
e
c
o
r
d
e
da
ndus
e
dt
o
d
e
c
i
d
ewhe
t
he
rt
oe
ng
a
g
ei
nane
wi
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
nwi
t
ht
hes
a
mei
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
l–t
he
r
ea
r
eno
t
o
ne
s
ho
te
nc
o
unt
e
r
s
,b
utr
e
p
e
a
t
e
di
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
ns
.Ont
hec
o
nt
r
a
r
y
,wi
t
hi
nl
a
r
g
eg
r
o
up
s
,
t
hep
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
yo
fr
e
p
e
a
t
i
nga
ne
nc
o
unt
e
rd
i
mi
ni
s
he
s
,a
ndt
husa
d
d
i
t
i
o
na
lme
c
ha
ni
s
ms
t
ok
e
e
pt
her
a
t
eo
fc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
na
r
ene
e
d
e
d
.
I
ns
p
i
r
e
db
yTr
i
v
e
r
s
't
he
o
r
yo
fr
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
a
la
l
t
r
ui
s
m,Ax
e
l
r
o
da
ndHa
mi
l
t
o
n(
1
9
8
1
)
t
a
c
k
l
e
dt
hep
r
o
b
l
e
mo
fwha
ts
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
sa
r
ee
v
o
l
ut
i
o
na
r
i
l
ys
t
a
b
l
et
hi
si
s
,as
t
r
a
t
e
g
ys
uc
h
a
sas
p
o
nt
a
ne
o
usa
p
p
a
r
i
t
i
o
no
famut
a
t
i
o
no
ft
ha
ts
t
r
a
t
e
g
yd
ono
ta
l
t
e
ri
t
si
ni
t
i
a
l
p
r
e
d
o
mi
na
nc
e
-i
nt
hePr
i
s
o
ne
r
'
sDi
l
e
mmag
a
me
.The
ys
ho
we
dt
ha
tt
he“
t
i
t
f
o
r
t
a
t
”
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
yt
ur
ne
do
utt
ob
es
t
a
b
l
e
,r
o
b
us
t
,a
ndp
l
a
us
i
b
l
et
oa
p
p
e
a
rf
o
rt
hef
i
r
s
tt
i
mei
na
9
3
.
1
.
Whyd
op
e
o
p
l
ek
e
e
pt
he
i
rp
r
o
mi
s
e
s
?
r
a
nd
o
mi
z
e
ds
y
s
t
e
m.
I
na
ni
t
e
r
a
t
e
dPr
i
s
o
ne
r
'
sDi
l
e
mma
,
t
he“
t
i
t
f
o
r
t
a
t
”s
t
r
a
t
e
g
yc
o
ns
i
s
t
s
i
ns
t
a
r
t
i
ngt
heg
a
meb
yc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
ng
,
a
ndt
he
nc
o
p
yt
heo
t
he
rp
l
a
y
e
r
'
sl
a
s
tmo
v
e
me
nt
:i
t
i
sas
t
r
a
t
e
g
yb
a
s
e
do
nr
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
i
t
y
,a
ndha
sb
e
c
o
meap
a
r
a
d
i
g
ma
t
i
ce
x
p
l
a
na
t
i
o
no
f
r
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
a
la
l
t
r
ui
s
m(
No
wa
ka
ndS
i
g
mund1
9
9
3
)
.The
r
ea
r
eo
t
he
rs
i
mi
l
a
rs
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
st
ha
t
a
r
ea
l
s
oa
b
l
et
op
uni
s
hd
e
f
e
c
t
i
o
n,s
uc
ha
s‘
a
l
wa
y
sc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
ea
ndp
uni
s
hy
o
urp
a
r
t
ne
r
a
f
t
e
re
a
c
hr
o
undi
nwhi
c
hi
tf
a
i
l
e
dt
oc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
ea
swe
l
l
’
,o
r‘
p
l
a
yt
i
t
f
o
r
t
a
ta
ndi
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
np
uni
s
ht
hep
a
r
t
ne
rf
o
re
a
c
hd
e
f
e
c
t
i
o
n’o
r‘
s
t
a
r
tc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
,p
uni
s
hy
o
ur
p
a
r
t
ne
rt
hef
i
r
s
tt
i
mei
tf
a
i
l
st
oc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
ea
nds
wi
t
c
ht
od
e
f
e
c
t
i
o
ni
ft
hep
uni
s
hme
nt
d
o
e
sno
ta
l
t
e
rt
he p
a
r
t
ne
r
’
sb
e
ha
v
i
o
ur
’(
Bs
ha
r
ya
nd Be
r
g
mul
l
e
r2
0
0
8
;s
e
ea
l
s
o
Ha
mme
r
s
t
e
i
n2
0
0
3
;No
wa
k2
0
0
6
)
.The
s
es
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
sha
v
ei
nc
o
mmo
nt
ha
tt
hep
l
a
y
e
ri
s
s
e
ns
i
t
i
v
et
ot
heo
t
he
rp
l
a
y
e
r
'
sp
r
e
v
i
o
usc
ho
i
c
e
s
,
a
ndt
husc
ho
i
c
ei
sno
te
x
c
l
us
i
v
e
l
yb
a
s
e
d
o
nt
hei
mme
d
i
a
t
ep
a
y
o
f
f
so
ft
hee
nc
o
unt
e
r
,
b
uti
nc
l
ud
e
se
x
t
e
r
na
lc
o
ns
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
ns
.
Thec
o
nc
e
p
to
fs
t
r
o
ngr
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
i
t
yi
sc
e
nt
r
a
lt
ot
hi
st
he
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
lf
r
a
me
wo
r
k
.
I
tr
e
f
e
r
s
t
ot
hep
r
e
d
i
s
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
nt
oc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
ewi
t
ho
t
he
r
s
,a
ndt
op
uni
s
hd
e
f
e
c
t
i
v
ea
g
e
nt
s
,e
v
e
ni
n
c
a
s
e
si
nwhi
c
ht
hi
sb
e
ha
v
i
o
urc
a
nno
tb
ej
us
t
i
f
i
e
dt
hr
o
ug
hs
e
l
f
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
,
k
i
no
rr
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
a
l
a
l
t
r
ui
s
m(
Gi
nt
i
s2
0
0
0
a
)
.Thi
ss
t
r
a
t
e
g
yi
sac
o
mb
i
na
t
i
o
no
fv
a
r
i
o
usc
o
nt
r
o
lme
c
ha
ni
s
ms
t
ha
ti
nc
e
nt
i
v
ec
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n:
S
t
r
o
ngr
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
i
t
yi
sac
o
mb
i
na
t
i
o
no
fa
l
t
r
ui
s
t
i
cr
e
wa
r
d
i
ng
,whi
c
hi
sap
r
e
d
i
s
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
nt
o
r
e
wa
r
do
t
he
r
sf
o
rc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
,
no
r
ma
b
i
d
i
ngb
e
ha
v
i
o
ur
s
,a
nda
l
t
r
ui
s
t
i
cp
uni
s
hme
nt
,
whi
c
h
i
sap
r
o
p
e
ns
i
t
yt
oi
mp
o
s
es
a
nc
t
i
o
nso
no
t
he
r
sf
o
rno
r
mv
i
o
l
a
t
i
o
ns
.S
t
r
o
ngr
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
a
t
o
r
s
b
e
a
rt
hec
o
s
to
fr
e
wa
r
d
i
ngo
rp
uni
s
hi
nge
v
e
ni
ft
he
yg
a
i
nnoi
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
le
c
o
no
mi
cb
e
ne
fit
wha
t
s
o
e
v
e
rf
r
o
mt
he
i
ra
c
t
s
.I
nc
o
nt
r
a
s
t
,r
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
a
la
l
t
r
ui
s
t
s
,a
st
he
yha
v
eb
e
e
nd
e
fine
di
n
t
heb
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
ll
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
,r
e
wa
r
da
ndp
uni
s
ho
nl
yi
ft
hi
si
si
nt
he
i
rl
o
ng
t
e
r
ms
e
l
f
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
(
F
e
hra
ndF
i
s
c
hb
a
c
he
r2
0
0
3
,
7
8
5
)
.
Thed
i
f
f
e
r
e
nc
eb
e
t
we
e
nr
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
a
la
l
t
r
ui
s
ma
nd s
t
r
o
ng r
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
i
t
yl
i
e
si
nt
ha
ta
r
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
a
la
l
t
r
ui
s
twi
l
lo
nl
yc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
ei
ft
he
r
ea
r
ef
ut
ur
er
e
t
ur
nsf
o
rc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n,whi
l
e
as
t
r
o
ngr
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
a
t
o
rwi
l
lr
e
s
p
o
ndt
ot
hek
i
nd
ne
s
sp
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
di
nt
heo
t
he
rp
l
a
y
e
r
,r
a
t
he
r
t
ha
ni
nt
hei
mme
d
i
a
t
eo
rf
ut
ur
ep
a
y
o
f
f
so
ft
heg
a
me
.S
t
r
o
ngr
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
i
t
yi
so
b
s
e
r
v
e
dt
o
t
a
k
ep
l
a
c
eb
o
t
hi
nr
e
a
li
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
nsa
ndi
nl
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
ye
x
p
e
r
i
me
nt
s(
F
e
hr
,F
i
s
c
hb
a
c
he
r
,
a
ndGä
c
ht
e
r2
0
0
2
)
,a
ndp
l
a
y
sac
e
nt
r
a
lr
o
l
ei
nt
hee
nf
o
r
c
e
me
nta
ndc
o
nt
e
nto
fs
o
c
i
a
l
no
r
ms(
F
e
hra
ndF
i
s
c
hb
a
c
he
r2
0
0
4
a
)
,s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
ywhe
nt
hi
r
d
p
a
r
t
ya
g
e
nt
sa
r
ea
l
l
o
we
dt
o
r
e
wa
r
do
rp
uni
s
ht
hea
g
e
nt
si
nv
o
l
v
e
di
na
ni
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n.
I
nb
r
i
e
f
,c
o
nt
r
o
lme
c
ha
ni
s
msf
a
v
o
urt
ha
t
,i
nr
e
p
e
a
t
e
de
nc
o
unt
e
r
s
,a
g
e
nt
si
nc
r
e
a
s
e
t
he
i
rt
e
nd
e
nc
yt
oc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
;no
ne
t
he
l
e
s
s
,
ma
nyo
ft
he
s
ec
o
nt
r
o
lme
c
ha
ni
s
msa
r
ec
o
s
t
l
y
.
1
0
3
.
1
.
Whyd
op
e
o
p
l
ek
e
e
pt
he
i
rp
r
o
mi
s
e
s
?
The
n,wha
ti
st
hei
nc
e
nt
i
v
et
os
e
tupac
o
nt
r
o
lme
c
ha
ni
s
msi
nao
ne
s
ho
te
nc
o
unt
e
r
?
Thi
si
s
,
whyt
op
uni
s
hac
he
a
t
e
r
,
i
nc
ur
r
i
ngi
nt
oc
o
s
t
s
,
i
ft
hea
g
e
ntwi
l
l
no
ti
nt
e
r
a
c
ta
g
a
i
n
wi
t
ht
hec
he
a
t
e
ri
nt
hef
ut
ur
e
?Ex
p
e
r
i
me
nt
a
le
v
i
d
e
nc
es
ho
wst
ha
t
,i
nl
a
r
g
e
rg
r
o
up
s
,t
he
l
e
v
e
lo
fc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
nd
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
s(
F
e
hra
ndF
i
s
c
hb
a
c
he
r2
0
0
3
)
.Al
t
r
ui
s
t
i
cp
uni
s
hme
nta
nd
s
t
r
o
ngr
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
i
t
yha
v
eb
e
e
np
r
o
v
e
dt
ob
ee
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
eme
c
ha
ni
s
mst
oma
i
nt
a
i
nt
her
a
t
eo
f
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
nwi
t
hi
nl
a
r
g
e
rg
r
o
up
s(
Bo
y
de
ta
l
.2
0
0
3
;F
e
hra
ndRo
c
k
e
nb
a
c
h2
0
0
4
)
,whi
c
h
e
nha
nc
e
st
he g
r
o
up f
i
t
ne
s
s(
Gi
nt
i
s2
0
0
0
b
)
.I
ti
st
husne
c
e
s
s
a
r
yt
os
p
e
c
i
f
yt
he
mo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
na
lme
c
ha
ni
s
msund
e
r
l
y
i
ngt
hi
sk
i
ndo
fb
e
ha
v
i
o
urb
e
c
a
us
e
,d
e
s
p
i
t
eo
fb
e
i
ng
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
ea
tt
heg
r
o
upl
e
v
e
l
,t
he
yd
ono
to
f
f
e
ri
mme
d
i
a
t
ea
d
v
a
nt
a
g
e
sf
o
rc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
g
e
nt
s
.
Ad
i
f
f
e
r
e
ntwa
yo
fd
e
a
l
i
ng wi
t
ht
he p
r
o
b
l
e
m o
fc
o
mmi
t
me
ntc
o
ns
i
s
t
si
n
c
ha
l
l
e
ng
i
ngt
her
e
l
a
t
i
o
nb
e
t
we
e
nc
o
mmi
t
me
nta
nds
e
l
f
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
.Ther
a
t
i
o
na
l
i
t
yo
f
c
o
mmi
t
t
e
db
e
ha
v
i
o
uri
sp
r
o
b
l
e
ma
t
i
cb
e
c
a
us
et
heb
e
ne
f
i
t
so
ft
hi
sb
e
ha
v
i
o
ura
r
eno
t
i
mme
d
i
a
t
e
,
o
re
v
e
nno
ne
x
i
s
t
e
nt(
f
o
re
x
a
mp
l
e
,
i
nt
hec
a
s
eo
fa
l
t
r
ui
s
t
i
cp
uni
s
hme
ntt
oa
n
a
g
e
ntwi
t
hwhi
c
ht
he
r
ewi
l
lno
tb
ear
e
p
e
a
t
e
di
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n)
.Thus
,s
o
mea
ut
ho
r
sa
r
g
ue
t
ha
tp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
sa
r
eno
te
x
c
l
us
i
v
e
l
yg
ui
d
e
db
ys
e
l
f
i
nt
e
r
e
s
to
rwe
l
f
a
r
ema
x
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n,
b
uto
t
he
rf
a
c
t
o
r
ss
uc
ha
smo
r
a
lc
o
ns
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
nso
rt
hec
o
mp
l
i
a
nc
ewi
t
hs
o
c
i
a
lno
r
msa
r
e
a
l
s
or
e
l
e
v
a
nti
nt
hef
o
r
ma
t
i
o
no
fp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
.
3
.
1
.
2
.
S
e
no
nc
o
mmi
t
me
nta
sa
l
t
r
ui
s
t
i
cmo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
Ama
r
t
y
aS
e
n'
s“
Ra
t
i
o
na
lF
o
o
l
s
”(
1
9
7
7
)i
sno
wa
d
a
y
so
ne o
ft
he mo
s
tc
i
t
e
da
nd
c
o
mme
nt
e
dwo
r
k
si
nt
hef
i
e
l
do
fr
a
t
i
o
na
lc
ho
i
c
et
he
o
r
y(
RCT)
.F
r
o
mS
e
n'
sp
o
i
nto
f
v
i
e
w,c
o
mmi
t
me
ntc
a
nno
tb
ea
c
c
o
mmo
d
a
t
e
di
nRCTe
x
p
l
a
na
t
i
o
nsb
e
c
a
us
ei
to
p
e
nsa
we
d
g
eb
e
t
we
e
nwe
l
f
a
r
ea
ndc
ho
i
c
e
.I
n“
Ra
t
i
o
na
lF
o
o
l
s
”
,S
e
na
r
g
ue
dt
ha
twemus
t
d
i
s
t
i
ng
ui
s
hb
e
t
we
e
nt
wos
e
p
a
r
a
t
ec
o
nc
e
p
t
s
:s
y
mp
a
t
hya
ndc
o
mmi
t
me
nt
.Thef
o
r
me
r
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
st
ot
hec
a
s
ei
nwhi
c
ht
hec
o
nc
e
r
nf
o
ro
t
he
r
sd
i
r
e
c
t
l
ya
f
f
e
c
t
so
ne
’
so
wn
we
l
f
a
r
e
:“
I
ft
hek
no
wl
e
d
g
eo
ft
o
r
t
ur
e
so
fo
t
he
r
sma
k
ey
o
us
i
c
k
,
i
ti
sac
a
s
eo
fs
y
mp
a
t
hy
;
i
fi
td
o
e
sno
tma
k
ey
o
uf
e
e
lp
e
r
s
o
na
l
l
ywo
r
s
eo
f
f
,
b
uty
o
ut
hi
nki
ti
swr
o
nga
ndy
o
ua
r
e
r
e
a
d
yt
od
os
o
me
t
hi
ngt
os
t
o
pi
t
,i
ti
sac
a
s
eo
fc
o
mmi
t
me
nt
”(
S
e
n1
9
7
7
,3
1
9
)
.La
t
e
r
,i
n
“
Go
a
l
s
,Co
mmi
t
me
nta
ndI
d
e
nt
i
t
y
”(
1
9
8
5
)
,S
e
nd
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
dt
het
he
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
ld
i
s
t
i
nc
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
we
e
ns
e
l
f
c
e
nt
r
e
dwe
l
f
a
r
e
,s
e
l
f
we
l
f
a
r
eg
o
a
l
,a
nds
e
l
f
g
o
a
lc
ho
i
c
e
,a
ndp
l
a
c
e
dt
hi
s
d
i
s
t
i
nc
t
i
o
ni
nt
hec
o
r
eo
fRCTmo
d
e
l
s
.Hea
r
g
ue
st
ha
ts
y
mp
a
t
hyo
nl
yv
i
o
l
a
t
e
st
hes
e
l
f
1
1
3
.
1
.
Whyd
op
e
o
p
l
ek
e
e
pt
he
i
rp
r
o
mi
s
e
s
?
c
e
nt
r
e
dwe
l
f
a
r
ec
o
nd
i
t
i
o
n,b
e
c
a
us
et
hewe
l
f
a
r
eo
fo
t
he
r
si
nf
l
ue
nc
e
so
uro
wnwe
l
f
a
r
e
.
RCTc
a
ne
a
s
i
l
ye
x
p
l
a
i
nt
hi
sk
i
ndo
f“
a
l
t
r
ui
s
m”
,d
uet
ot
hef
a
c
tt
ha
ta
na
g
e
nt
'
swe
l
f
a
r
e
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
sb
yma
k
i
ngo
t
he
r
'
swe
l
f
a
r
ei
nc
r
e
a
s
ea
swe
l
l
.S
e
na
r
g
ue
st
ha
tc
o
mmi
t
me
nt
,
ho
we
v
e
r
,i
nv
o
l
v
e
sma
k
i
ngac
ho
i
c
ewhi
c
hv
i
o
l
a
t
e
se
i
t
he
rt
heRCTr
e
q
ui
r
e
me
nto
fs
e
l
f
we
l
f
a
r
eg
o
a
lo
rs
e
l
f
g
o
a
lc
ho
i
c
e
.S
e
nc
l
a
i
mst
ha
t“
c
o
mmi
t
me
nti
sc
o
nc
e
r
ne
dwi
t
h
b
r
e
a
k
i
ngt
het
i
g
htl
i
nkb
e
t
we
e
ni
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
lwe
l
f
a
r
e(
wi
t
ho
rwi
t
ho
uts
y
mp
a
t
hy
)a
ndt
he
c
ho
i
c
eo
fa
c
t
i
o
n(
f
o
re
x
a
mp
l
e
,b
e
i
ngc
o
mmi
t
t
e
dt
ohe
l
pr
e
mo
v
es
o
memi
s
e
r
ye
v
e
n
t
ho
ug
ho
nep
e
r
s
o
na
l
l
yd
o
e
sno
ts
uf
f
e
rf
r
o
mi
t
)
”
(
S
e
n1
9
8
5
,
7
–8
)
.
S
e
n'
sc
r
i
t
i
q
uef
o
c
us
e
so
nt
hes
e
l
f
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
e
da
s
s
ump
t
i
o
nso
fc
l
a
s
s
i
cRCT(
De
b
r
e
u
1
9
5
9
)
.I
ns
p
i
t
eo
ft
hea
t
t
e
mp
t
st
ob
r
o
a
d
e
nt
hec
o
nc
e
p
to
fwe
l
f
a
r
ei
no
r
d
e
rt
oi
nc
l
ud
e
a
l
t
r
ui
s
t
i
cp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s(
Be
c
k
e
r1
9
7
4
)
,S
e
na
r
g
ue
st
ha
tb
r
o
a
d
e
ni
ngt
hec
o
nc
e
p
to
fwe
l
f
a
r
e
i
sno
tas
a
t
i
s
f
a
c
t
o
r
ys
o
l
ut
i
o
n,b
e
c
a
us
et
heund
e
r
l
y
i
ng p
r
o
b
l
e
mi
st
hec
o
nne
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
we
e
nwe
l
f
a
r
ea
ndp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
:S
e
nc
l
a
i
mst
ha
ta
na
g
e
nti
sa
b
l
et
oc
ho
o
s
ea
no
p
t
i
o
n
t
ha
tv
i
o
l
a
t
e
she
rp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
,
b
e
c
a
us
et
hec
ho
i
c
ei
sno
te
x
c
l
us
i
v
e
l
yma
d
eo
nt
heb
a
s
i
so
f
t
hea
g
e
nt
'
swe
l
f
a
r
e
,
b
uto
nt
hea
g
e
nt
'
sc
o
mmi
t
me
nt
s
.
Thus
,S
e
n'
sc
o
nc
e
p
to
fc
o
mmi
t
me
nti
sd
i
f
f
e
r
e
ntf
r
o
mS
c
he
l
l
i
ng
'
s
,a
l
t
ho
ug
ht
he
y
c
a
nb
eb
o
t
ha
p
p
l
i
e
dt
os
o
mes
p
e
c
i
f
i
cs
i
t
ua
t
i
o
ns
.
F
o
re
x
a
mp
l
e
,
f
ul
f
i
l
l
i
ngap
r
o
mi
s
ec
a
nb
e
c
o
unt
e
r
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
nt
i
a
l
,i
nS
e
n'
st
e
r
ms
,whe
ni
ti
ss
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
c
a
l
l
yb
e
t
t
e
rt
ov
i
o
l
a
t
ei
t
.The
c
l
a
i
mt
ha
ta
g
e
nt
sa
r
ea
b
l
et
oma
k
ec
o
unt
e
r
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
nt
i
a
lc
ho
i
c
e
si
shi
g
hl
yc
o
nt
r
o
v
e
r
s
i
a
l
,
b
e
c
a
us
ei
tund
e
r
mi
ne
st
hec
o
mmo
nund
e
r
s
t
a
nd
i
ngo
fp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
.Ot
he
ra
l
t
e
r
na
t
i
v
e
c
o
nc
e
p
t
so
fp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
ec
a
nb
r
o
a
d
e
nt
hemo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
na
ls
c
o
p
eo
ft
hea
g
e
nt
,a
ndt
hus
i
nc
l
ud
ec
o
mmi
t
t
e
da
c
t
i
o
ni
nt
hes
e
to
fp
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
da
c
t
i
o
ns
.F
o
re
x
a
mp
l
e
,Ha
u
s
ma
n(
2
0
0
5
)
a
r
g
ue
st
ha
tc
o
mmi
t
me
ntd
o
e
sno
te
nt
a
i
lc
o
unt
e
r
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
nt
i
a
lc
ho
i
c
ei
fp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
sa
r
e
s
e
e
na
sa
l
l
t
hi
ng
s
c
o
ns
i
d
e
r
e
dr
a
nk
i
ng
s
.Ra
t
he
r
,Ha
us
ma
na
r
g
ue
s
,c
o
mmi
t
me
nts
ho
ul
d
b
ei
nv
o
k
e
da
so
neo
ft
hep
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
ef
o
r
ma
t
i
o
nme
c
ha
ni
s
ms
,t
hi
si
s
,a
sak
i
ndo
f
mo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n,a
mo
ngo
t
he
r
s
.F
r
o
m ad
i
f
f
e
r
e
ntp
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
,b
uta
l
s
or
e
g
a
r
d
i
ngb
r
o
a
d
e
r
c
o
nc
e
p
t
so
fp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
,i
tha
sb
e
e
na
r
g
ue
dt
ha
ti
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
l
sd
ono
to
nl
yr
e
a
s
o
nt
o
ma
x
i
mi
z
et
he
i
ri
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
lwe
l
f
a
r
e
,b
utt
he
ya
l
s
or
e
a
s
o
na
sp
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
nt
so
fag
r
o
upo
r
t
e
a
m(
S
ug
d
e
n1
9
9
3
;2
0
0
0
)
.I
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
la
g
e
nt
swo
ul
dha
v
et
e
a
mp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
st
ha
ta
r
eno
t
r
e
d
uc
i
b
l
et
oi
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
lp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
,a
ndt
he
yt
r
yt
of
ul
f
i
lt
he
s
ep
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
swhe
na
c
t
i
ng
a
sag
r
o
upme
mb
e
r
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
d
uet
oi
t
sr
e
l
e
v
a
nc
ef
o
rt
hea
na
l
y
s
i
so
fc
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
v
ea
c
t
i
o
n,
I
1
2
3
.
1
.
Whyd
op
e
o
p
l
ek
e
e
pt
he
i
rp
r
o
mi
s
e
s
?
wi
l
lf
o
c
uso
nt
hi
st
he
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
la
p
p
r
o
a
c
hi
nCha
p
t
e
r7,
whi
c
hi
sd
e
v
o
t
e
dt
ot
hea
na
l
y
s
i
so
f
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
v
ec
o
mmi
t
me
nt
s
.
Ont
heo
t
he
rha
nd
,S
e
na
r
g
ue
st
ha
tc
o
mmi
t
me
ntv
i
o
l
a
t
e
st
hes
e
l
f
g
o
a
lc
ho
i
c
e
a
s
s
ump
t
i
o
n.
Co
mmi
t
me
ntc
o
ns
i
s
t
st
husi
nt
hea
d
o
p
t
i
o
no
fs
o
meo
t
he
ra
g
e
nt
'
sg
o
a
l
s
,
a
nd
t
hewi
l
l
i
ng
ne
s
st
op
r
o
mo
t
et
hi
sg
o
a
l
;t
hr
e
a
t
sc
a
nno
tb
ec
o
ns
i
d
e
r
e
dc
o
mmi
t
me
nt
sf
r
o
m
t
hi
sp
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e(
Gue
r
i
nia
ndCa
s
t
e
l
f
r
a
nc
hi2
0
0
7
;s
e
eCha
p
t
e
r5f
o
raf
ur
t
he
ra
na
l
y
s
i
so
f
s
o
c
i
a
lc
o
mmi
t
me
nta
sg
o
a
ls
ha
r
i
ng
)
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
a
d
o
p
t
i
ngs
o
me
o
nee
l
s
e
'
sg
o
a
li
sd
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt
f
r
o
ma
c
t
i
ngt
op
r
o
mo
t
es
o
me
o
nee
l
s
e
'
sg
o
a
l
.Dr
a
wi
ngad
i
s
t
i
nc
t
i
o
nb
e
t
we
e
ng
o
a
l
mo
d
i
f
y
i
nga
ndg
o
a
ld
i
s
p
l
a
c
i
ng
,Pe
t
t
i
t(
2
0
0
5
)a
r
g
ue
st
ha
t
,whi
l
et
hemo
d
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
no
fa
n
a
g
e
nt
'
sg
o
a
l
si
no
r
d
e
rt
oc
o
ns
i
d
e
ro
t
he
rp
e
o
p
l
e
'
sg
o
a
l
si
sq
ui
t
ec
o
mmo
n,t
hep
o
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
fa
c
t
i
ngi
no
r
d
e
rt
oa
t
t
a
i
nag
o
a
lt
ha
tt
hea
g
e
ntd
o
e
sno
tha
v
ei
shi
g
hl
yi
mp
l
a
us
i
b
l
e
:t
he
no
t
i
o
no
fa
g
e
nc
ye
nt
a
i
l
sar
e
l
a
t
i
o
nb
e
t
we
e
na
na
g
e
nt
'
sg
o
a
l
sa
nda
c
t
i
o
ns
.Whi
l
eg
o
a
l
d
i
s
p
l
a
c
i
ngr
e
q
ui
r
e
sad
e
p
a
r
t
ur
ef
r
o
mr
a
t
i
o
na
lc
ho
i
c
et
he
o
r
y
,g
o
a
lmo
d
i
f
y
i
ngc
a
nb
e
a
c
c
o
mmo
d
a
t
e
db
ymo
d
e
l
l
i
ngt
hed
e
l
i
b
e
r
a
t
i
o
np
r
o
c
e
s
st
ha
ta
l
l
o
wsa
g
e
nt
st
oi
nc
l
ud
e
o
t
he
ra
g
e
nt
'
sg
o
a
l
sa
so
wns
.
Ib
e
l
i
e
v
et
ha
tS
e
n'
sc
r
i
t
i
q
ue ha
s a no
r
ma
t
i
v
ed
i
me
ns
i
o
nt
ha
tc
a
nno
tb
e
a
c
c
o
mmo
d
a
t
e
dwi
t
hi
nt
hes
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
cr
a
t
i
o
na
l
i
t
yf
r
a
me
wo
r
k
.I
nt
hi
ss
e
ns
e
,RCTi
sno
ta
t
he
o
r
yo
fa
c
t
i
o
no
rr
a
t
i
o
na
l
i
t
y
,b
utaf
r
a
me
wo
r
kt
oe
x
p
l
o
r
et
hef
o
r
ma
lr
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
o
nso
n
t
hes
t
r
uc
t
ur
eo
fp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s(
Güt
ha
ndKl
i
e
mt2
0
0
4
;Br
e
nna
n2
0
0
7
)
.
RCTi
nc
l
ud
e
ss
o
me
a
s
s
ump
t
i
o
nsa
b
o
utt
he c
o
nt
e
nto
ft
he a
g
e
nt
s
'p
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
,b
utl
e
a
v
e
sr
o
o
m f
o
r
mo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
na
l
t
he
o
r
i
e
st
oe
x
p
l
a
i
nt
hef
o
r
ma
t
i
o
no
fp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
.
3
.
1
.
3
.
S
o
c
i
a
l
l
yme
d
i
a
t
e
dp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
S
o
c
i
a
lno
r
msa
r
eo
neo
ft
hemo
s
ti
nv
o
k
e
dc
o
nc
e
p
t
si
nt
hes
o
c
i
a
ls
c
i
e
nc
e
s
;ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
he
r
ei
sno
tawi
d
e
l
ya
c
c
e
p
t
e
da
c
c
o
unto
nho
wt
he
ya
r
ef
o
r
me
d
,a
ndwha
tme
c
ha
ni
s
ms
p
r
o
mo
t
et
he
i
re
nf
o
r
c
e
me
nt(
F
e
hra
ndF
i
s
c
hb
a
c
he
r2
0
0
4
b
)
.
I
nd
e
e
d
,
e
x
p
l
a
na
t
i
o
nsi
nt
e
r
ms
o
fs
o
c
i
a
lno
r
ms a
r
e no
tus
ua
li
nb
e
ha
v
i
o
ur
a
le
c
o
no
mi
c
s
,p
a
r
t
l
yb
e
c
a
us
et
he
i
r
c
o
nc
e
p
t
ua
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
ni
sv
a
g
uea
ndt
he
r
e
f
o
r
ei
ti
sp
r
o
b
l
e
ma
t
i
ct
oi
nc
l
ud
et
he
mi
nf
o
r
ma
l
mo
d
e
l
s(
Bi
c
c
hi
e
r
ia
ndCha
v
e
z2
0
1
0
)
.Ont
heo
neha
nd
,s
o
c
i
a
lno
r
mse
x
p
l
i
c
i
twha
tk
i
nd
o
fb
e
ha
v
i
o
uri
se
x
p
e
c
t
e
df
r
o
mt
hea
g
e
nt
si
nd
i
f
f
e
r
e
ntc
o
nt
e
x
t
s
,
a
ndt
he
r
e
f
o
r
ee
na
b
l
et
he
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
no
fs
a
nc
t
i
o
nsi
nc
a
s
eo
fno
nc
o
mp
l
i
a
nc
e
.S
o
c
i
a
lno
r
msa
r
ee
nf
o
r
c
e
db
y
e
x
t
e
r
na
lme
c
ha
ni
s
mss
uc
ha
sr
e
wa
r
d
sa
ndp
uni
s
hme
nt
s
,a
ndo
f
t
e
nt
he
s
et
wor
e
s
p
o
ns
e
s
1
3
3
.
1
.
Whyd
op
e
o
p
l
ek
e
e
pt
he
i
rp
r
o
mi
s
e
s
?
t
ot
heo
t
he
r
'
sa
c
t
i
o
nsa
r
eg
ui
d
e
db
ys
o
c
i
a
lno
r
ms
,s
uc
ha
sno
r
mso
ff
a
i
r
ne
s
so
r
r
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
i
t
y
.Thus
,no
r
mst
e
nd t
ob
es
e
l
f
e
nf
o
r
c
i
ng
:t
he v
i
o
l
a
t
i
o
no
fa no
r
mo
f
r
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
i
t
yma
yb
er
e
s
p
o
nd
e
dwi
t
has
a
nc
t
i
o
n;a
ndt
hi
sp
r
o
c
e
s
so
fs
a
nc
t
i
o
ni
ngi
s
no
r
mme
d
i
a
t
e
d
,a
ndno
tap
r
o
d
uc
to
fd
e
l
i
b
e
r
a
t
i
o
n(
Po
s
ne
ra
ndRa
s
mus
e
n1
9
9
9
)
.Asi
t
ha
sb
e
e
ns
ho
we
di
nt
hep
r
e
v
i
o
uss
e
c
t
i
o
n,t
hee
nf
o
r
c
e
me
nto
fs
o
c
i
a
lno
r
msi
sr
e
l
a
t
e
dt
o
s
t
r
o
ngr
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
i
t
y(
F
e
hra
ndF
i
s
c
hb
a
c
he
r2
0
0
4
a
)
.No
to
nl
ya
g
e
nt
sha
v
eat
e
nd
e
nc
yt
o
c
o
mp
l
ywi
t
ht
heno
r
m,b
utt
he
ya
r
ea
l
s
owi
l
l
i
ngt
os
a
c
r
i
f
i
c
ep
a
r
to
ft
he
i
rwe
l
f
a
r
et
o
r
e
wa
r
do
rp
uni
s
ho
t
he
ra
g
e
nt
s
.Thec
o
mp
l
i
a
nc
et
ono
r
mso
fc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
na
ndf
a
i
r
ne
s
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
ewhe
ns
t
r
o
ngr
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
a
t
o
r
sa
r
ea
b
l
et
oma
k
ec
r
e
d
i
b
l
ec
o
mmi
t
me
nt
st
op
uni
s
h
d
e
v
i
a
ntb
e
ha
v
i
o
ur(
S
e
t
hia
ndS
o
ma
na
t
ha
n2
0
0
5
)
.
Be
s
i
d
e
sha
v
i
ngap
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
ef
o
ra
c
t
i
ngc
o
ns
i
s
t
e
nt
l
y
,a
g
e
nt
sa
l
s
ot
e
ndt
of
o
l
l
o
w
i
nf
o
r
ma
lr
ul
e
so
ff
a
i
r
ne
s
sa
ndt
oa
v
o
i
di
ne
q
ui
t
y
.I
nf
a
c
t
,t
he
s
et
woc
o
nc
e
p
t
sa
r
ed
e
e
p
l
y
i
nt
e
r
l
i
nk
e
d
:
[
W]
emo
d
e
lf
a
i
r
ne
s
sa
ss
e
l
f
c
e
nt
e
r
e
di
ne
q
ui
t
ya
v
e
r
s
i
o
n.I
ne
q
ui
t
ya
v
e
r
s
i
o
nme
a
nst
ha
t
p
e
o
p
l
er
e
s
i
s
ti
ne
q
ui
t
a
b
l
eo
ut
c
o
me
s
,
i
.
e
.
,
t
he
ya
r
ewi
l
l
i
ngt
og
i
v
eups
o
mema
t
e
r
i
a
l
p
a
y
o
f
ft
o
mo
v
ei
nt
hed
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
no
fmo
r
ee
q
ui
t
a
b
l
eo
ut
c
o
me
s
.I
ne
q
ui
t
ya
v
e
r
s
i
o
ni
ss
e
l
f
c
e
nt
e
r
e
di
f
p
e
o
p
l
ed
ono
tc
a
r
ep
e
rs
ea
b
o
uti
ne
q
ui
t
yt
ha
te
x
i
s
t
sa
mo
ngo
t
he
rp
e
o
p
l
eb
uta
r
eo
nl
y
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
e
di
nt
hef
a
i
r
ne
s
so
ft
he
i
ro
wnma
t
e
r
i
a
lp
a
y
o
f
fr
e
l
a
t
i
v
et
ot
hep
a
y
o
f
fo
fo
t
he
r
s
.
(
F
e
hra
ndS
c
hmi
d
t1
9
9
9
,
8
1
9
)
S
o
me
t
i
me
sno
r
mso
ff
a
i
r
ne
s
sc
o
nf
l
i
c
twi
t
hs
e
l
f
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
,und
e
r
s
t
o
o
da
sama
x
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
fs
e
l
f
we
l
f
a
r
e
.Thi
si
swhyt
het
e
nd
e
nc
yt
oc
o
mp
l
ywi
t
hno
r
mso
ff
a
i
r
ne
s
sha
sb
e
e
n
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
dt
oi
nt
hel
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
ea
si
ft
hea
g
e
ntc
ho
s
ea
c
c
o
r
d
i
ngt
ohe
r“
s
o
c
i
a
lp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
”
.
Mo
d
e
l
so
fs
o
c
i
a
lp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
sa
s
s
umet
ha
tp
e
o
p
l
ea
r
es
e
l
f
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
e
d
,b
uta
r
ea
l
s
o
c
o
nc
e
r
ne
dwi
t
ht
hep
a
y
o
f
f
so
ft
heo
t
he
rp
l
a
y
e
r
s(
Cha
r
ne
s
sa
ndRa
b
i
n2
0
0
2
)
.F
o
r
2
e
x
a
mp
l
e
,i
naDi
c
t
a
t
o
r
'
sg
a
me
,ar
a
t
i
o
na
la
g
e
ntwo
ul
dg
i
v
ez
e
r
ot
o
k
e
nst
ot
heo
t
he
r
p
l
a
y
e
r
;ho
we
v
e
r
,o
na
v
e
r
a
g
e
,p
e
o
p
l
es
ha
r
ea3
0
%o
ft
he
i
rt
o
k
e
ns(
Cr
o
s
o
na
ndKo
no
w
2
0
0
9
)
.Thi
s3
0
%i
sund
e
r
s
t
o
o
da
same
a
s
ur
eo
fs
o
c
i
a
lp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
.Re
c
i
p
r
o
c
a
la
l
t
r
ui
s
m,
i
ne
q
ui
t
ya
v
e
r
s
i
o
na
nds
t
r
o
ngr
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
i
t
ya
r
eus
ua
l
l
ymo
d
e
l
l
e
da
ss
o
c
i
a
lp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
.
No
ne
t
he
l
e
s
s
,t
hee
x
p
l
a
na
t
i
o
no
ft
hef
o
r
ma
t
i
o
no
ft
hi
sk
i
ndo
fp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
si
sus
ua
l
l
yl
e
f
t
una
t
t
e
nd
e
di
nt
hee
c
o
no
mi
cl
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
,p
a
r
t
i
a
l
l
yb
e
c
a
us
et
hea
ns
we
rt
ot
hemo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
ns
und
e
r
l
y
i
ngp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
sma
yha
v
ea
ne
v
o
l
ut
i
o
na
r
y(
b
o
t
hb
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
la
ndc
ul
t
ur
a
l
)o
r
i
g
i
n,
2 TheDi
c
t
a
t
o
r
'
sg
a
mei
sa
c
t
ua
l
l
yno
tag
a
mei
nt
hes
t
r
i
c
ts
e
ns
e
.I
nt
hi
ss
c
e
na
r
i
o
,ap
l
a
y
e
r(
t
hed
i
c
t
a
t
o
r
)i
sg
i
v
e
n
a
na
mo
unto
ft
o
k
e
nsa
ndi
sg
i
v
e
nt
hep
o
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
yo
fo
f
f
e
ras
ha
r
eo
ft
het
o
k
e
nst
ot
heo
t
he
rp
l
a
y
e
r
,
whoha
sno
a
c
t
i
v
er
o
l
ei
nt
heg
a
me
.
1
4
3
.
1
.
Whyd
op
e
o
p
l
ek
e
e
pt
he
i
rp
r
o
mi
s
e
s
?
l
e
a
v
i
ng i
t
sa
na
l
y
s
i
sf
o
re
v
o
l
ut
i
o
na
r
yb
i
o
l
o
g
i
s
t
sa
nd a
nt
hr
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
s
t
s
.Onep
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
ht
ot
hef
o
r
ma
t
i
o
no
fs
o
c
i
a
lp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
,i
nc
l
ud
i
nga
l
t
r
ui
s
t
i
cb
e
ha
v
i
o
ur
,i
st
ha
t
t
he
yc
o
ul
db
et
her
e
s
ul
to
fhuma
n'
d
o
c
i
l
i
t
y
'
,i
nS
i
mo
n'
st
e
r
ms(
S
i
mo
n1
9
9
0
;1
9
9
3
)
.
Do
c
i
l
i
t
yi
st
he“
t
e
nd
e
nc
yt
od
e
p
e
ndo
ns
ug
g
e
s
t
i
o
ns
,r
e
c
o
mme
nd
a
t
i
o
ns
,p
e
r
s
ua
s
i
o
n,a
nd
i
nf
o
r
ma
t
i
o
no
b
t
a
i
ne
dt
hr
o
ug
hs
o
c
i
a
lc
ha
nne
l
sa
sama
j
o
rb
a
s
i
so
fc
ho
i
c
e
”(
S
i
mo
n1
9
9
3
,
1
5
6
)
.Huma
nr
a
t
i
o
na
l
i
t
yi
sl
i
mi
t
e
da
ndno
ta
b
l
et
os
up
p
o
r
to
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n,a
ndi
ti
s
t
he
r
e
f
o
r
ea
p
p
r
o
x
i
ma
t
ea
ndb
o
und
e
d(
Gi
g
e
r
e
nz
e
ra
ndS
e
l
t
e
n2
0
0
2
)
.Thus
,b
yl
e
a
r
ni
ng
ho
wt
oa
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
l
yr
e
s
p
o
ndt
oas
o
c
i
a
ls
c
e
na
r
i
o(
s
uc
ha
ss
ha
r
i
ngr
e
s
o
ur
c
e
s
)
,
t
hea
g
e
nt
e
mp
l
o
y
she
ur
i
s
t
i
cme
c
ha
ni
s
mswhi
c
h,r
a
t
he
rt
ha
tma
x
i
mi
z
i
ngt
heo
ut
c
o
me
,o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
t
hed
e
c
i
s
i
o
np
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
La
s
t
l
y
,i
ti
sp
o
s
s
i
b
l
et
omo
d
e
lt
hec
o
mp
l
i
a
nc
et
os
o
c
i
a
lno
r
msa
sak
i
ndo
f
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
et
of
o
l
l
o
wt
heno
r
msund
e
rs
p
e
c
i
f
i
cc
o
nd
i
t
i
o
ns
,s
uc
ha
st
heb
e
l
i
e
ft
ha
to
t
he
r
p
l
a
y
e
r
swi
l
ld
os
o
,a
ndt
heb
e
l
i
e
ft
ha
to
t
he
rp
l
a
y
e
r
st
hi
nkt
ha
tt
hea
g
e
nts
ho
ul
dc
o
mp
l
y
wi
t
ht
heno
r
m(
Bi
c
c
hi
e
r
i2
0
0
6
)
.Bo
t
he
mp
i
r
i
c
a
le
x
p
e
c
t
a
t
i
o
ns
,whi
c
ha
r
et
hea
g
e
nt
'
s
b
e
l
i
e
f
sa
b
o
utwha
tt
heo
t
he
ra
g
e
nt
swi
l
ld
o
,a
ndno
r
ma
t
i
v
ee
x
p
e
c
t
a
t
i
o
ns
,whi
c
ha
r
et
he
b
e
l
i
e
f
so
ft
hea
g
e
nta
b
o
utwha
to
t
he
rp
l
a
y
e
r
sb
e
l
i
e
fs
hes
ho
ul
dd
o
,a
r
ed
e
t
e
r
mi
na
ntf
o
r
c
o
nd
i
t
i
o
na
lc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n(
Bi
c
c
hi
e
r
ia
ndXi
a
o2
0
0
8
)
.Al
s
o
,t
hes
a
l
i
e
nc
eo
fc
e
r
t
a
i
ns
o
c
i
a
l
no
r
msi
nt
hes
o
c
i
a
ls
e
t
t
i
ngc
a
na
f
f
e
c
tt
hed
e
c
i
s
i
o
no
ff
o
l
l
o
wi
ngt
heno
r
m(
Bi
c
c
hi
e
r
ia
nd
Cha
v
e
z2
0
1
0
)
.Thus
,t
hec
o
nd
i
t
i
o
na
lp
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
ef
o
rr
ul
e
f
o
l
l
o
wi
ngwo
ul
d
,f
r
o
mt
hi
s
t
he
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
lp
o
i
nto
fv
i
e
w,c
o
nd
i
t
i
o
ne
db
yt
heb
e
l
i
e
f
so
ft
hea
g
e
nta
b
o
utwha
to
t
he
rwi
l
l
d
o
,e
x
c
e
p
ti
nt
hec
a
s
e
so
fmo
r
a
lno
r
ms
,whi
c
hd
e
ma
nda
nunc
o
nd
i
t
i
o
na
lc
o
mmi
t
me
nt
(
Bi
c
c
hi
e
r
i
,Ni
d
a
Rüme
l
i
n,a
ndS
p
o
hn 2
0
0
0
)
.I
nt
hene
x
ts
e
c
t
i
o
n,Iwi
l
la
p
p
l
yt
he
me
c
ha
ni
s
msr
e
v
i
e
we
ds
of
a
rt
ot
hea
na
l
y
s
i
so
fs
o
c
i
a
lc
o
mmi
t
me
nt
s
.Pr
o
mi
s
e
sa
nd
t
hr
e
a
t
sa
r
es
up
p
o
s
e
dt
ob
eb
i
nd
i
ngme
c
ha
ni
s
mst
ha
te
nha
nc
ec
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n;ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
he
yi
nhe
r
i
tt
hes
a
mep
r
o
b
l
e
mst
ha
nt
hek
i
ndo
fb
e
ha
v
i
o
urt
he
ya
r
es
up
p
o
s
et
op
r
o
mo
t
e
,
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
ngt
he
i
rmo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n.
3
.
2
.
MECHANISMSTHATENABLECREDIBILITYAND TRUST
Thus
,a
d
d
i
t
i
o
na
lc
o
nt
r
o
lme
c
ha
ni
s
msa
r
ene
e
d
e
dt
oe
x
p
l
a
i
nb
o
t
ht
hef
ul
f
i
l
me
nta
ndt
he
c
r
e
d
i
b
i
l
i
t
yo
fc
o
mmi
t
me
nt
s
.F
o
l
l
o
wi
ngNe
s
s
e(
2
0
0
1
)t
he
r
ea
r
ef
o
urr
e
a
s
o
nst
ob
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
ha
tac
o
mmi
t
me
nti
sl
i
k
e
l
yt
ob
ef
ul
f
i
l
l
e
d
.F
i
r
s
t
,ac
o
mmi
t
me
ntc
a
nb
es
e
l
f
e
nf
o
r
c
i
ng
:
a
f
t
e
rt
hec
r
e
a
t
i
o
no
ft
hec
o
mmi
t
me
nt
,t
hea
c
t
i
o
ni
nv
o
l
v
e
db
e
c
o
me
st
heb
e
s
to
p
t
i
o
nf
o
r
1
5
3
.
2
.
Me
c
ha
ni
s
mst
ha
te
na
b
l
ec
r
e
d
i
b
i
l
i
t
ya
ndt
r
us
t
t
hea
g
e
nt
,f
o
l
l
o
wi
nghe
rs
e
l
f
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
.I
nt
hi
sc
a
s
e
,t
hec
r
e
a
t
i
o
no
ft
hec
o
mmi
t
me
nt
i
mp
l
i
e
sar
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
o
no
fo
p
t
i
o
ns
,e
i
t
he
rb
yma
k
i
ngt
he
m una
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
,o
rb
yr
a
i
s
i
ngi
t
s
c
o
s
t
s
.Ane
x
a
mp
l
eo
fas
e
l
f
e
nf
o
r
c
i
ngc
o
mmi
t
me
ntwo
ul
db
eb
ur
ni
ngo
ne
'
sb
r
i
d
g
e
so
r
s
hi
p
s(
El
s
t
e
r2
0
0
3
)
.S
e
c
o
nd
,ac
o
mmi
t
me
ntc
a
nb
er
e
i
nf
o
r
c
e
db
ye
x
t
e
r
na
li
nc
e
nt
i
v
e
s
c
o
nt
r
o
l
l
e
db
yt
hi
r
dp
a
r
t
i
e
s
.
F
o
re
x
a
mp
l
e
,
ac
o
nt
r
a
c
ti
sac
o
mmi
t
me
ntt
ha
ti
se
nf
o
r
c
e
db
y
l
e
g
a
lp
uni
s
hme
nt
.The
s
et
wome
c
ha
ni
s
mst
ur
nt
hef
ul
f
i
l
me
nto
fac
o
mmi
t
me
nti
nt
oa
s
e
l
f
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
e
da
c
t
i
o
n.
Be
s
i
d
e
st
hes
c
e
p
t
i
c
a
la
r
g
ume
ntt
ha
ts
t
a
t
e
st
ha
tc
o
mmi
t
me
ntf
a
c
e
s
t
hes
a
mep
r
o
b
l
e
mst
ha
nc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n,a
nd t
husi
sno
te
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
ewi
t
ho
ute
x
t
e
r
na
l
c
o
ns
t
r
a
i
nt
s
,t
he
r
ei
sl
a
r
g
ee
x
p
e
r
i
me
nt
a
ls
up
p
o
r
tt
ot
hec
l
a
i
mt
ha
tc
o
mmuni
c
a
t
i
o
n
e
nha
nc
e
sc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
ni
ns
o
c
i
a
ld
i
l
e
mma
s(
s
e
eBa
l
l
i
e
t2
0
1
0f
o
rame
t
a
a
na
l
y
s
i
so
fr
e
l
a
t
e
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
nt
s
)
.Thus
,o
t
he
ri
nt
e
r
na
lme
c
ha
ni
s
msp
l
a
yar
o
l
ei
nt
hee
x
p
l
a
na
t
i
o
no
ft
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ne
s
so
fac
o
mmi
t
me
nt
.Thet
hi
r
dme
c
ha
ni
s
m Ne
s
s
ep
o
i
nt
so
uti
sr
e
p
ut
a
t
i
o
n.
La
s
t
l
y
,t
heb
i
nd
i
ngf
o
r
c
eo
fas
o
c
i
a
lc
o
mmi
t
me
ntc
a
nb
er
e
l
a
t
e
dt
oe
mo
t
i
o
ns
.Ne
s
s
e
c
l
a
i
mst
ha
t
,whe
nt
het
hi
r
d(
r
e
p
ut
a
t
i
o
n)a
ndf
o
ur
t
h(
e
mo
t
i
o
ns
)me
c
ha
ni
s
msa
r
ei
nt
o
p
l
a
y
,t
hec
o
mmi
t
me
nti
ss
ub
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
.Theo
nl
yr
e
a
s
o
nwhyt
he
s
ec
o
mmi
t
me
nt
sa
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
ei
st
hep
o
we
ro
fp
e
r
s
ua
d
i
ngo
t
he
ra
g
e
nt
st
ha
tt
hec
o
mmi
t
t
e
da
g
e
ntwi
l
la
c
t
a
g
a
i
ns
the
rs
e
l
f
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
,und
e
r
s
t
o
o
da
st
heb
e
s
to
p
t
i
o
nf
o
rt
hea
g
e
nti
ft
hec
o
mmi
t
me
nt
d
i
dno
tt
a
k
ep
l
a
c
e
.
Ont
heo
t
he
rha
nd
,
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
nt
a
lr
e
s
ul
t
ss
ho
wt
ha
ti
ti
sno
tt
he
r
ei
sa
c
o
mp
l
e
xr
e
l
a
t
i
o
nb
e
t
we
e
ne
x
t
e
r
na
la
nd i
nt
e
r
na
lme
c
ha
ni
s
ms
;f
o
re
x
a
mp
l
e
,whe
n
e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
ngb
o
t
hwhe
t
he
rt
oa
c
c
e
p
tac
o
mmi
t
me
nt(
b
ymo
d
i
f
y
i
ngo
ne
'
sb
e
ha
v
i
o
ur
)o
r
whe
t
he
rt
oc
a
r
r
yo
utat
hr
e
a
t
,o
rf
ul
f
i
lap
r
o
mi
s
e
,s
e
v
e
r
a
lf
a
c
t
o
r
ss
uc
ha
se
x
p
e
c
t
a
t
i
o
ns
,
t
hep
o
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
yo
fp
uni
s
hme
nt
,a
ndt
hec
o
mmuni
c
a
t
i
o
nt
ha
te
na
b
l
e
st
hec
o
mmi
t
me
nt
s
c
o
mei
nt
op
l
a
y(
Os
t
r
o
m,
Wa
l
k
e
r
,
a
ndGa
r
d
ne
r1
9
9
2
)
.
Theme
c
ha
ni
s
mst
ha
te
na
b
l
ec
r
e
d
i
b
i
l
i
t
ya
ndt
heme
c
ha
ni
s
mst
ha
te
nf
o
r
c
et
he
f
ul
f
i
l
me
nto
fc
o
mmi
t
me
nt
sa
r
ed
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt
,
a
l
t
ho
ug
hd
e
e
p
l
yr
e
l
a
t
e
d
.Cr
e
d
i
b
i
l
i
t
ywo
ul
dno
t
b
ep
o
s
s
i
b
l
ewi
t
ho
utar
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
l
yhi
g
hp
r
e
v
a
l
e
nc
eo
ff
ul
f
i
l
l
e
dc
o
mmi
t
me
nt
s
,b
e
c
a
us
et
he
a
g
e
ntwo
ul
de
x
p
e
c
ti
t
sv
i
o
l
a
t
i
o
n.I
ti
sa
l
s
oi
mp
o
r
t
a
ntt
oc
o
ns
i
d
e
rt
hed
i
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
b
e
t
we
e
np
o
s
i
t
i
v
e(
p
r
o
mi
s
e
s
)a
ndne
g
a
t
i
v
e(
t
hr
e
a
t
s
)c
o
mmi
t
me
nt
s(
Ca
s
t
e
l
f
r
a
nc
hia
nd
Gue
r
i
ni2
0
0
7
)
,s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
yi
nt
hec
a
s
eo
fs
ub
j
e
c
t
i
v
ec
o
mmi
t
me
nt
s
,t
hi
si
s
,no
te
nf
o
r
c
e
db
y
e
x
t
e
r
na
la
g
e
nt
so
rb
yamo
d
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
no
ft
hep
a
y
o
f
f
ss
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
.Whe
na p
r
o
mi
s
ei
s
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
,t
hep
r
o
mi
s
e
ec
ha
ng
e
si
t
sb
e
ha
v
i
o
ura
nde
x
p
e
c
t
st
ha
tt
hep
r
o
mi
s
e
rf
ul
f
i
l
shi
s
c
o
mmi
t
me
nt
.Theme
c
ha
ni
s
msi
nv
o
l
v
e
di
nt
hi
sf
ul
f
i
l
me
ntha
v
et
ot
a
k
ei
nt
oa
c
c
o
unt
1
6
3
.
2
.
Me
c
ha
ni
s
mst
ha
te
na
b
l
ec
r
e
d
i
b
i
l
i
t
ya
ndt
r
us
t
b
o
t
ht
hec
o
ns
e
q
ue
nc
e
so
fno
tf
ul
f
i
l
l
i
ngt
hep
r
o
mi
s
e
,s
uc
ha
sac
ha
ng
e
si
nr
e
p
ut
a
t
i
o
no
r
s
t
a
t
us
,
o
ri
nv
o
l
v
e
dne
g
a
t
i
v
ee
mo
t
i
o
ns
,
a
ndt
heme
c
ha
ni
s
mst
ha
to
v
e
r
r
i
d
et
het
e
mp
t
a
t
i
o
n
t
of
r
e
e
r
i
d
e
:i
ft
heo
t
he
ra
g
e
ntha
smo
d
i
f
i
e
dhe
rb
e
ha
v
i
o
ura
ndb
e
ha
v
e
dc
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
,
f
o
ri
ns
t
a
nc
e
,t
he
nt
hep
r
o
mi
s
e
rha
sa
ni
nc
e
nt
i
v
eno
tt
of
ul
f
i
lhe
rp
r
o
mi
s
e
.Ont
heo
t
he
r
ha
nd
,at
hr
e
a
tc
o
ns
i
s
t
sp
r
e
c
i
s
e
l
yi
nc
o
mmi
t
t
i
ngo
ne
s
e
l
ft
op
e
r
f
o
r
ma
na
c
t
i
o
nt
ha
ti
s
a
g
a
i
ns
the
rs
e
l
f
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
,
i
no
r
d
e
rt
od
i
s
i
nc
e
nt
i
v
ea
na
g
e
ntt
of
r
e
e
r
i
d
e
,
o
rt
op
uni
s
hs
uc
h
ab
e
ha
v
i
o
ur
.Butc
a
r
r
y
i
ngo
utat
hr
e
a
ti
sc
o
s
t
l
y
,a
ndi
t
se
f
f
e
c
t
so
nt
het
hr
e
a
t
e
ne
da
r
e
r
e
l
e
v
a
ntf
o
rf
ut
ur
ei
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
ns
,no
tt
hep
r
e
s
e
nto
ne
.Thus
,t
hea
g
e
ntwhot
hr
e
a
t
e
ns
d
o
e
sno
tha
v
ea
ni
nc
e
nt
i
v
et
of
r
e
e
r
i
d
e
,b
utr
a
t
he
rs
hene
e
d
sf
o
ri
nc
e
nt
i
v
e
sf
o
r
mo
t
i
v
a
t
i
nga
l
t
r
ui
s
t
i
cp
uni
s
hme
nt
.
Re
p
ut
a
t
i
o
ni
sa
b
l
eb
o
t
ht
oi
nc
e
nt
i
v
et
hef
ul
f
i
l
me
nto
fat
hr
e
a
ta
ndi
t
sc
r
e
d
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
I
n
c
ul
t
ur
e
so
fho
no
ur
,
t
hed
e
f
e
nc
eo
fo
ne
'
so
wnr
e
p
ut
a
t
i
o
ni
sa
c
hi
e
v
e
dt
hr
o
ug
hv
i
o
l
e
nta
nd
d
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
na
t
et
hr
e
a
t
s
,whi
c
ha
r
eus
ua
l
l
yc
a
r
r
i
e
do
uti
nc
a
s
ewhe
nt
hea
g
e
nti
s
c
ha
l
l
e
ng
e
d(
Co
he
na
ndVa
nd
e
l
l
o2
0
0
1
)
.No
tc
a
r
r
y
i
ngo
utat
hr
e
a
tc
a
nc
a
us
et
ha
t
,i
n
f
ut
ur
ee
nc
o
unt
e
r
s
,t
hea
g
e
nti
sf
r
e
e
r
i
d
d
e
n.F
ur
t
he
r
mo
r
e
,t
hed
e
f
e
nc
eo
fho
no
uri
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
dt
os
o
c
i
a
le
mo
t
i
o
nss
uc
ha
sr
a
g
eo
ra
ng
e
r
,
a
nds
ha
mea
ndhumi
l
i
a
t
i
o
n,
whi
c
ha
r
e
r
e
l
e
v
a
ntt
oe
x
p
l
a
i
nt
hef
ul
f
i
l
me
nto
ft
hr
e
a
t
si
nc
a
s
e
si
nwhi
c
hi
ti
smo
r
ea
d
v
a
nt
a
g
e
o
us
no
tt
od
os
o(
Mo
s
q
ue
r
a
,
Ma
ns
t
e
a
d
,
a
ndF
i
s
c
he
r2
0
0
2
)
.
S
o
c
i
a
le
mo
t
i
o
nsp
l
a
ya
ni
mp
o
r
t
a
ntr
o
l
ei
nt
hee
x
p
l
a
na
t
i
o
no
ft
hee
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ne
s
so
f
c
o
mmi
t
me
nt
s
,b
e
c
a
us
et
he
yp
r
o
mo
t
ec
r
e
d
i
b
i
l
i
t
ya
ndmo
t
i
v
a
t
et
he
i
rf
ul
f
i
l
me
nt
.F
o
r
e
x
a
mp
l
e
,g
ui
l
t
a
v
e
r
s
i
o
nc
a
ni
nc
e
nt
i
v
et
he a
v
o
i
d
a
nc
eo
fb
r
e
a
k
i
ng a c
o
mmi
t
me
nt
(
Ba
t
t
i
g
a
l
l
ia
ndDuf
we
nb
e
r
g2
0
0
7
;El
l
i
ng
s
e
ne
ta
l
.2
0
1
0
;Cha
r
ne
s
sa
ndDuf
we
nb
e
r
g
2
0
1
0
)
.
Thes
o
c
i
a
le
mo
t
i
o
nst
ha
tme
d
i
a
t
ec
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
na
l
s
ome
d
i
a
t
et
hee
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ne
s
so
fa
c
o
mmi
t
me
nt
.Thed
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
no
ft
heo
t
he
rp
l
a
y
e
r
'
se
mo
t
i
o
nsa
r
ek
e
yi
no
r
d
e
rt
oa
s
s
i
g
n
c
r
e
d
i
b
i
l
i
t
yt
oac
o
mmi
t
me
nt(
F
r
a
nk2
0
0
1
;I
r
o
ns2
0
0
1
)
.Va
nb
e
r
g(
2
0
0
8
)a
r
g
ue
st
ha
t
e
mo
t
i
o
nsc
r
e
a
t
ea
ni
nd
i
r
e
c
tb
o
ndb
e
t
we
e
np
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
sa
ndp
r
o
mi
s
e
s
,b
e
c
a
us
et
he
ya
r
e
a
b
l
et
omo
d
i
f
yt
hes
e
c
o
nd
o
r
d
e
rb
e
l
i
e
f
so
ft
hea
g
e
nt
.
Re
g
a
r
d
i
ngp
o
s
i
t
i
v
ec
o
mmi
t
me
nt
s
,t
r
us
ti
sane
c
e
s
s
a
r
yme
c
ha
ni
s
mf
o
ra
s
s
i
g
ni
ng
c
r
e
d
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
.Tr
us
ti
sac
o
mp
l
e
x mo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
na
la
nd c
o
g
ni
t
i
v
es
t
a
t
et
ha
te
na
b
l
e
st
he
g
e
ne
r
a
t
i
o
no
fe
mp
i
r
i
c
a
la
ndno
r
ma
t
i
v
ee
x
p
e
c
t
a
t
i
o
nsa
b
o
utt
heo
t
he
r
'
sb
e
ha
v
i
o
urund
e
r
r
i
s
kc
i
r
c
ums
t
a
nc
e
s(
Or
i
g
g
i2
0
0
8
)
.Thee
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ne
s
so
fas
o
c
i
a
lc
o
mmi
t
me
ntd
e
p
e
nd
so
n
t
hes
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ulma
ni
p
ul
a
t
i
o
no
ft
heo
t
he
ra
g
e
nt
'
sc
ho
i
c
e
s
,a
ndami
ni
mum l
e
v
e
lo
ft
r
us
t
1
7
3
.
2
.
Me
c
ha
ni
s
mst
ha
te
na
b
l
ec
r
e
d
i
b
i
l
i
t
ya
ndt
r
us
t
i
sr
e
q
ui
r
e
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e
t
we
e
nt
het
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g
e
nt
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o
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o
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t
me
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e
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i
b
l
e
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nc
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e
f
f
e
c
t
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v
e(
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r
d
i
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0
0
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;S
i
mp
s
o
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0
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)
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e
l
a
t
i
o
no
ft
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te
nt
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i
l
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s
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o
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t
i
o
nt
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y
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l
me
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l
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l
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r
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l
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p
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)
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us
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e
a
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ot
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r
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i
b
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l
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t
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fc
o
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t
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nt
s
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t
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o
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nc
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nt
y(
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)
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r
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e
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et
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nt
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c
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e
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l
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t
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nt
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ms
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o
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e
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c
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l
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r
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e
nt
st
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f
i
lt
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i
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g
r
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e
me
nt
,
a
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o
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t
i
o
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i
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i
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l
i
t
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t
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o
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e
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t
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o
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i
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a
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i
o
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ut
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t
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g
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st
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nt
a
g
e
.
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a
t
i
o
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e
s
s
a
r
yp
a
r
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o
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o
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i
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ne
r
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t
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g
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e
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o
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ft
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i
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r(
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l
e
y
1
9
8
3
)
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r
et
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nt
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o
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c
a
la
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c
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t
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o
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i
r
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o
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i
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o
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r
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o
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e
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r
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mt
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o
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e
a
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g
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o
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l
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nt
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ywhe
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o
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o
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e
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f
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o
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o
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a
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e
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)p
r
o
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o
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e
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x
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t
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o
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s
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2
.
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c
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ni
s
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te
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l
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l
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t
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t
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o
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g
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.
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c
ht
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c
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o
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me
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r
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o
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t
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r
'
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e
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ur
:“
t
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v
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l
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i
o
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o
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ni
ma
ls
i
g
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l
si
sb
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e
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e
r
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l
a
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t
we
e
n mi
nd
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e
a
d
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ng
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nd
ma
ni
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a
t
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o
n”(
Kr
e
b
sa
nd Da
wk
i
ns1
9
8
4
,3
8
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)
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he
a
t
e
rwo
ul
d ha
v
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d
a
p
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a
d
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nt
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t
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n ag
r
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n whi
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nd ho
ne
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o
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ys
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y
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e
b
sa
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ns
s
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e
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o
a
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nd
i
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i
g
na
li
st
oma
ni
p
ul
a
t
et
her
e
c
e
i
v
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ri
nawa
yt
ha
ti
t
f
ul
f
i
l
st
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e
nd
e
r
'
ss
e
l
f
i
nt
e
r
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s
t
.Ther
e
c
e
i
v
e
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e
d
st
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nt
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e
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i
c
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ta
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o
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l
lp
e
r
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o
r
m.
Ma
y
na
r
dS
mi
t
ha
ndHa
r
p
e
r(
1
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9
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;2
0
0
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)s
ug
g
e
s
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o
mb
i
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t
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o
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t
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nt
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i
nf
o
r
ma
t
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o
na
la
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ni
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a
t
i
v
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p
p
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a
c
he
s
.
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ya
r
g
uet
ha
ti
ti
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te
v
o
l
ut
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o
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r
i
l
y
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t
a
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l
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o
rt
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e
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e
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ha
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ur(
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us
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st
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e
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)unl
e
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i
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o
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nt
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nt
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e
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o
re
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e
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l
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e
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i
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o
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i
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et
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e
a
t
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me
t
he
o
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e
t
i
c
a
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l
so
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i
g
na
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r
e
d
i
b
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l
i
t
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o
nf
i
r
mt
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e
r
s
e
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
nb
e
t
we
e
nt
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o
s
to
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i
g
na
la
ndt
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nc
e
nt
i
v
e
st
of
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e
e
r
i
d
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ys
e
nd
i
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ha
t
s
i
g
na
l(
Gi
nt
i
s
,
S
mi
t
h,
a
ndBo
wl
e
s2
0
0
1
)
.
Be
s
i
d
e
st
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o
s
to
fp
r
o
d
uc
i
ngas
i
g
na
l(
i
nt
r
i
ns
i
c
c
o
s
t
)
,
r
e
p
ut
a
t
i
o
na
l
s
or
a
i
s
e
st
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o
s
to
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i
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a
l
s
es
i
g
na
l
s
.
Re
p
ut
a
t
i
o
na
f
f
e
c
t
st
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l
l
i
ng
ne
s
so
fi
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
l
st
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ng
a
g
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e
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e
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t
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o
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e
r
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t
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t
ha
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i
v
e
r
'
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e
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i
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s
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o
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t
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e
r
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t
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o
ns
;Al
e
x
a
nd
e
r
'
s(
1
9
8
7
)
s
t
r
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t
e
g
yo
fi
nd
i
r
e
c
tr
e
c
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t
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t
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o
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rr
o
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e
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ul
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