GO/10 (L. Tambs)

The Danish‐Jordanian Islamic Jarash Project SEASON REPORT, 2012 Area GO Rune Rattenborg & Alan Walmsley Department of Cross Cultural & Regional Studies University of Copenhagen Snorresgade 17‐19 Copenhagen S DK‐2300 [email protected] [email protected] Table of Contents Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Figures .......................................................................................................................... 4 The 2012 Season in Summary ..................................................................................................... 6 Historical Background ..................................................................................................................... 6 Tourism Potential ........................................................................................................................... 6 Area explored this Season .............................................................................................................. 6 Results ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ 8 Participants in the 2012 season .................................................................................................. 9 Detailed Reports on the Fieldwork.............................................................................................11 1. Area GO .................................................................................................................................12 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 12 Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 12 GO/2: Cleaning and recording (R. Rattenborg)............................................................................. 13 GO/2 Lists ..................................................................................................................................... 13 GO/2 Locus List ......................................................................................................................... 13 GO/2 Field Object List ............................................................................................................... 13 GO/4: Cleaning and recording (R. Rattenborg)............................................................................. 13 GO/4 Lists ..................................................................................................................................... 14 GO/4 Locus List ......................................................................................................................... 14 GO/6: The Cistern Complex (R. Rattenborg)................................................................................. 14 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 14 GO/6 Work Progress (May 23 ‐ July 19)........................................................................................ 15 The Cistern Passage .................................................................................................................. 15 Removal of the West Baulk ...................................................................................................... 17 Discussion ‐ The Structural Layout of West GO/6 ........................................................................ 18 Courtyard Spaces ...................................................................................................................... 18 The Cistern ................................................................................................................................ 18 GO/6 Lists ..................................................................................................................................... 20 GO/6 Locus List ......................................................................................................................... 20 GO/6 Field Object List ............................................................................................................... 20 GO/6 Feature List...................................................................................................................... 21 GO/6 Drawings ......................................................................................................................... 21 GO/6 Architectural Elements.................................................................................................... 21 GO/7 (M. Brøndgaard Jensen) ...................................................................................................... 22 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 22 Work Progress (9 June ‐ 23 June) ................................................................................................. 22 Topsoil (loc. 1 and loc. 7) .......................................................................................................... 22 Ashy context (loc. 2, loc. 8, loc. 13 and loc. 19) ........................................................................ 23 Wall 1, wall 2 and wall 3 (loc. 3, loc. 4, loc. 26, loc. 27 and loc. 28) ......................................... 23 Features North of wall 2 (loc. 5, loc. 6, loc. 9, loc. 11, loc. 17) ................................................. 24 Occupational surfaces (loc. 12 and loc. 15) .............................................................................. 25 [2] Tumble (loc. 14 and loc. 18) ..................................................................................................... 26 Features and wall South of wall 2 (loc. 20, loc. 23, loc. 24, loc. 25) ......................................... 26 Summary and notes for future excavation ............................................................................... 27 GO/7 Lists ..................................................................................................................................... 28 GO/7 Locus List ......................................................................................................................... 28 GO/7 Field Object List ............................................................................................................... 30 GO/7 Feature List...................................................................................................................... 31 GO/7 Wall List ........................................................................................................................... 31 GO/7 Architectural Elements.................................................................................................... 31 GO/9 (A. Ravn Weinrich) .............................................................................................................. 32 Aim............................................................................................................................................ 32 Work Progress (23 May ‐ 18 July) ................................................................................................. 32 Further excavation in GO/9 ...................................................................................................... 37 GO/9 Lists ..................................................................................................................................... 37 GO/9 Locus List ......................................................................................................................... 37 GO/9 Feature List...................................................................................................................... 39 GO/9 Wall List ........................................................................................................................... 40 GO/9 Field Object List ............................................................................................................... 40 GO/10 (L. Tambs) .......................................................................................................................... 42 Work Progress (June 23 ‐ July 19) ................................................................................................. 42 Topsoil and Loc. 2 ..................................................................................................................... 42 Tumble ...................................................................................................................................... 43 The Mosaic Floor, North of Wall # 1 ......................................................................................... 44 The Basin, North of Wall # 1 ..................................................................................................... 45 The Large Building, South of Wall # 1 ....................................................................................... 47 Backfilling.................................................................................................................................. 48 Future Perspectives .................................................................................................................. 48 GO/10 Lists ................................................................................................................................... 49 GO/10 Locus List ....................................................................................................................... 49 GO/10 Field Object List ............................................................................................................. 54 GO/10 Architectural Elements.................................................................................................. 54 GO/10 Wall List ......................................................................................................................... 55 GO/10 Feature List.................................................................................................................... 56 GO/10 Drawings ....................................................................................................................... 57 GO/12: Continuation of Urban Structures to the West (R. Rattenborg) ...................................... 58 GO/12 Lists ................................................................................................................................... 59 GO/12 Locus List ....................................................................................................................... 59 GO/12 Field Object List ............................................................................................................. 59 Discussion: Abbasid Housings ....................................................................................................... 59 GO/11: Urban Spaces Towards the Roman decumanus (S. Jerichau & R. Rattenborg) ................ 62 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 62 Aim............................................................................................................................................ 63 Work progress (May 23 ‐ June 19) (S. Jerichau) ........................................................................... 63 Work Progress (June 20 ‐ July 19) (R. Rattenborg) ....................................................................... 65 Discussion: Modern intrusions ..................................................................................................... 66 [3] The Cable Trenches in GO/5, GO/8, and GO/11 ....................................................................... 66 The Clearing of the South Decumanus Lining in GO/5, GO/8, and GO/11 ............................... 67 Discussion: Alterations of the Urban Layout ................................................................................ 68 GO/11: Lists .................................................................................................................................. 68 GO/11: Locus List ...................................................................................................................... 68 GO/11: Field Object List ............................................................................................................ 70 GO/11: Feature List .................................................................................................................. 70 GO/11: Wall List ........................................................................................................................ 71 GO/11: Architectural Elements................................................................................................. 71 GO/11: Drawings ...................................................................................................................... 71 GO/8 (D. Kannegaard Kvist & A. Ravn Weinrich) .......................................................................... 72 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 72 Work progress (May 23 ‐ June 19) (D. Kannegaard Kvist) ............................................................ 72 Work Progress (June 20 ‐ July 19) (A. Ravn Weinrich) .................................................................. 74 GO/8 Lists ..................................................................................................................................... 76 GO/8: Locus List ........................................................................................................................ 76 GO/8: Field Object List .............................................................................................................. 77 GO/8: Feature List .................................................................................................................... 78 GO/8: Wall List .......................................................................................................................... 79 GO/8: Architectural Elements................................................................................................... 79 GO/8: Drawings List .................................................................................................................. 79 GO/5 Ext. (M. Brøndgaard Jensen) ............................................................................................... 80 Aim............................................................................................................................................ 80 Work Progress (June 23 ‐ July 19) ................................................................................................. 80 GO/5 Lists ..................................................................................................................................... 82 GO/5 Locus List ......................................................................................................................... 82 GO/5 Field Object List ............................................................................................................... 83 GO/5 Wall List ........................................................................................................................... 84 GO/5 Drawing List..................................................................................................................... 84 Discard procedures ....................................................................................................................85 Spoil removal ............................................................................................................................ 85 Stone removal .......................................................................................................................... 85 Disposal of tile and ceramic material ....................................................................................... 85 References.................................................................................................................................86 Table of Figures Figure 1: Plan of excavation area 2011 (@ Hugh Barnes & Elise Thing) ........................................... 11 Figure 2: GO/6 at the beginning of the season (May 27), facing north. ........................................... 15 Figure 3: Basin wall fragment A.7343 ............................................................................................... 16 Figure 4: End season overview of west half of GO/6, facing south. ................................................. 17 Figure 5: Remains of clay piping in GO/9, facing north, ................................................................... 18 Figure 6: Interior of cistern shaft (loc. 20, FE#3), facing north. ........................................................ 19 Figure 7: Crow step with rosette A8215 ........................................................................................... 24 Figure 8: Post‐excavation view of GO/7, facing east ........................................................................ 27 [4] Figure 9: Overview of housing unit spanning GO/9 (centre), GO/10 (lower left), and GO/12 (lower right). ........................................................................................................................................ 36 Figure 10: GO/10 loc. 4 and loc. 6, facing southeast. ....................................................................... 43 Figure 11: Stone basin A8488 ........................................................................................................... 43 Figure 12: The mosaic floor (FE#1 / loc. 3) ....................................................................................... 44 Figure 13: The mosaic floor (FE#1 / loc. 3) and pebble surface (loc. 9) ............................................ 44 Figure 14: North of W#1: Mosaic floor (FE#1 / loc. 3), ..................................................................... 45 Figure 15: The basin (FE#3 / loc. 24),................................................................................................ 46 Figure 16: End of season shot of mosaic floor .................................................................................. 46 Figure 17: Profile of interior West wall in basin ............................................................................... 46 Figure 18: Southern half of GO/10; .................................................................................................. 47 Figure 19: Wall # 1, Wall # 7, arch (FE#2 / loc. 8), Wall # 4, ............................................................. 48 Figure 20: Wall # 7 and loc. 30 ......................................................................................................... 48 Figure 21: Post‐excavation view of north GO, facing northwest. ..................................................... 60 Figure 22: Overview of GO/11 (June 18) .......................................................................................... 62 Figure 23: GO/11 loc. 17 (Wall 1) ..................................................................................................... 64 Figure 24: Complete oil lamp in situ (GO/11, FO#12) ....................................................................... 64 Figure 25: Occupational surface between loc. 17 (W1) and Roman decumanus. ............................ 65 Figure 26: Earlier occupational surface (loc. 26) with stone lining. .................................................. 66 Figure 27: GO/11 west baulk, facing west. ....................................................................................... 67 Figure 28: End season view of GO/5 Ext., facing south. ................................................................... 82 © 2012, University of Copenhagen and named authors This report comprises a preliminary evaluation of the 2012 season of excavations in Area GO (a corresponding summary of work in Areas MO, SO, and MA will appear in a separate report). This report is compiled from end of season reports written by Rune Rattenborg, Elise Thing, Marie Brøndgaard Jensen, Lena Tambs, Amalie Ravn Weinrich, Ditte Kannegaard Kvist, and Sara Jerichau. Accordingly, some variation in writing style will be noticed, but it was decided to remain faithful, wherever possible, to the original reports so as to present a first‐hand record of the progress of excavations in central Jarash. Contact address: MSO Professor Alan Walmsley MA (Hons) PhD, FSA Director, Danish‐Jordanian Islamic Jarash Project Research Leader, Materiality in Islam Research Initiative (MIRI) Department of Cross Cultural & Regional Studies University of Copenhagen Snorresgade 17‐19 Copenhagen S DK‐2300 Denmark [5] 2012‐GO/9‐1088 2012‐GO/9‐1091 2012‐GO/9‐1096 2012‐GO/9‐1097 2012‐GO/9‐1105 41 33 1:10 Drawing of A8511 1:20 Plan drawing of Wall 4 1:20 Section drawing of N baulk S face 1:20 Section drawing of W baulk E face 1:20 Plan drawing of tumble GO/10 (L. Tambs) Supervisor: Lena Tambs Students: Martin Thygesen Jensen, Nikoline Tyler, Bodil Lundin, Anne‐Christine Schnoor, Julie Wikke Andreasen, Julie Friis, Bente Mark, Benjamin Halkier, Salwa Amzourou, Teresa Stenvig Jensen Introduction GO/10 is part of the GO‐area which is located W of the congregational mosque, and the 10 by 10 m square designated GO/10 is positioned N of GO/09, W of GO/07 and S of GO/11. While the area W of GO/10, GO/12, remains unexcavated, the abovementioned squares to its N, E and S were already partially excavated. GO/10 was opened to enable a better understanding of the area as a whole to be established. S of GO/10 remains of a large building had been found, and by excavating GO/10 we hoped to reveal more information about this building by hopefully being able to connect new discoveries to structures already uncovered in GO/07 and GO/09. Traces of a wall running in a NE to SW direction were visible on the surface, and this wall was thought likely to form the northernmost border of this large building. Also, excavations in GO/10 would potentially help understand the later usage of the decumanus to the N of GO/11. Work Progress (June 23 ‐ July 19) Topsoil and Loc. 2 W#1 (loc. 5), W#2 (loc. 7), FE#1 (loc. 3), Loc. 1, 2 and 9 Initially the square was put out and the topsoil defined as loc. 1. Even though the topsoil varied both in colour and composition, and the square was presumably divided into a northern and a southern half by the wall of which traces was visible on the surface (W#1 / loc. 5), the topsoil was given only one locus number throughout. After initially levelling out the topsoil surface we began removing app. 10 cm of topsoil in an E to W direction. Almost immediately a mosaic floor (FE#1 / loc. 3) unexpectedly appeared only few cm below the surface in the NE corner of the square. Due to this discovery we abandoned the previous plan to remove c. 10 cm from E to W, and rather started removing c. 5 cm of the topsoil from W to E. This was done to enable the extent of the mosaic floor to be defined. Shortly after the mosaic floor was found, it became apparent that it was covered by a layer of more compact clayey soil defined as loc. 2. Tracing loc. 2 we learned that its thickness varied greatly, from some 20 cm to in other places being non‐existent. Where loc. 2 were not traceable, either the mosaic floor or its subsurface construction surface made up by smooth pebbles and mortar (loc. 9) was found. As mentioned, traces of a double‐row wall with wall packing running in a NE to SW direction (W#1 / loc. 5) was visible on the surface, and both the mosaic floor, pebble surface (loc. 9) and loc. 2 was situated directly N of this wall. Tracing loc. 2 it became apparent that c. 1.50 m N of W#1 a single‐row wall or outline wall running parallel with it (W#2 / loc. 7) was preserved. N of W#2 we reached a lower level without being able to identify either loc. 2 or the mosaic floor, and [42] considering the location of loc. 2 as well as the pattern in which the tesserae in the mosaic floor were laid out, it became evident that W#2 formed the northernmost border both of the mosaic floor, pebble surface (loc. 9) and loc. 2. Both W#2 and loc. 2 started in the E baulk and stopped c. halfway through the square. Tumble Loc. 4, 6, 16 and 17 Simultaneously we finished removing c. 5 cm of the topsoil (loc. 1) in the entire square. After it became apparent that loc. 2 could not be traced further W than about midway in the square, we started levelling out the square to the level reached here. Except for in the N/NW part of the square numerous tumble stones were found throughout. These were divided into two loci, the tumble N of W#1 being defined as loc. 4 and those S of W#1 as loc. 6. As the earth removed when levelling out the square was treated as part of the topsoil (loc. 1), mistakably both soil and finds found in‐between these tumble stones were recorded as Figure 10: GO/10 loc. 4 and loc. 6, facing southeast. First tumble layer. belonging to the topsoil rather than loc. 4 or loc. 6. Loc. 4 contained two layers of tumble, both of which seems to be collapse fallen northwards from W#1, as the tumble stones were only found from W#1 and c. 2.50 m to the N of it. The first tumble layer stretched from the E baulk to the W baulk, also being present above and in loc. 2, while the second layer was only found in the W half of the square. Loc. 4 contained 7 architectural elements, most of which were doorjambs. Removing the second tumble layer, a rounded squarish stone with a shallow round indentation, possibly a basin, was found upside‐down among the tumble (A8488). Unfortunately A8488 was very fragile, resulting in it crumbling into several pieces after removal. After reaching the level on which the second tumble layer had fallen loc. 4 were closed. Loc. 6 covered the entire area S of W#1 and also consisted of two layers of tumble stones. Loc. 6 seems to be collapse of a number of walls and features and the colour of the soil in‐between the stones varied accordingly. Loc. 6 contained 6 architectural elements, most of which were doorjambs. Removing the second layer of tumble from loc. 6 another double‐row wall with wall packing (W#4 / loc. 15) were found as well as yet another layer of tumble. Loc. 6 was now closed and the new tumble layer was divided into Figure 11: Stone basin A8488 [43] loc. 16 and loc. 17. Loc. 16 is situated W of W#4, N of the S baulk, E of the W baulk and S of loc. 13, 14 and 22. Loc. 16 was not excavated this season and the tumble stones have not yet been treated or recorded. Loc. 17, situated E of W#4, S of W#1, W of the E baulk and N of the S baulk, was partially excavated this season, but as the season was soon coming to an end, we were unable to fully excavate the locus. The locus was levelled out to the lowest level reached, but no tumble stones were recorded or removed this season. Worth noticing is, that the S face of W#1 was apparently plastered. No in situ plaster has been Figure 13: The mosaic floor (FE#1 / loc. 3) and pebble surface (loc. 9) identified, but several bordered by Walls # 1 and # 2, washed but dry. pieces of plaster with an orange surface and impressed simple decorations were found in the soil in the area S of W#1. Figure 12: The mosaic floor (FE#1 / loc. 3) and pebble surface (loc. 9) bordered by Walls # 1 and # 2, [44] wet. The Mosaic Floor, North of Wall # 1 W#2 (loc. 7), W#5 (loc. 18), FE#1 (loc. 3), FE#9 (loc. 31), Loc. 1, 2, 9 After the tumble of loc. 4 were removed the more compact clayey layer found in‐between W#1 and W#2 (loc. 2) was excavated, exposing the mosaic floor (FE#1 / loc. 3) and, where the floor was not preserved, its subsurface construction surface of smooth pebbles and mortar (loc. 9). The previous assumption that W#2 was an outline wall defining the mosaic floors northern border was confirmed by the pattern of the mosaic; alongside both walls the tesserae were laid out parallel with the walls, while in the middle part they were diagonal. After washing the mosaic it also became evident, that while the vast majority of the tesserae were white, the third parallel line counting from the diagonally laid was red in colour. In the far eastern part the floor is highly damaged. Still it is clear that here the pattern changes once again as the tesserae changing direction, including the presence of yet another line of red tesserae, indicating that the floor is likely to have ended shortly to the E. The western part of the mosaic floor is not preserved, and here loc. 9 has been exposed. To its W, loc. 9, and thus also the mosaic floor, is bordered by W#5 (loc. 18). The entire floor sloops downwards, the W end being c. 10 cm lower than the E end. Shortly W of the transition between where the mosaic floor is preserved and lost, a drain was discovered in W#1 (FE#9 / loc. 31). As the mosaic floor is not preserved W of this, it is possible that this drain has been a factor as to the extent of damage done to the floor in this part (see below). The Basin, North of Wall # 1 W#3 (loc. 12), W#5 (loc. 18), W#6 (loc. 19), FE#3 (loc. 24), FE#5 (loc. 26), FE#8 (loc. 29), loc. 10, 11 and 23 While excavating loc. 4, a double‐row wall (W#3 / loc. 12), also running parallel with W#1 c. 1.50 m to its N, became visible. Despite its location and direction, W#3 is not directly connected to the outline‐wall of the mosaic floor (W#2). Rather it is connected to W#1 by smaller walls running in‐ between the two, in its E end by W#5 (loc. 18), a small single‐row wall, and in its W end by W#6 (loc. 19), a small plastered wall containing an inlet/overflow drain (FE#6 / loc. 29). When loc. 4 was closed, the area S of W#3, W of W#5, N of W#1 and E of W#6 was defined as loc. 10, while the area S of W#3, W of W#6, N of W#1 and E of the W baulk was defined as loc. 11. The area N of W#2 and W#3, E of the W baulk and S of the N baulk was defined as loc. 23, but this locus was not excavated this season. As loc. 10 was excavated it soon became evident that the walls surrounding this locus were all plastered. Realising that loc. 10 was in fact the fill of a large basin, the basin was defined as FE#3 (loc. 24). We were able to excavate the entire fill layer (loc. 10), removing c. 10 cm at the time. A few tumble stones were found inside loc. 10 but except for this relatively few finds were uncovered. Some 10‐20 cm above the bottom of the basin we started sieving as the amount Figure 14: North of W#1: Mosaic floor (FE#1 / loc. 3), of finds, especially bigger ceramics pebble surface (loc. 9), loc. 10, 11 and 23. South of Wall # 1; Wall # fragments, bones and tesserae, 4 and Second tumble layer of loc. 6. increased noticeably. The inclination of the mosaic floor, the position of the drain in W#1 (FE#9 / loc. 31) slightly W of where the mosaic floor is no longer preserved, and the amount both of single tesserae and collective pieces of tesserae still glued together found at the bottom of the basin could indicate that possibly some sort of fluid from the drain has washed some of the now lost tesserae downwards into the basin. [45] As the basin was fully exposed, we discovered that there is a drainage hole (FE#5 / loc. 26) in the bottom SW corner of the basin. The basin is 83 cm deep, measuring from a 9 cm wide ledge situated on its S wall (W#1, N face). All its interior walls are plastered, but only W#6 is plaster on the exterior as well. The plaster is c. 2.5 cm thick, and the plaster covering the interior S wall of the basin is tempered with ceramic fragments, many of which were painted. Figure 15: The basin (FE#3 / loc. 24), Wall # 1, Wall # 3, Wall # 5 and Wall # 6 including inlet‐/overflow drain (FE#8 / loc. 29) Figure 17: Profile of interior West wall in basin (FE#3 / loc. 24) including drainage hole (FE#5 / loc. 26) and inlet‐/overflow drain (FE#8 / loc. 29) Loc. 11, located directly W of the basin and W#6 containing the inlet/overflow drain (FE#8 / loc. 29), is likely somehow to be connected to the basin. Thus, even though the season was soon coming to an end, partially excavating loc. 11 was prioritised and we were able to remove c. 25 cm of soil in this locus. Excavating loc. 11, we were especially looking out for more plaster, which was Figure 16: End of season shot of mosaic floor only found on the W face of W#6. Characterizing (FE#1 / loc. 3), pebble surface (loc. 9), basin (FE#3 / loc. the locus was numerous large ceramics 24) and loc. 11 fragments, some of which clearly deriving from the same vessels. In the lower layers reached vast amounts of animal bones were found, and in the NE part of the locus small patches of mortar appeared at the level reached. [46] The Large Building, South of Wall # 1 W#1 (loc. 5), W#4, (loc. 15), W#7 (loc. 20), W#8 (loc. 21), FE#2 (loc. 8), FE#4 (loc. 25), FE#6 (loc. 27), FE#7 (loc. 28), loc. 13, 14, 22 and 30 The assumption that the wall visible on the surface (W#1) defines the northernmost border of the large building in the area S of GO/10 has been confirmed. W#1 is directly joined to a wall in GO/07 by a large corner stone, and to the W, W#1 continues into GO/13 and GO/12, neither of which has yet been excavated. Drawing the plan of W#1, what was visible of the wall on the surface in GO/12 and GO/13 was included on the drawing. S of W#1 more walls and features of this large building have been unearthed as well: Slightly E of the middle of the square another double‐row wall with wall packing (W#4 / loc. 15) running in an N to S direction was found. This wall seems to be contemporary with W#1, evident by a stone from W#4 being built into W#1. In the S baulk W#4 may butt a wall running in an NE to SW direction in GO/, but this may not be confirmed unless removing the baulk. In the southern part of W#4 a narrow blocked doorway (FE#6 / loc. 27 and FE#7 / loc. 28) was found. A single‐row wall running E of W#4 in the far SE corner of the square has been defined as W#8 (loc. 21). Only three stones of this wall are visible and its relation to the surrounding building is thus uncertain at this point. An arch foundation running S from W#1 (FE#2 / loc. 8) slightly W of the middle of the square is the counterpart of an arch foundation in GO/09. Another arch foundation runs E of W#4 (FE#4 / loc. 25), but the counterpart of this have not Figure 18: Southern half of GO/10; Walls and features of the larger building and tumble of loc. 16 and 17 been found and is likely to be located in the E baulk. The soil in tumble‐layer loc. 17 found directly E of this arch is looser and lighter grey in colour than the rest of loc. 17. While most of the soil excavated S of W#1 was stone tumble with earth (loc. 6, 16 and 17), some surface layers were also identified; Loc. 13 was situated S of W#1, W of W#7, N of loc. 16 and E of the W baulk. Loc. 13 was defined by having a light grey colour and very fine dry almost powder‐like composition. Some smooth pebbles very similar to those found in the pebble and mortar layer below the mosaic floor (loc. 9) were found directly above the locus, and might have been associated with it. These were, however, removed by the workmen without being recorded. Loc. 13 contained very few finds and was only some 5 cm thick, covering a fill layer (loc. 30) and a lower layer of stones possibly connected to W#7. [47] Loc. 14, a surface layer of yellow clay, was situated S of W#1, W of the arch (FE#2 / loc. 8), N of loc. 16 and E of W#7. This surface layer was found at approximately the same level as loc. 13, but was not excavated this season. Loc. 22 was situated S of W#1, W of W#4, N of loc. 16 and E of the arch (FE#2 / loc. 8). This locus is distinguishable from loc. 16 by containing less large tumble stones but more stones of a smaller size. Also, while loc. 16 is dark grayish brown in colour, loc. 22 is more reddish brown. Loc. 22 was not excavated this season, but some cleaning was undertaken while tracing the transition between loc. 22 and loc. 16. Figure 19: Wall # 1, Wall # 7, arch (FE#2 / loc. 8), Wall # 4, Loc. 13, 14, 22 and 16 Figure 20: Wall # 7 and loc. 30 Finally should be mentioned, that in the far SW part of the square what was at first believed to be a small single‐row wall was found and defined as W#7 (loc. 20). Later we though discovered that rather than butting W#1, W#7 was a line of only three stones not connected to any surrounding structures on the same level. Excavating loc. 13, more large stones were unearthed below these three stones. The connection between these stones and the nature of the feature they may be parts of may not be determined at this point. Thus the three upper stones remain defined as W#7 while the lower stones have not yet been defined. All the stones have though been included on the drawing of W#7. The fill layer (loc. 30) was not excavated this season Backfilling At the end of the season, the mosaic floor (FE#1 / loc. 3), the pebble surface (loc. 9), the basin (FE#3 / loc. 24), the drainage hole at the bottom of the basin (FE#5, loc. 26), the overflow/inlet drain in W#6 (FE#8, loc. 29), wall # 5 (loc. 18), wall # 6 (loc. 19), loc. 11, wall # 7 (loc. 20), loc. 14 and loc. 30 were backfilled. Wall # 2 and wall # 3 was partially covered due to the backfilling of their surroundings. Future Perspectives In general the GO‐area is highly disturbed, but excavating GO/10 it became clear that this square is somewhat less disturbed than the surrounding excavation units. This is mainly evident by the mosaic floor and pebble surface being relatively well preserved despites their very high level, but also by the height of some of the preserved walls. Thus, though GO/10 was only opened this [48] season, many walls and features were discovered, but much work remains to be done in the square to fully understand their relations. This season several structures which can be linked to the larger building S of W#1 were discovered, but reaching a level closer to that reached in the GO/07 and especially in GO/09 will hopefully help us to better understand the connections between the walls and features found in these squares. Further excavations need to be undertaken in order to determine the nature of the far SW corner of the square, including W#7 and loc. 30. Also the stones found below W #7 needs to be defined. N of W#1, the area in‐between W#1 and W#2 / W#3 were prioritised this season. It seems likely that the mosaic floor and basin is connected, but their function may not be securely established at this point. Further excavations in loc. 11 should be of interest, as this might provide more clues as to the function and usage of this area. So far, W#3 has been believed to run from where it is butted by W#5 all the way to the W baulk. Whether the stones between where W#3 is butted by W#6 and the W baulk is in fact part of W#3 or rather tumble stones belonging to loc. 4 is though questionable. Further excavations in this area would hopefully help determine this. Due to the level reached by the end of this season, it was decided that no baulks were to be drawn. For the same reason, no wall or feature profiles have been drawn, except for the profiles of the basins interior walls. The tumble stones in both loc. 16 and loc. 17 have not been drawn and their levels have not been taken. GO/10 Lists GO/10 Locus List Locus Description Wall # FE # Drawing # Photo # 1 Topsoil. Varies in colour and composition. ‐ ‐ ‐ 2 Compact layer covering the mosaic floor (FE # 1) and pebble surface (loc. 9). Compact silty clay. Yellowish light grey. Almost sterile. Mosaic floor situated in‐ between walls # 1 and # 2, bordered by wall # 5 to the west. Mostly white with some red tesserae. (not excavated) (backfilled) ‐ ‐ ‐ 13262‐ 13265, 13508‐ 13509 13339‐ 13342, 13358‐ 13360 ‐ 1 2012‐GO/10‐ 1037, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1027, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1028, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1050 3 [49] 13266‐ 13273, 13358‐ 13365, 13431‐ 13435, 13438, 13522‐ 13523, 13534‐ 13538, 13561, 13866‐ 13869, 13916‐ 13931, 12443‐ 12445 4 Tumble with earth north of Wall # 1. Medium‐loose sandy silt. Varying from medium to dark brown. ‐ ‐ 2012‐GO/10‐965, 2012‐GO/10‐966, 2012‐GO/10‐995, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1015 5 Wall. Double‐row wall with wall packing and smaller stones running throughout the square in a NE to SW direction. (not excavated) 1 ‐ 2012‐GO/10‐ 1024 6 Tumble with earth south of Wall # 1. Medium‐loose sandy silt. Varying from medium brown to dark brownish grey to reddish brown. ‐ ‐ 2012‐GO/10‐984, 2012‐GO/10‐994, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1013 7 Outline wall. Single‐row wall north of wall # 1 and east of wall # 3. Running parallel with wall # 1 from the far NE corner app. halfway through the square. (not excavated) Arch in the SW part of the square. Running south of wall # 1, connecting to an arch situated in GO/09. (not excavated) 2 ‐ 2012‐GO/10‐ 1037 ‐ 2 2012‐GO/10‐ 1024 8 [50] 13319‐ 13323, 13392‐ 13393, 13557‐ 13560, 13637‐ 13654, 12422‐ 12425 13866‐ 13869, 13891‐ 13892, 13896‐ 13901 13324‐ 13329, 13510‐ 13514, 12419‐ 12421, 12426‐ 12440 13866‐ 13869, 13891‐ 13892, 13896‐ 13899 13879, 13882‐ 13890 9 Pebble surface with mortar situated in‐between walls # 1 and # 2, bordered by wall # 5 to the west. Construction surface for the mosaic floor (FE # 1). (not excavated) (backfilled) ‐ ‐ 2012‐GO/10‐ 1037 10 Fill in basin (FE # 3). Loose clayey silt. Medium brown. ‐ ‐ ‐ 11 Soil in‐between walls # 1 and # 3, west of wall # 6. Medium clayey silt. Reddish brown. (backfilled) ‐ ‐ ‐ 12 Wall. Double‐row wall north of wall # 1 and west of wall # 2. Running parallel with wall # 1 from about the middle of the square to the west baulk. (not excavated) Soil in SW corner, west of wall # 7. Loose sandy almost powder‐ like silt. Light grey. 3 ‐ 2012‐GO/10‐ 1049 ‐ ‐ ‐ 13 [51] 13362, 13365, 13431‐ 13432, 13436‐ 13438, 13522‐ 13523, 13561, 13866‐ 13869, 13916‐ 13918, 13928‐ 13931, 12443‐ 12445 13394‐ 13395, 13515‐ 13519, 13522‐ 13523, 13557‐ 13561, 13565‐ 13566, 13838‐ 13840 13520‐ 13523, 13560‐ 13561, 13866‐ 13869, 12443‐ 12445 13866‐ 13869, 13891‐ 13892, 13900‐ 13901 13524‐ 13525, 13870‐ 13879 14 Soil in‐between wall # 7 and FE # 2 (arch). Medium‐compact yellow clay. (not excavated) (backfilled) ‐ ‐ ‐ 15 Wall. Double‐row wall with wall packing and smaller stones running south app. from the middle of wall # 1 to the south baulk. (not excavated) Tumble with earth west of wall # 4. Tumble with earth east of wall # 4. Wall. Short single‐row wall running between walls # 1 and # 3, west of loc. 9 (pebble surface) and east of FE # 3 (basin). (not excavated) (backfilled) Wall. Short single‐row wall running between walls # 1 and # 3, west of FE # 3 (basin) and east of loc. 11. (not excavated) (backfilled) “Wall”. Row of three worked stones separating loc. 13 and loc. 14. Not connected to any other walls but more stones discovered at a lower level (see drawing). Function unknown. (not excavated) (backfilled) Wall. Short single‐row wall running east from wall # 4. Situated in the far SE corner of the square. (not excavated) 4 ‐ 2012‐GO/10‐ 1048 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 5 ‐ 2012‐GO/10‐ 1049 13908‐ 13910 13914‐ 13915 13866‐ 13869 6 ‐ 2012‐GO/10‐ 1049 13862‐ 13869 7 ‐ 2012‐GO/10‐ 1060 13870‐ 13879 8 ‐ 2012‐GO/10‐ 1062 12461‐ 12464 22 Soil in‐between FE # 2 (arch) and wall # 4. Medium silty clay. Reddish brown. (not excavated) ‐ ‐ ‐ 13911‐ 13913 23 Soil north of Walls # 2 and # 3. Medium sandy silt. Medium brown. (not excavated) ‐ ‐ ‐ 13893‐ 13895 16 17 18 19 20 21 [52] 13526‐ 13528, 13879‐ 13881, 13884 12446‐ 12451, 12459‐ 12460 24 Basin bordered by wall # 2 to the north, wall # 5 to the east, wall # 1 to the south and wall # 6 to the west. (not excavated) (backfilled) ‐ 3 2012‐GO/10‐ 1049, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1056, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1057, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1058, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1059, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1064 25 Arch in the SE part of the square. Running east of wall # 4. (not excavated) ‐ 4 2012‐GO/10‐ 1048 26 Drainage hole in the bottom of the westernmost wall of FE # 3 (basin). (not excavated) (backfilled) Doorway in wall # 4. Situated in the SE corner of the square. (not excavated) ‐ 5 13849‐ 13852 ‐ 6 2012‐GO/10‐ 1049, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1059 2012‐GO/10‐ 1048 28 Blocking of doorway in wall # 4. Situated in the SE corner of the square. (not excavated) ‐ 7 2012‐GO/10‐ 1048 12452‐ 12458 29 Inlet/overflow drain in wall # 6, associated with the basin (FE # 3). (not excavated) (backfilled) ‐ 8 2012‐GO/10‐ 1049, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1059 30 Fill layer of wall # 7 and its associated stone construction. Below loc. 13. Large stone and slab inclusions. (not excavated) (backfilled) ‐ ‐ 2012‐GO/10‐ 1030 13838‐ 13848, 13849‐ 13850, 13862‐ 13869, 13866‐ 13869, 12443‐ 12445 13870‐ 13879 27 [53] 13394‐ 13395, 13515‐ 13519, 13522‐ 13523, 13557‐ 13561, 13565‐ 13566, 13838‐ 13850, 13853‐ 13861, 13866‐ 13869, 12443‐ 12445 12465‐ 12470 12452‐ 12458 31 Drain in wall # 1, slightly east of where wall # 4 is connected to wall # 1. (not excavated) ‐ 9 2012‐GO/10‐ 1024 13902‐ 13907 GO/10 Field Object List FO # Locus # Description Measured Position CAT # Photo # 1 1 Coin SW 8,15 m NW 2,55 m C.L. 103,79 12118 2 1 Not in situ ‐ 3 1 Ceramic animal head Bead Not in situ 12262 4 1 Metal object Not in situ 12350 5 1 Not in situ ‐ 6 1 Incised ceramic fragment Coin Not in situ 12446 7 1 Coin Not in situ 12447 8 1 Textile “ball” Not in situ 12545 9 1 Metal object Not in situ 12535 10 1 Coin Not in situ 12561 11 1 Coin Not in situ 12565 12 17 Coin NE 7,42 m SE 2,93 m C.L. 103,26 13038 13539 13 23 Coin NW 4,74 m SW 5,83 m C.L. 103,22 12995 13562 GO/10 Architectural Elements A# Locus Description Drawing # Photo # A8485 4 Doorjamb ‐ 13637‐ 13639 A8486 4 Doorjamb ‐ 13640‐ 13642 A8487 4 Unknown element with worked semi‐circle on one side ‐ 13643‐ 13645 A8488 4 Basin 2012‐GO/10‐ 1015 12422‐ 12425 [54] A8489 4 Doorjamb ‐ 13646‐ 13648 A8490 4 Doorjamb ‐ 13649‐ 13651 A8491 4 Doorjamb ‐ 13652‐ 13654 A8558 6 ‐ 12419‐ 12421 A8559 6 Other. Worked hole on one side and worked cut, possibly to enable fit, on another Doorjamb ‐ 12426‐ 12428 A8560 6 Doorjamb ‐ 12429‐ 12431 A8561 6 Doorjamb ‐ 12432‐ 12434 A8562 6 Doorjamb ‐ 12435‐ 12437 A8565 6 Doorjamb ‐ 12438‐ 12440 GO/10 Wall List Wall # Locus Description Drawing # Photo # 1 5 Double row wall with wall packing and smaller stones running throughout the square in a NE to SW direction. 2012‐GO/10‐1024 2 7 2012‐GO/10‐1037 3 12 Outline wall for the mosaic floor (FE # 1). Single‐row wall north of wall # 1 and east of wall # 3. Running parallel with wall # 1 from the far NE corner app. halfway through the square. Double‐row wall north of wall # 1 and west of wall # 2. Running parallel with wall # 1 from about the middle of the square to the west baulk. 13866‐ 13869, 13891‐ 13892, 13896‐ 13901 13866‐ 13869, 13891‐ 13892, 13896‐ 13899 13866‐ 13869, 13891‐ 13892, 13900‐ 13901 [55] 2012‐GO/10‐1049 4 15 Double‐row wall with wall packing and smaller stones running south app. from the middle of wall # 1 to the south baulk. 2012‐GO/10‐1048 12446‐ 12451, 12459‐ 12460 5 18 2012‐GO/10‐1049 13866‐ 13869 6 19 Single‐row wall running between walls # 1 and # 3, west of loc. 9 (pebble surface) and east of FE # 3 (basin). Single‐row wall running between walls # 1 and # 3, west of FE # 3 (basin) and east of loc. 11. 2012‐GO/10‐1049 13862‐ 13869 7 20 2012‐GO/10‐1060 13870‐ 13879 8 21 Row of three worked stones separating loc. 13 and loc. 14. Not connected to any other walls but more stones discovered at a lower level (see drawing). Function unknown. Single‐row wall running east from wall # 4. Situated in the far SE corner of the square. 2012‐GO/10‐1062 12461‐ 12464 GO/10 Feature List FE # Locus Description Drawing # Photo # 1 3 Mosaic floor situated in‐between walls # 1 and # 2, bordered by wall # 5 to the west. 2012‐GO/10‐ 1037, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1027, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1028, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1050 13266‐13273, 13358‐13365, 13431‐13435, 13438, 13522‐13523, 13534‐13538, 13561, 13866‐13869, 13916‐13931, 12443‐12445 2 8 Arch in the SW part of the square. Running south of wall # 1, connecting to an arch situated in GO/09. 2012‐GO/10‐ 1024 13879, 13882‐13890 [56] 3 24 Basin bordered by wall # 2 to the north, wall # 5 to the east, wall # 1 to the south and wall # 6 to the west. 2012‐GO/10‐ 1049, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1056, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1057, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1058, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1059, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1064 2012‐GO/10‐ 1048 13394‐13395, 13515‐13519, 13522‐13523, 13557‐13561, 13565‐13566, 13838‐13850, 13853‐13861, 13866‐13869, 12443‐12445 4 25 Arch in the SE part of the square. Running east of wall # 4. 5 26 Drainage hole in the bottom of the westernmost wall of FE # 3 (basin). 2012‐GO/10‐ 1049, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1059 2012‐GO/10‐ 1048 13849‐13852 6 27 Doorway in wall # 4. Situated in the SE corner of the square. 7 28 Blocking of doorway in wall # 4. Situated in the SE corner of the square. Inlet/overflow drain in wall # 6, associated with the basin (FE # 3). 2012‐GO/10‐ 1048 12452‐12458 8 29 2012‐GO/10‐ 1049, 2012‐GO/10‐ 1059 13838‐13848, 13849‐13850, 13862‐13869, 13866‐13869, 12443‐12445 9 31 Drain in wall # 1, slightly east of where wall # 4 is connected to wall # 1. 2012‐GO/10‐ 1024 13902‐13907 12465‐12470 12452‐12458 GO/10 Drawings Drawing # Locus # Wall # FE # Description 2012‐GO/10‐965 4 ‐ ‐ Top plan of tumble, eastern half 2012‐GO/10‐966 4 ‐ ‐ Top plan of tumble, western half 2012‐GO/10‐984 6 ‐ ‐ Top plan of tumble, western half 2012‐GO/10‐994 6 ‐ ‐ Top plan of tumble, eastern half 2012‐GO/10‐995 4 ‐ ‐ Top plan of tumble, second tumble layer 2012‐GO/10‐1013 6 ‐ ‐ Top plan of tumble, second tumble layer [57] 2012‐GO/10‐1015 4 ‐ ‐ Architectural element A8488 2012‐ GO/10/12/13‐ 1024 5, 8, 31 1 2,9 Top plan of wall # 1 including connected arch and drain (Including part of wall # 1 visible on the surface in GO/13 (loc. 1, Wall # 1) 2012‐GO/10‐1027 3 ‐ 1 Mosaic floor (1:1) 2012‐GO/10‐1028 3 ‐ 1 Mosaic floor (1:1) 2012‐GO/10‐1037 3, 7, 9 2 1 Top plan of mosaic floor, the pebbly sub‐ surface construction surface and wall # 2 2012‐GO/10‐1048 4 4, 6, 7 Top plan of Wall # 4 including connected arch, doorway and blocking of doorway 3, 5, 6 3, 5, 8 Top plan of basin including overflow/inlet drain, drainage hole and walls # 3, 5 and 6 2012‐GO/10‐1050 15, 25, 27, 28 12, 18, 19, 24, 26, 29 3 ‐ 1 Mosaic floor (1:1) 2012‐GO/10‐1056 24 ‐ 3 Profile of basin, south face 2012‐GO/10‐1057 24 ‐ 3 Profile of basin, west face 2012‐GO/10‐1058 24 ‐ 3 Profile of basin, north face 2012‐GO/10‐1059 24, 26, 29 ‐ 3, 5, 8 Profile of basin, east face, including drainage hole and overflow/inlet drain 2012‐GO/10‐1060 20, 30 7 ‐ Top plan of wall #7 and fill‐layer (loc. 30) 2012‐GO/10‐1062 21 8 ‐ Top plan of wall # 8 2012‐GO/10‐1064 24 ‐ 3 Plan of basin floor 2012‐GO/10‐1049 GO/12: Continuation of Urban Structures to the West (R. Rattenborg) GO/12 forms a continuation of the excavation grid westward from GO/9, and was laid out towards the end of the season in order to properly incorporate wall lines visible in the modern surface into the IJP recording system. The square was not subjected to excavation, and the two field objects found, namely a coin (FO#1) and a copper ring (FO#2) were both surface finds associated with the [58]