Ciphering Classical Chinese

1 CQT Colloquium, NUS Ciphering Classical Chinese Wolfgang Behr University of Zurich Switzerland 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> CQT Colloquium, NUS 2 1. Some pre-modern texts dealing with message secrecy 1.1 The Liù tāo 六韜 [Six Sheath, or Secret Teachings], chap. 24 (late Warring States period, cf. STRÄTZ 1979: 1-32, TONG XIGANG 2000, XIE WENCHAO & CUI HONGYAN 2005) on tally steganography (yīnfú 陰 符 , a.k.a. “creditives”, cf. FLESSEL 1982: 58-65) 武王問太公曰：‘引兵深入諸侯之地，三軍猝有緩急，或利或害，吾將以近通 遠，從中應外，以給三軍之用。為之奈何？’ 太公曰：‘主與將，有陰符。凡八等：有大勝克敵之符，長一尺；破軍殺將之 符，長九寸；降城得邑之符，長八寸；却敵報遠之符，長七寸；誓眾堅守之符， 長六寸；請粱益兵之符，長五寸；敗軍亡將之符，長四寸；失利亡士之符，長 三寸。諸奉使行符稽留者，若符事泄，聞者告者，皆誅之。 八符者，主將秘聞，所以陰通言語，不泄中外相知之術。敵雖聲智，莫之通識。 ’武王曰：‘善哉。’ 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> CQT Colloquium, NUS 3 “The Martial king asked Duke Tai: ‘When, having lead our troops deep into the territory of some feudal lord, the army unexpectedly has an urgent need to report back, either positively or negatively, how should a general proceed to establish communication between the near and the distant, to respond to the outside from within, so that equipment for the army can be supplied?’ 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> CQT Colloquium, NUS 4 Duke Tai said: ‘The sovereign and the lord avail themselves of secret tallies, of which there are eight types: the tally for a big victory and the annihilation of the enemy measures one chi in length; the tally for the destruction of an army and the killing of its general measures nine cun in length; the tally for the fall of a city wall and the capturing of the city measures eight cun in length; the tally for the defense against the enemy and his repulsion into distant territory measures seven cun in length; the tally for the alerting of the city dwellers and the strengthening of its guard measures six cun in length; the tally for a request for grain victuals and an increase in troops measures five cun in length; the tally for a defeat of the army or the loss of a general measures four cun in length; the tally for a desperate situation and the loss of soldiers measures three cun in length. All those in charge of delivering the tallies who are slovenly and slow, and, in case of a leakage of the tally’s content matter, those who have heard of it and passed it on, are to be executed. 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> 5 CQT Colloquium, NUS These eight tally types are the device, through which sovereign and general secretly communicate words and messages, and by which they notify one another without any leakage to the outside from within. Even if the enemies had the knowledge of a sage, there is none among them who could thoroughly penetrate into this.’ The Martial king said: Very well, indeed!” (cf. STRÄTZ 1979: 77-8, FLESSEL 1982: 63) 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> CQT Colloquium, NUS 1.2 6 Liù tāo 六韜 25 on “secret writing” (yīnshū 陰書) 武王問太公曰：引兵深入諸侯之地，主將欲合兵，行無窮之變，圖不測之利， 其事繁多，符不能明；相去遼遠，言語不通。為之奈何？ 太公曰：諸有陰事大慮，當用書，不用符。主以書遺將，將以書問主。書皆一 合而再離，三發而一知。再離者，分書為三部。三發而一知者，言三人，人操 一分，相參而不知情也。此謂陰書。敵雖聖智，莫之能識。 武王曰：善哉。 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> CQT Colloquium, NUS 7 “The Martial king asked Duke Tai: ‘When, having lead our troops deep into the territory of some feudal lord, the sovereign and a general wish to reunify their troops, to realize all sorts of changes or to plan a previously unforseen advantage, and matters are too multifarious to be clarified by tallies, how ― if they are at a great distance from each other and thus unable to communicate by words and messages ― should they proceed?’ Duke Tai said: ‘Whenever dealing with secret affairs or great plots, writing has to be used, not tallies. The sovereign transmits [commands] in writing to the general, and the general inquires in writing with the sovereign. All writings are assembled once and then divided again, issued thrice but known only by one. Divided again means that the writing is divided into three pieces, issued thrice but known only by one means that three persons handle one part each, mutually establishing a trinity without knowing the intelligence. This is called secret writing. Even if the enemies had the knowledge of a sage, there is none among them who could penetrate into this.’ The Martial king said: Very well, indeed!” (cf. STRÄTZ 1979: 78-9) 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> 8 CQT Colloquium, NUS 5.II.2009 Piece 1 Piece 2 Piece 3 敵 ENEMY 雖 EVEN 聖 SAGE 智 KNOWLEDGE 莫 NONE 之 IT 能 BE CAPABLE 識 PENETRATE <[email protected]> 9 CQT Colloquium, NUS “Even if the enemies had the knowledge of a sage, there is none among them who could penetrate into this.” 5.II.2009 Piece 1 Piece 2 Piece 3 Even if the enemies had the knowledge of a sage there is none among them who could penetrate into this <[email protected]> 10 CQT Colloquium, NUS The character verification (zìyàn 字驗) command roster of the Wŭjīng zŏngyāo 武 經總要 [Essential Compendium of the Five (Military) Classics] (6.15: 8-9) of 1044 by Zēng Gōngliàng 曾公亮 1.3 1 請弓 request bows 21 賊多 enemies numerous 2 請箭 request arrows 22 賊少 enemies few 3 請刀 request halberds 23 賊相敵 enemies at odds among themselves 4 請甲 request suits of armour 24 賊添兵 enemy reinforces troops 5 請槍旗 request javelin flags 25 賊移營 enemy relocates camp 6 請鍋幕 request dixie and tents 26 賊進兵 enemy advances army 7 請馬 request horses 27 賊退兵 enemy withdraws army 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> 11 CQT Colloquium, NUS 8 請衣 request accoutrement 28 賊固守 enemy defense persistent 9 請粱料 request victuals 29 圍得賊城 besieged and captured enemy city 10 請草料 request forage 30 解圍城 dissolved siege of enemy city 11 請車牛 request carts and oxen 31 被賊圍 besieged by enemy 12 請船 request ships 32 賊圍解 enemy siege dissolved 13 請功城守縣 request defensive gear against attack on city walls 33 戰不勝 combat not victorious 14 請添兵 request troop reinforcement 34 戰大勝 15 請移營 request camp relocation 35 戰大捷 combat with great booty 16 請進軍 request army advance 36 將士投降 officers and soldiers surrender 5.II.2009 combat greatly victorious <[email protected]> 12 CQT Colloquium, NUS 17 請退軍 request army fallback 37 將士叛 officers and soldiers mutiny 18 請固守 request persistent defense 38 士卒兵 soldiers and sergeants sick 19 未見軍 no intervisibility with (adversarial) army 39 都將病 company commander sick 20 見賊訖 intervisibility with enemy clear 40 戰小勝 combat with minor victory 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> CQT Colloquium, NUS 13 1.3.1 encryption method: substitution code ➢ establish a sequence of the comnmand roster and align it to the 40 characters of a randomly chosen, mutually agreed pentasyllabic regulated poem (lǜshī 律 詩 ), known by heart, which does not include any character repetitions ➢ send the poem with a mutually agreed seal stamped next to the poem character corresponding to the intended command(s) ➢ signal positive response by sending back the poem character with a stamp next to it, negative response by replacing the blank position of the code character with a stamp. 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> 14 CQT Colloquium, NUS 1.3.2 杜甫 《春望》 國破山河在，春城草木深 ⇒ 9-31: “request victuals, besieged by enemy” 感時花濺淚，恨別鳥惊心 烽火連三月，家書抵萬金 白頭搔更短，渾欲不勝簪 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> CQT Colloquium, NUS 15 2. Literary encryption techniques (cf. FÜHRER 2003/4, BEHR 2005) 2.1 a “synthanalytic” poem (líhéshī 離 合 詩 ) found on a stone slab from the “Peach Blossom Spring” (Táohuāyuán 桃 花 源 ) Daoist sanctuary in Northwestern Húnán (late Táng): text from ZHŌU & ZHŌU (1987: 76-77) 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> 16 CQT Colloquium, NUS a. text: b. reading sequence: 1 機 時 得 到 桃 源 洞 1 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 2 忘 鐘 鼓 響 停 始 彼 2 36 17 18 19 20 21 44 3 盡 闻 會 佳 期 覺 仙 3 35 16 5 6 7 22 45 4 作 惟 女 牛 下 星 人 4 34 15 4 1 8 23 46 5 而 静 織 郎 弹 斗 下 5 33 14 3 2 9 24 47 6 機 詩 賦 又 琴 移 象 6 32 13 12 11 10 25 48 7 觀 道 歸 冠 黄 少 棋 7 31 30 29 28 27 26 49 ~ a b c d e f g ~ a b c d e f g c. Mandarin transcription: ↓ 5.II.2009 d. pivot characters/ realignment types ↓ <[email protected]> 17 CQT Colloquium, NUS 1 jī jĭ shí dé dào táo yuán dòng tóng 3e: 期 qī → 月 yuè [ps] [s] 2 wàng zhōng gŭ xiăng yīn tíng shĭ bĭ 6b: 詩 shī → 寺 sī [sp] [p] 3 jìn wén huì jiā qī yuè jué xián 2d: 響 xiăng → 音 yīn [p↓s] [s] 4 zuò wéi nǚ niú xià xīng rén 6f: 移 yí → 多 duō [sp] [p] 5 ér jìng zhì láng tán dŏu xià 7a: 觀 guān → 見 jiàn [ps] [s] 6 jī sì shī fù yòu qín yí duō xiàng 7 jiàn guān dào guī guān huáng shăo qí x a b c d e f g 5.II.2009 1a: 機 jī → 幾 jĭ [sp] [p] 1g: 洞 dòng → 同 tóng [sp] [p] [section structure] <[email protected]> 18 CQT Colloquium, NUS e. translation: 4d-3e Cowherds and weaving girls gather for tryst TIME 3e'-6b Under the MOON, playing the zither and reciting POETRY 6b'-2d The MONASTERY is silent, just a bell and drum to be heard ECHOING 2d'-6f When the sounds stop, I first sense the stars are MOVING 6f'-7a So MANY (yellow caps =) Daoist priests go back to their SHRINE 7a'-1a Having gained INSIGHT into it, they are blissfully at ease with forgetting the CRUX of life 1a'-1g WHEN will I get to peach blossom CAVE 1g'-7g to play a game of chess with those immortals?! 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> 19 CQT Colloquium, NUS 2.2 a Taiping slogan embedded synthanalytically in a poem (cf. ZHOU XINGUO 1997): a. text • a b c d e f g TRANSLATION 1 人 王 腳 下 兩 堆 沙 Beneath the king of people’s feet: two heaps of sand, 2 東 門 頭 上 草 生 花 on top of the eastern gate, vegetation is sprouting buds. 3 絲 線 穿 針 十 一 口 A silken string threads eleven people together. 4 羊 羔 美 酒 是 我 家 lamb and fine wine ― that’s my home! (“Jīnlán jiéyì shī”, Jìndài mìmì shèhuì shĭliào 《近代秘密社會史料》348) 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> 20 CQT Colloquium, NUS b. reading: ● 1a 人 & 1b 王 with two heaps of 1g 沙 “sand” at the bottom : 金 ● 2a 東 & 2b with 2e 草 “grass” on top: 蘭 ● 3a 絲→糸 & 3e 十 & 3f 一 & 3f 口 bound together: 結 ● the 4a 羊 4b [gāo] = 高 “on top of” 4c 美 & 4f 我: 義 5.II.2009 “intimate conspiracy” <[email protected]> CQT Colloquium, NUS 3. 21 Phonological-algorithmic encryption based on the Bā yīn zì yì biànlăn 八音字義便 覽 [Handy survey of the meanings of the characters arranged by the eight tones], ascribed to QĪ JÌGUĀNG 戚繼光, later incorporated into the Early Qīng Qī-Lín bā yīn 戚 林八音 [The Eight Tones of Qī (Jìguāng) and Lín (Bìshān)] rhyme dictionary. 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> CQT Colloquium, NUS 22 Facsimile page: 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> CQT Colloquium, NUS 3.1 23 some biodata on QĪ JÌGUĀNG: • • • • • born 12.11.1528 in Jĭníng 濟 寧 /ShāndŌng — died 5.1.1588 in DēngzhŌu 登 州 / Shandong style Yuánjìng 元敬, literary name Nántáng 南塘, retirement name Mèngzhū 孟諸 Míng general, poet, military theoretician, general famous for his leading role in coastal anti-Japanese (anti-piracy) struggle 1555-1568 active in Mĭn-speaking regions for six years alternative authorship attribution to the famous phonologist CHÉN DÌ 陳 第 (15411617) dubious (cf. ZOU GUANGCHUN 1986) 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> CQT Colloquium, NUS 3.2 24 the phonological system of the Bāyīn zì yì biànlăn (cf. on the text GENG ZHENSHENG 1992: 161-2, LI XINKUI & MAI YUN 1993: 399-400, WANG SHENGKUI 1995, KLÖTER 2005: 65) 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> 25 CQT Colloquium, NUS 3.3 prerequisites: traditional analysis of the internal hierarchy of the syllable in Middle Chinese tone (shēng 聲) syllable (zì 字, mǔ 母) initial (shēngmǔ 聲母) medial (“rhyme head” yùntóu 韻頭) 5.II.2009 rhyme (yùnmǔ 韻母) nucleus (“rhyme belly” yùnfù 韻腹) coda (“rhyme tail” yùnwěi 韻尾) <[email protected]> 26 CQT Colloquium, NUS 3.4 aside: a current model of the syllable in Chinese (LIN & WANG 1992) [T μμ ]+[σ[INITIAL C] [RHYME’ [MEDIAL G] [RHYME [NUCLEUS V] [CODA C/G]]]] where: σ= syllable, μ= mora, C= consonant, G= glide, V=vowel, T=tone 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> 27 CQT Colloquium, NUS 3.5 analysis 3.5.1 tone T/I 平 上 去 入 A 陰     -vd 44 31 213 23 君 陽     +vd 52 31 242 4 群 MC system & FZ values 5.II.2009 B *kjun 44 kuŋ *gjun 52 kuŋ 滾 *kwonX 31 kouŋ C D 貢 *kuwngH 213 kouŋ 谷 *kuwk 23 kouʔ 郡 *gjunH 242 kuŋ 掘 *gjut 4 kuʔ example characters / Baxter’s *MC / Colloquial FZ <[email protected]> 28 CQT Colloquium, NUS 3.5.2 initials: a pseudo-short regulated quatrain (juéjù 絕 句 ) mnemonic verse of the “fifteen sounds” (shíwŭyīn 十五音) a. text 柳 邊 求 氣 低 1 2 3 4 5 b.translation Next to a willow, seeking a hideout from the damp, 波 他 曾 日 時 6 7 8 9 10 I’m brooding over times of yonder days. 鶯 蒙 語 出 喜 11 12 13 14 15 打 掌 與 君 知 The oriole’s obscure twitter effuses joy, jolting me to share it with you. [→ clapping (the syllable numbers) to communicate sth. to you !]* 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> 29 CQT Colloquium, NUS * cf. Táo Zōngjĭn 陶宗僅 (fl. 14 Jh.), Náncūn Chuògēnglù 南村輟耕錄 description of the “shè zì fă” 射字法 clap-spelling method (YANG NAISI 1960) b. interpretation PLACE/ARTICULATION BILABIAL 5.II.2009 DENTAL VELAR LARYNGEAL ORAL STOPS 邊 /p/ 波 /pʰ/ 低 /t/ 他 /tʰ/ 求 /k/ 氣 /kʰ/ 鶯 ~/ʔ/ NASALS 蒙 /m/ 日 /n/ FRICATIVES 時 /s/ 喜 /x/ AFFRICATES 曾 /ts/ 出 /tsʰ/ LATERALS 柳 /l/ 語 /ŋ/ <[email protected]> 30 CQT Colloquium, NUS 3.5.3 finals a. a mnemonic air (cí 詞) of the “thirty-six syllables” (sānshíliù zìmŭ 三十六字母) 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> 31 CQT Colloquium, NUS 春 花 香 秋 山 開 1 2 3 4 5 6 Spring flowers are fragrant, fall mountains bloomy, 嘉 賓 歡 歌 須 金 盃 7 8 9 10 11 8 12 my honoured guests, delighted to sing, yearning for golden cup. 孤 燈 光 輝 燒 銀 釭 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The shining brightness of a lonesome lamp, burns in an argentine bowl. 之 東 郊 過 西 橋 20 21 22 23 24 25 While I go to the eastern suburbs, passed the west bridge, 雞 聲 催 初 天 26 27 28 29 30 a rooster’s cry is pressing for the new day, 奇 梅 歪 遮 溝 31 12 32 31 33 and rare prunes twist along the ditch. （原註：“內金同賓，梅同杯，庶同奇，實只三十三字母。”） 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> CQT Colloquium, NUS b. 32 interpretation: rhyme classes ● closed syllable variants represent nasal finals (yangsheng 陽 聲 ) and glottal stop finals (rusheng 入聲), respectively) 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> 33 CQT Colloquium, NUS 1春 2花 3香 4秋 5山 6開 /uŋ/, /uʔ/ /ua/ /yɔŋ/, /yɔʔ/ /ieu/ /aŋ/, /aʔ/ /ai/ 7嘉 8賓 9歡 10 歌 11 須 金 12 盃 /a/, /aʔ/ /iŋ/, /iʔ/ /uaŋ/, /uaʔ/ /ɔ/ /y/ (/iŋ/, /iʔ/) /uei/ 13 孤 14 燈 15 光 16 輝 17 燒 18 銀 19 釭 /uei/ /ieu/ /u/ 5.II.2009 /eiŋ/, /eiʔ/ /uɔŋ/, /uɔʔ/ /yŋ/, /yʔ/ /ouŋ/, /ouʔ/ 20 之 21 東 22 郊 23 過 24 西 25 橋 /i/ /øyŋ/, /øyʔ/ /au/ /uɔ/, /uɔʔ/ /ɛ/ /yɔ/, /yɔʔ/ 26 雞 27 聲 28 催 29 初 30 天 /ie/ /iaŋ/, /iaʔ/ /øy/ /œ/ /ieŋ/, /ieʔ/ 31 奇 梅 32 歪 遮 33 溝 /ia/, /iaʔ/ (/uei/) /uai/ (/ia/, /iaʔ/) /eu/ <[email protected]> 34 CQT Colloquium, NUS c. encryption: sequence Rhyme-Initial-Tone 向右 “rightward move” FZ 213xyɔ 242ieu ⇒ 25-15-, 11-17- 賊移營 “enemy relocates camp” FZ 4tseiʔ 52ie 52iŋ ⇒ 14-8-, 26-11-, 8-11- 倭寇投降 “Japanese bandits surrender” FZ 44uei 213khau 52tau 52xouŋ ⇒ 12-11- , 22-4-, 22-5-, 19-15- etc. ➢ 5.II.2009 no further transposition or substitution attested! <[email protected]> CQT Colloquium, NUS 35 4. Late Imperial bilingual encryption? 4.1 The Hóngdĭng shāngrén Hú Xuěyán 紅 頂 商 人 胡 雪 岩 [Redhead salesman Hu Xueyan] 13 (Gāo Yáng 高陽, 1926-1992) on ‘alum writing’ (fánshū 礬書) 在他(胡雪岩)的記憶中，早年聽說過康熙末年奪嫡的許多故事，有的使用“礬 書”；有的用羅馬字代替满州話的“字头”來拼音，“九阿哥”胤的門客中， 有一个是“東正教”的教士，因而发明了用俄文拼音來表達满州話，傳递反抗 雍正的信息，雖为雍正截獲了，却不知說些甚麼？因而胤所部署的“造反”的 策略，始終是個謎。 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> CQT Colloquium, NUS 36 “In his (Hu Xueyan’s) memory he had heard in his early years that during the Kangxi period there had been many stories about spouse robberies, some of them making use of alum writing, some of them making use of Latin characters to represent the pronunciation of the Manchu letters, and that among the clientele of “Old Ninety’s” descendants there was one, who was a Russian orthodox priest, which is why he came up with a Russian transcription to represent Manchu. And when the news about a rebellion against the Yongzheng-emperor was transmitted, the Yongzheng government had no clue what it said, despite the fact that they had intercepted it. Therefore the plot for rebellion of the descendant’s entourage remained a secret from beginning to the end.” 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> 37 CQT Colloquium, NUS 5. fănqiè 反切 or qièjiăo 切腳 codes based on spoken language, used by secret societies, triads, guilds etc. widespread in Mĭn and Yuè speaking regions and in the adjacent Hmong-Mienic, Tai-Kadaic, Austroasiatic areas but never used for premodern language stages and/or in writing (cf. ZHAO YUANREN 1934, MA CHONGQI 1994, YIP 1998, BAO 2001 etc.) ex.: 5.II.2009 FZ 好 33 hɔ → 35lɔ 31hi → 老喜 [σTOR] → [σT-l-R] [σT-O-i] <[email protected]> CQT Colloquium, NUS 6. 38 Fixing of 6899 Chinese characters as the first commercial numbering system by the Shanghai North Atlantic Telegraph Company (上海大北水电报公司) in 1871; many algorithms used to code/scramble character numbers ever since 5.II.2009 <[email protected]> CQT Colloquium, NUS 7. 39 References AUGUST, D.A. (1989), “Cryptography and Exploitation of Chinese Manual Cryptosystems”, part II: “The Encoding Problem”, Cryptologia 13 (4). ——— (1990) “Cryptography and Exploitation of Chinese Manual Cryptosystems”, part II: “The Encrypting Problem”, Cryptologia 14 (1). BEHR, WOLFGANG (2004), “In the interstices of representation: ludic writing and the locus of polysemy in the Chinese sign”, Ms. Leiden 31 pp., (fortcoming in A. DE VOOGT ed., 2006). ELVIN, MARK (2005), “Personal luck. 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