Basra Donanması (Persian navy)

A Brief History of the Ottoman Navy: From Osman to Suleiman the Magnificent The winds of change were blowing as the Turks moved across the Anatolian plains.

Institute of Islam Hadhari (IIH) and Centre of Islamic Area Studies (KIAS), 2014

The ocean had been foreign to the life of Ottoman society due to its original nomadic lifestyle of shifting from one green pasture to another. Thus, the Ottoman society had lacked the experience and skills associated with the ocean including shipbuilding skills, until Gallipoli was conquered in the year 1354AD when the society was first introduced to the shipbuilding industry. Henceforth, during the rule of Sultan Muhammad al-Fatih, the role of the shipbuilding industry became increasingly prominent, especially with the opening of Constantinople in the year 1453AD. However, the history of Ottoman shipbuilding industry lacked the attention it deserves in research in spite of being one of the important industries during Ottoman rule. Thus, the objective of this research is to analyze the extent of development in this industry during the era of Sultan Muhammad al-Fatih. This research adopts a qualitative approach through a historical study design and method of descriptive analysis of authoritative sources in Ottoman studies. The research results show that the shipping industry during the era of Sultan Muhammad al-Fatih was at a developing stage in view of the fact that the technology in shipbuilding used was still under improvement in order to build bigger war ships or vessels with capacity to carry more guns and artilleries to equip the Ottoman naval fleet in preparation for war.

Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences

The History of the Muslim Naval Army During the 'Abbasid Era ABSTRACT This article examines the history of Muslim military in the 'Abbasid era. This study aims at revealing the achievement of the 'Abbasid military from the 8 th to 10 th Century A.D. In addition, this article also identifies the establishment of military, the characteristics of its army and navy, and the types of wars and rebellions that happened at the time. This study used the method of qualitative study which consists of historical study and content analysis to identify and analyze both primary and secondary sources that are deemed relevant to the 'Abbasid history and civilization. This research found that the 'Abbasid military became a great naval power which frightened the Byzantine Empire because the former is comparable to that of the Byzantium (Eastern Roman) in terms of their military recruitment, payroll, structure and organization, weapon technology and tactics of attack.

"Probably built on the site of an ancient village named Diriditis, Baṣra was certainly re-styled under the Sassanid when was called Vahishātābadh Ardasher in honour of the Shahanshah from which took his name; under the ‘Arabs, Baṣra was appointed probably from Basāra which in Arabic means: acutely aware, perspicacity, possessing knowledge or understanding, a name that could not have been more appropriate. During the VI century Baṣra was already inhabited by ‘Arab Bedouin clans not specifically in the urban area but probably in the surrounding region, which is geographically settled close to the desert but immersed in a marshy area which would be nicknamed the Shaṭṭ al-῾Arab. Founded under ‘Umār ibn al-Ḫaṭṭāb, the establishment, at the beginning, was attributed to Sa‘d ibn Abī Waqqāṣ, a companion of the Prophet and a military general, the winner of the Qādisiyya battle; however, in the Early Islamic age, the conflict between Baṣra and Kūfa, for the allocation of their respective date foundation and the prestige of the founder, encouraged us to acknowledge that the truly maker of the first military camp was the Prophet’s companion ‘Utba ibn al-Ġazwān in 638/17: “this city was founded in the lower part of Iraq, on the great river formed by the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris. The city was intended to protect the region conquered by the Muslims about the mouth of Euphrates, to cut off the trade with India from Persia and to keep a check upon Ahwaz (a part of Ḫūzestān). […] The city of Baṣra was founded in the fourteen year of the hiğra. It soon gathered within its walls great numbers of inhabitants from the surrounding country; rose rapidly in importance, and has ever since been distinguished as a part for the Indian commerce.” The main problem concerning the first decade after Baṣra’s foundation was to provide, at his inhabitants, drinking water; the closed presence of the sea and of the desert doesn’t permit to find potable water. This difficulty would be resolved using the Tigris as main resource and building different water tank to collect also the rainy availability. Other difficulties concerned the construction of a port in spite of too low aquifers. At the beginning, Baṣra was exclusively a military camp and city, able to afford the control over the route of the Persian gulf and to constitute a starting base for the subsequent expeditions to Iṣṭaḫr, Fārs, Ḫurāsān and Sidjistān (29/650). Ṭabarī evaluate in 40.000 the baṣrian army which would fight in Ḫurāsān during the VII and VIII centuries. At the same time this city contributed to be settlement of Bedouins tribes who set off to urbanize. Before the ‘Arab arrival, the region was probably populated by Aramaeans, a semitic- ‘Arab population earlier emigrated in the north (they are usually associated with the Nabateans and the builder of Palmyra reign). During the Islamic conquest five ‘Arab tribes reached the city: Ahl al-‘Āliya, Tamīm, Bakr b. Wa’īl, ‘Abd al-Qays and Azd. It is possible that Tamīm clan dominated preserving an independent task during the internal early Islamic clashes. The process of sedentarization of a clan system, fortified the chiefs authorities of each clan maintaining autonomy and self-governing. The main settling reasons are probably connected with the Bedouin’s recruitment in the army and their avarice and money dependency: to be enrolled into an army created a money- dependency on the well paid salary of this historical period of conquering; ‘Arabs merchant, in addition, after the commercial decay of Arabian Peninsula, probably emigrated north and reached the towns of Kūfa and Baṣra. The chiefs upheld the order and created an internal aristocratic – familial system. Ch. Pellat in Le milieu baṣrien et la formation de Ğāhiẓ, lists a number of family authorities as al-Muhallab, Muslim ibn ‘Amr al- Bāhilī, Misma‘, al-Ğārūd, al-Anhaf ibn Qais, which represents the political most relevant figures of a first develop bourgeoisie."

2013

This article examines the history of Muslim military in the 'Abbasid era. This study aims at revealing the achievement of the 'Abbasid military from the 8 th to 10 th Century A.D. In addition, this article also identifies the establishment of military, the characteristics of its army and navy, and the types of wars and rebellions that happened at the time. This study used the method of qualitative study which consists of historical study and content analysis to identify and analyze both primary and secondary sources that are deemed relevant to the 'Abbasid history and civilization. This research found that the 'Abbasid military became a great naval power which frightened the Byzantine Empire because the former is comparable to that of the Byzantium (Eastern Roman) in terms of their military recruitment, payroll, structure and organization, weapon technology and tactics of attack.

2013

This article aims to sketch concisely about the relationships between the Ottomans and the Portuguese pertaining to the developments in the Indian Ocean in the first half of the 16 century. The purpose th of the Portuguese Kingdom to establish hegemony in the eastern seas occurred in an era when Ottoman State's borders reached nearly the central Europe. After annexing the Mamluk Sultanate, the Ottomans expanded its borders and became adjacent to the Indian Ocean. After having great efforts to be a vigorous power in the Black, Aegean and Mediterrenean Seas from the mid of the 15 century onwards, the Ottomans gave th prominence on the advancement of the navy which was considered as complementary to the conventional army in the expansion of the state. Nonetheless, there are disputed accounts among the academicians pertaining to assessment of the Ottoman sea-power against its challenge to the Portuguese sea power in terms of the developments in the Indian Ocean.

The Dutch and English East India Companies, 2018

This chapter explores the involvement of the East India Company (EIC) in the creation of a fleet in the Gulf by Nader Shah of Persia between 1734 and 1747. It considers the rationale behind the EIC's assistance to the Persians and what shape it took, considering the pre-eminent position and threat attached by contemporaries to European ships. The chapter draws on the EIC's Persian Gulf Factory Records which shed new light on the ongoing negotiations between the EIC and Persian officials in country. The EIC were active in supporting the construction of a Persian fleet, turning a profit by supplying, not only ships, but also supplies and stores necessary for their maintenance. The provisions provided were a useful means through which the EIC gained favour with the Persian Court in a period of ongoing conflict and uncertainty.

Avrasya Araştırmaları, 2018