Anethum graveolens L. Apiaceae

Anethum graveolens L. APIACEAE Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, Rainer W. Bussmann, and Carolina Romero Synonyms Anethum graveolens L.: Anethum graveolens subsp. sowa (Roxb. ex Fleming) N.F. Koren; Anethum sowa Roxb. ex Fleming; Ferula marathrophylla Walp.; Peucedanum anethum Baill.; Peucedanum graveolens (L.) Hiern.; Peucedanum sowa (Roxb. ex Fleming) Kurz Local Names Spanish: Eneldo; English: Dill N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana Herbario Nacionál de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia Saving Knowledge, La Paz, Bolivia e-mail: [email protected] R. W. Bussmann (*) Saving Knowledge, La Paz, Bolivia Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Romero William L. Brown Center, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, R. W. Bussmann (eds.), Ethnobotany of the Andes, Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77093-2_23-1 1 2 N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana et al. Botany and Ecology Annual; entire plant glabrous, dark green, with distally indistinct blue striae with pungent spicy odor; root thin, fusiform; stem 40–12 cm high, single, erect, branching or nearly simple, thinly furrowed, with alternate narrow whitish and green striae, branching above, curved between branches; leaves tri- or quadripinnate, ovate, lobules of last order linear-filiform or nearly setaceous; lower leaves with petioles expanding to oblong, 1.5–2 cm long sheath with broad scarious margin; upper leaves with smaller and less dissected blade, sessile on sheath. Umbels to 15 cm across, of 30–50 smooth, nearly equal rays; involucre and involucels lacking; calyx-teeth very short; petals yellow, tapering to flat, hardly notched involute lobule; stylopodium pale yellow, pulviniform; styles very short, nearly erect at flowering, becoming recurved in fruit, stigma claviform-capitate; fruit ovoid or broadly ellipsoid, dorsally compressed, 3–5 mm long, 1.5–3.5 mm wide; mericarps with 3 prominent, carinate, dorsal ribs, lateral ribs extended into thin, straw-colored margin; canals solitary in valleculae, 2 toward commissure; albumen semi-elliptic in cross section, nearly flat toward commissure. Cultivated and escaped near dwellings, kitchen gardens, fields, and roads (Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4). Fig. 1 Anethum graveolens (Apiaceae) in garden in Ajara, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann and N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Anethum graveolens L. 3 Fig. 2 Anethum graveolens (Apiaceae) in garden in Ajara, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann and N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Phytochemistry Essential oils (Carvone). Local Medicinal Uses Colombia: Stems and leaves are used to treat flatulence, indigestion, and used as stimulant (Bussmann et al. 2018). In India, dill is used to control blood pressure (Raj et al. 2018). Local Food Uses The leaves are used as spice. Colombia: The fruits are used as condiment (Bussmann et al. 2018) (Figs. 5 and 6). 4 N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana et al. Fig. 3 Anethum graveolens (Apiaceae) in garden in Ajara, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann and N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Local Handicraft and Other Uses In Colombia, the plant is traditionally prepared in infusion to stimulate the production of breast milk and as a stimulant. It is also used as an antiflatulent, against excessive sweating, as a soothing, antiseptic, and as a stimulant of liver function. Its use includes the treatment of gastrointestinal spasms and skin ulcers. The decoction or infusion of stems and leaves are used as digestives and to reduce intestinal gas and colic (Fonnegra-Gómez and Villa-Londoño 2011; García Barriga 1975; Ministerio de Protección Social 2008; Pérez Arbeláez 1996). Dill is widely used as spice, especially in the Caucasus and wider Eurasia (Bussmann et al. 2014, 2016). Anethum graveolens L. Fig. 4 Anethum graveolens (Apiaceae) in garden in Ajara, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann and N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Fig. 5 Anethum graveolens (Apiaceae) in market in Telavi, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann and N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) 5 6 N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana et al. Fig. 6 Anethum graveolens (Apiaceae) leaves ready to eat, Tusheti, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann and N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) References Bussmann RW, Paniagua-Zambrana NY, Sikharulidze S, Kikvidze Z, Kikodze D, Jinjikhadze T, Shanshiashvili T, Chelidze D, Batsatsashvili K, Bakanidze N. Wine, Beer, Snuff, Medicine and loss of diversity – ethnobotanical travels in the Georgian Caucasus. Ethnobot Res Appl. 2014;12:237–313. Bussmann RW, Paniagua Zambrana NY, Sikharulidze S, Kikvidze Z, Kikodze D, Tchelidze D, Khutsishvili M, Batsatsashvili K, Hart RE. A comparative ethnobotany of Khevsureti, SamtskheJavakheti, Tusheti, Svaneti, and Racha-Lechkhumi, Republic of Georgia (Sakartvelo), Caucasus. J Ehnobiol Ethnomed. 2016;12:43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0110-2. Bussmann RW, Paniagua-Zambrana NY, Romero C, Hart RE. Astonishing diversity – the medicinal plant markets of Bogotá, Colombia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2018;14(1):43. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s13002-018-0241-8. Fonnegra-Gómez R, Villa-Londoño J. Plantas medicinales usadas en algunas veredas de municipios del altiplano del oriente antioqueño, Colombia. Actual Biol. 2011;33(95):219–50. García Barriga H. Flora Medicinal de Colombia. Botánica Médica. Tomo Segundo. Bogotá: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional; 1975. 538 pp. Ministerio de Protección Social. Vademécum Colombiano de Plantas Medicinales. Bogotá: Imprenta Nacional de Colombia; 2008. 311 pp. Pérez Arbeláez E. Plantas útiles de Colombia. 5a. Ed. Bogotá: Fondo FEN Colombia, DAMA, Jardín Botánico de Bogotá José Celestino Mutis; 1996. 831 pp. Anethum graveolens L. 7 Raj AJ, Biswakarma B, Pala NA, Shukla G, Vineeta V, Kumar M, Chakravarty S, Bussmann RW. Indigenous uses of ethnomedicinal plants among forest-dependent communities of northern Bengal, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2018;14(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-0180208-9.