Checklist of the vascular plants of the Cantabrian Mountains

BOTANICAL CHECKLISTS Mediterranean Botany ISSNe 2603-9109 https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/mbot.74570 Checklist of the vascular plants of the Cantabrian Mountains Borja Jiménez-Alfaro1,2 , Luis Carlón3 , Eduardo Fernández-Pascual1,2 , Carmen Acedo4 , Estrella Alfaro-Saiz4,5 , Raquel Alonso Redondo4 , Eduardo Cires2,6 , Fermín del Egido Mazuelas4 , Sara del Río4 , Tomás E. Díaz-González2 , Marta Eva García-González4,5 , Carmen Lence4 , Félix Llamas4 , Herminio Nava2 , Ángel Penas4 , Manuel A Rodríguez Guitián7 and Víctor M. Vázquez8 Received: 3 March 2021 / Accepted: 19 July 2021 / Published online: 27 October 2021 Abstract. We present the first standardized list of the vascular flora of the Cantabrian Mountains, a transitional zone between the Eurosiberian and Mediterranean biogeographic regions in northwestern Spain. The study area comprises 15,000 km2 divided in UTM grid cells of 10 km x 10 km, for which we revised occurrence data reported in the Spanish Plant Information System (Anthos) and the online database of Iberian and Macaronesian Vegetation (SIVIM). We used a semi-automatic procedure to standardize taxonomic concepts into a single list of names, which was further updated by expert-based revision with the support of national and regional literature. In the current version, the checklist of the Cantabrian Mountains contains 2,338 native species and subspecies, from which 56 are endemic to the study area. The nomenclature of the checklist follows Euro+Med in 97% of taxa, including annotations when other criteria has been used and for taxa with uncertain status. We also provide a list of 492 non-native taxa that were erroneously reported in the study area, a list of local apomictic taxa, a phylogenetic tree linked to The Plant List, a standardized calculation of Ellenberg Ecological Indicator Values for 80% of the flora, and information about life forms, IUCN threat categories and legal protection status. Our review demonstrates how the Cantabrian Mountains represent a key floristic region in southern Europe and a relevant phytogeographical hub in south-western Europe. The checklist and all related information are freely accessible in a digital repository for further uses in basic and applied research. Keywords: Atlantic flora; Cantabrian range; Iberian flora; Western Europe. How to cite: Jiménez-Alfaro, B., Carlón, L., Fernández-Pascual, E., Acedo, C., Alfaro-Saiz, E., Alonso Redondo, R., Cires, E., del Egido Mazuelas, F, del Río, S., Díaz-González, T.E., García-González, M.E., Lence, C., Llamas, F., Nava, H., Penas, A., Rodríguez Guitián, M.A. & M. Vázquez, V. 2021. Checklist of the vascular plants of the Cantabrian Mountains. Mediterr. Bot. 42, e74570. https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/mbot.74570 Introduction The Cantabrian Mountains are the westernmost mountain range of Europe, with elevations over 2,500 m above the sea level and a central axis running c. 170 km in parallel with the northern Atlantic coast of Spain (Figure 1). These mountains originated in the late Mesozoic during the Pyrenean-Cantabrian Orogen of the Alpine orogenic cycle (López-Gómez et al., 2019). Nowadays, the Cantabrian Mountains are a transitional biogeographic zone between the Mediterranean and the Eurosiberian regions (García-Gutiérrez et al., 2018), and a crosswalk for plant diversity in the Iberian Peninsula (Kropf et al., 2002; Buira et al., 2017). Past climatic isolation and a very rugged terrain make these mountains a unique refugia for temperate trees (Roces-Díaz et al., 2018) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 and a center of endemic plants in the Iberian Peninsula (Aedo et al., 2017). The Cantabrian Mountains are also among the highest-rated Important Plant Areas defined in Spain (Sánchez de Dios et al., 2017). The biodiversity value of the Cantabrian Mountains has been largely recognized by the declaration of 13 UNESCO Biosphere reserves, more than 10 natural areas protected by regional governments, and the oldest National Park of Spain (Picos de Europa National Park, established in 1918 as Montaña de Covadonga). All these natural areas are currently integrated into the Natura 2000 European conservation network, forming a continuous array of mountain areas from which different river basins originate towards the north (Cantabrian Sea), south (Duero river) and west (Atlantic Ocean). The relatively well-preserved habitats of these IMIB, Institute of Biodiversity Research (Univ. Oviedo-CSIC-Princ. Asturias). 33600 Mieres, Spain. Email: [email protected] Dept. of Biology of Organisms and Systems, University of Oviedo. 33071 Oviedo, Spain Biosfera Consultoría Medioambiental, S.L. 33012 Oviedo, Spain Dept. of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, University of León. 24071 León, Spain Herbarium LEB – Jaime Andrés Rodríguez, University of León. 24071 León, Spain Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Ordenación del Territorio (INDUROT), University of Oviedo. 33600 Mieres, Spain Dept. of Vegetal Production and Engineering Projects, University of Lugo. 27002 Lugo, Spain Real Instituto de Estudios Asturianos. Plaza de Porlier 9, 33003 Oviedo, Spain. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 1 2 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 mountains support iconic species of high conservation concern, including endemic populations of brown bear (Ursus arctos), chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica parva), broom hare (Lepus castroviejoi), iberian desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) and capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus cantabricus). However, the biodiversity of these mountains is also subjected to anthropogenic threats influencing forest fragmentation (García et al., 2005) and changes in the intensity and density of cattle (Blanco-Fontao et al., 2011). Figure 1. Geographic extent of the Cantabrian Mountains as defined in this study. The white line comprises 155 UTM squares of 10 km x 10 km used as operational geographic units for collecting floristic observations of vascular flora from the Information System of the Spanish flora, Anthos (www.anthos.es/) and the Spanish Information System for the Iberian and Macaronesian Vegetation, SIVIM (www.sivim.info/sivi/). Despite the importance of the Cantabrian Mountains for European biodiversity, we lack reference floras or annotated lists for this region to be used in basic and applied research. The few available floras from nearby regions overlap only partially with the mountain range, since they are based on administrative units like Galicia (Romero-Buján, 2008), Asturias (Fernández-Prieto et al., 2014), Cantabria (Durán-Gómez, 2014) or Burgos (Alejandre-Saénz et al., 2006). At the national level, Flora iberica (Castroviejo et al., 1986–2021) reports the distribution of Iberian plants only at the administrative level, making it difficult to extrapolate floristic lists with a biogeographical basis. Another limitation for reporting the floristic diversity of the Cantabrian Mountains is that regional and national floras are heterogeneous in their taxonomic concepts. The lack of an updated floristic list for the Cantabrian Mountains thus prevents comparative studies with other mountain regions and the use of botanical data on conservation strategies. In this study, we provide the first checklist of vascular flora for the Cantabrian Mountains, using a standardized taxonomy and an up-to-date nomenclature. By collecting information stored in national botanical databases, we develop a semi-automatic process followed by expert assessment to standardize names of native taxa at the species and subspecies level. To facilitate the use of the flora in comparative analyses, we also collect information about life forms, endemicity, IUCN threat and legal protection status of the referred taxa. To describe the evolutionary and ecological context of the regional flora, we provide a phylogenetic tree and a set of Ecological Indicator Values calculated under a standardized method. The digital version of these data is presented in an open repository to facilitate further studies of the Cantabrian flora at regional or supra-regional scales. Methods Study area We established a grid of 155 UTM cells of 10 km x 10 km as operational geographic units to collect occurrence data for vascular plants (Figure 1). The grid was defined to include the whole Orocantabrian subprovince as defined by Rivas-Martínez et al. (2017) since this is the phytogeographic unit that better fits with the geographic conception of the Cantabrian Mountains. However, we note that the necessary use of the grid cells extends our study area to marginal zones of the Cantabro-Atlantic subprovince (in the north) and the Mediterranean region (in the south) as defined by Iberian phytogeography (Díaz González & Penas, 2017; Fernández Prieto et al., 2020). As defined here, the Cantabrian Mountains occupy 15,000 km2 across four Spanish autonomous regions (Galicia, Asturias, Castilla y León, and Cantabria), containing all elevations of the Cantabrian Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 range above 1,200 m asl, together with their proximal valleys (Figure 1). Elevation varies from c. 10 m in the deepest calcareous valleys to 2,648 m of Torre Cerredo in the Picos de Europa massif. The longitudinal direction of the mountain central axis creates a geographic barrier between the Cantabrian Sea and the northern Iberian plateau, producing a strong climatic gradient from northern exposures influenced by wet oceanic winds, to southern slopes subjected to a continental climate (DíazGonzález & Penas, 2017). The study area occupies c. 30% of the Cantabrian Mixed Forests ecoregion (Olson et al., 2001) along the southern border of the Atlantic biogeographic region in Europe (Cervellini et al., 2020). Data compilation We used the Information System of the plants of Spain (Anthos, 2020) and the Information System for the Macaronesian and Iberian Vegetation (SIVIM, Font et al., 2012) as primary data sources. Both databases provide a comprehensive review of botanical surveys documented for Spain and Portugal and they are expected to be more complete for the study area than international databases with broader scope (e.g., GBIF, www.gbif. es/). On the one hand, Anthos contains bibliographic observations of the Iberian flora (from publications, herbarium specimens, etc.) which are in most cases georeferenced to grid cells of 10 x 10 km, including updated observations or descriptions of Flora iberica (Castroviejo et al., 1986–2021). In a study comparing the representativeness of Anthos for the study area, Jiménez-Alfaro (2009) showed that this database has similar or better coverage of floristic information than regional databases and herbaria. On the other hand, SIVIM provides species data from phytosociological studies, which are mostly georeferenced to grid cells of 10 km x 10 km (Font et al., 2012). For the Cantabrian Mountains, SIVIM includes digitized information from vegetation surveys conducted in the last 60 years. Since the taxonomic concepts of SIVIM are not fully standardized, the names and taxonomic criteria may follow different interpretations by the original authors. Taxonomical backbone Both Anthos (www.anthos.es/) and SIVIM (www.sivim. info/sivi/) were accessed in April 2020 to collect the plant names reported in the study area. In total, we obtained 5,680 entries and 3,365 unique names that were edited in a spreadsheet and R software, v. 3.6.3 (R Core Team, 2021). Varieties and other infra-rank names were assigned to species and subspecies level when possible, deleting particles as “cf.” or “agg”. Hybrids and taxa described at the genus or family level in SIVIM were removed. We used a semi-automatic procedure (Wagner, 2016) to find a first taxonomical solution with a combination of automatic tools and manual editing. The automatic step consisted of extracting the rank and infra-rank names, looking at taxonomical solutions according to The Plant List (2013, v1.1) with taxonstand R package (Cayuela et al., 2012). The names were 3 then manually checked with the Euro+Med Plantbase (Euro+Med, 2006) to find accepted names, with the support of the provisional names assigned to The Plant List (e.g. when checking synonyms or translations from original names with typos). The accepted names and the authorities provided by Euro+Med were then used to create a taxonomical backbone with (a) the original names provided in Anthos, SIVIM, or both; (b) the provisional taxonomical solution of The Plant List; and (c) the best taxonomical solution from Euro+Med. The names were preliminarily classified into two groups: (1) native taxa to the study area, including certain or dubious archaeophytes (i.e. plants likely introduced before 1,500 AD), and (2) non-native taxa, including cultivated plants, naturalized aliens (neophytes), and taxa supposedly reported by a misidentification or a georeferencing error. This first diagnosis was performed with the support of national or regional floras, providing a preliminary list of 2,799 unique names. Expert-based revision The aims of the expert revision were: (i) to include new taxa not reported in the original sources but with solid evidence of their occurrence in the study area, including recently described taxa; (ii) to revise whether the taxa were correctly classified as native or non-native, and (iii) to assess the final treatment for subspecies (as a rule, the nominal subspecies was specified only when there is evidence of the occurrence of another subspecies of the same species in the study area). The preliminary list was scrutinized by the authors based on their expertise in specific taxonomic groups or subregions within the study area. We also used floras recently published for overlapping territories (e.g., Romero-Buján, 2008; Alonso-Felpete et al., 2011; Fernández-Prieto et al., 2014; Durán-Gómez, 2014) and the websites of Anthos and SIVIM to double check the original records. The revision was guided by the taxonomic and nomenclatural concepts of Euro+Med, but we accepted exceptions when a different treatment had a consensus among the authors. These exceptions included a few genus names that we considered not supported by phylogenetic data (for example, we kept Festuca instead of Patzkea and Bromus instead of Anisantha). In some cases, we accepted names that in Euro+Med were considered synonyms of other taxa (e.g., we accept Betula celtiberica while Euro+Med assigns it to B. pubescens var. pubescens). In general, we accepted all species and subspecies reported in the study area (e.g., in Alchemilla), but in few cases we avoided multiple subspecies accepted in Euro+Med (e.g., in Sideritis hyssopifolia) because many of them were difficult to verify as native or nonnative for the study area. Other species and subspecies not mentioned in Euro+Med referred to recently described taxa (e.g., Rivasmartinezia vazquezii). For the apomictic genera Pilosella and Hieracium, we used a recent review for the Iberian Peninsula (Mateo Sanz & del Egido, 2018) to identify “principal” (= basic) taxa (i.e., well established species or subspecies not subjected to introgression) and “intermediate” taxa which behaves as principal (i.e., 4 those with spatial and ecological differentiation from the parentals and with autonomous reproduction, even if they had an hybrid origin). The rest of intermediate taxa (151 species and subspecies), representing local hybrids associated with the populations of the parent taxa, were discharged from the checklist but added to the Supplement information in the digital version of the checklist. We discarded taxa reported by mistake in the study area. Many of these records were assigned to non-native species during the botanical explorations of the early 20th century, identifying local taxa with names from other parts of Europe or the Iberian Peninsula (e.g., many citations by Michel Gandoger reported in Anthos). Another relevant source of error was the presumably automatic assignment of geographic coordinates from the study area to localities with the same name located elsewhere in Spain – mere mistyping when entering the numbers in the original sources or in the compilations, though occasionally found, are a far less serious issue. Species with only one record that were never confirmed or supported by a specimen (e.g., Carex hostiana) were considered as non-native in the study area. Species Information We created a species-level phylogenetic tree of the native taxa using the ´V.PhyloMaker´ R package (Jin & Qian, 2019) with a mega-tree based on a combination of the trees in Smith & Brown (2018) for the seed plants and Zanne et al. (2014) for the lycophytes and ferns. In the case of the species that were absent from the mega-tree, we bound them to the genus-level basal node. Family names were based on The Catalogue of Life Partnership (2017) and represented in a word cloud using the ´worldcloud´ R package. For all species and subspecies, we further collected information about life form, endemicity, IUCN threat status, and legal protection. The most frequent life form for each taxon was collected from regional and national floras based on Raunkiaer (1934). Endemic status was updated from a previous checklist of endemic and subendemic plants of the Cantabrian Mountains (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2008), using three categories: (i) endemic to the Cantabrian Mountains (CM) as defined in this study, in most cases restricted to the Orocantabrian subprovince sensu RivasMartínez et al. (2017); (ii) endemic to the Cantabrian Mountains and the Mountains of León (CM+ML), for taxa distributed in the study area and the Montes de León, a nearby mountain region with strong floristic connections (Díaz González & Penas, 2017; Fernández Prieto et al., 2020); and (iii) endemics to the Cantabrian Mountains and the Pyrenees (CM+PY) based on the aforementioned references and the online Atlas of the Vascular Flora of the Pyrenees (http://florapirineos.ipe. csic.es). In all cases, a taxon was considered endemic when 99% of its populations were estimated to occur in the aforementioned geographic areas. The IUCN threat status was compiled from the national assessment for Spain (Bañares et al. 2004) and subsequent addenda (Bañares et al. 2006, 2008, 2010; Moreno 2011; Moreno et al. 2019). The legal protection Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 status was compiled from the legal catalogues published by the administrations of the autonomous regions of Galicia (law D88/2007), Asturias (D65/1995), Castilla y León (4/2015 and D63/2007) and Cantabria (D120/2008); the Spanish Catalogues of protected species (Catálogo Español de Especies Amenazadas CEEA, and Listado de Especies Silvestres en Régimen de Protección Especial - LESPRE, RD139/2007, RD139/2011 and further updated), and the European Habitat Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC). Ecological Indicator Values We used Ecological Indicator Values (EIVs) to describe the ecological requirements (here described as the preferential niche of species in natural or semi-natural vegetation) of the native taxa included in the checklist. These indices were originally developed for Central Europe by Ellenberg et al. (1991), who established nine ordinal scores (1-9) for temperature (T), continentality (K), light (L), soil reaction (R), nutrients (N), and 12 scores (1-12) for moisture (F). We calculated EIVs at the species level, that is, different subspecies of the same species share the same EIVs. The only available reference for the study flora (Mayor López 1996) was developed for Asturias, covering our study area only partially. To provide an ecological assessment with a biogeographic context covering the Atlantic European biogeographic province, we combined the EIVs from (1) Mayor López (1996) for Asturias, based upon Ellenberg’s criteria but with a 1-5 scale; (2) Julve for France (Julve 1998), who followed the original Ellenberg’ scale; and (3) Roy et al. (2000) for the British Isles, who followed Ellenberg’ scale but did not calculate T or K. To standardize these scales, we rescaled the values to 0-1 by dividing the original values by the maximum possible value of each EIV. Then we averaged the values for each taxon and EIV to obtain an initial standardized value. The resulting EIVs are thus expected to be comparable with similar indices used for floras of temperate regions in SW Europe. We used the reciprocal averaging method (Chytrý et al., 2018) to fill values of the EIVs for the species of this checklist. To do so, we obtained vegetation plot data for Atlantic Spain (i.e. the Cantabro-Atlantic and Orocantabrian biogeographic subprovinces in Spain) from SIVIM (Font et al., 2012). The total number of available plots (relevés) was 12,457. We averaged the EIVs of the taxa present in each plot to obtain the plot-level EIV. Then, for each taxon, we averaged plot-level EIVs of all the plots where the taxon was present, obtaining the final EIVs of the taxa. Finally, we rescaled these EIVs to the original 1-9(12) scale of Ellenberg. We only kept the EIVs calculated with the reciprocal averaging method because they provide standardized values from species co-occurrences within the biogeographical context of the study area. Taxa with an initial EIV in the floras of reference but absent from the vegetation plots were left without EIVs. We finally calculated Spearman correlations between the final EIVs and those reported in the original floras to test whether they retained a similar ecological meaning. Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 5 accepted in Flora Iberica (e.g. Veronica vadiniensis), or for species recently described as native to NW Spain which are supposed to occur in the study area, such as Alnus lusitanica (Vit et al., 2017) or Aira hercynica (Sáez et al., 2020). In agreement with previous findings (Jiménez-Alfaro, 2008), our results support high sampling completeness of the regional flora, given the relatively low number of species not reported in the data sources. However, the number of taxa erroneously reported for the study area (Table 1) was unexpectedly high, representing 19% of the flora finally considered to be native. This may explain the overestimation of 3,000 taxa predicted in a previous attempt (Jiménez-Alfaro, 2009) based on all records reported in botanical databases but without an expertbased filtering. Our results suggest that, although Anthos and SIVIM are a good source for determining the flora of a given Iberian region, it is necessary to pay attention to errors produced by historical misidentifications or poor georeferencing of localities. Results and Discussion Content of the checklist M R The current version (V.1) of the checklist of the Cantabrian Mountains contains 2,338 native taxa, from which 1,996 were reported at the species level and 343 at the subspecies level. The nomenclature followed in 97% of taxa were the names accepted in Euro+Med (indicated as “+” in the column E+M, Appendix 1), while the remaining 3% (indicated as “-”) were synonyms or names not considered in Euro+Med. We also identified 53 species and subspecies subjected to uncertainties on their taxonomical concept or native status for the study area. They were marked with the symbol “?” in the checklist and complemented with a brief synopsis in the supplementary file. This allowed us to apply an inclusive rather than exclusive criteria for taxa with doubtful taxonomical status in the Cantabrian Mountains (e.g. Festuca indigesta), for regional species not Monoco Mono o Monocots m G m m Superrosids Superasterids m F gure 2 Phy ogene c ree of he 2 223 vascu ar p an spec es nc uded n he check s of he Can abr an Moun a ns Ma or c ades and ma n orders are abe ed F gure 3 D vers y of axonom c fam es n he Can abr an Moun a ns The s ze and co or of he names of he fam es depend on he r re a ve d fferences n he number of axa be ong ng o each fam y On y fam es w h a m n mum of hree axa are nc uded The c oud was crea ed for a o a of 2 338 na ve spec es and subspec es 6 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 Taxonomic diversity and life forms The checklist includes by 116 families, 680 genera and 2,223 unique species. The whole flora was dominated by angiosperms (96% of the taxa), followed by pteridophytes (3.8%) and gymnosperms (0.2%, with only eight taxa). Among the angiosperms, the Superasterids were the group with the highest number of species, followed by Superrosids and Monocots (Figure 2). From a total of 116 families, those with the highest number of taxa were Asteraceae (284 taxa), Poaceae (202) and Fabaceae (153), following the same pattern reported for the Pyrenees (Gömez et al., 2017) and Sierra Nevada (Lorite et al., 2020). Other frequent families were Rosaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Brassicaceae and Apiaceae (Figure 3). The most abundant life forms were hemicryptophytes, followed by chamaephytes and therophytes, although in this case relative frequencies were similar to those found in the Pyrenees, given the higher ratio of geophytes in Sierra Nevada (Table 2). We also found different proportions of life forms among endemic groups within the Cantabrian Mountains (Figure 4). Although therophytes were the second most represented life form in non-endemic taxa, they were much less represented among endemics. Figure 4. Distribution of life-forms in the vascular flora of the Cantabrian Mountains, divided in non-endemics, endemics to the study area (Cant Mts), and subendemics with distributions extending to the Mountains of León (Cant+MLeón ) or the Pyrenees (Cant+Pyr). Table 1. Major steps conducted in the expert-based revision of the vascular plants reported by botanical databases for the Cantabrian Mountains. Numbers refer to those taxa (species and subspecies) involved in each step. The numbers do not necessarily match to the initial and final numbers because many names were assigned to synonyms or to different taxonomical levels (species and subspecies) during the revision. Initial taxa reported by Anthos and SIVIM in the study area Non-native taxa reported by mistake Non-native cultivated taxa Taxa identified as naturalized aliens Taxa not reported in the databases but known to the study area Intermediate taxa from Hieracium and Pilosella not included in the checklist Native taxa included in the checklist (V.1) Endemism The endemic component of the Cantabrian Mountains reached a total of 56 taxa, including 40 species and 16 subspecies. When compared with the 38 species and 36 subspecies previously reported for the same area (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2009), we found a lower number of endemic subspecies, many of which were not validated by Euro+Med or by the expert-based revision. We note, however, that several endemic species described in the last decade still need to be evaluated under broader morphological or molecular studies, like Cytisus dieckii or Salix montifringillarum 2,799 492 44 20 125 151 2,338 (marked with “?” in the checklist). Despite this, the ratio of regional endemism is similar to the Pyrenees but lower to Sierra Nevada (Table 2), in agreement with the known patterns of endemicity in the Iberian Peninsula (Buira et al. 2017). We also found 79 taxa which are subendemic to the Cantabrian Mountains, sharing geographic ranges with the Mountains of León (19 species and 9 subspecies) and the Pyrenees (35 species and 15 subspecies). These numbers are higher than those reported in Jiménez-Alfaro et al. (2008), likely because we characterized the whole regional flora, reducing the risk of overlooking taxa to be evaluated. The connections between the Cantabrian Mountains and the Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 Mountains of León are expected given their geographic proximity (Díaz González & Penas, 2017). Indeed, the two mountain systems have been recently considered as 7 a single biogeographical unit (Fernández-Prieto et al., 2020) and a single refugia for alpine species in Europe (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2021). Table 2. Summary statistics for the vascular plants reported in the Cantabrian Mountains (this study), the Pyrenees (from Gómez et al. 2017) and Sierra Nevada (from Lorite 2020). Native taxa are relatively comparable in terms of their reference floras since they do not include microspecies or subspecies from apomictic taxa. In all cases, endemic taxa include exclusive or almostexclusive species and subspecies for the specific region. Area (km2) Native taxa (species/subspecies) Endemic taxa Hemicriptophytes Therophytes Chamephytes Geophytes Phanerophytes Cantabrian Mts 15,000 2,338 (1,995/343) 56 (2.4%) 45% 23% 10% 10% 7% Threatened and protected species From the 2,338 taxa included in the checklist, 50 were categorized in the IUCN Spanish red list (Supplementary Data), either as Critically Endangered (CR, 5 taxa), Endangered (EN, 6 taxa), Vulnerable (VU, 38 taxa) or Near Threatened (NT, 1 taxa). Among the five species categorized as critically endangered, three are narrow endemics to the Cantabrian Mountains (Quercus pauciradiata, Ranunculus montserratii and Tragopogon pseudocastellanus), one is endemic to the study area and the Pyrenees (Aster pyrenaeus), and one is endemic of Galicia and northern Portugal (Iris boissieri). All endangered taxa are protected in at least one of the legal catalogues analyzed, together with other species or subspecies with a legal status at the regional level (see Supplementary information). In total, 156 taxa were included in at least one of the regional lists of legal protection, from which 21 taxa were also included in the Spanish Catalogue of protected species. At the European level, 27 taxa were included in one of the Annexes of the Habitats Directive (92/43/CEE), three of them considered as a priority species for conservation (*) in Annex II: Aster pyrenaeus, Centaurium somedanum and Dryopteris corleyi. Ecological Indicators We calculated ecological indicator values (EIVs) for 1,890 taxa (80% of the flora). The EVIs were strongly Pyrenees 50,000 3,652 (3,437/215) 88 (2.4%) 44% 20% 12% 12% 7% Sierra Nevada 2,100 2,232 (2,232/377) 105 (4.7%) 31% 33% 14% 9% 11% correlated with those assigned to the same taxa for Asturias (Spearman´s rho = 0,67, P < 0.001, N = 1359), France (rho = 0,77, P < 0.001, N = 1,303) and the UK (rho = 0,69, P < 0.001, N = 953), supporting similar ecological interpretation with the original sources. The values for temperature (T), soil reaction (R), moisture (M) and light (L) were slightly skewed distribution to the highest values (Table 3, Figure 5). In contrast, the EIVs for nutrients (N) were skewed towards the lowest values. These patterns agree with the general trends found in other European regions (Roy et al., 2000; Guarino et al., 2012; Chytrý et al., 2018). In our study area, the EIVs values suggest relatively warmer conditions than the average of species evaluated in Central Europe and the British Islands. Although the EIVs for continentality (K) have been recently criticized (Berg et al., 2017), their variability reflects the climatic idiosyncrasy of our study area, with the lowest values likely representing northern areas subjected to strong oceanity, and a Gaussian distribution for most values. Although we provide the first assessment of EIVs for the study region using a standardized method for comparative purposes, we note that our method may also provide spurious extrapolations to taxa poorly represented in the original dataset, and the ecological interpretation of individual taxa must be conducted with care. 8 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 Table 3. Ellenberg Indicator Values (EIVs) calculated for the vascular plants of the Cantabrian Mountains (Spain). Numbers correspond to the first quartile (Q25), median (Q50) and third quartile (Q75) of the values calculated for 1,890 taxa. The descriptions are based on key indicator codes based on Ellenberg (1991) and Chytrý et al. (2018), where non-shown values reflect intermediate conditions among the previous and posterior indicator values. EIVs Description Q25 Q50 Q75 Temperature (T) From cold alpine (1) to cool subalpine (3), submontane (5), warm 5.0 6.0 6.0 lowland (7) and warmest (9) temperatures. Continentality (K) From euoceanic (1) to eucontinental (9) climates according to the relative distance to the sea and related factors. 4.0 5.0 5.0 Light (L) From deep shade (1) to shade (3), semi-shade (5), half-light (7) and full-light (9) conditions. 7.0 8.0 8.0 Soil reaction (R) From strongly acid (1) to acid (3), moderately acid (5), close to neutral (7) and basic (9) substrates. 5.0 6.0 6.0 Nutrients (N) From very poor (1) to poor (3), moderate (5), rich (7) and very rich (9) soil nutrient content. 3.0 4.0 5.0 Moisture (F) From drought(1) to dry(3), fresh (5), moist (7) and waterlogged (9) soils; plus semi-aquatic (10), aquatic (11) and submerged (12) plants. 5.0 6.0 7.0 Figure 5. Kernel probability densities (violin plots) of the Ecological Indicator Values (EIVs) calculated for 1,890 native species and subspecies in the Cantabrian Mountains. The three horizontal lines within the probability densities represent the first quartile, the median and third quartile of the datasets. Conclusions This study provides the first standardized list of vascular flora for the Cantabrian Mountains. Without considering subspecies, the number of native species represents 40% of the 5,537 species reported for the Iberian Peninsula (Aedo et al., 2017). As defined here, the Cantabrian Mountains are among the three mountain regions with the highest plant richness in the Iberian Peninsula, following the Pyrenees and Sierra Nevada. Unique characteristics of the Cantabrian Mountains are the proximity to the sea and the strong oceanic influence, explaining the relatively low diversity of gymnosperms found in the study area. Nevertheless, the Cantabrian Mountains are also a crossroad for taxa with different biogeographical optima (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2014), supporting relict populations of conifers from continental climates in the southernmost slopes (e.g., Juniperus thurifera) and warm-demanding oceanic species in the northern valleys (e.g., Culcita macrocarpa). Current climatic diversity is further supported by the wide ranges of EIVs detected for continentality (K) and temperature (T), providing multiple climatic niches that might partially explain the high number of Iberian endemics occurring in the region (Aedo et al., 2017). Overall, the data presented here contribute to strengthen the floristic knowledge of the Iberian mountains, as a basis for further research in systematics, ecology and conservation biology. We also highlight that, despite the high sampling completeness of the regional flora, a major issue for developing biogeographic reference lists in the Iberian Peninsula Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 is the legacy of misidentifications or georeferencing errors from national databases. Using semi-automatic procedures combined with expert-based revisions seems therefore a suitable approach to solve such issues. Based on this approach, the checklist of the Cantabrian Mountains and the complementary data about non-natives will contribute to further floristic revisions and conservation initiatives in the study area. By using a continental-based authority like Euro+Med (and The Plant List), our checklist can also be used for comparative analyses with other mountain regions at the national and continental level, or for refining the distribution patterns of the Iberian flora in biogeographic units. To support further uses of the checklist, we provide a complete digital version in the open repository https://zenodo.org/record/5153297#. YUtTHWJBxEY to be updated routinely. This research was supported by the Jardín Botánico Atlántico de Gijón (SV-20-GIJON-JBA) and the SEEDALP project funded by the Spanish Reearch Agency (PID2019-108636GA/AEI/10.13039/501100011033). References Aedo, C., Buira, A., Medina, L. & Fernández-Albert, M. 2017. 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The following information is included: Euro+Med (EM): “+” indicates that nomenclature follows Euro+Med while “-” indicates different nomenclature (see digital version for details); Name (arranged alphabetically), Taxon name according to Euro+Med (+) or other taxonomic authorities (-); Notes (Nt): Taxa with “?” are subjected to uncertainties in their taxonomic concept or native status (see digital version for details); Family; Lifeform; Ellenberg indicator values (EIVs) describing ecological requirements from 1 to 9 (M, moisture; K, continentality; L, light; N, nutrients; R, soil reaction; T, temperature); Endemicity (Endem), Geographic extent of endemic taxa: endemics to the study area (CM), and subendemics with distributions extending to the Mountains of León (CM+ML) or the Pyrenees (CM+PY). EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Acer campestre L. . Sapindaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Acer pseudoplatanus L. . Sapindaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 5 5 5 6 + Achillea millefolium L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Achillea odorata L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 4 7 6 + Achillea ptarmica subsp. pyrenaica Sibth. ex Godr. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Achillea tomentosa L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Achnatherum bromoides (L.) P. Beauv. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 7 7 + Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. neapolitanum (Ten.) Nyman Aconitum napellus subsp. lusitanicum Rouy . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 5 6 5 . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 6 6 6 5 . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 6 6 6 5 + Aconitum napellus subsp. vulgare (DC.) Rouy & Foucaud Actaea spicata L. . Ranunculaceae Geophyte 7 5 5 5 6 5 + Adenocarpus complicatus (L.) Gay . Fabaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 7 4 4 6 - Adenocarpus lainzii (Castrov.) Castrov. . Fabaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 7 4 4 6 + Adenostyles alpina subsp. pyrenaica (Lange) M. Dillenberger & Kadereit Adiantum capillus-veneris L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . . Pteridaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 6 4 7 6 + + + + Adonis pyrenaica DC. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Adonis vernalis L. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Aegilops geniculata Roth . Poaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 7 7 + Aegilops triuncialis L. . Poaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Aegilops ventricosa Tausch . Poaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Aegonychon purpurocaeruleum (L.) Holub . Boraginaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Aethionema saxatile subsp. ovalifolium (DC.) Nyman . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 7 5 + Aethionema thomasianum J.Gay . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 7 4 + Aethusa cynapium L. . Apiaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Agrimonia eupatoria L. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 5 6 6 + Agrimonia procera Wallr. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Agrostemma githago L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Agrostis canina L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 3 4 5 + Agrostis capillaris L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 4 5 5 + Agrostis castellana Boiss. & Reut. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 4 5 6 + Agrostis curtisii Kerguélen . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 3 4 6 + Agrostis gigantea Roth . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 6 6 6 + . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 3 4 5 + Agrostis hesperica Romero García; Blanca; G.López & C.Morales Agrostis rupestris All. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 2 4 3 + Agrostis schleicheri Jord. & Verl. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 7 4 + Agrostis stolonifera L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 5 6 6 + Agrostis tileni G.Nieto Fel. & Castrov. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 6 8 3 4 4 + Aira caryophyllea L. . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 5 6 + Aira cupaniana Guss. . Poaceae Therophyte . . . . . . - Aira hercynica Romero Zarco; M.Á. Ortiz & L. Sáez ? Poaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Aira praecox L. . Poaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 4 7 + Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. . Lamiaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Ajuga pyramidalis L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 4 5 Endem CM+PY CM+PY CM+ML Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 13 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Ajuga reptans L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 6 5 5 6 + Alchemilla alpigena Buser . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Alchemilla alpina L. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 6 3 + Alchemilla angustiserrata S.E.Fröhner . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla borderei Buser ex S.E.Fröhner . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla burgensis S.E.Fröhner . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla catalaunica Rothm. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Alchemilla colorata Buser . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla connivens Buser . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 5 5 + Alchemilla coriacea Buser . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 4 5 5 + Alchemilla effusa Buser . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla fallax Buser . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla filicaulis Buser . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla fissa Günther & Schummel . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 4 6 4 + Alchemilla fulgens Buser . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 4 5 5 + Alchemilla fulgida S.E.Fröhner . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 5 4 + Alchemilla glabra Neygenf. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla glaucescens Wallr. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla hispanica S.E.Fröhner . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Alchemilla hoppeana (Rchb.) Dalla Torre . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Alchemilla hoppeaniformis S.E.Fröhner . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Alchemilla hybrida (L.) L. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla impedicellata S. E. Fröhner . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla inconcinna Buser . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla iniquiformis S.E.Fröhner . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla lainzii S.E.Fröhner . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla legionensis S. E. Fröhner . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla lucida Buser . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla lunaria S.E.Fröhner . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla rugulosa S.E.Fröhner . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla saxatilis Buser . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 3 4 + Alchemilla sierrae Romo . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 + Alchemilla straminea Buser . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alchemilla subalpina S.E.Fröhner . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 + Alchemilla tenuis Buser . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 4 5 5 + Alchemilla transiens (Buser) Buser . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 2 3 3 + Alchemilla xanthochlora Rothm. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 5 6 5 + Alisma lanceolatum With. . Alismataceae Helophyte 10 5 7 6 6 6 + Alisma plantago-aquatica L. . Alismataceae Helophyte 10 5 7 6 6 6 + Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 5 6 5 + Allium ericetorum Thore . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte 6 4 7 4 5 6 + Allium lusitanicum Lam. . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte 4 5 8 3 7 5 + Allium oleraceum L. . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Allium palentinum Losa & P.Monts. . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte 4 6 8 3 7 4 + Allium pallens L. . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Allium paniculatum L. . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Allium roseum L. . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 4 7 7 + Allium schoenoprasum L. . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte 8 5 8 3 6 4 + Allium scorzonerifolium Desf. ex DC. . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte 7 4 6 5 5 5 + Allium sphaerocephalon L. . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 4 7 6 + Allium triquetrum L. . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . Endem CM+PY CM+PY CM CM+PY CM+PY CM+PY CM CM CM CM CM 14 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Allium ursinum L. . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte 7 4 5 5 6 5 + Allium victorialis L. . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Allium vineale L. . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Allosorus acrosticus (Balb.) Christenh . Pteridaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Allosorus hispanicus (Mett.) Christenh. . Pteridaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Allosorus tinaei (Tod.) Christenh. . Pteridaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. . Betulaceae Phanerophyte 8 4 6 5 5 6 + Alnus lusitanica Vít; Douda & Mandák ? Betulaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 10 5 7 6 6 5 + Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 5 6 5 + Alopecurus geniculatus L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alopecurus gerardii (All.) Vill. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 7 + Alopecurus pratensis L. ? Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 5 + Althaea hirsuta L. . Malvaceae Therophyte 4 6 8 4 7 7 + Althaea officinalis L. . Malvaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 6 7 6 + Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 7 7 + Alyssum granatense Boiss. & Reut. . Brassicaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Alyssum minutum Schltdl. ex DC. . Brassicaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Alyssum montanum L. . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 4 4 8 4 6 6 + Alyssum simplex Rudolph . Brassicaceae Therophyte 4 6 8 3 5 7 + Amelanchier ovalis Medik. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 7 4 7 6 + Ammi majus L. ? Apiaceae Therophyte 6 5 8 6 6 7 + Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. . Apiaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + . Orchidaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Anacamptis coriophora (L.) R. M. Bateman; Pridgeon & M. W. Chase Anacamptis morio subsp. champagneuxii (Barnéoud) H. Kretzschmar; Eccarius & H. Dietr. Anacamptis morio subsp. morio (L.) R. M. Bateman; Pridgeon & M. W. Chase Anacamptis morio subsp. picta (Loisel.) Jacquet & Scappat. Anacamptis papilionacea (L.) R.M.Bateman; Pridgeon & M.W.Chase Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) Rich. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Anacyclus clavatus (Desf.) Pers. . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Anagallis arvensis L. . Primulaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Anagallis foemina Mill. . Primulaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Anagallis minima (L.) E.H.L.Krause . Primulaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Anagallis monelli L. . Primulaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 3 8 5 6 7 + Anagallis tenella (L.) L. . Primulaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 3 5 5 + Anarrhinum bellidifolium (L.) Willd. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 4 7 4 5 7 + Anarrhinum duriminium (Brot.) Pers. ? Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 4 7 4 4 6 + Anchusa azurea Mill. . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 6 7 7 + Anchusa undulata L. . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 4 8 5 6 7 + Androsace cantabrica (Losa & P. Monts.) Kress . Primulaceae Chamaephyte 5 6 8 2 4 3 + Androsace halleri L. . Primulaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 7 3 3 4 + Androsace lactea L. . Primulaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 8 3 6 3 + Androsace maxima L. . Primulaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 6 7 7 + Androsace villosa L. . Primulaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Androsace vitaliana subsp. flosjugorum Kress . Primulaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 2 4 3 + Andryala integrifolia L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 4 7 4 5 7 + Andryala ragusina L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 5 6 6 + + + + Endem CM CM+ML Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 15 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Anemone nemorosa L. . Geophyte 7 5 5 5 5 Ranunculaceae 4 + Anemone pavoniana Boiss. . Ranunculaceae Geophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Anemone ranunculoides L. . Ranunculaceae Geophyte 7 5 6 6 6 5 - Angelica laevis J.Gay ex Fisch.; C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Angelica pyrenaea (L.) Spreng. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 3 4 5 + Angelica sylvestris L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 6 5 5 6 + Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link . Pteridaceae Therophyte 5 4 7 4 6 7 + Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 2 4 4 + Anthemis arvensis subsp. arvensis L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 5 6 + Anthemis arvensis subsp. incrassata (Loisel.) Nyman . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 5 6 + Anthemis cotula L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Anthemis cretica subsp. carpatica (Willd.) Grierson . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 5 4 + Anthemis pedunculata subsp. turolensis (Caball.) Oberpr. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Anthericum liliago L. . Asparagaceae Geophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Anthoxanthum amarum Brot. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 6 4 4 6 + Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss. . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 4 4 6 + Anthoxanthum odoratum L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 5 5 6 + Anthriscus caucalis M.Bieb. . Apiaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 6 6 6 - Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. boscii Kerguelen . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 - . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. cantabrica (Rothm.) Fern. Prieto & Ciordia Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. forondae (Sennen) Cullen . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. vulnerarioides (All.) Arcang. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Antinoria agrostidea subsp. natans (Hack.) Rivas Mart. . Poaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Antirrhinum braun-blanquetii Rothm. . Plantaginaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 4 7 6 + Antirrhinum meonanthum Hoffmanns. & Link . Plantaginaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 7 4 6 6 + Aphanes arvensis L. . Rosaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 5 6 + Aphanes australis Rydb. . Rosaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 4 7 + Aphanes cornucopioides Lag. . Rosaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Aphanes microcarpa (Boiss. & Reut.) Rothm. . Rosaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 5 7 + Aphyllanthes monspeliensis L. . Asparagaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 6 + Aquilegia dichroa Freyn . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 5 5 5 6 + Aquilegia discolor Levier & Leresche . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 8 3 7 4 + Aquilegia vulgaris L. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 6 5 5 5 + Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Arabis alpina L. . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 6 4 6 5 + Arabis auriculata Lam. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 7 7 + Arabis ciliata Clairv. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 6 4 + Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Arabis juressi Rothm. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Arabis scabra All. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 5 + Arabis serpillifolia Vill. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Arabis stenocarpa Boiss. & Reut. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 4 6 7 + Arbutus unedo L. . Ericaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 4 5 7 + Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. . Ericaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 3 6 5 + Arenaria erinacea Boiss. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 7 5 + Arenaria grandiflora subsp. grandiflora L. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 5 + Arenaria grandiflora subsp. incrassata (Lange) Vicioso ex . Rivas Mart. Arenaria leptoclados (Rchb.) Guss. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 5 Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 6 6 + Endem CM CM+PY CM CM+ML 16 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Arenaria moehringioides Murr . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 5 6 8 3 7 3 + Arenaria montana L. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 6 4 6 4 4 6 + Arenaria obtusiflora subsp. ciliaris (Loscos) Font Quer . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Arenaria purpurascens Ramond ex DC. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Arenaria serpyllifolia L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 6 6 + Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 6 6 5 + Argyrolobium zanonii (Turra) P.W.Ball . Fabaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Aristolochia paucinervis Pomel . Aristolochiaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Armeria caballeroi (Bernis) Donad. . Plumbaginaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Armeria cantabrica Willk. . Plumbaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 6 4 CM CM Endem CM+PY + Armeria castellana Leresche . Plumbaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 3 4 5 + Armeria ciliata (Lange) Nieto Fel. . Plumbaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 3 6 8 3 3 5 + Armeria duriaei Boiss. . Plumbaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 6 8 3 3 4 + Armeria langei subsp. langei Boiss. . Plumbaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 3 4 5 CM+ML + Armeria langei subsp. daveaui (Cout.) P. Silva . Plumbaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 3 4 5 CM+ML + Arnica montana L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 3 3 5 + Arnoseris minima (L.) Schweigg. & Körte . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 4 6 + . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. bulbosum (Willd.) Schübl. & G.Martens Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. sardoum (Em.Schmid) Gamisans Artemisia absinthium L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 6 7 6 + Artemisia alba Turra . Asteraceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Artemisia campestris subsp. glutinosa (Besser) Batt. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 3 8 5 6 7 + + Artemisia chamaemelifolia subsp. cantabrica M. Laínz . Asteraceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Artemisia pedemontana Balb. . Asteraceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Artemisia umbelliformis Lam. . Asteraceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Artemisia vulgaris L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Arum cylindraceum Gasp. . Araceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Arum italicum Mill. . Araceae Geophyte 7 4 6 6 6 6 + Arum maculatum L. . Araceae Geophyte 7 4 5 5 6 6 + Asparagus acutifolius L. ? Asparagaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 6 4 6 7 + Asperugo procumbens L. . Boraginaceae Therophyte 5 6 7 6 7 6 + . Rubiaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Asperula aristata subsp. scabra (J. Presl & C. Presl) Nyman Asperula arvensis L. . Rubiaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 6 7 7 + Asperula cynanchica subsp. cynanchica L. . Rubiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 4 8 4 7 6 + Asperula hirta Ramond . Rubiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Asphodelus albus subsp. albus Mill. . Asphodelaceae Geophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + . Asphodelaceae Geophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Asphodelus albus subsp. occidentalis (Jord.) Z.Díaz & Valdés Asphodelus cerasiferus J.Gay . Asphodelaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 3 5 6 + Asphodelus lusitanicus Cout. . Asphodelaceae Geophyte 6 4 7 2 4 5 + Asphodelus macrocarpus Parl. . Asphodelaceae Geophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Asphodelus serotinus Wolley-Dod . Asphodelaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Asplenium adiantum-nigrum subsp. adiantum-nigrum L. . Aspleniaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 5 5 6 + Asplenium adiantum-nigrum subsp. onopteris (L.) Heufl. . Aspleniaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 5 5 6 + Asplenium ceterach L. . Aspleniaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 7 6 + Asplenium fontanum (L.) Bernh. . Aspleniaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + . Aspleniaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Asplenium obovatum subsp. billotii (F. W. Schultz) O. Bolòs & al. Asplenium petrarchae (Guérin) DC. . Aspleniaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Asplenium ruta-muraria L. . Aspleniaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 7 6 + Asplenium scolopendrium L. . Aspleniaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 6 6 CM CM+PY Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 17 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. . Aspleniaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + . Aspleniaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 6 4 6 6 + Asplenium trichomanes subsp. pachyrachis (H. Christ) Lovis & Reichst. Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens D. E. Mey. . Aspleniaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 6 4 6 6 + Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes L. . Aspleniaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 6 4 6 6 + Asplenium viride Huds. . Aspleniaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 3 7 5 + Aster alpinus L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Aster pyrenaeus Desf. ex DC. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Asterolinon linum-stellatum (L.) Duby . Primulaceae Therophyte 4 5 7 4 6 7 + Astragalus australis (L.) Lam. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Astragalus danicus Retz. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 4 + Astragalus depressus L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Astragalus glycyphyllos L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 5 + Astragalus hamosus L. . Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Astragalus incanus subsp. nummularioides (Desf.) Maire . Fabaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Astragalus monspessulanus L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Astragalus sempervirens Lam. . Fabaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Astrantia major L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 5 6 5 + Athyrium distentifolium Opiz . Athyriaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth . Athyriaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Atriplex patula L. . Amaranthaceae Therophyte 6 4 7 6 7 6 + Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. . Amaranthaceae Therophyte 8 4 8 6 7 6 + Atropa belladonna L. . Solanaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Avena barbata subsp. barbata Pott ex Link . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 7 + . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 7 + Avena barbata subsp. lusitanica (Tab. Morais) Romero Zarco Avena fatua L. . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet & Magne . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 7 + Avena strigosa Schreb. . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 4 5 7 + . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 4 5 + Avenella flexuosa subsp. iberica (Rivas Mart.) Valdés & H. Scholz Avenula pubescens (Huds.) Dumort. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Baldellia alpestris (Coss.) Laínz . Alismataceae Hydrophyte 10 4 7 3 4 5 + Baldellia ranunculoides (L.) Parl. . Alismataceae Hydrophyte 10 4 7 4 5 6 + Ballota nigra subsp. foetida (Vis.) Hayek . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Barbarea intermedia Boreau . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 6 6 5 + Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Bartsia alpina L. . Orobanchaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 8 3 6 4 + Bartsia spicata Ramond . Orobanchaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 8 4 6 5 + Bellardia trixago (L.) All. . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 5 4 8 5 6 7 + Bellardiochloa variegata (Lam.) Kerguélen . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 5 4 + Bellis perennis L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Bellis sylvestris Cirillo . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 4 6 6 + Berberis vulgaris L. . Berberidaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 7 4 7 5 - . Betulaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 6 4 4 5 + Betula pubescens subsp. celtiberica (Rothm.& Vasc.) Rivas Mart. Bidens tripartitus L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 8 5 7 7 6 6 + Bifora testiculata (L.) Roth . Apiaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Biscutella auriculata L. . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 5 7 7 + Biscutella laevigata L. . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Biscutella valentina subsp. pyrenaica (A. Huet) Grau & Klingenberg . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 8 5 Endem CM+PY CM+PY 18 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Biscutella valentina subsp. valentina (L.) Heywood . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 6 4 + Bistorta officinalis Delarbre . Polygonaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 5 6 5 + Bistorta vivipara (L.) Delarbre . Polygonaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 8 3 6 4 + Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.Stirt. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 7 6 + Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Huds. . Gentianaceae Therophyte 6 4 7 4 6 6 + Blitum bonus-henricus (L.) Rchb. . Amaranthaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 5 + Blitum virgatum L. . Amaranthaceae Therophyte 5 6 8 7 6 6 + Blysmus compressus (L.) Panz. ex Link . Cyperaceae Geophyte 9 5 7 4 6 5 + Bombycilaena erecta (L.) Smoljan. . Asteraceae Therophyte 4 6 8 4 6 7 + Borago officinalis L. . Boraginaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 7 + Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. . Ophioglossaceae Geophyte 5 6 8 3 6 4 + Brachypodium phoenicoides (L.) Roem. & Schult. ? Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) P.Beauv. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Brachypodium rupestre (Host) Roem. & Schult. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 4 6 6 + Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 6 5 5 6 + Brassica barrelieri (L.) Janka ? Brassicaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Brassica nigra (L.) K.Koch . Brassicaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Briza maxima L. . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 5 7 + Briza media L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 4 6 5 + Briza minor L. . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 6 7 + Bromus arvensis L. ? Poaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 - Bromus benekenii (Lange) Trimen . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 6 5 + Bromus commutatus Schrad. . Poaceae Therophyte 7 4 7 5 6 6 - Bromus diandrus Roth . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 7 + Bromus erectus Huds. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Bromus hordeaceus L. . Poaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 - Bromus madritensis L. . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 7 - Bromus picoeuropeanus Acedo & Llamas . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Bromus racemosus L. . Poaceae Therophyte 7 5 7 5 6 5 - Bromus ramosus Huds. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 6 6 - Bromus rigidus Roth . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 7 - Bromus rubens L. . Poaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 5 6 7 + Bromus squarrosus L. . Poaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 7 7 - Bromus sterilis L. . Poaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 - Bromus tectorum L. . Poaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 6 7 + Bryonia dioica Jacq. . Cucurbitaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 6 6 6 6 + Bufonia paniculata Dubois . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Bufonia tenuifolia L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Buglossoides arvensis subsp. arvensis (L.) I.M.Johnst. . Boraginaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Buglossoides arvensis subsp. permixta (Jord.) R. Fern. . Boraginaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Buglossoides incrassata (Guss.) I.M.Johnst. . Boraginaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Bunias erucago L. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Bunium macuca subsp. macuca Boiss. . Apiaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Bupleurum baldense Turra . Apiaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 7 7 + Bupleurum gerardi All. . Apiaceae Therophyte 4 5 7 4 6 6 + Bupleurum praealtum L. . Apiaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Bupleurum ranunculoides L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Bupleurum rigidum L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 7 6 + Bupleurum rotundifolium L. . Apiaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Bupleurum tenuissimum L. . Apiaceae Therophyte 7 3 8 6 7 6 + Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Haller f.) Koeler . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 6 6 5 Endem Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 19 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Calendula arvensis M.Bieb. . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Calepina irregularis (Asso) Thell. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Callianthemum coriandrifolium Rchb. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Callitriche brutia Petagna . Plantaginaceae Hydrophyte . . . . . . Endem + Callitriche hamulata W. D. J. Koch . Plantaginaceae Hydrophyte 12 5 7 6 6 5 + Callitriche palustris L. . Plantaginaceae Hydrophyte . . . . . . + Callitriche platycarpa Kütz. . Plantaginaceae Hydrophyte . . . . . . + Callitriche stagnalis Scop. . Plantaginaceae Hydrophyte 11 5 7 6 6 6 + Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull . Ericaceae Chamaephyte 7 4 7 3 4 5 + Caltha palustris L. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 4 5 5 + Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. . Convolvulaceae Geophyte 7 4 7 6 6 6 + Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 7 7 + Campanula adsurgens All. . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Campanula arvatica Lag. . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 CM + Campanula cantabrica Feer . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 CM + Campanula erinus L. . Campanulaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 6 7 + Campanula glomerata L. . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Campanula herminii Hoffmanns. & Link . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 3 4 + Campanula latifolia L. . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 5 5 5 + Campanula lusitanica L. . Campanulaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 4 4 7 - . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Campanula mariae-ceballosiae Fern.Prieto; Arjona; Sanna & Cires Campanula patula L. . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 5 6 + Campanula rapunculus L. . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Campanula rotundifolia subsp. hispanica (Willk.) O. Bolòs & Vigo Campanula rotundifolia subsp. rotundifolia L. . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 6 5 + Campanula scheuchzeri Vill. . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 5 4 + Campanula trachelium L. . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 6 6 6 + Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Capsella rubella Reut. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Cardamine castellana Lihová & Marhold . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Cardamine flexuosa With. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Cardamine gallaecica (M. Laínz) Rivas-Mart. & Izco . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 5 5 5 + Cardamine hirsuta L. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Cardamine impatiens L. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 7 4 5 5 6 5 + Cardamine pratensis L. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 5 5 5 + Cardamine raphanifolia Pourr. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 5 5 5 + Cardamine resedifolia L. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Carduus asturicus Franco . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Carduus bourgeanus Boiss. & Reut. ? Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 7 6 + Carduus carlinoides Gouan . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 4 6 8 4 7 5 + Carduus carpetanus Boiss. & Reut. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 6 6 6 + Carduus defloratus subsp. argemone (Lam.) Ces. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Carduus defloratus subsp. medius (Gouan) Bonnier . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Carduus nigrescens subsp. assoi (Franco) O. Bolòs & Vigo . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 5 7 6 + Carduus nutans subsp. nutans L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Carduus nutans subsp. platypus (Lange) Greuter . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Carduus pycnocephalus L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 8 6 7 6 + Carduus tenuiflorus Curtis . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 7 + Carex acuta L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 10 5 6 5 6 5 + Carex acutiformis Ehrh. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 7 5 6 5 4 CM+ML CM+PY CM+PY 20 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Carex asturica Boiss. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 4 5 + Carex atrata L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Carex binervis Sm. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 3 4 5 + Carex brevicollis DC. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 5 + Carex canescens L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 3 4 5 + Carex capillaris L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 3 + Carex caryophyllea Latourr. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 + Carex caudata (Kük.) Pereda & Laínz . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 5 4 6 5 + Carex cuprina (Sándor ex Heuff.) Nendtv. ex A.Kern. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 6 6 6 + Carex davalliana Sm. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 3 6 5 + Carex demissa Hornem. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 3 5 5 + Carex depauperata Curtis ex Stokes . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 5 5 6 6 + Carex depressa subsp. basilaris (Jord.) Cif. & Giacom. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 4 5 + Carex depressa subsp. depressa Link . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 4 5 + Carex diandra Schrank . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Carex distachya Desf. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 4 7 4 5 6 + Carex distans L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 4 5 5 + Carex disticha Huds. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 4 6 5 + Carex divulsa subsp. divulsa Stokes . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Carex echinata Murray . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 3 4 5 + Carex flacca Schreb. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 4 6 5 + Carex frigida All. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 4 6 4 + Carex halleriana Asso . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 7 3 7 6 + Carex hirta L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 5 6 6 + Carex humilis Leyss. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 6 + Carex laevigata Sm. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 5 5 6 + Carex lepidocarpa Tausch . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 3 5 5 + Carex leporina L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 4 5 5 + Carex liparocarpos Gaudin . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 6 8 3 7 5 - Carex lucennoiberica Maguilla & M. Escudero . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Carex macrostyla Lapeyr. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 5 4 + Carex mairei Coss. & Germ. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Carex montana L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 6 6 + Carex muricata subsp. muricata L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 5 6 + Carex muricata subsp. pairae (F. W. Schultz) Celak. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 5 5 5 + Carex nigra (L.) Reichard . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 3 4 5 + Carex ornithopoda Willd. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Carex pallescens L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 4 5 5 + Carex panicea L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 3 4 5 + Carex paniculata subsp. lusitanica (Willd.) Maire . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 6 5 5 6 + Carex paniculata subsp. paniculata L. ? Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 6 5 5 6 + Carex parviflora Host . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 6 4 + Carex pendula Huds. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 5 6 6 + Carex pilulifera L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 6 3 4 5 + Carex pulicaris L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 3 5 5 + Carex pyrenaica Wahlenb. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 2 3 3 + Carex remota L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 5 5 5 6 + Carex reuteriana Boiss. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 5 5 6 + Carex riparia Curtis . Cyperaceae Helophyte 9 5 7 6 6 6 + Carex rostrata Stokes . Cyperaceae Helophyte 9 5 7 4 5 5 + Carex rupestris All. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 Endem CM+PY Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 21 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Carex sempervirens Vill. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 5 5 6 + Carex spicata subsp. andresii Molina Gonz.; Acedo & Llamas Carex strigosa Huds. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 5 5 5 + Carex sylvatica Huds. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 - Carex tomentosa L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Carex umbrosa Host . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 6 5 5 6 + Carex vesicaria L. . Cyperaceae Helophyte 10 4 7 4 6 6 + Carex viridula Michx. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 3 5 5 + . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 5 7 5 + Carlina acaulis subsp. caulescens (Lam.) Schübl. & G. Martens Carlina hispanica subsp. hispanica Lam. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 6 6 7 + Carlina vulgaris subsp. spinosa (Velen.) Vandas . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Carthamus carduncellus L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Carthamus lanatus L. . Asteraceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Carthamus mitissimus L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 6 + Carum carvi L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 5 + Carum verticillatum (L.) W.D.J.Koch . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 4 4 5 + Castanea sativa Mill. . Fagaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 6 5 5 6 + Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P.Beauv. . Poaceae Therophyte 10 5 7 6 6 5 + Catananche caerulea L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 4 7 6 + Catapodium rigidum (L.) C.E.Hubb. . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 5 6 7 + Caucalis platycarpos L. . Apiaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Centaurea calcitrapa L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 6 7 6 + Centaurea jacea subsp. angustifolia (DC.) Gremli . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 4 5 5 + Centaurea janeri subsp. babiana Laínz . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 6 6 + Centaurea lagascana Graells . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 7 6 + Centaurea langei Nyman . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 5 7 6 + Centaurea legionis-septimae Fern.Casas & Susanna . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Centaurea limbata Hoffmanns. & Link . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 4 5 7 + Centaurea melitensis L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 8 7 7 6 + Centaurea nigra subsp. nigra L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 5 5 6 + Centaurea nigra subsp. rivularis (Brot.) Cout. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 5 5 6 + Centaurea ornata Willd. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Centaurea scabiosa subsp. cephalariifolia (Willk.) Greuter . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 5 7 6 + Centaurea solstitialis L. . Asteraceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Centaurea thuillieri J. Duvign. & Lambinon . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Centaurium erythraea subsp. erythraea Rafn . Gentianaceae Therophyte 6 4 7 5 6 6 + . Gentianaceae Therophyte 6 4 7 5 6 6 + Centaurium erythraea subsp. grandiflorum (Pers.) Melderis Centaurium maritimum (L.) Fritsch . Gentianaceae Therophyte . . . . . . - Centaurium portense (Brot.) Butcher ? Gentianaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce ? Gentianaceae Therophyte 7 4 8 5 6 6 + Centaurium somedanum M. Laínz . Gentianaceae Chamaephyte 8 5 8 3 6 5 + Centranthus calcitrapae (L.) Dufr. . Caprifoliaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 6 7 + Centranthus lecoqii Jord. . Caprifoliaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 7 4 7 7 + Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. . Caprifoliaceae Chamaephyte 5 4 7 5 7 7 + Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce . Orchidaceae Geophyte 6 5 6 5 6 5 + Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 5 6 4 6 6 + Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 5 6 4 6 6 + Cephalaria leucantha (L.) Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult. . Caprifoliaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Cerastium arvense L. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 4 6 5 Endem CM CM CM 22 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Cerastium brachypetalum Desp. ex Pers. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 6 7 + Cerastium cerastoides (L.) Britton . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 9 5 8 4 5 4 + Cerastium diffusum Pers. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 5 7 + Cerastium fontanum subsp. lucorum (Schur) Soó . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 7 5 7 5 6 5 + . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 7 5 7 5 6 5 + Cerastium fontanum subsp. vulgare (Hartm.) Greuter & Burdet Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Cerastium gracile Dufour . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 6 6 + Cerastium perfoliatum L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Cerastium pumilum subsp. glutinosum (Fr.) Jalas . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Cerastium pumilum subsp. pumilum Curtis . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Cerastium semidecandrum L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 6 6 + Ceratocapnos claviculata (L.) Lidén . Papaveraceae Therophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + . Plantaginaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 5 . Plantaginaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Chaenorhinum origanifolium subsp. origanifolium (L.) Kostel. Chaenorhinum serpyllifolium subsp. serpyllifolium (Lange) Lange Chaerophyllum aureum L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 6 6 5 + Chaerophyllum hirsutum L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 5 5 5 + Chaerophyllum nodosum (L.) Crantz . Apiaceae Therophyte 6 4 6 5 6 6 + Chaerophyllum temulum L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Chaerophyllum villarsii W.D.J.Koch . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. . Asteraceae Chamaephyte 6 4 7 5 5 6 + Chelidonium majus L. . Papaveraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 6 6 6 + Chenopodiastrum hybridum (L.) S. Fuentes & al. . Amaranthaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Chenopodiastrum murale (L.) S. Fuentes & al. . Amaranthaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Chenopodium album L. . Amaranthaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Chenopodium ficifolium Sm. ? Amaranthaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Chenopodium opulifolium Schrad. ex W.D.J.Koch & Ziz . Amaranthaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Chenopodium vulvaria L. . Amaranthaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 7 6 6 + Chiliadenus glutinosus (L.) Fourr. . Asteraceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Chondrilla juncea L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 6 7 6 + Chrysosplenium oppositifolium L. . Saxifragaceae Chamaephyte 8 4 5 5 5 5 + Cicendia filiformis (L.) Delarbre . Gentianaceae Therophyte 6 4 7 4 4 6 + Cichorium intybus L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 6 6 6 + Circaea lutetiana L. . Onagraceae Geophyte 7 4 5 5 6 6 + Cirsium acaulon (L.) Scop. ? Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. . Asteraceae Geophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Cirsium echinatum (Desf.) DC. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Cirsium eriophorum (L.) Scop. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 5 + Cirsium filipendulum Lange . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 3 4 6 + Cirsium heterophyllum (L.) Hill . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Cirsium odontolepis Boiss. ex DC. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 6 6 6 + Cirsium palustre (L.) Coss. ex Scop. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 5 5 5 + Cirsium pannonicum (L.f.) Link . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Cirsium pyrenaicum (Jacq.) All. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 5 6 5 + . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Cirsium richterianum subsp. giraudiasii (Sennen & Pau) Talavera & Valdés Cirsium rivulare (Jacq.) All. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 5 6 5 + Cirsium tuberosum (L.) All. . Asteraceae Geophyte 5 5 8 4 6 6 + Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Cistus ladanifer L. . Cistaceae Phanerophyte 4 4 7 3 4 7 + Cistus lasianthus (Lam.) Greuter . Cistaceae Chamaephyte 6 4 7 3 4 6 - Endem Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 23 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Cistus laurifolius L. . Cistaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 8 4 7 6 + Cistus populifolius L. . Cistaceae Phanerophyte 5 4 7 3 4 7 + Cistus psilosepalus Sweet . Cistaceae Phanerophyte 5 4 7 4 4 6 + Cistus salviifolius L. . Cistaceae Phanerophyte 5 4 7 4 5 7 + Cistus umbellatus subsp. umbellatus L. . Cistaceae Phanerophyte 5 4 7 3 4 6 + Cistus umbellatus subsp. viscosus (Willk.) Demoly . Cistaceae Phanerophyte 5 4 7 3 4 6 + Cladanthus mixtus (L.) Chevall. . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 4 7 + Clematis vitalba L. . Ranunculaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Cleome violacea L. . Cleomaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Clinopodium acinos (L.) Kuntze . Lamiaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 3 6 6 + . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 7 6 + Clinopodium alpinum subsp. pyrenaeum (Braun-Blanq.) Govaerts Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 6 4 6 5 6 6 + Clinopodium vulgare L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 6 6 + Cochlearia pyrenaica DC. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 4 4 6 + Coincya monensis subsp. cheiranthos (Vill.) C.Aedo Pérez; Leadlay & Muñoz Garm. Colchicum autumnale L. . Colchicaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 5 5 5 + Colchicum lusitanum Brot. . Colchicaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Colchicum montanum L. . Colchicaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 + Colchicum multiflorum Brot. . Colchicaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Coleostephus myconis (L.) Cass. ? Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Comarum palustre L. . Rosaceae Chamaephyte 10 5 7 3 4 5 + Conium maculatum L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Conopodium arvense (Coss.) Calest. . Apiaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 4 4 5 + . Apiaceae Geophyte 6 5 6 4 5 5 + Conopodium majus subsp. marizianum (Samp.) López Udias & Mateo Conopodium pyrenaeum (Loisel.) Miégev. . Apiaceae Geophyte 6 5 6 4 5 5 + Conopodium subcarneum (Boiss. & Reut.) Boiss. . Apiaceae Geophyte 7 5 7 4 5 5 + Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. . Brassicaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Consolida hispanica (Costa) Greuter & Burdet . Ranunculaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Convallaria majalis L. . Asparagaceae Geophyte 7 4 5 4 5 5 + Convolvulus arvensis L. . Convolvulaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Convolvulus cantabrica L. . Convolvulaceae Geophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Convolvulus lineatus L. . Convolvulaceae Geophyte 4 5 8 4 7 7 + Coris monspeliensis L. . Primulaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Cornus sanguinea L. . Cornaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Coronilla minima L. . Fabaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 7 6 + Coronilla scorpioides (L.) Koch . Fabaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 7 6 + Corrigiola litoralis L. . Molluginaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 5 6 + Corrigiola telephiifolia Pourr. . Molluginaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 7 5 5 6 + Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Körte . Papaveraceae Geophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Corylus avellana L. . Betulaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 5 5 5 6 + Corynephorus canescens (L.) P.Beauv. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 4 8 3 4 6 + Corynephorus divaricatus (Pourr.) Breistr. ? Poaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Cota triumfettii (L.) J. Gay . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Cotoneaster integerrimus Medik. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 7 4 6 7 + Crassula tillaea Lest.-Garl. . Crassulaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 5 5 7 + Crataegus monogyna Jacq. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 5 6 6 + Crepis albida subsp. asturica (Lacaita & Pau) Babc. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Crepis biennis Lapeyr. ? Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. . Asteraceae Therophyte 6 4 7 5 6 6 Endem CM+PY CM+ML 24 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Crepis conyzifolia (Gouan) A.Kern. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Crepis foetida L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 7 + Crepis lampsanoides (Gouan) Tausch . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Crepis paludosa (L.) Moench . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 4 6 5 + Crepis pulchra L. . Asteraceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Crepis pygmaea L. . Asteraceae Geophyte 4 6 8 3 7 5 + Crepis pyrenaica (L.) Greuter . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 5 6 5 + Crepis vesicaria subsp. taraxacifolia (Thuill.) Thell. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Crocus carpetanus Boiss. & Reut. . Iridaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 3 4 5 + Crocus nudiflorus Sm. . Iridaceae Geophyte 7 4 6 4 5 5 + Crocus serotinus subsp. salzmannii (J.Gay) B.Mathew . Iridaceae Geophyte 7 4 6 4 4 5 + Crucianella angustifolia L. . Rubiaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 6 7 + Cruciata glabra (L.) Opiz . Rubiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 5 5 + Cruciata laevipes Opiz . Rubiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Cruciata pedemontana (Bellardi) Ehrend. . Rubiaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Crupina vulgaris Pers. ex Cass. . Asteraceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Cryptogramma crispa (L.) R. Br. ex Hook. . Pteridaceae Geophyte 5 6 7 3 4 4 + Culcita macrocarpa C. Presl . Culcitaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 6 + Cuscuta approximata Bab. . Convolvulaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Cuscuta epithymum subsp. epithymum (L.) L. . Convolvulaceae Therophyte 6 4 7 3 5 6 + . Convolvulaceae Therophyte 6 4 7 3 5 6 + Cuscuta epithymum subsp. kotschyi (Des Moul.) Arcang. Cuscuta europaea L. . Convolvulaceae Therophyte 8 5 6 6 6 5 + Cuscuta nivea M. A. García . Convolvulaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Cyanus montanus (L.) Hill . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 6 6 + Cyanus segetum Hill . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Cyanus triumfettii subsp. axillaris (Celak.) Štepánek . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Cyclosorus pozoi (Lag.) C. M. Kuo . Thelypteridaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Cynoglossum cheirifolium L. . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Cynoglossum creticum Mill. . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 6 7 6 + Cynoglossum officinale L. . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 7 7 6 + Cynoglossum pustulatum Boiss. . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Cynosurus cristatus L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 5 6 5 + Cynosurus echinatus L. . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Cynosurus effusus Link . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Cyperus fuscus L. . Cyperaceae Therophyte 10 4 7 5 5 6 + Cyperus longus L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 5 6 6 + Cystopteris fragilis subsp. diaphana (Bory) Litard. . Cystopteridaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 6 5 + Cystopteris fragilis subsp. dickieana (R. Sim) Hyl. . Cystopteridaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 6 5 + Cystopteris fragilis subsp. fragilis (L.) Bernh. . Cystopteridaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 6 5 + Cytinus hypocistis (L.) L. . Cytinaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 3 4 7 Endem + Cytisus cantabricus (Willk.) Rchb.f. . Fabaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 7 4 5 6 CM - Cytisus dieckii (Lange) Fern.Prieto; Nava; Fern.Casado; M.Herrera; Bueno Sánchez; Sanna & Cires Cytisus multiflorus (L'Her.) Sweet . Fabaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . CM + . Fabaceae Phanerophyte 5 4 7 4 4 7 Fabaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 7 3 3 5 - Cytisus oromediterraneus (G. López & C.E. Jarvis) Rivas . Mart. & al. Cytisus prietoi Bueno Sánchez; Fern.Casado & Nava . Fabaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link . Fabaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Cytisus striatus (Hill) Rothm. . Fabaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 7 4 4 6 + Daboecia cantabrica (Huds.) K.Koch . Ericaceae Chamaephyte 6 4 7 3 4 6 + Dactylis glomerata subsp. glomerata L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Dactylis glomerata subsp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + CM Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 25 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T - Dactylorhiza cantabrica H. A. Pedersen . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Dactylorhiza elata subsp. sesquipedalis (Poir.) Soó . Orchidaceae Geophyte 8 5 7 4 6 5 + Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó . Orchidaceae Geophyte 8 5 7 4 6 5 + Dactylorhiza insularis (Sommier) Ó.Sánchez & Herrero . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. elodes (Griseb.) Soó . Orchidaceae Geophyte 8 4 7 4 4 5 + Orchidaceae Geophyte 8 4 7 4 4 5 + Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. ericetorum (E. F. Linton) P. . F. Hunt & Summerh. Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. maculata (L.) Soó . Orchidaceae Geophyte 8 4 7 4 4 5 + Dactylorhiza majalis (Rchb.) P. F. Hunt & Summerh. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 9 5 7 4 5 5 + . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Dactylorhiza romana subsp. guimaraesii (E. G. Camus) H. A. Pedersen Dactylorhiza romana subsp. romana (Sebast.) Soó . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Dactylorhiza sambucina (L.) Soó . Orchidaceae Geophyte 8 4 7 4 5 5 + . Orchidaceae Geophyte 7 5 7 3 6 5 + Dactylorhiza viridis (L.) R.M.Bateman; Pridgeon & M.W.Chase Danthonia decumbens (L.) DC. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 3 4 5 + Daphne gnidium L. . Thymelaeaceae Phanerophyte 5 4 7 4 5 7 + Daphne laureola L. . Thymelaeaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 5 5 6 5 + Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. . Rosaceae Chamaephyte 9 5 7 3 6 5 + Daucus carota subsp. cantabricus A. Pujadas . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 5 6 6 + Daucus carota subsp. carota L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 5 6 6 + Daucus carota subsp. major (Vis.) Arcang. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 5 6 6 + Daucus durieua Lange . Apiaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Delphinium halteratum Sm. . Ranunculaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Delphinium verdunense Balb. . Ranunculaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. cespitosa (L.) P.Beauv. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 4 5 5 + Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 4 5 5 Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 4 5 5 + Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. subtriflora (Lag.) Ehr. Bayer . & G. López Deschampsia media subsp. hispanica (Vivant) O. Bolòs . & al. Deschampsia setacea (Huds.) Hack. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl . Brassicaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Descurainia tanacetifolia (L.) Prantl . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 6 6 5 + . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Dethawia splendens subsp. cantabrica (A.Bolòs) Kerguélen Dianthus armeria L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 4 5 7 4 7 7 + Dianthus deltoides L. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 5 4 8 4 6 6 + Dianthus hyssopifolius L. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 5 4 7 4 6 6 + Dianthus langeanus Willk. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 4 4 + Dianthus laricifolius subsp. merinoi (Laínz) M.Laínz . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Dianthus legionensis (Willk.) F.N.Williams . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 7 5 + Dianthus pungens subsp. brachyanthus (Boiss.) M. Bernal; . Fern. Casas; G. López; M. Laínz & Muñoz Garm. Dichoropetalum carvifolia (Vill.) Pimenov & Kljuykov . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Digitalis parviflora Jacq. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 5 + Digitalis purpurea L. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 4 4 6 + Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. . Poaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin . Dioscoreaceae Geophyte 6 4 6 5 6 6 + Dipsacus fullonum L. . Caprifoliaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Doronicum carpetanum subsp. carpetanum Willk. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 5 5 + Doronicum carpetanum subsp. diazii (Pérez Morales & . Penas) Alv. Fern. Doronicum carpetanum subsp. pubescens (Pérez Morales . & al.) Aizpuru Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 5 5 Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 5 5 + + Endem CM+ML 26 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T Endem + . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 8 4 CM+PY + Doronicum grandiflorum subsp. braunblanquetii Rivas Mart. & al. Doronicum plantagineum L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop. . Fabaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 4 7 7 + Draba aizoides subsp. aizoides L. . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Draba cantabriae (M. Laínz) M. Laínz . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 7 4 + Draba dedeana Boiss. & Reut. . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 7 4 + Draba hispanica subsp. lebrunii P.Monts. . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 7 4 + Draba verna L. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 6 7 + Drabella muralis (L.) Fourr. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Drosera intermedia Hayne . Droseraceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 3 3 5 + Drosera longifolia L. . Droseraceae Hemicryptophyte 10 5 8 2 3 4 + Drosera rotundifolia L. . Droseraceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 3 3 5 + Drymocallis rupestris (L.) Soják . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Drymochloa sylvatica (Pollich) Holub . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Dryopteris aemula Kuntze . Dryopteridaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 4 4 5 + Dryopteris affinis Fraser-Jenk. . Dryopteridaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Dryopteris borreri (Newman) Oberh. & Tavel . Dryopteridaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs . Dryopteridaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 5 5 5 + Dryopteris corleyi Fraser-Jenk. . Dryopteridaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 3 3 6 + Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray . Dryopteridaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Dryopteris expansa (C. Presl) Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy . Dryopteridaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 4 4 5 + Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott . Dryopteridaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Dryopteris mindshelkensis Pavlov . Dryopteridaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Dryopteris oreades Fomin . Dryopteridaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 3 4 4 + Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants . Amaranthaceae Therophyte 8 4 8 6 6 6 + Echinaria capitata (L.) Desf. . Poaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Echium asperrimum Lam. . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Echium cantabricum (Laínz) Fern. Casas & Laínz . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Echium rosulatum subsp. rosulatum Lange . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 6 6 6 + . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Echium vulgare subsp. pustulatum (Sm.) Em.Schmid & Gams Echium vulgare subsp. vulgare L. . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. . Cyperaceae Helophyte 9 4 7 4 4 6 + Eleocharis mamillata subsp. austriaca (Hayek) Strandh. . Cyperaceae Helophyte . . . . . . + Eleocharis multicaulis (Sm.) Desv. . Cyperaceae Helophyte 9 4 7 3 4 5 + Eleocharis palustris subsp. palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. . Cyperaceae Helophyte 9 5 7 5 6 5 + Eleocharis palustris subsp. waltersii Bureš & Danihelka . Cyperaceae Helophyte 9 5 7 5 6 5 + Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartmann) O.Schwarz . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 3 6 5 + Elymus caninus (L.) L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 5 6 5 + Elytrigia campestris (Godr. & Gren.) Kerguélen . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 5 6 7 + Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski . Poaceae Geophyte 4 6 8 4 7 6 + Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski . Poaceae Geophyte 7 5 7 6 6 6 + Empetrum nigrum L. . Ericaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Endressia castellana Coincy . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Ephedra major Host . Ephedraceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Epilobium alsinifolium Vill. . Onagraceae Hemicryptophyte 10 5 7 4 5 5 + Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam. . Onagraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 4 6 4 + Epilobium angustifolium L. . Onagraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 5 4 5 + Epilobium collinum C.C.Gmel. . Onagraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 5 5 5 + Epilobium duriaei J.Gay ex Godr. . Onagraceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 4 5 5 CM CM CM Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 27 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Epilobium hirsutum L. . Onagraceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 6 6 6 + Epilobium lanceolatum Sebast. & Mauri . Onagraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Epilobium montanum L. . Onagraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 5 5 5 + Epilobium obscurum (Schreb.) Schreb. . Onagraceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 4 5 5 + Epilobium palustre L. . Onagraceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 4 5 5 + Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. . Onagraceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 5 6 6 + Epilobium tetragonum subsp. tetragonum L. . Onagraceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 5 6 6 + Epilobium tetragonum subsp. tournefortii (Michalet) H.Lév. Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser . Onagraceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 5 6 6 . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Epipactis bugacensis subsp. rhodanensis (Gévaudan & Robatsch) Wucherpf. Epipactis helleborine subsp. helleborine (L.) Crantz . Orchidaceae Geophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Epipactis kleinii M.B.Crespo & M.R.Lowe & Piera . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Sw. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 5 6 5 6 7 + Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz . Orchidaceae Geophyte 8 5 7 4 6 5 + Epipactis tremolsii Pau . Orchidaceae Geophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Equisetum arvense L. . Equisetaceae Geophyte 8 5 6 6 6 6 + Equisetum fluviatile L. . Equisetaceae Geophyte 9 4 7 4 5 5 + Equisetum hyemale L. . Equisetaceae Geophyte 7 4 6 5 6 6 + Equisetum palustre L. . Equisetaceae Geophyte 9 5 7 5 5 5 + Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. . Equisetaceae Geophyte 7 5 7 5 6 6 + Equisetum sylvaticum L. . Equisetaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. . Equisetaceae Geophyte 8 4 6 6 6 6 + Equisetum variegatum Schleich. ex F. Weber & D. Mohr . Equisetaceae Geophyte 9 5 7 4 6 5 + Erica arborea L. . Ericaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 4 4 6 + Erica australis L. . Ericaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 7 3 3 6 + Erica ciliaris L. ? Ericaceae Chamaephyte 7 4 7 3 4 6 + Erica cinerea L. . Ericaceae Chamaephyte 6 4 7 3 4 6 + Erica mackaiana Bab. . Ericaceae Chamaephyte 8 4 7 3 3 5 + Erica tetralix L. . Ericaceae Chamaephyte 8 4 7 3 3 5 + Erica umbellata L. . Ericaceae Chamaephyte 6 4 7 3 4 6 + Erica vagans L. . Ericaceae Chamaephyte 6 4 7 4 5 6 + Erigeron acris L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Erigeron alpinus L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Erinus alpinus L. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 3 4 5 + Eriophorum latifolium Hoppe . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 3 5 5 + Eriophorum vaginatum L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 2 3 5 + Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol. . Geraniaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Erodium carvifolium Boiss. & Reut. . Geraniaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Erodium ciconium (L.) L'Hér. . Geraniaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. . Geraniaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Erodium daucoides Boiss. . Geraniaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Erodium glandulosum (Cav.) Willd. . Geraniaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Erodium malacoides (L.) L'Hér. . Geraniaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Hér. . Geraniaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 7 + . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Erucastrum nasturtiifolium subsp. nasturtiifolium (Poir.) O.E.Schulz Erucastrum nasturtiifolium subsp. sudrei Vivant . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Eryngium bourgatii Gouan . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 4 6 5 + Eryngium campestre L. . Apiaceae Geophyte 5 5 8 4 6 6 + + Endem 28 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T Endem + Eryngium duriaei J.Gay ex Boiss. . Apiaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 3 4 4 CM+ML + Eryngium tenue Lam. . Apiaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 4 5 7 + Erysimum cheiranthoides L. . Brassicaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Erysimum duriaei Boiss. . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 4 7 6 + Erysimum gorbeanum Polatschek . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 4 7 6 + Erysimum linifolium (Pers.) J.Gay . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Erythronium dens-canis L. . Liliaceae Geophyte 7 4 5 4 4 5 + Euonymus europaeus L. . Celastraceae Phanerophyte 7 4 6 5 6 6 + Eupatorium cannabinum L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 5 6 6 + Euphorbia amygdaloides L. . Euphorbiaceae Chamaephyte 7 4 5 5 5 6 + Euphorbia angulata Jacq. . Euphorbiaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Euphorbia chamaesyce L. . Euphorbiaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Euphorbia dulcis L. . Euphorbiaceae Geophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Euphorbia esula L. . Euphorbiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 4 5 5 + Euphorbia exigua subsp. exigua L. . Euphorbiaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 6 7 + Euphorbia exigua subsp. merinoi M. Laínz . Euphorbiaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 6 7 + Euphorbia falcata L. . Euphorbiaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Euphorbia flavicoma subsp. occidentalis M. Laínz . Euphorbiaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 4 7 6 + Euphorbia helioscopia L. . Euphorbiaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Euphorbia hyberna L. . Euphorbiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Euphorbia minuta Loscos & J.Pardo . Euphorbiaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Euphorbia nevadensis subsp. nevadensis Boiss. & Reut. . Euphorbiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Euphorbia nicaeensis All. ? Euphorbiaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Euphorbia peplus L. . Euphorbiaceae Therophyte 6 4 7 6 6 6 + Euphorbia polygalifolia subsp. hirta (Lange) M.Laínz . Euphorbiaceae Chamaephyte 6 4 7 3 4 5 + . Euphorbiaceae Chamaephyte 6 4 7 3 4 5 + Euphorbia polygalifolia subsp. polygalifolia Boiss. & Reut. Euphorbia pyrenaica Jord. . Euphorbiaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Euphorbia serrata L. . Euphorbiaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 6 7 7 + Euphorbia sulcata Lens ex Loisel. . Euphorbiaceae Therophyte . . . . . . - . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 3 6 5 + Euphrasia alpina subsp. cantabrica (Font Quer & Rothm.) G. Monts. Euphrasia hirtella Jord. ex Reut. . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 7 5 7 4 5 5 + Euphrasia minima Schloss. . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 6 5 8 3 4 4 + Euphrasia nemorosa Wettst. . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 5 4 8 4 6 6 + Euphrasia pectinata Ten. . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 + Euphrasia rostkoviana subsp. montana (Jord.) Wettst. . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Euphrasia salisburgensis Funck ex Hoppe . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Euphrasia stricta D. Wolff . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Fagus sylvatica L. . Fagaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Ferulago capillifolia (Link) Franco . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Festuca ampla Hack. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 4 7 4 6 6 + Festuca braun-blanquetii (Fuente & al.) Rivas-Mart. & al. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 5 4 5 5 + Festuca burnatii St.-Yves . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 4 - Festuca devesae Mart.-Sagarra ? Poaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . - . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 + Festuca durandoi subsp. fontqueri (Rivas Ponce & Cebolla) Llamas; Acedo; Penas & Perez Morales Festuca durandoi subsp. livida (Hack.) Rivas Ponce & Cebolla Festuca elegans subsp. merinoi (Pau) Fuente & Ortúñez . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Festuca eskia Ramond ex DC. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 4 4 + Festuca gautieri (Hack.) K.Richt. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Festuca glacialis (Miégev ex Hack.) K.Richt. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 3 - CM+PY CM+PY CM+ML CM+PY CM+PY CM+PY Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 29 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Festuca heteromalla Pourr. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 5 + Festuca heterophylla Lam. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 5 4 5 5 + Festuca hystrix Boiss. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 5 + Festuca iberica (Hack.) K.Richt. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 4 4 + Festuca indigesta Boiss. ? Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 4 4 + Festuca lambinonii Kerguélen . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Festuca lemanii T.Bastard . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Festuca marginata subsp. gallica (Charrel) Breistr. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 5 + Festuca microphylla (St.-Yves) Patzke . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 5 5 + Festuca nigrescens Lam. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 5 5 - Festuca paniculata subsp. longiglumis (Litard.) Kerguélen Festuca paniculata subsp. macrostachys Llamas; Acedo; Penas & Pérez Morales Festuca paniculata subsp. multispiculata Cebolla & Rivas Ponce Festuca picoeuropeana Nava . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 5 + Festuca rectifolia (Fuente & Ortúñez) Cebolla & Rivas Ponce Festuca rivas-martinezii Fuente & Ortúñez . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 5 + Festuca rivularis Boiss. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 4 4 5 + Festuca rothmaleri (Litard.) Markgr.-Dann. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 4 4 5 + Festuca rubra L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 4 6 6 - Festuca spadicea (L.) G. H. Loos . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 + Festuca summilusitana Franco & Rocha Afonso . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 3 3 4 + Festuca trichophylla (Gaudin) K. Richt. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 6 6 + Ficaria verna Huds. . Ranunculaceae Geophyte 7 4 6 5 6 6 + Ficus carica L. ? Moraceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 6 6 6 + Filago arvensis L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 7 + Filago carpetana (Lange) Chrtek & Holub . Asteraceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 5 7 + Filago gallica (L.) L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 5 7 + Filago lutescens Jord. . Asteraceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 5 6 + Filago minima (Sm.) Pers. . Asteraceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Filago pyramidata L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 4 8 6 6 7 + Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 6 5 6 5 + Filipendula vulgaris Moench . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Foeniculum vulgare Mill. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 7 + Fragaria vesca L. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 5 + Frangula alnus Mill. . Rhamnaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 6 4 5 6 + Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl . Oleaceae Phanerophyte 8 4 6 5 6 6 + Fraxinus excelsior L. . Oleaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 6 5 6 6 + Fritillaria legionensis Llamas & J.Andrés . Liliaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Fritillaria pyrenaica L. . Liliaceae Geophyte 6 5 6 4 5 5 + Fumana ericifolia Wallr. . Cistaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 4 7 7 + Fumana procumbens (Dunal) Gren. & Godr. . Cistaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Fumaria capreolata L. . Papaveraceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Fumaria muralis Sond. ex W.D.J.Koch . Papaveraceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Fumaria officinalis subsp. officinalis L. . Papaveraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Fumaria officinalis subsp. wirtgenii (Koch) Arcang. . Papaveraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Fumaria parviflora Lam. . Papaveraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 7 6 + Fumaria reuteri Boiss. . Papaveraceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Fumaria vaillantii Loisel. . Papaveraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 7 7 - Gagea bohemica (Zauschn.) Schult. & Schult.f. . Liliaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + + Endem CM CM 30 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Gagea liotardii (Sternb.) Schult. & Schult.f. . Liliaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Gagea lutea (L.) Ker Gawl. . Liliaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Gagea pratensis (Pers.) Dumort. . Liliaceae Geophyte . . . . . . - Gagea reverchonii Degen. . Liliaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Gagea soleirolii F.W.Schultz . Liliaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Gagea villosa (M.Bieb.) Sweet . Liliaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Galactites tomentosus Moench . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 7 + Galatella aragonensis (Asso) Nees . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 6 6 + Galatella linosyris (L.) Rchb.f. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 4 7 6 + Galatella sedifolia (L.) Greuter . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Galeopsis angustifolia subsp. angustifolia Ehrh. ex Hoffm. . Lamiaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 6 6 + Galeopsis angustifolia subsp. carpetana (Willk.) Laínz . Lamiaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 6 6 + Galeopsis ladanum L. . Lamiaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 6 6 + Galeopsis tetrahit L. . Lamiaceae Therophyte 7 5 6 5 6 5 + Galium album Mill. . Rubiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 7 6 + Galium aparine L. . Rubiaceae Therophyte 6 5 6 6 6 6 + Galium boreale L. . Rubiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 3 4 6 - Galium estebanii Sennen ? Rubiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 5 + Galium glaucum subsp. australe Franco ? Rubiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Galium lucidum subsp. lucidum All. ? Rubiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Galium mollugo L. . Rubiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Galium murale (L.) All. . Rubiaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. . Rubiaceae Geophyte 7 5 5 5 5 5 + Galium palustre L. . Rubiaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 5 6 6 + Galium parisiense L. . Rubiaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 4 7 + . Rubiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 6 4 + Galium pumilum subsp. marchandii (Roem. & Schult.) O. Bolòs & Vigo Galium pumilum subsp. papillosum (Lapeyr.) O. Bolòs . Rubiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 4 6 5 + Galium pumilum subsp. pinetorum (Ehrend.) Vigo . Rubiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 5 + Galium pyrenaicum Gouan . Rubiaceae Chamaephyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Galium rotundifolium L. . Rubiaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 5 5 5 5 + Galium saxatile L. . Rubiaceae Chamaephyte 7 4 7 3 4 5 + Galium spurium L. . Rubiaceae Therophyte 6 5 6 4 6 6 + Galium tricornutum Dandy . Rubiaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 7 7 + Galium verticillatum Danthoine ex Lam. . Rubiaceae Therophyte 3 6 8 3 7 6 + Galium verum L. . Rubiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Gastridium ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz & Thell. . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 4 6 7 + Gaudinia fragilis (L.) P.Beauv. . Poaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Genista anglica L. . Fabaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 7 3 4 6 + Genista carpetana Lange . Fabaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Genista falcata Brot. . Fabaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Genista florida subsp. polygaliphylla (Brot.) Cout. . Fabaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 4 4 5 + Genista hispanica subsp. occidentalis Rouy . Fabaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Genista hystrix Lange . Fabaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 8 3 6 6 - Genista legionensis (Pau) M. Laínz . Fabaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 6 6 + Genista micrantha Ortega . Fabaceae Chamaephyte 7 4 7 3 4 6 + Genista obtusiramea Spach . Fabaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 7 3 4 5 + Genista pilosa L. . Fabaceae Chamaephyte 6 4 7 3 3 5 + Genista sagittalis L. . Fabaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Genista sanabrensis Valdes Brem. & al. . Fabaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Genista scorpius (L.) DC. . Fabaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 8 3 7 6 + Genista tridentata subsp. cantabrica (Spach) Nyman . Fabaceae Chamaephyte 5 4 7 3 3 6 Endem CM+PY CM CM+ML Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 31 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Gentiana lutea subsp. aurantiaca M. Laínz . Gentianaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 4 4 + Gentiana lutea subsp. lutea L. . Gentianaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 4 4 + Gentiana nivalis L. . Gentianaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Gentiana occidentalis Jakow. . Gentianaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 7 4 + Gentiana pneumonanthe L. . Gentianaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 3 4 5 + Gentiana verna L. . Gentianaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Gentianella campestris (L.) Börner . Gentianaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 6 4 + Gentianella ciliata (L.) Borkh. . Gentianaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 4 6 5 + Geranium columbinum L. . Geraniaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Geranium dissectum L. . Geraniaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Geranium lucidum L. . Geraniaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Geranium molle L. . Geraniaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Geranium pratense L. . Geraniaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Geranium purpureum Vill. . Geraniaceae Therophyte 6 4 6 5 6 6 + Geranium pusillum L. . Geraniaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Geranium pyrenaicum subsp. lusitanicum (Samp.) S. Ortiz. . Geraniaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Geranium pyrenaicum subsp. pyrenaicum Burm.f. . Geraniaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Geranium robertianum L. . Geraniaceae Therophyte 7 4 6 5 6 6 + Geranium rotundifolium L. . Geraniaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Geranium sanguineum L. . Geraniaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Geranium subargenteum Lange . Geraniaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 4 4 + Geranium sylvaticum L. . Geraniaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 5 6 5 + Geum hispidum Fr. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Geum montanum L. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Geum pyrenaicum Mill. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 8 4 6 4 + Geum rivale L. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 5 6 5 + Geum sylvaticum Pourr. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Geum urbanum L. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 6 5 6 6 + Gladiolus gallaecicus Pau ex J.-M. Tison & Girod . Iridaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Glandora diffusa (Lag.) D.C.Thomas . Boraginaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Glandora prostrata (Loisel.) D.C.Thomas . Boraginaceae Chamaephyte 6 4 7 3 4 6 + Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach . Asteraceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. . Asteraceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 5 6 + Glechoma hederacea L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 6 5 6 6 + Globularia nudicaulis L. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Globularia repens Lam. . Plantaginaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 4 + Globularia vulgaris L. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Glyceria declinata Bréb. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 6 6 5 + Glyceria fluitans (L.) R.Br. . Poaceae Hydrophyte 9 5 7 5 5 5 + Glyceria notata Chevall. . Poaceae Hydrophyte 9 4 7 5 5 5 + Gnaphalium hoppeanum W.D.J.Koch . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Gnaphalium norvegicum Gunnerus . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Gnaphalium supinum L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Gnaphalium sylvaticum L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 + Gnaphalium uliginosum L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 7 4 7 6 6 6 + Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr. . Potamogetonaceae Hydrophyte 11 5 7 6 6 5 + Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R.Br. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 7 5 7 4 6 5 + . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Gymnadenia gabasiana (Teppner & E. Klein) Teppner & E. Klein Gymnadenia odoratissima (L.) Rich. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 8 5 7 4 6 5 + Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman . Cystopteridaceae Geophyte 7 5 5 5 5 5 + Gymnocarpium robertianum (Hoffm.) Newman . Cystopteridaceae Geophyte 6 5 6 4 6 5 Endem CM+PY CM CM+PY CM+ML CM+PY 32 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Gypsophila repens L. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Hainardia cylindrica (Willd.) Greuter . Poaceae Therophyte 6 4 8 6 6 7 + Hedera helix L. ? Araliaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 6 5 5 6 + Hedera hibernica (G.Kirchn.) Carrière . Araliaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Helianthemum aegyptiacum (L.) Mill. . Cistaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + . Cistaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 . Cistaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 . Cistaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Helianthemum apenninum subsp. cantabricum (M. Laínz) G. López Helianthemum apenninum subsp. stoechadifolium (Brot.) Samp. Helianthemum apenninum subsp. urrielense (M. Laínz) G. López Helianthemum canum (L.) Baumg. . Cistaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Helianthemum ledifolium (L.) Mill. . Cistaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. . Cistaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Mill. . Cistaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 6 7 - Helianthemum tinetense Mayor & Fern. Benito . Cistaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench . Asteraceae Chamaephyte 5 4 8 4 6 7 + Helictochloa bromoides subsp. bromoides (Gouan) Romero Zarco Helictochloa marginata (Lowe) Romero Zarco . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Helictochloa pratensis subsp. iberica (St.-Yves) Romero Zarco Helictochloa pratensis subsp. pratensis (L.) Romero Zarco Helictotrichon cantabricum (Lag.) Gervais . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Helictotrichon sedenense (DC.) Holub . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Heliotropium europaeum L. . Boraginaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 7 7 + Helleborus foetidus L. . Ranunculaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Helleborus viridis subsp. occidentalis (Reut.) Schiffn. . Ranunculaceae Geophyte 6 5 5 5 6 5 + Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub . Asteraceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Helosciadium nodiflorum (L.) W. D. J. Koch . Apiaceae Helophyte 9 5 7 6 6 6 + Helosciadium repens (Jacq.) W. D. J. Koch . Apiaceae Helophyte 8 5 7 4 6 5 + Hepatica nobilis Mill. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 5 + . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 6 5 6 5 + Heracleum sphondylium subsp. pyrenaicum (Lam.) Bonnier & Layens Herniaria glabra L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 3 5 5 + Herniaria hirsuta L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 5 6 + Herniaria latifolia Lapeyr. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 4 5 6 + Herniaria scabrida Boiss. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 4 4 8 3 4 7 + Hesperis matronalis L. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 6 6 6 + + + + + Endem CM CM + Hieracium alatum Loapeyr. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Hieracium amplexicaule L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Hieracium arragonense Scheele . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Hieracium bifidum Ser. ex Froel. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Hieracium bombycinum Boiss. & Reut. ex Rchb.f. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 5 CM+PY CM+PY + Hieracium cerinthoides L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Hieracium glaucinum Jord. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 6 5 + Hieracium gymnocerinthe Arv.-Touv. & Gaut. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . - Hieracium incisoides Arv.-Touv. & Gaut. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Hieracium lachenalii subsp. lachenalii Suter . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Hieracium laevigatum Froel. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 4 4 5 + Hieracium lainzii de Retz . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 9 3 7 4 + Hieracium mixtum Lapeyr. ex Froel. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Hieracium murorum C.B.Clarke . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 5 5 5 5 CM+PY CM Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 33 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Hieracium nobile Gren. & Godr. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 3 6 8 3 7 6 - Hieracium ocenicum Mateo . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Hieracium planchonianum Timb.-Lagr. & Loret . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Hieracium prenanthoides Vill. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Hieracium pseudocerinthe (Gaudin) W.D.J.Koch . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . - Hieracium pulmonarioides Vill. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Hieracium racemosum Willd. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Hieracium ramondii Griseb. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Hieracium sabaudum L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 4 4 6 + Hieracium saliencianum de Retz . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Hieracium saxifragum Fr. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Hieracium schmidtii Tausch . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 3 6 5 + Hieracium umbellatum L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Hieracium umbrosum Jord. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 4 4 5 - Hieracium vestitum Gren. & Godr. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Himantoglossum hircinum (L.) Spreng. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Himantoglossum robertianum (Loisel.) P.Delforge . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Hippocrepis commutata Pau . Fabaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Hippocrepis comosa L. . Fabaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Foss. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 7 + Hispidella hispanica Lam. ? Asteraceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Holcus gayanus Boiss. . Poaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 4 7 + Holcus lanatus L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 5 6 6 + Holcus mollis L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 6 4 5 6 + Holosteum umbellatum L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 5 6 6 + Homogyne alpina (L.) Cass. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 3 3 5 + Hordelymus europaeus (L.) Jess. ex Harz . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 5 5 5 + Hordeum geniculatum All. . Poaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Hordeum marinum subsp. murinum Huds. . Poaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum (Link) Arcang. . Poaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Hordeum murinum subsp. murinum L. . Poaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Hordeum secalinum Schreb. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 5 6 6 + Hormathophylla spinosa (L.) P. Küpfer . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 4 7 5 + Horminum pyrenaicum L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 7 4 + Hornungia alpina subsp. alpina (L.) O. Appel . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Hornungia alpina subsp. auerswaldii (Willk.) O.Appel . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Hornungia pauciflora (Koch) Soldano & al. . Brassicaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Hornungia petraea (L.) Rchb. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 6 7 + Humulus lupulus L. . Cannabaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 6 6 6 + Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart. . Lycopodiaceae Chamaephyte 7 4 7 3 4 5 + Hyacinthoides hispanica (Mill.) Rothm. . Asparagaceae Geophyte 6 4 7 4 5 6 + Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex Rothm. . Asparagaceae Geophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. . Araliaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 4 5 6 + Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H. Ohba . Crassulaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 5 6 5 + Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (L.) Sm. . Hymenophyllaceae Geophyte 7 4 5 5 5 6 + Hyoscyamus niger L. . Solanaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 7 7 6 + Hypecoum imberbe Sm. . Papaveraceae Therophyte 6 5 8 6 7 7 + Hypericum androsaemum L. . Hypericaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 5 5 5 6 + Hypericum elodes L. . Hypericaceae Hemicryptophyte 10 4 7 3 4 5 + Hypericum hirsutum L. . Hypericaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 6 5 6 6 5 Endem CM+PY CM CM+PY 34 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Hypericum humifusum L. . Hypericaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 4 4 6 + Hypericum hyssopifolium Chaix ? Hypericaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 7 6 + Hypericum linariifolium Vahl . Hypericaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 5 6 + Hypericum montanum L. . Hypericaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Hypericum nummularium L. . Hypericaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 7 4 7 4 + Hypericum perforatum subsp. perforatum L. . Hypericaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + . Hypericaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Hypericum perforatum subsp. veronense (Schrank) H. Lindb. Hypericum pulchrum L. . Hypericaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Hypericum richeri subsp. burseri (DC.) Nyman . Hypericaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 4 4 + Hypericum tetrapterum Fr. . Hypericaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 5 5 6 + Hypericum undulatum Schousb. ex Willd. . Hypericaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 5 5 5 + Hypochaeris glabra L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 5 7 + Hypochaeris maculata L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Hypochaeris radicata L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 5 5 6 + Hypopitys monotropa Crantz . Ericaceae Geophyte 6 5 5 4 5 5 + Hyssopus officinalis L. . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Iberis carnosa Willd. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 4 6 8 3 7 4 + Ilex aquifolium L. . Aquifoliaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Inula conyzae (Griess.) DC. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Inula helenioides DC. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Inula langeana Beck . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Inula montana L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 4 6 6 + Inula salicina L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 6 + Ionopsidium abulense (Pau) Rothm. . Brassicaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Iris boissieri Henriq. . Iridaceae Geophyte 5 4 8 2 3 6 + Iris foetidissima L. . Iridaceae Geophyte 7 4 6 5 6 6 + Iris latifolia (Mill.) Voss . Iridaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Iris pseudacorus L. . Iridaceae Helophyte 9 4 6 6 6 6 + Isatis tinctoria L. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 6 7 6 + . Isoetaceae Geophyte 11 5 7 4 4 5 + Isoetes velata subsp. asturicensis (M. Laínz) Rivas Mart. & Prada Isolepis cernua (Vahl) Roem. & Schult. . Cyperaceae Therophyte 9 4 7 4 5 6 + Isolepis fluitans (L.) R.Br. . Cyperaceae Hydrophyte 9 4 7 4 5 5 + Isolepis setacea (L.) R.Br. . Cyperaceae Therophyte 9 4 7 4 5 5 + Jacobaea adonidifolia (Loisel.) Pelser & Veldkamp . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 5 + Jacobaea aquatica (Hill) "G.Gaertn.; B.Mey. & Scherb." . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 5 6 5 + Jacobaea boissieri (DC.) Pelser . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Jacobaea erratica (Bertol.) Fourr. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 4 5 5 + Jacobaea erucifolia (L.) G. Gaertn. & al. . Asteraceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Jacobaea minuta (Cav.) Pelser & Veldkamp . Asteraceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 6 7 + Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Jasione cavanillesii C.Vicioso . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 3 + Jasione crispa (Pourr.) Samp. . Campanulaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 2 4 3 + Jasione laevis Lam. . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 4 4 + Jasione montana L. . Campanulaceae Therophyte 5 4 7 4 4 6 + Jasminum fruticans L. . Oleaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 7 4 6 7 + Jasonia tuberosa (L.) DC. . Asteraceae Geophyte 5 5 8 4 7 6 + Juncus acutiflorus Ehrh. ex Hoffm. . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 4 5 5 + Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 3 5 5 + Juncus articulatus L. . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 4 5 5 + Juncus balticus subsp. cantabricus (T. E. Díaz; Fern.Carv. & Fern. Prieto) Snogerup . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 3 5 4 Endem CM+PY CM CM Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 35 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Juncus bufonius L. . Juncaceae Therophyte 7 5 7 5 5 6 + Juncus bulbosus L. . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 3 4 5 + Juncus capitatus Weigel . Juncaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 4 7 + Juncus compressus Jacq. . Juncaceae Geophyte 10 4 7 5 6 6 + Juncus conglomeratus L. . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 5 5 6 + Juncus effusus L. . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 4 5 5 + Juncus filiformis L. . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Juncus fontanesii subsp. fontanesii J.Gay ex Laharpe . Juncaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Juncus heterophyllus Dufour . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 6 5 5 5 + Juncus hybridus Brot. ? Juncaceae Therophyte 10 4 8 5 6 6 + Juncus inflexus L. . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 5 6 6 + Juncus minutulus (Albert & Jahand.) Prain . Juncaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Juncus pygmaeus Rich. ex Thuill. . Juncaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 5 5 6 + Juncus squarrosus L. . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 3 3 5 + Juncus subnodulosus Schrank . Juncaceae Geophyte 8 5 7 6 6 6 + Juncus tenageia Ehrh. ex L.f. . Juncaceae Therophyte 8 4 7 5 5 5 + Juncus trifidus L. . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 2 4 3 + Juniperus communis subsp. communis L. . Cupressaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 7 3 6 5 + . Cupressaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 7 3 6 5 + Juniperus communis subsp. hemisphaerica (C. Presl) Nyman Juniperus communis subsp. nana Syme . Cupressaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 7 3 6 5 + Juniperus oxycedrus L. . Cupressaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 7 4 6 7 + Juniperus sabina L. . Cupressaceae Phanerophyte 4 5 8 3 7 5 + Juniperus thurifera L. . Cupressaceae Phanerophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Jurinea humilis (Desf.) DC. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Kernera saxatilis (L.) Sweet . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 8 5 + Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Kickxia spuria subsp. integrifolia (Brot.) R.Fern. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 7 5 7 7 6 6 + Klasea nudicaulis (L.) Fourr. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 4 6 8 3 7 5 + Klasea pinnatifida (Cav.) Talavera . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . - Knautia legionensis (Lag.) DC. . Caprifoliaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 5 + Knautia nevadensis (Briq.) Szabó . Caprifoliaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Knautia subscaposa Boiss. & Reut. . Caprifoliaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 5 5 5 + Kobresia myosuroides (Vill.) Fiori . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 3 + Koeleria crassipes Lange . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 6 6 + Koeleria pyramidata (Lam.) P.Beauv. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Koeleria vallesiana (Honck.) Gaudin . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Lactuca muralis (L.) Fresen. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 6 5 + Lactuca perennis L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Lactuca plumieri (L.) Gren. & Godr. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 5 5 5 + Lactuca saligna L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 8 6 6 7 + Lactuca serriola L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Lactuca tenerrima Pourr. . Asteraceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 5 7 7 + Lactuca viminea subsp. chondrilliflora (Boreau) St.-Lag. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 5 7 6 + Lactuca virosa Habl. . Asteraceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 7 6 + Lamium album L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Lamium amplexicaule L. . Lamiaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Lamium galeobdolon subsp. montanum (Pers.) Hayek . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 7 4 5 5 6 6 + Lamium maculatum (L.) L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 5 6 6 + Lamium purpureum L. . Lamiaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Laphangium luteoalbum (L.) Tzvelev . Asteraceae Therophyte 8 5 7 5 6 6 + Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. . Boraginaceae Therophyte . . . . . . Endem 36 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Lapsana communis L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Laserpitium eliasii Sennen & Pau . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 5 + Laserpitium gallicum L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Laserpitium latifolium subsp. latifolium L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 5 + Laserpitium latifolium subsp. merinoi P. Monts. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 5 + Laserpitium nestleri subsp. flabellatum P. Monts. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 6 5 + Laserpitium nestleri subsp. lainzii P. Monts. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 6 5 + Laserpitium nestleri subsp. nestleri Soy.-Will. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 6 5 + Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 3 4 6 + Laserpitium prutenicum subsp. dufourianum (Rouy & E. . G. Camus) Braun-Blanq. Laserpitium siler L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 5 + Lathraea clandestina L. . Orobanchaceae Geophyte 8 4 5 5 6 5 + Lathraea squamaria L. . Orobanchaceae Geophyte 8 5 6 6 6 5 + Lathyrus angulatus L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 5 5 7 + Lathyrus aphaca L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Lathyrus bauhinii P.A.Genty . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Lathyrus cicera L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 6 7 7 + Lathyrus filiformis (Lam.) Gay . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 7 6 + Lathyrus hirsutus L. . Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Lathyrus laevigatus subsp. occidentalis (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Breistr. Lathyrus latifolius L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Lathyrus linifolius (Reichard) Bassler . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Lathyrus niger (L.) Bernh. . Fabaceae Geophyte 6 5 6 5 5 5 + Lathyrus nissolia L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 7 4 7 5 6 6 + Lathyrus palustris subsp. nudicaulis (Willk.) P. W. Ball . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 5 + Lathyrus pannonicus subsp. hispanicus (Lacaita) Bassler . Fabaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Lathyrus pratensis L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 5 6 5 + Lathyrus setifolius L. . Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Lathyrus sphaericus Retz. . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 4 5 7 + Lathyrus sylvestris L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Lathyrus tuberosus L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 4 6 6 + Laurus nobilis L. . Lauraceae Phanerophyte 7 4 6 5 5 6 + . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 5 4 7 3 5 7 + Lavandula pedunculata subsp. sampaiana (Rozeira) Franco Legousia hybrida (L.) Delarbre . Campanulaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Legousia scabra (Lowe) Gamisans . Campanulaceae Therophyte 5 4 7 4 5 6 + Lemna gibba L. . Araceae Hydrophyte 10 4 8 5 6 6 + Lemna minor L. . Araceae Hydrophyte 11 5 7 6 6 6 + Lens nigricans (M.Bieb.) Godr. . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Leontodon bourgaeanus Willk. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Leontodon farinosus Merino & Pau . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Leontodon hispidus L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Leontodon saxatilis subsp. rothii Maire . Asteraceae Therophyte 6 4 7 4 5 6 + Leontodon saxatilis subsp. saxatilis Lam. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 4 5 6 + Leontodon tuberosus L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 4 5 7 + Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. . Asparagaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Lepidium campestre (L.) R.Br. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Lepidium coronopus (L.) Al-Shehbaz . Brassicaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Lepidium draba L. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 6 7 6 + Lepidium heterophyllum Benth. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Lepidium hirtum (L.) Sm. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . Endem CM CM CM+ML Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 37 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Lepidium ruderale L. . Brassicaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Lepidium villarsii Gren. & Godr. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . - Leucanthemopsis cuneata subsp. valdes-bermejoi Pedrol . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . - Leucanthemopsis flaveola subsp. ricoi Pedrol . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 3 5 + . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 4 7 6 . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 4 6 6 . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 4 6 6 + Leucanthemum gaudinii subsp. cantabricum (Font Quer & Guinea) Vogt Leucanthemum ircutianum subsp. cantabricum (Sennen) Vogt Leucanthemum ircutianum subsp. pseudosylvaticum (Turcz.) Turcz. ex DC. Leucanthemum maximum (Ramond) DC. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Leucanthemum pallens DC. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 7 6 + . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Leucanthemum vulgare subsp. eliasii (Sennen & Pau) Sennen & Pau Ligusticum lucidum Mill. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Ligustrum vulgare L. . Oleaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Lilium martagon L. . Liliaceae Geophyte 7 5 5 5 5 5 + Lilium pyrenaicum Gouan . Liliaceae Geophyte 6 4 6 5 6 6 + Limodorum abortivum (L.) Sw. . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Limodorum trabutianum Batt. . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Limosella aquatica L. . Scrophulariaceae Therophyte 8 4 7 4 6 5 + Linaria aeruginea (Gouan) Cav. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Linaria alpina (L.) Mill. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 6 8 3 7 4 + Linaria amethystea (Vent.) Hoffmanns. & Link . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Linaria arvensis (L.) Desf. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Linaria badalii Willk. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Linaria caesia (Lag. ex Pers.) DC. ex Chav. ? Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 4 8 4 4 7 + Linaria elegans Cav. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 5 6 + Linaria faucicola Leresche & Levier . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + + + Linaria filicaulis Leresche & Levier . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 6 8 3 7 4 + Linaria micrantha (Cav.) Hoffmanns. & Link . Plantaginaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Linaria propinqua Boiss. & Reut. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 7 6 + Linaria saxatilis (L.) Chaz. . Plantaginaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 4 5 + Linaria simplex Desf. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 7 7 + Linaria spartea (L.) Willd. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 5 6 + Linaria supina (L.) Chaz. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 4 8 4 6 6 + Linaria triornithophora (L.) Willd. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Linum alpinum Jacq. . Linaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Linum appressum subsp. appressum Caball. . Linaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 7 6 + . Linaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 7 6 + Linum appressum subsp. commutatum Mart. Labarga & Muñoz Garm. Linum bienne Mill. . Linaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Linum catharticum L. . Linaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Linaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 7 6 + Linum narbonense subsp. barrasii (Pau) Mart. Labarga & . Muñoz Garm. Linum strictum L. . Linaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 7 7 + Linum trigynum L. . Linaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 6 7 + Linum viscosum L. . Linaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 4 6 6 + Lipandra polysperma (L.) S. Fuentes & al. . Amaranthaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Lithospermum officinale L. . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 6 6 6 + Lobelia urens L. . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 3 4 6 + Lolium perenne L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Lolium rigidum Gaudin . Poaceae Therophyte 5 4 8 5 6 7 + Lomelosia stellata (L.) Raf. . Caprifoliaceae Therophyte . . . . . . Endem CM+PY CM CM+ML 38 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Lonicera etrusca Santi . Caprifoliaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 7 4 6 7 + . Caprifoliaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 6 5 5 6 + Lonicera periclymenum subsp. hispanica (Boiss. & Reut.) Nyman Lonicera periclymenum subsp. periclymenum L. . Caprifoliaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 6 5 5 6 + Lonicera xylosteum L. . Caprifoliaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 6 5 + Lotus alpinus (DC.) Ramond . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 5 4 + Lotus corniculatus L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Lotus glareosus Boiss. & Reut. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 4 8 3 4 7 + Lotus hispidus DC. . Fabaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 4 6 + Lotus maritimus L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 6 + Lotus parviflorus Desf. . Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Lotus pedunculatus Cav. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 5 5 5 + Lotus tenuis Willd. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 5 6 6 + Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott . Onagraceae Helophyte . . . . . . + Lupinus angustifolius L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 5 7 + Luzula caespitosa (E. Mey.) Steud. . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 4 4 + Luzula campestris (L.) DC. . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 4 5 5 + Luzula congesta (Thuill.) Lej. . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 3 4 5 + Luzula desvauxii Kunth . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 5 4 5 6 + Luzula lactea (Link) E.Mey. . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 4 5 - . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 4 4 5 + Luzula multiflora subsp. carpetana Nava & Fernández Prieto Luzula pediformis (Chaix) DC. . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 5 4 + Luzula spicata (L.) DC. . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Luzula sylvatica subsp. henriquesii (Degen) Pirajá . Juncaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub . Lycopodiaceae Hemicryptophyte 10 4 8 2 3 5 + Lycopodium alpinum L. . Lycopodiaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Lycopodium clavatum L. . Lycopodiaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 6 3 3 5 + Lycopsis arvensis L. . Boraginaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Lycopus europaeus L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 6 6 6 6 + Lysimachia ephemerum L. ? Primulaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Lysimachia nemorum L. . Primulaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Lysimachia vulgaris L. . Primulaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 6 6 6 + Lythrum hyssopifolia L. . Lythraceae Therophyte 8 4 7 5 6 6 + Lythrum junceum Banks & Sol. . Lythraceae Chamaephyte 8 4 7 5 6 6 + Lythrum portula (L.) D.A.Webb . Lythraceae Therophyte 9 5 8 5 6 5 + Lythrum salicaria L. . Lythraceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 6 6 6 + Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 5 6 + Malva moschata L. . Malvaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Malva multiflora (Cav.) Soldano; Banfi & Galasso ? Malvaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Malva neglecta Wallr. . Malvaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Malva parviflora L. . Malvaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 7 6 6 + Malva sylvestris L. . Malvaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Malva tournefortiana L. . Malvaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 6 7 6 + Mantisalca salmantica (L.) Briq. & Cavill. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 7 6 + Margotia gummifera (Desf.) Lange . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 4 5 6 + Marrubium vulgare L. . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 6 7 6 + Matthiola fruticulosa (L.) Maire . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 7 5 + Matthiola perennis Conti . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 7 5 + Meconopsis cambrica (L.) Vig. . Papaveraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 6 5 + Medicago arabica (L.) Huds. . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 Endem CM+ML Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 39 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Medicago lupulina L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Medicago minima (L.) L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 6 7 + Medicago monspeliaca (L.) Trautv. . Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartal. . Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Medicago polymorpha L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Medicago rigidula (L.) All. . Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Medicago suffruticosa DC. . Fabaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Melampyrum pratense L. . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 6 4 6 4 5 5 + Melica ciliata subsp. ciliata L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 4 7 6 + Melica ciliata subsp. magnolii (Gren. & Godr.) K. Richt. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 4 7 6 + Melica uniflora Retz. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 5 6 5 + Melilotus albus Medik . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 4 8 6 6 6 + Melilotus indicus (L.) All. . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 5 8 6 7 7 + Melilotus neapolitanus Ten. . Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 8 6 6 7 + Melittis melissophyllum L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 5 6 6 + Mentha aquatica L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 5 6 6 + Mentha arvensis L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 5 6 5 + Mentha cervina L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Mentha longifolia (L.) L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 5 6 5 + Mentha pulegium L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 5 5 6 + Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 6 6 6 + Menyanthes trifoliata L. . Menyanthaceae Helophyte 10 4 7 3 5 5 + Mercurialis annua L. . Euphorbiaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Mercurialis perennis L. . Euphorbiaceae Geophyte 7 4 5 5 6 5 + Mercurialis tomentosa L. ? Euphorbiaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Meum athamanticum Jacq. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 4 4 + Mibora minima (L.) Desv. . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 5 7 + Micropyrum patens (Brot.) Rothm. ex Pilg. . Poaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Micropyrum tenellum (L.) Link . Poaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 4 7 + Microrrhinum minus (L.) Fourr. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Milium effusum L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Minuartia hamata (Hausskn.) Mattf. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Minuartia hybrida subsp. hybrida (Vill.) Schischk. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 6 7 + Minuartia hybrida subsp. vaillantiana (DC.) Friedrich . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 6 7 + Minuartia recurva (All.) Schinz & Thell. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 5 6 8 2 4 3 + Minuartia rostrata (Pers.) Rchb. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 7 4 + Minuartia verna (L.) Hiern . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Minuartia villarii Chenevard . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Misopates orontium (L.) Raf. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Moehringia pentandra J.Gay . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 7 5 5 5 6 5 + Moenchia erecta (L.) P.Gaertn.; B.Mey. & Scherb. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 5 7 + Molineriella laevis (Brot.) Rouy . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 4 7 + Molinia arundinacea Schrank . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 3 4 5 + Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 3 4 5 + Montia arvensis Wallr. . Montiaceae Helophyte 9 5 7 5 5 5 + Montia fontana subsp. amporitana Sennen . Montiaceae Helophyte 9 5 7 5 5 5 + Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC. . Brassicaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Murbeckiella boryi (Boiss.) Rothm. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 6 8 3 4 4 + Muscari baeticum Blanca; Ruíz Rejón & Suár.-Sant. . Asparagaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten. . Asparagaceae Geophyte 4 5 8 4 7 6 Endem 40 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Myosotis alpestris subsp. alpestris F.W.Schmidt . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 4 + Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill . Boraginaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Myosotis balbisiana Jord. . Boraginaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Myosotis decumbens subsp. teresiana (Sennen) Grau . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Myosotis discolor subsp. discolor Pers. . Boraginaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Myosotis discolor subsp. dubia (Arrond.) Blaise . Boraginaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Myosotis laxa subsp. caespitosa (Schultz) Nordh. . Boraginaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Myosotis martini Sennen . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 5 5 6 + Myosotis persoonii Rouy . Boraginaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 2 4 7 + Myosotis ramosissima Rochel . Boraginaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Myosotis secunda A. Murray . Boraginaceae Therophyte 8 4 6 5 5 6 + Myosotis sicula Guss. . Boraginaceae Therophyte 8 5 7 5 5 5 Endem + Myosotis stolonifera (DC.) J.Gay ex Leresche & Levier . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte 10 4 7 4 5 5 + Myosotis stricta Link ex Roem. & Schult. . Boraginaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 7 7 6 + Myosurus minimus L. . Ranunculaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. . Haloragaceae Hydrophyte 12 5 7 5 6 5 + Myriophyllum spicatum L. . Haloragaceae Hydrophyte 10 4 7 5 6 6 + Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 5 6 5 + Narcissus asturiensis (Jord.) Pugsley . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte 7 4 6 4 5 5 + Narcissus nivalis Graells . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Narcissus poeticus L. ? Amaryllidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte 8 4 7 3 3 5 CM+ML . 7 5 6 5 5 5 CM . (Pugsley) Fern. Casas & Laínz Amaryllidaceae Geophyte + Narcissus primigenius (Fern.Suárez ex M.Laínz) Fern. Casas & Laínz Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. leonensis (Pugsley) Fern. Casas & Laínz Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. minor (L.) Baker Geophyte 7 5 6 5 5 5 + Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. nobilis (Haw.) A. Fern. . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte 7 5 6 5 5 5 + . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte 7 5 6 5 5 5 + Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. pallidiflorus (Pugsley) A. Fern. Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. pseudonarcissus L. . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte 7 5 6 5 5 5 + Narcissus triandrus L. . Amaryllidaceae Geophyte 6 4 6 4 4 6 + Nardus stricta L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 3 4 5 + Narthecium ossifragum (L.) Huds. . Nartheciaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 3 3 5 + Nasturtium microphyllum (Boenn. ex Rchb.) Rchb. . Brassicaceae Helophyte . . . . . . + + Nasturtium officinale R.Br. . Brassicaceae Helophyte 10 5 7 6 6 5 + Neatostema apulum (L.) I.M.Johnst. . Boraginaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Neoschischkinia truncatula subsp. durieui (Willk.) Valdés . & H. Scholz Neotinea maculata (Desf.) Stearn . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . . Orchidaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 5 6 5 + Neotinea ustulata (L.) R. M. Bateman; Pridgeon & M. W. Chase Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 6 4 5 5 6 5 + Neottia ovata (L.) Bluff & Fingerh. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 7 5 6 4 6 5 + + + Nepeta cantabrica Ubera & Valdés . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Nepeta cataria L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Nepeta nepetella subsp. aragonensis (Lam.) Nyman . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 6 8 3 8 7 + Nepeta tuberosa L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Neslia paniculata subsp. thracica (Velen.) Bornm. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 6 7 7 + Noccaea brachypetala (Jord.) F. K. Mey. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 + Noccaea caerulescens (J. Presl & C. Presl) F. K. Mey. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 + Noccaea perfoliata (L.) Al-Shehbaz . Brassicaceae Therophyte 6 5 6 5 5 6 + Noccaea stenoptera (Boiss. & Reut.) F. K. Mey. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Nuphar pumila (Timm) DC. . Nymphaeaceae Hydrophyte . . . . . . CM Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 41 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Ochlopoa annua (L.) H. Scholz . Poaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Ochlopoa infirma (Kunth) H. Scholz . Poaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Ochlopoa supina (Schrad.) H. Scholz & Valdés . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Odontarrhena serpyllifolia (Desf.) Jord. & Fourr. . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Odontites longiflora (Vahl) Webb . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Odontites tenuifolia (Pers.) G. Don . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 3 6 6 + Odontites vernus (Bellardi) Dumort. . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 7 4 7 5 6 6 + Odontites viscosus subsp. australis (Boiss.) Maire . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 3 6 6 + Odontites viscosus subsp. granatensis (Boiss.) Bolliger . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 3 6 6 + Oenanthe crocata L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 5 5 6 + Omphalodes linifolia (L.) Moench . Boraginaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Omphalodes nitida (Willd.) Hoffmanns. & Link. . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Onobrychis reuteri Leresche . Fabaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 4 7 6 + Onobrychis supina (Vill.) DC. ? Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Ononis cristata Mill. . Fabaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Ononis pusilla L. . Fabaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Ononis reclinata L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 4 4 8 4 6 7 + Ononis spinosa subsp. spinosa L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 4 6 6 + Ononis striata Gouan . Fabaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Onopordum acanthium L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 6 7 6 + Ophioglossum azoricum C. Presl . Ophioglossaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. . Ophioglossaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Ophioglossum vulgatum L. . Ophioglossaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Ophrys apifera Huds. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Ophrys fusca Link . Orchidaceae Geophyte 6 4 7 3 6 6 + Ophrys insectifera L. . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Ophrys lutea Cav. . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Ophrys scolopax Cav. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 4 8 4 6 6 + Ophrys sphegodes subsp. atrata (Rchb. f.) A. Bolòs . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 3 7 6 + Ophrys sphegodes subsp. litigiosa (E. G. Camus) Bech. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 3 7 6 + . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 3 7 6 + Ophrys sphegodes subsp. passionis (Sennen) Sanz & Nuet Ophrys sphegodes subsp. sphegodes Mill. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 3 7 6 + Ophrys tenthredinifera Willd. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 4 8 3 5 6 + Orchis anthropophora (L.) All. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 5 8 3 7 6 + Orchis italica Poir. . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Orchis mascula Rivas Goday & B. Rodr. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Orchis mascula subsp. laxifloriformis (L.) L. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Orchis olbiensis Reut. ex Gren. . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Orchis pallens L. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 7 5 6 6 6 5 + Orchis provincialis Balb. ex Lam. & DC. . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Orchis purpurea Huds. . Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Orchis spitzelii Saut. ex W.D.J.Koch ? Orchidaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Oreochloa confusa (Coincy) Rouy . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 6 8 3 7 4 + Oreochloa disticha subsp. blanka (Deyl) P. Küpfer . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 2 4 3 + . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Origanum vulgare subsp. virens (Hoffmanns. & Link) Ietsw. Origanum vulgare subsp. vulgare L. . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Orlaya daucoides (L.) Greuter ? Apiaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Ornithogalum concinnum Salisb. . Asparagaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Ornithogalum narbonense L. . Asparagaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Ornithogalum orthophyllum Ten. . Asparagaceae Geophyte . . . . . . Endem CM+PY 42 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Ornithogalum pyrenaicum L. . Asparagaceae Geophyte 6 4 6 5 6 6 + Ornithopus compressus L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 5 7 + Ornithopus perpusillus L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 5 6 + Ornithopus pinnatus (Mill.) Druce . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 5 7 + Ornithopus sativus Brot. . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 5 6 + Orobanche alba Stephan ex Willd. . Orobanchaceae Geophyte 7 4 5 5 6 6 + Orobanche amethystea Thuill. . Orobanchaceae Geophyte 5 4 7 4 6 6 + Orobanche caryophyllacea Sm. . Orobanchaceae Geophyte 5 4 8 4 7 6 + Orobanche foetida Poir. ? Orobanchaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Orobanche gracilis Sm. . Orobanchaceae Geophyte 4 6 8 3 7 6 + Orobanche grenieri F. W. Schultz . Orobanchaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Orobanche hederae Duby . Orobanchaceae Geophyte 6 4 6 5 6 6 + Orobanche lycoctoni Rhiner . Orobanchaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Orobanche minor Sm. . Orobanchaceae Geophyte 5 4 8 4 6 7 - Orobanche picridis F.W. Schultz . Orobanchaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Orobanche rapum-genistae Thuill. . Orobanchaceae Geophyte 6 4 7 4 4 6 + Orobanche reticulata Wallr. . Orobanchaceae Geophyte . . . . . . - Orobanche santolinae Loscos & J. Pardo . Orobanchaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Orobanche teucrii Holandre . Orobanchaceae Geophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Ortegia hispanica L. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Orthilia secunda (L.) House . Ericaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Osmunda regalis L. . L. Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 5 5 6 + Osyris alba L. . Santalaceae Phanerophyte 5 4 7 4 6 7 + Oxalis acetosella L. . Oxalidaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Oxybasis glauca (L.) S. Fuentes & al. . Amaranthaceae Therophyte 7 4 8 6 6 6 + Oxybasis rubra (L.) S. Fuentes & al. . Amaranthaceae Therophyte 8 4 7 5 6 6 + Oxybasis urbica (L.) S. Fuentes & al. . Amaranthaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Oxytropis foucaudii Gillot . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Oxytropis halleri Koch . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Oxytropis neglecta Ten. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Paeonia broteri Boiss. & Reut. ? Paeoniaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill. . Paeoniaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Paeonia officinalis subsp. microcarpa Nyman . Paeoniaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 6 4 7 6 + Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 7 4 7 7 + Papaver argemone L. . Papaveraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 7 + Papaver dubium L. . Papaveraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Papaver hybridum L. . Papaveraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 7 + Papaver rhoeas L. . Papaveraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Parentucellia latifolia Caruel . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 5 5 7 + Parentucellia viscosa (L.) Caruel . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 6 4 7 5 5 6 + Parietaria judaica L. . Urticaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 7 6 7 7 + Paris quadrifolia L. . Melanthiaceae Geophyte 7 5 5 5 5 5 + Parnassia palustris L. . Celastraceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 3 5 5 + Paronychia argentea Lam. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Paronychia capitata (L.) Lam. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Paronychia kapela subsp. kapela (Hacq.) A. Kern. ? Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 7 5 + Paronychia kapela subsp. serpyllifolia (Chaix) Graebn. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 7 5 + Paronychia polygonifolia (Vill.) DC. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 3 4 + Pastinaca sativa L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 7 6 + Pedicularis comosa L. . Orobanchaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 6 4 + Pedicularis foliosa L. . Orobanchaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 5 5 4 Endem CM+PY CM+PY Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 43 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T Endem + Pedicularis mixta Gren. . Hemicryptophyte 9 7 3 5 5 CM+PY CM+PY Orobanchaceae 5 + Pedicularis pyrenaica J.Gay . Orobanchaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Pedicularis schizocalyx (Lange) Steininger . Orobanchaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 4 7 5 + . Orobanchaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 3 4 5 + Pedicularis sylvatica subsp. lusitanica (Hoffmanns. & Link) Cout. Pedicularis sylvatica subsp. sylvatica L. . Orobanchaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 3 4 5 + Pedicularis verticillata L. . Orobanchaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 4 6 5 + Pentaglottis sempervirens (L.) Tausch ex L.H.Bailey . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 5 6 5 + Periballia involucrata (Cav.) Janka . Poaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delarbre . Polygonaceae Hydrophyte 11 5 7 6 6 5 + Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre . Polygonaceae Therophyte 9 5 7 6 6 6 + Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre . Polygonaceae Therophyte 8 5 7 6 6 6 + Persicaria maculosa Gray . Polygonaceae Therophyte 7 5 7 6 6 6 + . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 3 7 6 + Petrocoptis pyrenaica subsp. glaucifolia (Lag.) P. Monts. & Fern. Casas Petrorhagia nanteuilii (Burnat) P.W.Ball & Heywood . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 4 8 5 6 7 + Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) P.W.Ball & Heywood . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 6 6 - Petrosedum amplexicaule (DC.) Velayos . Crassulaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 7 4 5 6 - Petrosedum forsterianum (Sm.) Grulich . Crassulaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 - Petrosedum sediforme (Jacq.) Grulich . Crassulaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Peucedanum gallicum Latourr. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Peucedanum lancifolium Lange . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 4 4 5 + Phagnalon saxatile (L.) Cass. . Asteraceae Chamaephyte 4 5 7 5 6 7 + . Asteraceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 3 4 4 + Phalacrocarpum oppositifolium subsp. anomalum (Lag.) Vogt & Greuter Phalaroides arundinacea (L.) Rauschert . Poaceae Helophyte 9 5 7 6 6 6 + Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt . Thelypteridaceae Geophyte 7 5 5 5 5 5 + Phelipanche arenaria (Borkh.) Pomel . Orobanchaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Phelipanche cernua Pomel . Orobanchaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Phelipanche nana (Reut.) Soják . Orobanchaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Phelipanche purpurea (Jacq.) Soják . Orobanchaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Phillyrea angustifolia L. . Oleaceae Phanerophyte 5 4 7 4 5 7 + Phillyrea latifolia L. . Oleaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 6 4 6 7 + Phleum alpinum L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 5 4 + Phleum nodosum L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Phleum phleoides (L.) H.Karst. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 7 6 + Phleum pratense L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. . Poaceae Geophyte 9 4 7 6 6 6 + Physospermum cornubiense (L.) DC. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Phyteuma hemisphaericum L. . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 3 4 4 + Phyteuma orbiculare L. . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Phyteuma spicatum L. . Campanulaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 5 5 5 + Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Picris hieracioides Sibth. & Sm. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 5 6 6 + Pilosella argyrocoma (Fr.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Pilosella capillata (Arv.-Touv.) Mateo . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Pilosella castellana Boiss. & Reut.) F. W. Schultz & Sch. Bip. Pilosella galiciana (Pau) M.Laínz . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Pilosella hypeurya (Peter) Soják . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Pilosella lactocantabrica Mateo & Egido . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Pilosella officinarum Vaill. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 + Pilosella peleteriana (Mérat) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . CM CM+ML 44 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Pilosella pseudopilosella (Ten.) Soják . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 4 6 5 + Pilosella saussureoides Arv.-Touv. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Pilosella subtardans (Nägeli & Peter) Soják . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 4 6 5 + Pimpinella major (L.) Huds. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 5 6 6 + Pimpinella saxifraga L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Pimpinella siifolia Leresche . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 5 + Pimpinella tragium subsp. lithophila (Schischk.) Tutin . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Pimpinella villosa Schousb. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 7 + Pinguicula grandiflora Lam. . Lentibulariaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 3 5 5 + Pinguicula vulgaris L. . Lentibulariaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 3 4 5 + Pinus sylvestris L. . Pinaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 7 3 4 6 + Piptatherum paradoxum (L.) P.Beauv. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 6 4 6 6 + Pistacia terebinthus L. . Anacardiaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 7 4 6 7 + Pistorinia hispanica (L.) DC. . Crassulaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Plantago alpina L. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 5 4 + Plantago atrata subsp. atrata Hoppe . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 4 7 6 + Plantago atrata subsp. discolor (Gand.) M. Laínz . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 4 7 6 + Plantago coronopus L. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 6 4 8 5 6 7 + Plantago holosteum Scop. . Plantaginaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 5 6 + Plantago lanceolata L. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Plantago loeflingii L. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Plantago major L. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Plantago maritima subsp. serpentina (All.) Arcang. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 3 8 5 6 6 + Plantago media L. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 4 6 5 + Plantago sempervirens Crantz . Plantaginaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 4 7 7 + Plantago uniflora L. . Plantaginaceae Hydrophyte . . . . . . + Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Poa alpina L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 6 4 + Poa angustifolia L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 4 5 6 + Poa bulbosa L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 5 6 6 + Poa cenisia All. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 6 8 2 4 3 + Poa chaixii Vill. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 5 5 5 + Poa compressa L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Poa laxa Haenke . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Poa ligulata Boiss. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 6 8 3 7 5 + Poa minor Gaudich. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 3 + Poa nemoralis L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 5 5 5 + Poa pratensis L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Poa trivialis L. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 5 6 6 + Podospermum laciniatum (L.) DC. . Asteraceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 4 8 6 6 7 + Polycnemum arvense L. . Amaranthaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Polygala alpina (DC.) Steud. . Polygalaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 6 + Polygala edmundi Chodat . Polygalaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 5 4 + Polygala exilis DC. . Polygalaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Polygala microphylla L. . Polygalaceae Chamaephyte 5 4 7 3 3 6 + Polygala monspeliaca L. . Polygalaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Polygala serpyllifolia Hosé . Polygalaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 3 4 5 + Polygala vulgaris L. . Polygalaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 4 5 6 + Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. . Asparagaceae Geophyte 7 4 5 5 5 6 Endem CM+PY CM Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 45 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce . Asparagaceae Geophyte 6 4 5 5 5 5 + Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. . Asparagaceae Geophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Polygonum aviculare L. . Polygonaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Polygonum bellardii All. . Polygonaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 7 7 + Polygonum depressum Meisn. . Polygonaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Polygonum rurivagum Jord. ex Boreau . Polygonaceae Therophyte 6 4 8 6 6 7 + Polypodium cambricum L. . Polypodiaceae Geophyte 6 4 5 5 5 6 + Polypodium interjectum Shivas . Polypodiaceae Geophyte 6 4 6 5 5 6 + Polypodium vulgare L. . Polypodiaceae Geophyte 7 4 5 4 5 6 + Polypogon maritimus Willd. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 8 6 6 6 + Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 5 5 6 + Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth ex Mert. . Dryopteridaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 5 5 5 + Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth . Dryopteridaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 6 5 + Polystichum setiferum (Forssk.) Moore ex Woyn. . Dryopteridaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 6 + Populus nigra L. . Salicaceae Phanerophyte 8 5 6 6 6 6 + Populus tremula L. . Salicaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 6 5 5 6 + Portulaca oleracea L. . Portulacaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Potamogeton coloratus Hornem. . Potamogetonaceae Hydrophyte . . . . . . + Potamogeton crispus L. . Potamogetonaceae Hydrophyte 12 5 7 6 6 5 + Potamogeton gramineus L. . Potamogetonaceae Hydrophyte 11 5 7 6 6 5 + Potamogeton lucens L. . Potamogetonaceae Hydrophyte . . . . . . + Potamogeton natans L. . Potamogetonaceae Hydrophyte 11 5 7 5 5 5 + Potamogeton nodosus Poir. . Potamogetonaceae Hydrophyte 10 5 7 6 6 5 + Potamogeton perfoliatus L. . Potamogetonaceae Hydrophyte 12 5 7 6 6 5 + Potamogeton polygonifolius Pourr. . Potamogetonaceae Hydrophyte 10 4 7 3 4 5 + Potamogeton pusillus L. . Potamogetonaceae Hydrophyte . . . . . . + Potamogeton trichoides Cham. & Schltdl. . Potamogetonaceae Hydrophyte 11 5 7 6 6 5 + Potentilla alchimilloides Lapeyr. . Rosaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Potentilla argentea L. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 5 6 + Potentilla asturica Rothm. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 + Potentilla brauneana Hoppe . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Potentilla cinerea Chaix ex Vill. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 5 4 + Potentilla crantzii (Crantz) Beck ex Fritsch . Rosaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 3 4 5 + Potentilla micrantha Ramond ex DC. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 5 5 + Potentilla montana Brot. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 4 5 6 + . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Potentilla nivalis subsp. asturica (Font Quer & Guinea) M.La¡nz Potentilla nivalis subsp. nivalis Lapeyr. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Potentilla pyrenaica Ramond ex DC. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Potentilla reptans L. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 6 6 6 + Potentilla sterilis (L.) Garcke . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 5 6 + Potentilla tabernaemontani Asch. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Primula acaulis (L.) L. . Primulaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 6 + Primula elatior subsp. elatior (L.) Hill . Primulaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 5 6 5 + Primula elatior subsp. intricata (Gren. & Godr.) Widmer . Primulaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 5 6 5 + Primula farinosa L. . Primulaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 8 3 6 4 + Primula integrifolia L. . Primulaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Primula pedemontana Thomas ex Gaudin . Primulaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Primula veris subsp. columnae (Ten.) Lüdi . Primulaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 5 + Primula veris subsp. veris L. . Primulaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 5 Endem CM+ML CM 46 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Prospero autumnale (L.) Speta . Asparagaceae Geophyte 5 5 8 3 5 6 + . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Prunella grandiflora subsp. pyrenaica (Gren. & Godr.) A. Bolòs & O. Bolòs Prunella hyssopifolia L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 4 6 6 + Prunella laciniata (L.) L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Prunella vulgaris L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 5 6 5 + Prunus avium (L.) L. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 5 5 6 + Prunus domestica subsp. insititia (L.) Bonnier & Layens . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 5 6 6 + Prunus lusitanica L. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 6 4 5 6 + Prunus mahaleb L. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Prunus padus L. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 7 5 6 5 6 5 + Prunus spinosa L. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium (Thore) Rouy . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 3 4 6 + Pseudorchis albida (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve . Orchidaceae Geophyte 7 4 7 3 4 5 + Pseudoturritis turrita (L.) Al-Shehbaz . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 5 5 6 5 + Psilurus incurvus (Gouan) Schinz & Thell. . Poaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn . Dennstaedtiaceae Geophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Pulicaria arabica subsp. hispanica (Boiss.) Murb. . Asteraceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Gaertn. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 6 6 6 + Pulicaria odora (L.) Rchb. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 4 5 6 + Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. . Asteraceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Pulmonaria longifolia (Bastard) Boreau . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 5 5 6 + Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia (Scop.) Nyman . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Pulsatilla alpina subsp. cantabrica M. Laínz . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Pulsatilla rubra (Lam.) Delarbre . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Pulsatilla vernalis (L.) Mill. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 3 4 4 + Pyrola minor L. . Ericaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 4 4 5 + Pyrus cordata Desv. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 6 4 4 6 + Quercus faginea Lam. . Fagaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Quercus ilex L. . Fagaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 4 6 6 Endem CM+PY + Quercus orocantabrica Rivas Mart. & al. . Fagaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 4 4 5 CM + Quercus pauciradiata Penas & al. . Fagaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 4 6 5 CM + Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. . Fagaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Quercus pyrenaica Willd. . Fagaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Quercus robur L. . Fagaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 6 4 5 6 + Quercus rotundifolia Lam. . Fagaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Quercus suber L. . Fagaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 7 4 4 6 + Radiola linoides Roth . Linaceae Therophyte 5 4 8 3 4 7 + Ranunculus aconitifolius L. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 5 5 5 + . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 5 6 5 + Ranunculus acris subsp. friesianus (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud Ranunculus alnetorum W. Koch . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Ranunculus alpestris subsp. leroyi M. Laínz . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 6 4 + Ranunculus amplexicaulis L. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 5 4 + Ranunculus aquatilis L. . Ranunculaceae Helophyte 10 4 7 3 4 5 + Ranunculus arvensis L. . Ranunculaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Ranunculus bulbosus subsp. aleae (Willk.) Rouy & Foucaud Ranunculus bulbosus subsp. bulbosus L. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 4 5 6 . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 4 5 6 Ranunculus bulbosus subsp. castellanus (Boiss. & Reut. ex Freyn) P.W.Ball & Heywood Ranunculus cabrerensis subsp. cabrerensis Rothm. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 4 5 6 + + - CM . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 4 4 CM . Ranunculus cabrerensis subsp. muniellensis (Bueno Sánchez; Fern.Casado & Fern.Prieto) Fern.Prieto & Cires Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 4 4 CM+ML Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 47 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Ranunculus carinthiacus Hoppe . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 4 + Ranunculus carlittensis (Sennen) Grau . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 5 6 5 + Ranunculus flammula L. . Ranunculaceae Helophyte 9 4 7 4 5 5 + Ranunculus gouanii Lecoq & Lamotte . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Ranunculus gramineus L. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 5 + Ranunculus hederaceus L. . Ranunculaceae Helophyte . . . . . . + Ranunculus longipes Lange ex Cutanda . Ranunculaceae Therophyte 10 4 7 5 5 6 + Ranunculus montserratii Grau . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Ranunculus muricatus L. . Ranunculaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Ranunculus nigrescens Freyn . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 5 6 + Ranunculus nodiflorus L. . Ranunculaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 4 6 + Ranunculus ollissiponensis subsp. alpinus (Boiss. & Reut.) Grau Ranunculus ollissiponensis subsp. ollissiponensis Pers. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 4 6 + Ranunculus ololeucos J.Lloyd . Ranunculaceae Hydrophyte 10 4 7 4 5 5 + Ranunculus omiophyllus Ten. . Ranunculaceae Hydrophyte 10 4 7 3 4 5 + Ranunculus ophioglossifolius Vill. . Ranunculaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Ranunculus paludosus subsp. paludosus Poir. . Ranunculaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 4 5 6 + Ranunculus parnassiifolius subsp. favargeri P. Küpfer . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Ranunculus parviflorus L. . Ranunculaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Ranunculus peltatus Schrank . Ranunculaceae Hydrophyte 11 5 7 6 6 5 + Ranunculus penicillatus (Dumort.) Bab. . Ranunculaceae Hydrophyte 11 5 7 4 6 5 + Ranunculus platanifolius L. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 4 5 5 . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 4 5 5 + Ranunculus polyanthemos subsp. nemorosus (DC.) Schübl. & G. Marten Ranunculus polyanthemos subsp. serpens (Schrank) Baltisb. Ranunculus repens L. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 5 6 6 + Ranunculus sardous Crantz . Ranunculaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Ranunculus seguieri Vill. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Ranunculus thora L. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 7 4 + Ranunculus trichophyllus subsp. eradicatus (Laest.) C.D.K.Cook Ranunculus trichophyllus subsp. trichophyllus Chaix ex Vill. Ranunculus trilobus Desf. . Ranunculaceae Hydrophyte 10 5 7 6 6 5 . Ranunculaceae Hydrophyte 10 5 7 6 6 5 . Ranunculaceae Therophyte 6 7 6 6 6 + + + 5 + Ranunculus tripartitus DC. . Ranunculaceae Hydrophyte 11 4 8 3 4 5 + Raphanus raphanistrum L. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 6 4 8 6 6 7 + Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Reseda barrelieri Bertol. ex Müll.Arg. . Resedaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Reseda glauca L. . Resedaceae Chamaephyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Reseda lutea L. . Resedaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 5 7 7 + Reseda luteola L. . Resedaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 6 7 6 + Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) Gaertn. . Asteraceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Rhamnus alaternus L. . Rhamnaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 6 4 6 7 + Rhamnus alpina L. . Rhamnaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 6 5 + Rhamnus cathartica L. . Rhamnaceae Phanerophyte 7 5 6 5 6 6 + Rhamnus pumila Turra . Rhamnaceae Chamaephyte 3 6 8 2 8 5 + Rhaponticum coniferum (L.) Greuter . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Rhinanthus angustifolius C. C. Gmel. . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Rhinanthus mediterraneus subsp. pumilus (Sterneck) P. Fourn. Rhinanthus minor L. . Orobanchaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 4 5 5 + Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 3 3 5 Endem CM+PY CM CM CM+PY CM+PY 48 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Ribes alpinum L. . Grossulariaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 6 5 + Ribes petraeum Wulfen . Grossulariaceae Phanerophyte 7 5 6 5 6 5 + Ribes uva-crispa L. . Grossulariaceae Phanerophyte 7 5 6 5 5 5 - Rivasmartinezia vazquezii Fern. Prieto & Cires . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Roemeria hybrida (L.) DC. . Papaveraceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Romulea bulbocodium (L.) Sebast. & Mauri . Iridaceae Geophyte 5 5 8 3 5 6 + Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbás . Brassicaceae Therophyte 9 5 7 6 6 6 + Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser . Brassicaceae Therophyte 8 5 7 6 6 6 + Rorippa pyrenaica (All.) Rchb. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 7 6 6 + Rosa agrestis Savi . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Rosa arvensis Huds. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Rosa caesia Sm. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 5 5 6 6 + Rosa canina L. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Rosa corymbifera Borkh. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Rosa dumalis Bechst . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 5 5 6 6 + Rosa glauca Pourr. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Rosa inodora Fr. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Rosa micrantha Borrer ex Sm. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Rosa pendulina L. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 7 3 5 5 + Rosa pouzinii Tratt. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 7 5 6 7 + Rosa rubiginosa L. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Rosa sempervirens L. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Rosa spinosissima L. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Rosa stylosa Desv. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 6 6 6 + Rosa tomentosa Sm. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 7 4 5 6 + Rosa villosa L. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Rostraria cristata (L.) Tzvelev . Poaceae Therophyte 5 4 8 5 6 7 + Rubia peregrina L. . Rubiaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 4 6 6 + Rubus brigantinus Samp. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Rubus caesius L. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 7 5 7 6 6 6 + Rubus canescens DC. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Rubus castellarnaui Pau . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 5 5 6 + Rubus castroviejoi Mon.-Huelin . Rosaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Rubus cyclops Mon.-Huelin . Rosaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Rubus galloecicus Pau . Rosaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Rubus genevieri Boreau . Rosaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Rubus henriquesii Samp. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Rubus hirtus . Rosaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Rubus idaeus L. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 7 5 5 5 5 5 + Rubus lainzii H.E.Weber . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Rubus radula Weihe . Rosaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Rubus sampaioanus Sudre ex Samp. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Rubus saxatilis L. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Rubus ulmifolius Schott . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 5 5 6 + Rubus urbionicus Mon.-Huelin . Rosaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Rubus vestitus Weihe . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 4 4 6 + Rubus vigoi Roselló & al. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Rumex acetosa L. . Polygonaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 5 5 6 + Rumex acetosella subsp. angiocarpus (Murb.) Murb. . Polygonaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 4 6 + Rumex alpinus L. . Polygonaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . Endem CM CM+ML Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 49 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Rumex aquitanicus Rech.f. . Polygonaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Rumex bucephalophorus L. . Polygonaceae Therophyte 5 4 8 5 6 7 + Rumex conglomeratus Murray . Polygonaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 6 6 6 + Rumex crispus L. . Polygonaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 6 6 6 + Rumex induratus Boiss. & Reut. . Polygonaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 4 7 6 + Rumex intermedius DC. . Polygonaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Rumex longifolius DC. . Polygonaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 5 + Rumex obtusifolius L. . Polygonaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 6 6 6 + Rumex papillaris Boiss. & Reut. . Polygonaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 5 + Rumex pulcher subsp. pulcher L. . Polygonaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Rumex pulcher subsp. woodsi (De Not.) Arcang. . Polygonaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Rumex sanguineus L. . Polygonaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 6 6 6 + Rumex scutatus L. . Polygonaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 4 7 6 + Rumex suffruticosus J.Gay ex Meisn. . Polygonaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 4 4 + Ruscus aculeatus L. . Asparagaceae Chamaephyte 6 4 6 5 5 6 + Ruta angustifolia Pers. . Rutaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Ruta chalepensis L. . Rutaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 5 7 7 + Ruta montana (L.) L. . Rutaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 4 7 7 + Sagina apetala Ard. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 6 5 8 6 6 6 + Sagina procumbens L. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 6 6 6 + Sagina sabuletorum (J.Gay) Lange . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 8 4 6 6 + Sagina saginoides (L.) H.Karst. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 4 5 4 + Sagina subulata (Sw.) C.Presl . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 5 6 + Salix alba L. . Salicaceae Phanerophyte 8 5 7 6 6 6 + Salix aurita L. . Salicaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Salix bicolor Ehrh. ex Willd. . Salicaceae Phanerophyte 8 5 7 5 6 5 + Salix cantabrica Rech. f. . Salicaceae Phanerophyte 8 5 7 5 6 5 + Salix caprea L. . Salicaceae Phanerophyte 7 5 6 5 5 5 + Salix cinerea subsp. oleifolia Macreight . Salicaceae Phanerophyte 8 4 6 5 5 6 + Salix eleagnos subsp. angustifolia (Cariot & St.-Lag.) Rech. f. Salix euxina Forssk. . Salicaceae Phanerophyte 8 5 7 5 6 5 . Salicaceae Phanerophyte 8 5 7 6 6 6 Salix fontqueri (T.E.Díaz; Fern.Prieto & Nava) Fern.Prieto; Nava; Bueno Sánchez; Sánchez Corominas & Vázquez Salix hastata I. V. Belyaeva . Salicaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . . Salicaceae Phanerophyte 10 5 7 3 6 4 ? Salicaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Salix montifringillarum Fern.Prieto; Nava; Bueno Sánchez; Sánchez Corominas & Vázquez Salix purpurea L. . Salicaceae Phanerophyte 8 5 7 5 6 5 + Salix salviifolia Brot. . Salicaceae Phanerophyte 8 5 6 6 6 6 + Salix triandra L. . Salicaceae Phanerophyte 8 5 7 5 6 5 + Salvia aethiopis L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Salvia pratensis L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 7 + Salvia verbenaca L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 5 6 6 + Sambucus ebulus L. . Adoxaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 6 7 6 + Sambucus nigra L. . Adoxaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 6 5 6 6 + . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Sanguisorba minor subsp. balearica (Bourg. ex Nyman) Muñoz Garm. & C.Navarro Sanguisorba minor subsp. minor Scop. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Sanguisorba officinalis L. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 4 6 5 + Sanguisorba verrucosa (Link ex G.Don) Ces. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 4 8 3 4 7 + Sanicula europaea L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Santolina semidentata Hoffmanns. & Link . Asteraceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 4 6 6 + Santolina villosa Mill. . Asteraceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + - Endem 50 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T Endem + Saponaria caespitosa DC. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 6 4 CM+PY + Saponaria ocymoides L. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 7 6 + Saponaria officinalis L. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 6 6 6 + Saxifraga aizoides L. . Saxifragaceae Chamaephyte 8 5 7 3 6 4 + Saxifraga babiana T.E.Díaz & Fern.Prieto . Saxifragaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . CM + Saxifraga canaliculata Boiss. & Reut. ex Engl. . Saxifragaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 5 CM + Saxifraga carpetana Boiss. & Reut. . Saxifragaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Saxifraga clusii subsp. lepismigena (Planellas) D. A. Webb . Saxifragaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 4 4 5 + Saxifraga conifera Coss. & Durieu . Saxifragaceae Chamaephyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Saxifraga cuneata Willd. . Saxifragaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 7 5 + Saxifraga dichotoma Willd. . Saxifragaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Saxifraga felineri P.Vargas . Saxifragaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Saxifraga fragosoi Sennen . Saxifragaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 4 6 5 + Saxifraga granulata L. . Saxifragaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Saxifraga hirsuta subsp. hirsuta L. . Saxifragaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Saxifraga longifolia Lapeyr. . Saxifragaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Saxifraga moschata Wulfen . Saxifragaceae Chamaephyte 5 6 8 2 4 3 + Saxifraga oppositifolia L. . Saxifragaceae Chamaephyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Saxifraga paniculata Mill. . Saxifragaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 4 + . Saxifragaceae Chamaephyte 5 6 8 2 4 3 + Saxifraga pentadactylis subsp. willkommiana (Boiss. ex Leresche & Levier) Rivas Mart. Saxifraga praetermissa D.A.Webb . Saxifragaceae Chamaephyte 6 6 8 3 8 4 + Saxifraga spathularis Brot. . Saxifragaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Saxifraga stellaris L. . Saxifragaceae Hemicryptophyte 10 5 7 4 5 4 + Saxifraga tridactylites L. . Saxifragaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 6 7 + Saxifraga trifurcata Schrad. . Saxifragaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 3 7 5 + Scabiosa columbaria L. . Caprifoliaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 7 6 + Scandix australis subsp. microcarpa (Lange) Thell. . Apiaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 7 7 + Scandix macrorhyncha C. A. Mey. . Apiaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Scandix pecten-veneris L. . Apiaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 6 6 6 + Schedonorus arundinaceus subsp. arundinaceus (Schreb.) . Dumort. Schedonorus arundinaceus subsp. fenas (Lag.) H. Scholz . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 6 6 6 + Schedonorus giganteus (L.) Holub . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 6 + Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 5 + Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla . Cyperaceae Helophyte 10 5 7 6 6 6 + Schoenus nigricans L. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 4 6 6 + Scilla lilio-hyacinthus L. . Asparagaceae Geophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Scilla ramburei Boiss. . Asparagaceae Geophyte . . . . . . + Scilla verna Huds. . Asparagaceae Geophyte 7 4 7 3 5 5 + Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Soják . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 5 6 6 + Scirpus sylvaticus L. . Cyperaceae Helophyte 9 4 6 5 5 5 + Scleranthus annuus L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 4 5 6 + Scleranthus delortii Gren. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 4 5 6 + Scleranthus perennis L. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Scleranthus polycarpos L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 4 5 6 + Scleranthus uncinatus Schur . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Scleranthus verticillatus Tausch . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 4 5 6 + Sclerochloa dura (L.) P.Beauv. . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 7 6 6 + Scorpiurus muricatus L. ? Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 7 7 + Scorzonera angustifolia Asso . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Scorzonera aristata Ramond ex DC. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 5 CM+ML CM CM+PY Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 51 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T Endem + Scorzonera hirsuta (Gouan) L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 6 5 CM+ML + Scorzonera hispanica L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 4 4 8 3 7 6 + Scorzonera humilis L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 3 4 6 + Scorzoneroides cantabrica (Widder) Holub . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 4 4 + Scorzoneroides carpetana (Lange) Greuter . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 4 5 + Scorzoneroides duboisii (Sennen) Greuter . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 3 5 4 + Scrophularia alpestris J.Gay ex Benth. . Scrophulariaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 5 5 5 + Scrophularia auriculata L. . Scrophulariaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 6 6 6 + Scrophularia canina subsp. canina L. . Scrophulariaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 4 7 6 + Scrophulariaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 4 7 6 + Scrophularia canina subsp. crithmifolia (Boiss.) O. Bolòs . & Vigo Scrophularia herminii Hoffmanns. & Link . Scrophulariaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 6 5 5 5 + Scrophularia nodosa L. . Scrophulariaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 6 6 6 + Scrophularia scorodonia L. . Scrophulariaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Scutellaria alpina L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Scutellaria galericulata L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 7 6 6 6 + Scutellaria minor Huds. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 4 5 5 + Sedum acre L. . Crassulaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 4 6 6 + Sedum album L. . Crassulaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 4 6 6 + Sedum alpestre Vill. . Crassulaceae Chamaephyte 5 6 8 2 4 3 + Sedum anglicum subsp. pyrenaicum Lange . Crassulaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 3 4 5 + Sedum annuum L. . Crassulaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Sedum arenarium Brot. . Crassulaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 4 7 + Sedum atratum L. . Crassulaceae Therophyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Sedum brevifolium DC. . Crassulaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 4 4 + Sedum caespitosum (Cav.) DC. . Crassulaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Sedum candolleanum G.López . Crassulaceae Therophyte 4 6 8 2 4 3 + Sedum cepaea L. . Crassulaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Sedum dasyphyllum subsp. glanduliferum (Guss.) Nyman . Crassulaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 7 4 7 6 + Sedum hirsutum All. . Crassulaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 3 5 5 + Sedum nevadense Coss. . Crassulaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Sedum rubens L. . Crassulaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Sedum villosum L. . Crassulaceae Therophyte 9 5 7 4 5 5 + Selaginella selaginoides (L.) P. Beauv. ex Mart. & Schrank . Selaginellaceae Chamaephyte 9 5 7 3 6 4 + . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Selinum carvifolia subsp. broteri (Hoffmanns. & Link) Laínz Sempervivum arachnoideum L. . Crassulaceae Chamaephyte 5 6 8 2 4 3 + Sempervivum vicentei Pau . Crassulaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 6 4 + Senecio bayonnensis Boiss. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 5 5 6 + Senecio carpetanus Boiss. & Reut. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 5 5 + . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 5 6 5 + Senecio doria subsp. laderoi (Pérez Morales & al.) Blanca Senecio doronicum subsp. longifolius (Willk.) J. Calvo . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Senecio duriaei J.Gay . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 5 7 5 + Senecio gallicus Vill. . Asteraceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Senecio lagascanus DC. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Senecio legionensis Lange . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 4 6 5 + Senecio lividus L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 7 4 5 7 + Senecio pyrenaicus L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 5 4 + Senecio sylvaticus L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 6 4 7 4 5 6 + Senecio vulgaris L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Serapias cordigera L. ? Orchidaceae Geophyte 6 4 7 5 6 6 + Serapias lingua L. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 CM+PY CM+ML 52 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Serapias parviflora Parl. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 5 5 8 4 6 6 + Serratula tinctoria subsp. seoanei (Willk.) M. Laínz . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 3 4 5 + Sesamoides minor (Lange) Kuntze . Resedaceae Chamaephyte 5 4 7 3 3 5 + . Resedaceae Chamaephyte 5 4 7 3 4 7 . Resedaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 3 5 6 + Sesamoides purpurascens subsp. purpurascens (L.) G.López Sesamoides purpurascens subsp. suffruticosa (Lange) Mateo & Figuerola Seseli cantabricum Lange . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 3 6 6 + Seseli libanotis (L.) W.D.J.Koch . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 5 + Seseli montanum L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Sesleria caerulea (L.) Ard. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 7 4 + Sherardia arvensis L. . Rubiaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Sibbaldia procumbens L. . Rosaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Sibthorpia europaea L. ? Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 5 5 6 - Sideritis borgiae subsp. borgiae Andrés . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Sideritis hirsuta L. . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Sideritis hyssopifolia L. . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 5 + Sideritis lurida J. Gay . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Sideritis montana L. . Lamiaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Sideritis ovata Cav. . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Silaum silaus (L.) Schinz & Thell. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 5 6 6 + Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 5 6 8 3 7 4 + Silene baccifera (L.) Roth . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 6 6 6 5 + Silene boryi Boiss. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Silene ciliata Pourr. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 3 6 4 + Silene colorata Poir. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Silene conica L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Silene conoidea L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 6 5 8 6 7 7 + Silene coutinhoi Rothm. & P. Silva . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 3 7 6 + Silene dioica (L.) Clairv. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Silene flos-cuculi (L.) Greuter & Burdet . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 5 5 5 + Silene foetida subsp. gayana Talavera . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 3 4 + Silene gallica L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Silene italica (L.) Pers. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 3 7 6 + Silene latifolia Poir. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Silene legionensis Lag. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Silene mellifera Boiss. & Reut. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Silene nutans L. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Silene portensis L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Silene pusilla Waldst. & Kit. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Silene rupestris L. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 6 8 2 4 3 + Silene saxifraga L. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 8 5 + Silene scabriflora subsp. megacalycina Talavera . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 5 7 + Silene suecica (Lodd.) Greuter & Burdet . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 4 3 + Silene vulgaris subsp. commutata (Guss.) Hayek . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 8 4 6 6 + Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa (Jord.) Marsden-Jones & . Turrill Silene vulgaris subsp. prostrata (Gaudin) Schinz & Thell. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 8 4 6 6 + Silene vulgaris subsp. vulgaris (Moench) Garcke . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 6 7 6 + Simethis planifolia (L.) Gren. & Godr. . Asphodelaceae Geophyte 6 4 7 3 4 6 + Sinapis alba subsp. mairei (H. Lindb.) Maire . Brassicaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Sinapis arvensis L. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Endem CM+ML CM+ML CM+ML Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 53 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Sison amomum L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 6 6 6 + Sison segetum L. . Apiaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Sisymbrella aspera (L.) Spach . Brassicaceae Therophyte 7 5 6 5 6 5 + . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 7 6 . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 7 6 + Sisymbrium austriacum subsp. chrysanthum (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud Sisymbrium austriacum subsp. contortum (Cav.) Rouy & Foucaud Sisymbrium macroloma Pomel . Brassicaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Sixalix atropurpurea (L.) Greuter & Burdet . Caprifoliaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 7 7 + Smilax aspera L. . Smilacaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 6 4 6 6 + Smyrnium olusatrum L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 6 6 6 + Smyrnium perfoliatum L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Solanum dulcamara L. . Solanaceae Phanerophyte 8 4 6 6 6 6 + Solanum nigrum L. . Solanaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Solanum villosum Mill. . Solanaceae Therophyte 7 5 7 7 6 6 + Soldanella alpina subsp. cantabrica Kress . Primulaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 8 3 6 4 + Soldanella villosa Darracq . Primulaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 5 5 5 5 5 + Solidago virgaurea subsp. minuta (L.) Arcang. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 4 5 + Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 4 5 + Sonchus asper subsp. asper (L.) Hill . Asteraceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. . Asteraceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 4 5 5 + Sorbus aucuparia L. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Sorbus domestica L. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 5 4 5 5 + Sorbus hybrida L. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 7 5 7 5 6 5 + Sorbus latifolia (Lam.) Pers. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte . . . . . . + Sorbus mougeotii (Ehrh.) Pers. . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 5 5 6 5 + Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Sparganium angustifolium Michx. . Typhaceae Hydrophyte 11 5 7 4 4 5 + + Sparganium emersum Rehmann . Typhaceae Helophyte 11 5 7 6 6 5 + Sparganium microcarpum (Neuman) Celak. . Typhaceae Helophyte 10 5 7 6 6 5 + Sparganium neglectum Beeby . Typhaceae Helophyte 10 5 7 6 6 5 + Spergula arvensis L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 5 6 + Spergula morisonii Boreau . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 4 7 + Spergula pentandra L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 4 5 - Spergula viscosa subsp. pourretii M. Laínz . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 2 4 4 - Spergula viscosa subsp. viscosa Lag. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 2 4 4 + Spergularia bocconei (Scheele) Asch. & Graebn. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 6 5 8 5 6 6 + Spergularia capillacea (Kindb. & Lange) Willk. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 6 5 8 5 5 6 + Spergularia rubra (L.) J.Presl & C.Presl . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 5 6 + Spergularia segetalis (L.) G.Don . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + . Rosaceae Phanerophyte 5 5 8 3 7 6 + Spiraea hypericifolia subsp. obovata (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) H.Huber Spiranthes aestivalis (Poir.) Rich. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 8 4 7 3 6 5 + Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. . Orchidaceae Geophyte 6 5 8 3 6 6 + Stachys alopecuros (L.) Benth. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 7 5 + Stachys alpina L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 6 5 6 6 + Stachys arvensis (L.) L. . Lamiaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Stachys germanica L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Stachys heraclea All. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Stachys recta L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 Endem CM CM 54 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Stachys sylvatica L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 5 6 6 + Stellaria alsine Grimm . Caryophyllaceae Helophyte 9 4 7 5 5 5 + Stellaria graminea L. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 5 6 6 + Stellaria holostea L. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Stellaria media (L.) Vill. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Stellaria neglecta Weihe . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte 6 4 5 5 6 6 + Stellaria nemorum subsp. montana (Pierrat) Berher . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 5 5 5 + Stellaria nemorum subsp. nemorum L. . Caryophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 5 5 5 + Stellaria pallida (Dumort.) Crép. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Stipa iberica Martinovský . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. . Liliaceae Geophyte 7 5 5 6 6 5 - Struthiopteris spicant (L.) F.W.Weiss . Blechnaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 4 4 5 + Succisa pratensis Moench . Caprifoliaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 7 4 5 5 + Swertia perennis L. . Gentianaceae Hemicryptophyte 10 5 7 3 6 4 + Symphytum officinale L. . Boraginaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Symphytum tuberosum L. . Boraginaceae Geophyte 7 4 5 5 6 5 + Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski . Poaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch.Bip. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 6 6 + Tanacetum vulgare L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 6 7 6 + Taraxacum cantabricum A. Galán & Vicente Orell. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Taraxacum drucei Dahlst. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Taraxacum gasparrinii Tineo ex Lojac. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Taraxacum hispanicum H. Lindb. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Taraxacum marginellum H.Lindb. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Taraxacum marklundii Palmgr. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Taraxacum nordstedtii Dahlst. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Taraxacum obovatum (Willd.) DC. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 6 6 7 + Taraxacum panalpinum Soest . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Taraxacum pinto-silvae Soest . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Taraxacum pyrenaicum Reut. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Taraxacum rubicundum (Dahlst.) Dahlst. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Taraxacum sect.Erythrosperma (H. Lindb.) Dahlst. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Taraxacum sect.Taraxacum F. H. Wigg. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Taraxacum teres Sonck . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Taxus baccata L. . Taxaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Teesdalia conferta Lag.) O. Appel . Brassicaceae Chamaephyte 5 6 8 3 3 4 + Teesdalia coronopifolia (J.P.Bergeret) Thell. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 5 6 + Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.) W.T.Aiton . Brassicaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 4 7 + Telephium imperati L. . Caryophyllaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 4 7 6 + Tephroseris helenitis (L.) B.Nord. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 5 6 5 + Teucrium botrys L. . Lamiaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Teucrium capitatum L. . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Teucrium chamaedrys L. . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Teucrium expassum Pau . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Teucrium pyrenaicum L. . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 6 6 + Teucrium scordium L. . Lamiaceae Geophyte 8 5 7 5 6 6 + Teucrium scorodonia L. . Lamiaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Thalictrum alpinum L. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 5 3 + Thalictrum aquilegiifolium L. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 5 6 5 + Thalictrum foetidum L. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Thalictrum minus L. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 6 5 Endem CM+ML Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 55 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Thalictrum tuberosum L. . Ranunculaceae Geophyte 5 5 7 4 7 6 + Thapsia minor Link ex Steud. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Thapsia villosa L. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 4 7 4 5 6 + Thelypteris limbosperma (All.) H. P. Fuchs . Thelypteridaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Thelypteris palustris Schott ? Thelypteridaceae Geophyte 9 4 6 5 6 6 + Thesium humifusum DC. . Santalaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 4 7 6 + Thesium pyrenaicum Pourr. . Santalaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 6 5 + Thlaspi alliaceum L. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Thlaspi arvense L. . Brassicaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + . Thymelaeaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 3 4 5 + Thymelaea coridifolia subsp. dendrobryum (Rothm.) M. Laínz Thymelaea ruizii Loscos ex Casav. . Thymelaeaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 7 3 6 6 + Thymus caespititius Brot. . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 6 4 7 3 4 6 + Thymus mastichina (L.) L. . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 7 4 6 6 + Thymus mastigophorus Lacaita . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Thymus nervosus J. Gay ex Coste . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte . . . . . . + Thymus praecox subsp. ligusticus (Briq.) Paiva & Salgueiro . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 5 5 8 3 6 5 + Thymus pulegioides L. . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Thymus zygis L. . Lamiaceae Chamaephyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Tilia cordata Mill. . Malvaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 5 5 6 6 + Tilia platyphyllos Scop. . Malvaceae Phanerophyte 7 5 6 5 6 6 + Tolpis barbata (L.) Gaertn. . Asteraceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 4 7 + Tolpis umbellata Bertol. . Asteraceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Tordylium maximum L. . Apiaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 6 + Torilis africana Spreng. . Apiaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Torilis arvensis subsp. arvensis (Huds.) Link . Apiaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Torilis arvensis subsp. neglecta (Schult.) Thell. . Apiaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Torilis arvensis subsp. recta Jury . Apiaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Torilis elongata (Hoffmanns. & Link) Samp. . Apiaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. . Apiaceae Therophyte 6 5 6 6 6 6 + Torilis leptophylla (L.) Rchb.f. . Apiaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 6 7 7 + Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. . Apiaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Tozzia alpina L. . Orobanchaceae Geophyte 9 5 6 6 6 5 + Trachynia distachya (L.) Link . Poaceae Therophyte 4 6 8 4 7 7 + Tragopogon castellanus Levier . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Tragopogon crocifolius L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 7 6 + Tragopogon dubius Scop. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Tragopogon lamottei Rouy . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Tragopogon porrifolius L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Tragopogon pratensis L. . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 5 + Tragopogon pseudocastellanus Blanca & C.Díaz . Asteraceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Trichomanes speciosum Willd. ? Hymenophyllaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. cespitosum (L.) Hartm. . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 3 3 5 + . Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 3 3 5 + Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. germanicum (Palla) Hegi Trifolium alpinum L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 3 3 4 + Trifolium angustifolium L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 4 6 7 + Trifolium arvense L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 5 5 6 + Trifolium badium Schreb. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Trifolium bocconei Savi . Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Trifolium campestre Schreb. . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Trifolium dubium Sibth. . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 Endem CM+ML CM+PY CM 56 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Trifolium fragiferum L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 5 6 6 + Trifolium gemellum Willd. . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 4 7 3 5 6 + Trifolium glomeratum L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 6 6 7 + Trifolium hybridum L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Trifolium incarnatum subsp. molinerii (Hornem.) Syme . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 4 7 5 5 7 + Trifolium lappaceum L. . Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Trifolium ligusticum Loisel. . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 4 5 6 + Trifolium medium L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 6 6 + Trifolium micranthum Viv. . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 4 8 4 5 7 + Trifolium montanum L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 6 6 + Trifolium ochroleucon Huds. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Trifolium patens Schreb. . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 4 7 5 6 6 + Trifolium pratense L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 5 6 6 + Trifolium repens subsp. repens L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 5 6 6 + Trifolium resupinatum L. ? Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 5 6 7 + Trifolium scabrum L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 6 7 + Trifolium spadiceum L. . Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Trifolium squamosum L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 4 7 5 6 6 + Trifolium striatum L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Trifolium strictum L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Trifolium subterraneum L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 5 5 7 + Trifolium sylvaticum Gerard . Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Trifolium thalii Vill. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 6 4 + Trifolium tomentosum L. ? Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Triglochin palustris L. . Juncaginaceae Geophyte 9 5 7 4 6 5 + Trigonella gladiata M.Bieb. . Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Trinia glauca (L.) Dumort. . Apiaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch.Bip. . Asteraceae Therophyte 6 4 8 6 6 6 + Trisetaria ovata (Pers.) Paunero . Poaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 5 6 + Trisetum flavescens (L.) P.Beauv. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Trisetum hispidum Lange . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 4 5 + Trollius europaeus L. . Ranunculaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 5 6 5 + Tuberaria globulariifolia (Lam.) Willk. . Cistaceae Chamaephyte 6 4 7 3 4 6 + Tuberaria guttata (L.) Fourr. . Cistaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 4 7 + Tuberaria lignosa (Sweet) Samp. ? Cistaceae Chamaephyte 6 4 7 3 4 6 + Tulipa sylvestris subsp. australis (Link) Pamp. . Liliaceae Geophyte 5 5 8 4 6 4 + Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm. . Apiaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 6 7 7 + Turritis glabra L. . Brassicaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 5 5 + Tussilago farfara L. . Asteraceae Geophyte 7 5 7 5 6 6 + Typha angustifolia L. . Typhaceae Helophyte 9 5 7 6 6 6 + Typha domingensis Pers. . Typhaceae Helophyte 10 4 7 6 6 6 + Typha latifolia L. . Typhaceae Helophyte 10 5 7 6 6 6 + Ulex cantabricus Álv. Mart. & al. . Fabaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 6 4 4 6 + Ulex europaeus L. . Fabaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 7 4 4 6 + Ulex gallii Planch. . Fabaceae Phanerophyte 6 4 7 3 4 6 + Ulmus glabra Huds. . Ulmaceae Phanerophyte 7 4 5 5 6 6 + Ulmus minor Mill. . Ulmaceae Phanerophyte 7 5 6 6 6 6 + Umbilicus heylandianus Webb & Berthel. . Crassulaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 7 4 5 7 + Umbilicus rupestris (Salisb.) Dandy . Crassulaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 5 5 6 + Urtica dioica L. . Urticaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 6 6 6 6 + Urtica membranacea Poir. ex Savigny ? Urticaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 Endem Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 57 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Urtica urens L. . Urticaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Utricularia australis R.Br. . Lentibulariaceae Hydrophyte . . . . . . + Utricularia minor L. . Lentibulariaceae Hydrophyte 10 5 8 2 4 4 + Utricularia vulgaris L. . Lentibulariaceae Hydrophyte . . . . . . + Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Vaccinium myrtillus L. . Ericaceae Chamaephyte 7 4 6 4 4 5 + Vaccinium uliginosum L. . Ericaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 7 3 4 4 + Valeriana apula Pourr. . Caprifoliaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 4 + Valeriana dioica L. . Caprifoliaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 6 5 5 6 + Valeriana montana L. . Caprifoliaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 4 5 5 + Valeriana officinalis L. . Caprifoliaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Valeriana pyrenaica L. . Caprifoliaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 4 5 5 5 5 + Valeriana tuberosa L. . Caprifoliaceae Geophyte 5 5 8 3 6 5 + Valerianella carinata Loisel. . Caprifoliaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Valerianella coronata (L.) DC. . Caprifoliaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Valerianella dentata (L.) Pollich . Caprifoliaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 6 6 + Valerianella eriocarpa Desv. . Caprifoliaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 6 6 + Valerianella fusiformis Pau . Caprifoliaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Valerianella locusta subsp. locusta (L.) Laterr. . Caprifoliaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Valerianella locusta subsp. lusitanica (Font Quer) M. Laínz . Caprifoliaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Velezia rigida L. . Caryophyllaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Ventenata dubia (Leers) Coss. & Durieu . Poaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Veratrum album L. . Melanthiaceae Geophyte 8 4 7 4 4 5 + Verbascum blattaria L. . Scrophulariaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Verbascum lychnitis L. . Scrophulariaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 6 6 6 + Verbascum nigrum L. . Scrophulariaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Verbascum pulverulentum Vill. . Scrophulariaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 4 8 6 6 6 + Verbascum thapsus L. . Scrophulariaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 5 6 6 + Verbascum virgatum Stokes . Scrophulariaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 6 6 6 + Verbena officinalis L. . Verbenaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Veronica agrestis L. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 7 5 7 6 6 6 + Veronica alpina L. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 6 4 + Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. . Plantaginaceae Helophyte 9 5 7 6 6 6 + Veronica anagalloides Guss. . Plantaginaceae Helophyte 9 4 7 4 5 5 + Veronica aphylla L. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 6 4 + Veronica arvensis L. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Veronica austriaca subsp. tenuifolia (Asso) O. Bolòs & Vigo . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 8 3 7 6 + Veronica austriaca subsp. teucrium . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 4 7 4 6 6 + Veronica beccabunga L. . Plantaginaceae Helophyte 9 5 7 5 6 5 + Veronica chamaedrys L. . Plantaginaceae Chamaephyte 7 5 6 5 6 6 - Veronica fruticans subsp. cantabrica Jacq. . Plantaginaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 2 5 3 + Veronica hederifolia L. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Veronica mampodrensis Losa & P.Monts. . Plantaginaceae Chamaephyte 4 6 8 3 7 4 + Veronica montana L. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 5 + Veronica nummularia Gouan . Plantaginaceae Chamaephyte 5 6 8 3 7 3 + Veronica officinalis L. . Plantaginaceae Chamaephyte 6 5 6 4 4 5 + Veronica persica Poir. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Veronica polita Fr. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 7 6 6 + Veronica ponae Gouan . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 8 5 7 4 6 4 + Veronica praecox All. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 3 5 8 3 7 6 + Veronica scutellata L. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 4 4 5 Endem CM+PY CM CM+PY 58 Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Veronica serpyllifolia subsp. humifusa (Dicks.) Syme . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 4 5 5 + Veronica serpyllifolia subsp. serpyllifolia L. . Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 4 5 5 + Veronica triphyllos L. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 5 7 - ? Plantaginaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Veronica vadiniensis R.Alonso; Lence; López Pach.; Puente & Penas Veronica verna L. . Plantaginaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 4 6 6 + Viburnum lantana L. . Adoxaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Vicia articulata Hornem. ? Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Vicia cracca subsp. incana (Gouan) Rouy . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 5 6 6 + Vicia lathyroides L. . Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Vicia loiseleurii (M. Bieb.) Litv. . Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Vicia lutea L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 6 7 + Vicia monantha Retz. . Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Vicia onobrychioides L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 4 5 7 4 8 6 + Vicia orobus DC. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 5 5 + Vicia pannonica Crantz . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 7 + Vicia parviflora Cav. . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 4 5 6 + Vicia peregrina L. . Fabaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 6 7 7 + Vicia pubescens (DC.) Link . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 4 7 4 6 6 + Vicia pyrenaica Pourr. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Vicia sativa subsp. amphicarpa (Dorthes) Asch. . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Vicia sativa subsp. cordata (Hoppe) Batt. . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Vicia sativa subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. . Fabaceae Therophyte 6 5 7 6 6 6 + Vicia sepium L. . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Vicia tenuifolia Roth . Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 6 6 + Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. . Fabaceae Therophyte 7 5 7 5 6 6 + Vicia villosa subsp. varia (Host) Corb. . Fabaceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. . Apocynaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 7 4 6 6 + Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench . Apocynaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 4 6 6 + Viola alba Besser . Violaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Viola arvensis Murray . Violaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 5 6 + Viola biflora L. . Violaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 8 3 6 4 + Viola bubanii Timb.-Lagr. . Violaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Viola canina L. . Violaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 7 3 4 6 + Viola cornuta L. . Violaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 7 5 6 5 + Viola hirta L. . Violaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 6 5 6 6 + Viola kitaibeliana Schult. . Violaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 3 6 7 + Viola lactea Sm. . Violaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 7 3 4 6 + Viola odorata L. . Violaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 6 + Viola palustris L. . Violaceae Hemicryptophyte 9 4 7 4 4 5 + Viola pyrenaica Ramond ex DC. . Violaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 4 6 5 + Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau . Violaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 5 5 5 5 5 + Viola riviniana Rchb. . Violaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 4 5 6 + Viola rupestris F.W.Schmidt . Violaceae Hemicryptophyte 5 5 8 3 6 4 + Viola suavis M.Bieb. . Violaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 4 6 5 6 6 + Viola tricolor subsp. alpestris (Ging.) Ces. . Violaceae Hemicryptophyte 6 5 7 5 6 5 + Viscum album L. . Santalaceae Phanerophyte 6 5 6 5 5 6 + Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 5 5 6 + Vulpia ciliata Dumort. . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 5 5 7 + Vulpia membranacea (L.) Dumort. . Poaceae Therophyte 5 4 8 4 6 7 Endem CM CM+PY Jiménez-Alfaro, B. et al. Mediterranean Botany 42, e74570, 2021 59 EM Name Nt Family Lifeform M K L N R T + Vulpia muralis (Kunth) Nees . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 8 6 6 6 + Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C.Gmel. . Poaceae Therophyte 5 5 7 5 5 6 + Vulpia unilateralis (L.) Stace . Poaceae Therophyte 4 5 8 4 5 7 + Wahlenbergia hederacea (L.) Rchb. . Campanulaceae Therophyte 9 4 7 4 4 5 + Wangenheimia lima (L.) Trin. . Poaceae Hemicryptophyte . . . . . . + Woodwardia radicans (L.) Sm. . Blechnaceae Hemicryptophyte 7 4 5 5 5 6 + Xeranthemum cylindraceum Sm. . Asteraceae Therophyte . . . . . . + Xeranthemum inapertum (L.) Mill. . Asteraceae Therophyte 4 6 8 3 7 7 + Zannichellia palustris L. . Potamogetonaceae Hydrophyte . . . . . . Endem