The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls JERASH PAPERS General Editors Achim Lichtenberger, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Rubina Raja, Aarhus Universitet This book has been printed in full colour thanks to the generous support of the VOLUME 8 © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls Final Publications from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project III Edited by Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. © 2021, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. D/2021/0095/216 ISBN: 978-2-503-58937-4 e-ISBN: 978-2-503-58982-4 DOI: 10.1484/M.JP-EB.5.120492 Printed in the EU on acid-free paper © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. Contents List of Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii 1. Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls: The Finds from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project’s Excavation Campaigns 2012–2016 ACHIM LICHTENBERGER and RUBINA RAJA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Glass 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash RUTH E. JACKSON-TAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Lamps 3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash ALEXANDRA USCATESCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Jerash Bowls 4. Some Notes on the Iconography of the Jerash Bowls from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash PAMELA BONNEKOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 List of Illustrations 1. Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls — Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja Figure 1.1. Map of Gerasa/Jerash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Figure 1.2. Map of the Northwest Quarter with the location of all trenches indicated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash — Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Figure 2.1. J16-Tc-60-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Figure 2.22. J16-Vd-1-67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Figure 2.2. J13-Eac-13-44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Figure 2.23. J14-Jd-32-154. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Figure 2.3. J13-Ha-13-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Figure 2.24. J15-Nb-57-181. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Figure 2.4. J13-Ha-14-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Figure 2.25. J14-Ke-4-73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Figure 2.5. J13-Ha-14-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Figure 2.26. J15-Jj-14-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Figure 2.6. J13-Gb-9-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Figure 2.27. J16-Sh-50-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Figure 2.7. J16-Sd-29-34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Figure 2.28. J13-Fb-40-108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Figure 2.8. J15-Qac-41-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Figure 2.29. J16-Wb-0-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Figure 2.9. J13-Gd-7-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Figure 2.30. J15-Jj-2-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Figure 2.10. J15-R-12-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Figure 2.31. J16-Xc-35-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Figure 2.11. J14-Kg-3-392 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Figure 2.32. J16-Xg-7-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Figure 2.12. J14-Ke-3-289 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure 2.33. J15-Nb-57-133. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Figure 2.13. J14-Igh-28-36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure 2.34. J14-Iah-37-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Figure 2.14. J14-Kbd-11-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure 2.35. J14-Jj-77-23 and J14-Jj-77-23. . . . . . . . . . 31 Figure 2.15. J14-Kh-3-453 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure 2.36. J15-Pe-15-35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Figure 2.16. J15-Nb-57-181. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure 2.37. J13-Ed-14-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Figure 2.17a. J14-Ke-3N-401 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure 2.38. J14-Kg-35-461 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Figure 2.17b. J14-Ke-3N-401 and J14-Ke-3-356 . . . . 27 Figure 2.39. J12-Ca-32-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Figure 2.18. J13-Ga-12-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure 2.40. J14-Kf-3-478 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Figure 2.19. J16-Wbd-29-73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure 2.41. J13-Ed-23-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Figure 2.20. J13-Gb-12-98. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Figure 2.42. J14-M-12-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Figure 2.21. J16-Tc-10-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Figure 2.43. J15-Ob-107-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. viii List of Illustrations Figure 2.44. J16-Vfg-1-59. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Figure 2.75. J14-Li-70-5 and J14-Li-70-5A . . . . . . . . . 40 Figure 2.45. J15-Ob-107-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Figure 2.76. J13-Db-13-1X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Figure 2.46. J15-Oi-97-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Figure 2.77. J16-Vfg-1-69. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Figure 2.47. J14-Kg-3-393 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Figure 2.78. J16-Wbd-6-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Figure 2.48. J14-Kh-3-22x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Figure 2.79. J16-Wbd-6-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Figure 2.49. J14-Kg-3-11x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Figure 2.80. J13-Fb-40-109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Figure 2.50. J14-Ke-3-258 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Figure 2.81. J13-Ff-22-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Figure 2.51. J16-Vfd-73-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Figure 2.82. J15-Nb-57-150. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Figure 2.52. J16-Vac-61-66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Figure 2.83. J14-Kg-3-235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Figure 2.53. J14-Ke-3-245 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Figure 2.84. J14-Kh-24-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Figure 2.54. J14-Kc-3-119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Figure 2.85. J16-Sc-13-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Figure 2.55. J14-La-2-71. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Figure 2.86. J13-Ha-13-40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Figure 2.56. J14-Kd-46-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Figure 2.87. J12-Bc-27-34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Figure 2.57. J16-Vi-60-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Figure 2.88. J16-Wi-74-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Figure 2.58. J16-Vac-61-66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Figure 2.89. J16-Wc-23-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Figure 2.59. J14-Kg-39-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Figure 2.90. J13-Fi-49-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Figure 2.60. J16-Ve-1-77. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Figure 2.91. J13-Ed-23-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Figure 2.61. J14-Kc-3-117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Figure 2.92. J16-Vac-61-66e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Figure 2.62. J16-Vd-25-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Figure 2.93. J15-Nb-57-181. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Figure 2.63. J16-Vd-1-67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Figure 2.94. J14-Kg-3-188 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Figure 2.64. J14-Kc-43-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Figure 2.95. J15-Nb-57-129. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Figure 2.65. J14-Ke-3N-400 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Figure 2.96. J16-Ob-107-4c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Figure 2.66. J14-Igh-16-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Figure 2.97. J16-Xa-1-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Figure 2.67. J13-Gb-23-4+5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Figure 2.98. J16-Sa-1-42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Figure 2.68. J15-Nj-80-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Figure 2.99. J13-Fd-52-27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Figure 2.69. J13-Ha-13-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Figure 2.100. J13-Fi-49-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Figure 2.70. J12-Ca-27-1x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Figure 2.101. J16-Xf-2-234 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Figure 2.71. J13-Fd-40-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Figure 2.102. J13-Fh-29-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Figure 2.72. J13-Fc-52-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Figure 2.103. J14-Kh-44-30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Figure 2.73. J13-Fi-49-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Figure 2.104. J14-Fi-49-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Figure 2.74. J13-Fi-0-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Figure 2.105. J14-Lcd-50-106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 List of Illustrations ix 3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash — Alexandra Uscatescu Figure 3.1. Hellenistic and Roman Lamps. Types L-1 to L-5.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Figure 3.2. Roman Lamps. Types L-6 to L-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Figure 3.3. Late Roman and Early Byzantine Lamps. Types L-10 to L-16. . . . . . . . . 72 Figure 3.4. Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps. Type L-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Figure 3.5. Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps. Type L-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Figure 3.6. Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps. Types L-18 and L-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Figure 3.7. Late Byzantine and Early Umayyad Jerash Lamps. Types L-21. . . . . . . . . 84 Figure 3.8. Umayyad Jerash Lamps. Types L-22 and L-23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Figure 3.9. Umayyad Jerash Lamps. Type L-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Figure 3.10. Jerash Lamp base types.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Figure 3.11. Jerash Lamp base types.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Figure 3.12. Late Byzantine and Umayyad Lamps. Types L-25 to L-27.. . . . . . . . . . . 103 Figure 3.13. Late Byzantine and Early Islamic Lamps. Types L-28 to L-31.. . . . . . . . 104 Figure 3.14. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench A (cat. nos 1–2) and trench B (cat. nos 5–9).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Figure 3.15. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench B (cat. nos 32–35, 40, 43, and 58).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Figure 3.16. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench B (cat. nos 65, 74–76, and 79). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Figure 3.17. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench B (cat. nos 83 and 88–89). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Figure 3.18. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench C (cat. nos 98, 107, 109, and 123), and trench D (cat. nos 124, 126, and 129). . . . . . . 139 Figure 3.19. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench E (cat. nos 131–34 and 136–40). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Figure 3.20. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench E (cat. nos 141–49). . . . . 145 Figure 3.21. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench E (cat. nos 150–58 and 160). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Figure 3.22. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench F (cat. nos 161–62, 165–66, and 169–70). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Figure 3.23. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench F (cat. nos 173–76), and trench G (cat. nos 184–86, 188–90, and 194). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Figure 3.24. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench H (cat. nos 196–202) and trench I (cat. nos 204–07). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Figure 3.25. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench J (cat. nos 215, 218–19, 221–22, 224, 227, 233, 235–39). . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. x List of Illustrations Figure 3.26. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench J (cat. nos 245–47 and 249–51). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Figure 3.27. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench J (cat. nos 253–57).. . . . . 164 Figure 3.28. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench J (cat. nos 258, 261, 265–66, and 268–70). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Figure 3.29. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench J (cat. nos 274–75) and trench K (cat. nos 278 and 280–81). . . . . . . . . . 168 Figure 3.30. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench K (cat. nos 282–83 and 286–87). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Figure 3.31. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench K (cat. nos 288–89, 292, 294–95, and 302–04).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Figure 3.32. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench L (cat. nos 308, 312, 314, 319, and 321). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Figure 3.33. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench L (cat. nos 342–43 and 345–46) and trench O (cat. nos 353 and 356–57). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Figure 3.34. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench O (cat. nos 359–62 and 364–65) and trench P (cat. nos 366–69). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Figure 3.35. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench Q (cat. nos 370, 373, 375–76, 379, and 380) and trench R (cat. nos 383–84 and 386–87). . 186 Figure 3.36. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench S (cat. nos 391–97). . . . . 189 Figure 3.37. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench S (cat. nos 398–99) and trench T (cat. nos 400 and 404–05). . . . . . . . . . 190 Figure 3.38. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench U (cat. no. 406) and trench V (cat. nos 408–09). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Figure 3.39. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench V (cat. nos 411–12), and trench W (cat. nos 413–15 and 418). . . . . . . . . 194 Figure 3.40. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench X (cat. nos 420, 422–24, 426, 428–29, and 431). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Plate 3.1. Gerasa Lamps: 196 (L-6), 238 (L-7.3); Late Roman Gerasa Round Lamp: 2 (L-8.1) and 253 (L-8.2).. . . . . . . . 199 Plate 3.2. Late Roman Gerasa Round Lamp: 393 (L-8.2) and 399 (L-8.3). . . . . . 200 Plate 3.3. Late Roman/Early Byzantine (probably imported) lamps: 391 (L-9) and 392 (L-10). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Plate 3.4. Late Roman and Early Byzantine imported lamps: 308 (L-11) and 418 (L-12). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Plate 3.5. Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps: 75 (L-17.1/base f. 1) and 83 (L-17.2/base c. 1).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Plate 3.6. Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps: 405 (L-17.4/base a.2), 152 (L-17.9), and 429 (L-17.1 mould). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 List of Illustrations xi Plate 3.7. Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps: 404 (L-18), 367 (L-19.1/base a.1), and 431 (L-19.4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Plate 3.8. Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps: 169 (L-21.2/base b.1), 173 (L-21.4/base e.1), and 175 ( JL base d).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Plate 3.9. Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps: 74 (L-21.2/base a.1), 414 (L-21.6), and 420 (L-21.2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Plate 3.10. Late Byzantine/Transitional Jerash Lamps: 412 (L-21.10/base b.2) and 422 (L-21.12). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Plate 3.11. Late Byzantine/Early Umayyad Jerash Lamps: 409 (L-21.10/base f. 2) and 359 ( JL base g). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Plate 3.12. Umayyad Jerash Lamps: 411 (L-21.11/base b.3) and 427 (L-23.3). . . . 210 Plate 3.13. Late Byzantine/Umayyad Jerash Lamp: 292 (L-21.10/base b.4). . . . . . 211 Plate 3.14. Umayyad Jerash Lamps: 286 (L-23.2/base h), 278 (L-23.1/base i.1), 289 (L-24.1), 303 (L-24.1), 283 (L-24.2), and 281 (L-24.1/base i.2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Plate 3.15. Late Byzantine/Umayyad Jerash Lamps: 124, 149, 171, 217, 234, 279, 413, 425, and 432 ( JL zoomorphic handles). . . . . . . . . . 213 Plate 3.16. Late Byzantine and Early Islamic Lamps: 224 (L-27.1), 423 (L-16), 366 (L-30), and 288 (L-31.1).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Plate 3.17. Late Byzantine and Early Islamic Lamps: 424 (L-26) and 426 (L-27.3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Graph 3.1. Chronology of lamps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Graph 3.2. Provenance of lamps.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Map 3.1. L-8. Late Roman Gerasa Round Lamp and/or ‘Jabal Jofeh’ type. . . . . . . 69 Map 3.2. L-9. Bilanceolate lamp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Map 3.3. L-12. Hauranian Lamp or ‘Macellum fig. 4.10’ Lamp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Map 3.4. L-14. Imitation Beit Naṭṭif (ii) Lamp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Map 3.5. L-16. Galilean Lamp.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Map 3.6. L-17 to L-24. Jerash Lamps (all types). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Map 3.7. L-25. Samaritan Lamp (late types). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Map 3.8. L-27. ‘Slipper’ Lamps (all types). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Map 3.9. L-29. Northern Ovoid Lamp or Phoenician type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Map 3.10. L-31. Southern Wheel-Made Lamp (both types).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Table 3.1. Main correspondences between lamp types.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Table 3.2. Provenance of lamps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Table 3.3. Chronology of types.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. xii List of Illustrations 4. Some Notes on the Iconography of the Jerash Bowls from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash — Pamela Bonnekoh Figure 4.1. Fragments J12-B-10-18+23+25-27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Figure 4.2. Fragments J12-Bc-27-73+74+79.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Figure 4.3. Fragments J12-Ba-52-1-2 and B2-122, 1195–96 and Bac-54-32. . . . . . 229 Figure 4.4. Fragments J12-Ba-55-1 and Ba-50-13+21-24.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Figure 4.5. Fragment J12-Bd-69-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Figure 4.6. Fragment J12-Ba-50-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Figure 4.7. Fragment J13-Fb-40-126.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Figure 4.8. Fragments J12-Bc-42-16+17 and Ba-46-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Figure 4.9. Herm no. 69 of Welschbillig.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Figure 4.10. Palmyrene man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Ruth E. Jackson-Tal The Israel Museum, Jerusalem 9171002, Israel Introduction Around 5500 glass fragments were unearthed during excavations at the Northwest Quarter of Jerash, but only some 1740 are diagnostic. The glass finds were recovered during the 2012–2016 campaigns in various trenches.1 Of the diagnostic finds, 104 fragments of vessels and small objects were chosen for publication based on their state of preservation and their chronological and typological significance. The chosen fragments represent the main and reoccurring types. The vessels include sagged, free-blown, and mould-blown bowls, bottles and jugs, wine glasses, lamp bowls, kohl tubes, and windowpanes. Most are plain, but some are decorated with wheel-cut and mould-blown designs: vertical ribs, indents, applied and tooled trails, pinches, discs, and blobs. The small finds include beads, bracelets, a stirring rod, inlays, a spindle whorl, and mosaic tesserae. The great majority of the finds can be dated to the main stages of occupation at the site during the Late Roman, Byzantine, and Umayyad periods, from the third to the eighth centuries ad. Few finds can be dated to the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods, from the mid-second century bc to the early second century ad. The vessels and small finds were made mostly of colourless glass, but light green, light and dark blue, bluish-green, light yellow, yellow-brown, yellow-green, and purple glass also appear. They are covered in a thick black, white, and silver coating, which comes from weathering with an iridescent film. * I would like to thank the excavators of the site, Prof. Dr Rubina Raja and Prof. Dr Achim Lichtenberger, for giving me the opportunity to study these finds and providing stratigraphic information. The glass finds were preliminarily studied by Holger Schwarzer (2014) and Barfod and others (2018) and presented in Lichtenberger and others 2017. The glass finds were drawn by Signe Kristensen and photographed by Michael Johansen, Moesgaard Museum, to whom I am thankful. All images are from the DanishGerman Jerash Northwest Quarter Project. 1 Barfod and others 2018, fig. 2. The glass vessels are discussed in a typological and chronological order. Parallels are cited from previous excavations at Jerash and its vicinity and from other sites in the Decapolis region, such as Pella, Gadara, Scythopolis, Capitolias, Hippos, and Abila. Glass Finds Grooved Bowls (cat. nos 1–3) Grooved bowls are the earliest glass finds unearthed at the site, dated to the Late Hellenistic period. Such bowls were made by sagging a flat disk on a mould.2 This technique enabled mass production in a quick and cheap process.3 Sagging was commonly used during the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods to produce luxury bowls as well as bowls for daily use.4 The bowls found in the Northwest Quarter are apparently everyday vessels, used as drinking bowls. These bowls were very common in the region and can be dated from the mid-second century to the first century bc.5 The bowls were found in trenches Tc, Eac, and Ha/Hal. Similar bowls have been found at other locations in Jerash6 and at Pella,7 Neapolis,8 Samaria,9 Philadelphia,10 and Abila.11 2 Grose 1989, 194. Barag 1985, 59–60. 4 Grose 1989, 193–94 and 247. 5 Grose 1989, 193–94; Dussart 1998, 51 and 53–54, pls 1. AII.11 and 2.AII.4. 6 Meyer 1988, 185, perhaps fig. 5.C, E; Dussart 1998, 51–54, pls 1.9 and 2.2, 4, 6, 10. 7 O’Hea 1992, 254, fig. 1. 8 Magen 2009, 293, pl. 63.16–17. 9 Reisner, Fisher, and Lyon 1924, 329–31, fig. 203.II4a, II6a, II7e, II8b, II11a’, II11a’’. 10 Dussart 1998, 51 and 53–54, pls 1.6, 8 and 2.3, 5, 7, 13–16. 11 Batsell Fuller 1986, 9, pls 5.B–C and 6.B–C; Fuller 1987, 150–51, fig. 121.B–C and E–F. 3 © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTEDJerash FOR PRIVATE USE Quarter ONLY. Project III, ed. by Achim Lichtenberger Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls: Final Publications from the Danish-German Northwest IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. DOI 10.1484/M.JP-EB.5.121552 and Rubina Raja, JP 8 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2020), 13–49 PUBLISHERS BREPOLS 14 Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Ribbed Bowl (cat. no. 4) Bowls with Crimped Trail (cat. nos 8–9) Ribbed bowls were also made by sagging and were also used as drinking bowls. They are the most characteristic vessels of the beginning of the Roman period, appearing throughout the region in the late first century bc, but they are most common in the first half of the first century ad.12 A ribbed bowl was found in trench Ha/ Hal. Similar bowls have been found at other locations in Jerash13 and at Pella,14 Neapolis,15 Samaria,16 Tel Zira‘a,17 Hippos,18 Philadelphia,19 and Abila.20 Bowls with applied crimped trails are very common in the area, in contexts dated to the Early Roman period, from the late first to the early second centuries ad. Such bowls were found in trenches Qac and Gd. Similar bowls have been found at other locations in Jerash 29 and at Pella,30 Philadelphia,31 Samaria,32 Migdal,33 Wadi Hamam,34 and Paneas.35 Bowls with Tubular Folds (cat. nos 5–7) Small plain bowls or beakers with straight walls and flaring or curving-in, rounded, thickened rims were very common in the region throughout the Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic periods, from the first to the seventh centuries ad. Such bowls were found in trenches R and Kg. Similar bowls have been found at other locations in Jerash36 and at Pella,37 Scythopolis,38 Gadara,39 Hippos, 40 Philadelphia, 41 Neapolis, 42 Samaria, 43 and Capitolias.44 Free-blown bowls with a single or double tubular fold and variations in the rim design are well known in the region in Early Roman contexts. They mainly appear in the late first to the early second centuries ad, but also later, in Late Roman contexts. The design and fabric of the bowls found in the Northwest Quarter suggest an Early Roman dating. They were found in trenches Ha/Hal, Gb, and Sd. Similar bowls have been found in an Early Roman context at Gamla,21 but mostly in Late Roman contexts at other locations in Jerash22 and at Scythopolis, 23 Gadara, 24 Capitolias, 25 Neapolis, 26 Samaria,27 and Jalame.28 Bowls/Beakers with Straight Walls (cat. nos 10–11) Bowl with Curving-In Rim (cat. no. 12) Bowls with a thickened, curving-in rim and tapering wall are known in the region during the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, from the fourth to the seventh centuries ad. There is a slight variation in the rim design of 29 12 Grose 1989, 244–47; Dussart 1998, 55–56, pl. 2.AIII.11, AIII.12, AIII.2, AIII.3. 13 Kehrberg 1986, 375, fig. 9.4; Meyer 1988, 184–85, fig. 5.A; Dussart 1998, 55–56, pl. 2.18, 19, 24. 14 O’Hea 1992, 254–55, fig. 2. 15 Magen 2009, 293, pl. 63.18. 16 Reisner, Fisher, and Lyon 1924, 329–31, fig. 203.II1k, II1b, II2i; Crowfoot 1957, 403–04, fig. 93.1. 17 Hoss and Keller 2017, 124–25 and 127, pl. 2.15.1. 18 Burdajewicz 2006, 135, fig. 1.36. 19 Dussart 1998, 55, pl. 2.20. 20 Batsell Fuller 1986, 9; Fuller 1987, 151–52. 21 Jackson-Tal 2016a, 21, fig. 8.20.124–28. 22 Meyer 1988, 191, fig. 6.Q; Dussart 1998, 67, pl. 6.23. 23 Katsnelson 2014, 24*, fig. 1.5–6. 24 El-Khouri 2014, 95, fig. 5.14. 25 Burdajewicz 2017, 665, fig. 2.1. 26 Sarig 2009, 24, pl. 15.12. 27 Crowfoot 1957, 414–15, fig. 96.4. 28 Weinberg and Goldstein 1988, 53–54, fig. 4-15.109, 111–12. Meyer 1988, 185, fig. 5.G, H. Smith and McNicoll 1992, 132, pl. 87.7. 31 Dussart 1998, 59, pl. 3.31–32. 32 Crowfoot 1957, 415, fig. 96.5. 33 Jackson-Tal and Gorin-Rosen 2018, 113, fig. 19.4–5. 34 Jackson-Tal 2018, 467, pl. 13.3.15. 35 Gorin-Rosen and Jackson-Tal 2008, 82, fig. 5.1.2–3. 36 Meyer 1988, 191, fig. 6.O, V; Dussart 1998, 70–72, pls 8.10, 12–18, 21, 24, 28 and 9.1–4. 37 McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy 1982, 84 and 87, pls 132.1, 9 and 133.3, 7; Smith and McNicoll 1992, 137, pl. 96.5, 7; O’Hea 1992, 259, fig. 10; 1993, 222, fig. 25.1–2, 4–5. 38 Peleg 1994, 145, fig. 15.1–3; Winter 2015, 208, fig. 5.1.6. 39 El-Khouri 2014, 93 and 95, fig. 5.4; Keller 2015, 208 and 210, figs XVI.1.5–6, XVI.2.27–28. 40 Burdajewicz 2006, 130, fig. 1.19–20. 41 Dussart 1998, 70–71, pl. 8.11, 15, 29. 42 Magen 2009, 137, pl. 52.4. 43 Crowfoot 1957, 410, fig. 94.14–15. 44 Burdajewicz 2017, 668–70, 673, 676, and 678, figs 3.7–9, 4.1–6, 5.1–9, 8.7–8, and 9.9–11, 14–19. 30 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash the bowl found in the Northwest Quarter, which is usually folded (like bowl cat. no. 17). The bowl was found in trench Ke. Similar bowls with folded rims have been found at other locations in Jerash45 and at Neapolis.46 15 facet-cut designs have been found at other locations in Jerash,56 and two intact bowls with such cut designs were found in a Roman tomb at ‘En Tamar.57 Bowl/Beaker with Cut-Off Rim (cat. no. 19) Bowls with Folded Rims (cat. nos 13–17) Bowls with folded-in and folded-out rims are one of the most common bowl types throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods in the region, from the first to the seventh centuries ad. The bowls can differ in size, shape, and type of fold. Bowls with folded rims were found in trenches Igh, Kbd, Kh, Nb, and Ke. Bowls cat. nos 13 and 14 have smaller dimensions. Similar bowls have been found at many sites in the region, among others in Jerash,47 Scythopolis,48 Hippos,49 and Philadelphia to name a few.50 Bowls cat. nos 15 and 16 have large, flaring, double eight-shaped folded rims. Similar bowls have been found at other locations in Jerash51 and at Tel Zira‘a,52 and Philadelphia.53 Bowl cat. no. 17 is a small, shallow bowl with curving-in rim like bowl cat. no. 12 above. Similar bowls have been found at other locations in Jerash.54 Bowl with Wheel-Cut Facet Designs (cat. no. 18) Vessels decorated with facet-cut designs are known in small numbers in the region during the Late Roman period, from the second to the fourth centuries ad. An important group of such vessels was found and probably produced at Dura Europos.55 The fragment found in the Northwest Quarter of Jerash belongs to a shallow bowl with a flaring, polished rim decorated with wheel-cut, grain-shaped facets bordered above and below by two horizontal narrow incisions. The bowl was found in trench Ga. Several fragments of vessels decorated with 45 Dussart 1998, 64 and 85, pls 5.27 and 15.1. Sarig 2009, 23–24, pl. 15.5. 47 Dussart 1998, 58 and 69, pls 3.16–17, 20–22, 26 and 7.20, 22. 48 Gorin-Rosen 2000a, 61*, fig. 1.1–2; Hadad 2005, 21 and 35–36, pls 3.66–67 and 28.561; Winter 2015, 208, fig. 5.1.3. 49 Burdajewicz 2006, 133, fig. 1.31–32. 50 Meyer 1988, 187–88, fig. 5.P, Q, R; Dussart 1998, 57–58, pl. 3.8, 18–19. 51 Dussart 1998, 75–77, pls 11.11, 13, 15 and 12.4. 52 Hoss and Keller 2017, 125, pl. 2.15.4. 53 Dussart 1998, 76, pl. 11.12, 16. 54 See n. 45. 55 Clairmont 1963, 56–86. 46 Bowls and beakers with cut-off, curving-up rims and straight walls are known mainly during the Late Roman period, from the third to the fourth centuries ad. They also appear earlier, during the first and second centuries ad, and later, during the Byzantine period, where they are identified as lamp bowls or wine glasses. The delicacy of the fragment found at the Northwest Quarter points to an Early Roman dating. The bowl was found in trench Wbd. Similar vessels were found in Early Roman contexts at Gamla58 and in Late Roman and Byzantine contexts at Jerash,59 Scythopolis,60 Neapolis,61 Capitolias,62 and Sî.63 Bowls with Flaring or Splaying-Out Rims (cat. nos 20–23) Bowls of different sizes with wide flaring or splaying-out rims are well known in the area throughout the Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic periods, from the first to the eighth centuries ad. Fragments of this type of bowl were found in trenches Gb, Tc, Vd, and Jd. Bowls similar to bowls cat. nos 20 and 21 have been found at other locations in Jerash, at Pella64 and Ain ez-Zara in Early Roman and Byzantine contexts and unidentified contexts, 65 and at Gadara. 66 Bowls similar to bowl cat. no. 22 have been found in Late Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic contexts at Pella,67 Scythopolis,68 and Neapolis.69 56 Dussart 1998, 63, pl. 5.6. Hirschfeld 2006, 181, fig. 13.28.1–2. 58 Jackson-Tal 2016a, 20–21, fig. 8.19.108, 111. 59 Meyer 1988, 189 and 191, fig. 6.F. 60 Katsnelson 2014, 24* and 27*–28*, fig. 2.3–5; Winter 2015, 210, fig. 5.1.8. 61 Sarig 2009, 26–27, pl. 7.6. 62 Burdajewicz 2017, 671, fig. 6.3. 63 Dussart 1998, 80, pl. 13.7–14. 64 Smith and Day 1989, 114–15, pl. 51.27. 65 Baur 1938, 530, fig. 22.31; Meyer 1988, 198, fig. 8.J; Dussart 1998, 69, pl. 7.24–25. 66 Keller 2015, 212, fig. XVI.3.46–48. 67 McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy 1982, 84, pl. 133.12. 68 Hadad 2005, pls 2.39, 28.549, and 35.684. 69 Magen 2009, 118, pl. 41.6. 57 © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. 16 The rim and base shape of bowl cat. no. 23 suggests an Early Islamic dating. Similar bowls have been found in such a context in Scythopolis.70 Ruth E. Jackson-Tal at, among other places, Pella, 79 Scythopolis, 80 and Samaria.81 Solid Base-Ring (cat. no. 34) Trail Bases (cat. nos 24–25) Trail bases were used during the Late Roman period, from the third to the fourth centuries ad. The two bases found at the Northwest Quarter could belong to small bowls or beakers. They are formed with applied trails, a circular one in base cat. no. 24 and a triangular in base cat. no. 25. They were found in trenches Nb and Ke. Similar circular trail bases have been found in Scythopolis,71 Samaria,72 and Neapolis.73 No parallels have been found for the triangular trail base which can be dated according to its design, fabric, and context to the Early Islamic period. Solid, Flat Base (cat. no. 26) Low, flat, solid bases are known mostly throughout the Roman period, from the first to the fourth centuries ad. The base found at the Northwest Quarter could belong to a bowl or beaker. It was found in trench Jj. Similar bases have been found in Jerash,74 Scythopolis,75 Neapolis,76 and Philadelphia.77 Tubular Bases (cat. nos 27–33) Tubular bases in a variety of shapes and sizes are extremely common throughout the Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic periods. The bases presented here belong to low and high tubular bases of bowls (cat. nos 27 and 32–33) and beakers (cat. nos 28–31). Base cat. no. 28 has a unique double-layered design, which is less common in the region. They were found in trench Sh, Fb, Wb, Jj, Xc, Xg, and Nb. Similar tubular bases have been found at other locations in Jerash 78 and 70 Hadad 2005, 21 and 36, pls 1.4, 2.46, and 29.570; Katsnelson 2014, 40*, fig. 8.5. 71 Winter 2015, 214–15, fig. 5.2.26. 72 Crowfoot 1957, 410, fig. 94.13. 73 Sarig 2009, 29, pl. 18.11. 74 Meyer 1988, 193, fig. 6.aa, dd; Dussart 1998, 97–98, pl. 21.31, 41. 75 Katsnelson 2014, 28*, fig. 2.9. 76 Magen 2009, 118 and 137, pls 41.13 and 52.6. 77 Dussart 1998, 98, pl. 21.39. 78 Meyer 1988, 189 and 198, figs 5.V, Z, Y, aa, 8.R, and 11.aa, High solid base-rings (also called pad bases) are very common in Late Roman contexts in the area, from the third to the fourth centuries ad. They were used as bowl bases. A solid base-ring was found in trench Igh/ Iah. Similar bases have been found at other locations in Jerash82 and at Gadara,83 Scythopolis,84 Neapolis,85 and Philadelphia.86 Trail Base-Ring (cat. no. 35) Trailed base-rings were also very common in the area during the Late Roman period, from the third to the fourth centuries ad. They were used as bowl bases. Such a base was found in trench Jj. Similar bases have been found in Scythopolis,87 in Neapolis,88 at Wadi Hamam,89 in the factory dump at Jalame,90 and a large number have been found at Khirbet el-Ni‘ana.91 Beakers with Tapering Conical Walls (cat. nos 36–37) Vessels with tapering conical walls can be identified as beakers, oil lamps, or bottles with wide rims. They are well known in the region during the Late Roman, Byzantine, bb; Dussart 1998, 57 and 73, pls 3.12, 15 and 10.1–2. 79 McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy 1982, 84 and 87, pls 132.1– 2 and 133.1, 7–8; Smith and McNicoll 1992, 130–31, pl. 87.12; O’Hea 1993, 222, fig. 25.8. 80 Winter 2011, 357, fig. 12.4.2; Katsnelson 2014, 26*, fig. 1.8; Winter 2015, 211–12 and 214, fig. 5.2.13–14, 19–21. 81 Reisner, Fisher, and Lyon 1924, 331, fig. 203.8; Crowfoot 1957, 410, 414–15 and 418, figs 94.15, 96.4–5, and 98.5. 82 Dussart 1998, 68, pl. 7.13–14. 83 Dussart 1998, 68, pl. 7.15–16; Keller 2015, 214, fig. XVI.3.62. 84 Katsnelson 2014, 30*–31*, fig. 4.2; Winter 2015, 211–12, fig. 5.2.16–18. 85 Sarig 2009, 28–29, pl. 18.5. 86 Dussart 1998, 68–69 and 74, pls 7.12, 18 and 10.13–15. 87 Katsnelson 2014, 30*, fig. 4.1. 88 Sarig 2009, 28–29, pl. 18.6–10. 89 Jackson-Tal 2018, 469, pl. 13.6.53. 90 Weinberg and Goldstein 1988, 58–59, fig. 4-21. 91 Gorin-Rosen and Katsnelson 2007, 88–90 and 134, figs 7 and 31. 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash and Early Islamic periods, from the fourth to the eighth centuries ad, and they have been found in large numbers. Two were found in trenches Pe and Ed. Similar vessels have been found in, among other places, Jerash,92 Scythopolis,93 Capitolias,94 and Hippos.95 Bottle with Folded-In Rim (cat. no. 38) Bottles with folded-in rims are known throughout many periods and are therefore hard to date. However, the small dimensions and delicacy of the fragment cat. no. 38 suggest a date in the Early Roman period, from the first to the early third centuries ad. Early Roman bottles with such rims could be pear-shaped, rounded, or of the type called candlestick bottles. A large number of candlestick bottles are known in the region, usually from burials. The fragment was found in trench Kg. Similar vessels are displayed in regional museums in Jerash and in Amman,96 others have been found in, among other places, Pella,97 Samaria,98 Neapolis,99 Philadelphia,100 and Abila.101 Bottles with Straight Rims (cat. nos 39–40) Bottles with straight, rounded, or folded-in rims, plain or trailed, and with straight elongated necks and probably globular bodies are well known in the region during the Late Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic periods, from the fourth to the eighth centuries ad. Two bottles were found in trenches Ca and Kf. Similar bottles have been found at other locations in Jerash102 and at, among other places, Scythopolis, 103 Gadara,104 and Philadelphia.105 Bottles with Funnel-Shaped Rims (cat. nos 41–44) Bottles with slightly tapering short or elongated rounded rims that are plain or trailed and probably globular, squat bodies that are plain or ribbed are well known in the region during the Late Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic periods, from the fourth to the eighth centuries ad. A wider rim (cat. nos 36 and 37) may indicate that it is a beaker or conical lamp. Bottles with funnel-shaped rims were found in trenches Ed, M, Ob, and Vfg. Similar bottles have been found at other locations in Jerash106 and at, among other places, Scythopolis,107 Capitolias,108 and Hippos.109 Bottles with Folded-In, Flattened Rims and Globular Bodies (cat. nos 45–49) The type of bottle that has a folded-in, flattened rim is typical of the Early Islamic and Umayyad period, from the seventh to the eighth centuries ad. Such bottles were found in trenches Ob, Oi, Kg, and Kh, most of them attributed to evidence related to the ad 749 earthquake. Similar vessels are known throughout the region in such Early Islamic contexts, at other locations in Jerash,110 at Pella,111 Scythopolis,112 Hippos,113 and in several excavations at Ramla.114 103 92 Baur 1938, 522, fig. 19.372; Meyer 1988, 189, figs 5.S, T, U, W, 6.C, and 11.U; Dussart 1998, 130–36, pl. 30.32–33, 36, 43, 45–49. 93 Peleg 1994, 145, fig. 15.6–7; Hadad 2005, 23–24, pls 7.116– 24, 136, 8.161–64, 9.165–69, and 11.198. 94 Burdajewicz 2017, 662, fig. 1.7–10. 95 Burdajewicz 2006, 130, fig. 1.16–17. 96 Dussart 1998, 162–63, pls 50.1–16 and 51.1–6. 97 McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy 1982, 84–85, pls 132.11–16 and 133.18–22; Smith and McNicoll 1992, 129 and 138, pls 87.21– 26 and 96.13–16. 98 Reisner, Fisher, and Lyon 1924, 331, fig. 203.7; Crowfoot 1957, 409–10 and 412, figs 94.1–3, 95.1–3. 99 Magen 2009, 118, 152–53, 155, and 157, pls 41.2, 62.1–5, 63.19, 64.5–6, 10–11, 15–17, and 65.2. 100 Zayadine 1973, 24, pl. XIII.39–40. 101 Fuller 1987, 147–49, fig. 119.A–F. 102 Baur 1938, 538 and 541–43, fig. 27.Tomb 12; Kehrberg 1986, 383, fig. 9.47, 49; Meyer 1988, 203 and 207, figs 10.G–I and 11.C–E; Dussart 1998, 128–29, pl. 32.5, 7, 12, 24, 28, 30, 31. 17 Peleg 1994, 145, fig. 15.8; Hadad 2005, 23–24, pl. 8.144– 45; Winter 2011, 348–49, fig. 12.1.17–18; 2015, 216 and 218, fig. 5.3.31, 37. 104 Dussart 1998, 128–29, pl. 32.4, 13. 105 Dussart 1998, 128–29, pl. 32.2, 19. 106 Baur 1938, 531–33, figs 25.385, 28.231, 29.94, 31.28, 63, Cistern I, 384; Meyer 1988, 186, 191, and 202, figs 6.R, U and 9.O, P, Q, S; Dussart 1998, 130–36, pls 33.6–7, 9, 12, 17, 20, 24, 32, 34.4–10, 12, 15–16, 30, 33, 35.12, 14–17, 20, 24, 26–28, 30–31, 33–35, 37–41, 43–44, 46, and many more. 107 Peleg 1994, 145, fig. 15.9–10; Gorin-Rosen 2000a, 62*–63*, fig. 1.10–12; Hadad 2005, 23–24, pls 7.127–38, 8.143–45, 157–61, 9.170–76, 11.200, and 12.232–34; Winter 2011, 348, fig. 12.1.15; 2015, 215–16, fig. 5.3.29; Katsnelson 2014, 28*, fig. 3.2–3. 108 Burdajewicz 2017, 662–63, fig. 1.1–6, 11, 16, 19. 109 Burdajewicz 2006, 127–28, fig. 1.1–5. 110 Baur 1938, 540, figs 25.240 and 29.790. 111 Smith and Day 1989, 117, pl. 62.5. 112 Hadad 2005, 23–24, pl. 10.187–88. 113 Burdajewicz 2006, 128–29, fig. 1.7. 114 Pollak 2007, 121, fig. 10.61–62; Gorin-Rosen 1999, 11, © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. 18 Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Bottles with Short, Straight Rims (cat. nos 50–51) Bottles with Trail Decoration (cat. nos 53–56) Small or medium bottles with a straight, short rim, wide — almost straight — shoulders, and rounded or squat square walls are typical of the Early Islamic and Umayyad period, and also in the Abbasid period, from the seventh to the ninth centuries ad. Two bottles were found in trenches Ke and Vfd, which are close to each other and related to the ad 749 earthquake. Similar vessels are known throughout the region in such Early Islamic contexts, at Jerash,115 Pella,116 Scythopolis,117 Caesarea,118 and Ramla.119 Trail decoration was very common for decorating various glass vessels during the Late Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic periods, from the fourth to the seventh centuries ad. The vessels discussed here are dated to the Late Byzantine and Umayyad periods, fifth to seventh centuries ad, according to their shape, style, and the colour of the trails. The bottles were found in trenches Ke, Kc, La, and Kd. All the K contexts are firmly related to the ad 749 earthquake. Bottle cat. no. 53 has a straight rounded rim, short tapering neck, and sloping shoulders with an applied single trail. Similar vessels are known from Scythopolis. 124 Bottle cat. no. 54 and fragments cat. no. 55 are decorated with applied blue and yellow-brown trails in a pinched bifurcated design called ‘spectacle design’. This trail design is known during the Late Byzantine and Umayyad periods, but the colour of the trails on vessel cat. no. 54 suggests an Umayyad dating. Similar vessels are known from Scythopolis125 and Caesarea.126 Fragment cat. no. 55 is a tiny colourful fragment of a vessel with applied and marvered trails. Marvering is a common decoration technique, which is known to have existed since the beginning of glassmaking, but the fragment found at the site can be dated to the Islamic period due to the vessel’s manufacturing technique and style of decoration. The shape of the vessel is unknown because of the size of the fragment, but the fragment probably belonged to a small vessel, jar, or bottle made by blowing. Marvered vessels are not common in the region, but they are documented at Scythopolis from the Umayyad to the Mamluk period. 127 According to Shulamit Hadad, vessels decorated with red and white trails are usually dated to the Umayyad period.128 Bottle with Applied, Circular Discs (cat. no. 52) Bottles decorated with single- or double-applied, circular, trail-wound discs to the rims are known in the region in small numbers during the Umayyad period, from the seventh to the eighth centuries ad. A small fragment from the Northwest Quarter probably belongs to this type of bottle. The fragment was found in trench Vac, which is related to the ad 749 earthquake. Similar vessels have been found at Scythopolis,120 where a number of similar bottles with plain and stamped discs have been found, and at Ramla.121 Another possibility is that the fragment belongs to a small bottle decorated with multiple similar discs on the walls, a type known from Abbasid and Fatimid contexts in Scythopolis122 and at Horbat ‘Illin.123 The shape of the fragment as well as the multiple-disc decoration resemble this type, but the colour of the fragment, the disc shape, and the wall thickness are different. The Umayyad context and stylistic differences point towards the Umayyad type of bottle. fig. 1.7–8; 2010, 223, pl. 10.1.13; Jackson-Tal 2016c, 80 and 82, fig. 4.2.1–2. 115 Baur 1938, 541–42, fig. 30.89 Tomb 6; Meyer 1988, 212, fig. 12.D. 116 O’Hea 1992, 259, fig. 9; 1993, 222, fig. 25.10. 117 Hadad 2005, 23 and 40, pls 5.102–03, 6.104–07, 36.705, 715, and 37.747. 118 Pollak 2003, 166–67, fig. 2.23–24. 119 Gorin-Rosen 2010, 233, pl. 10.6.1–2. 120 Peleg 1994, 145, fig. 15.11; Hadad 2005, 25–27, pls 15.288– 307 and 16.308–16; Katsnelson 2014, 38*, fig. 7.9. 121 Gorin-Rosen 2010, 226–27, pl. 10.2.17. 122 Hadad 2005, 43, pl. 41.852–53. 123 Katsnelson 2012, 55*, fig. 3.32. Squat, Adorned Bottles with Wide, Flaring Rims (cat. nos 57–59) Squat bottles with wide, flaring rims are known during the Early Islamic period. Fragments of three bottles of this type were found in trenches Vi, Vac, and Kg, which are related to the ad 749 earthquake. Vessels with a similar shape have been found in Umayyad and Abbasid to 124 125 126 127 128 Hadad 2005, 25, pl. 13.248. Hadad 2005, 25, pl. 14.284–87. Pollak 2003, 165, fig. 1.12. Hadad 2002. Hadad 2002, 155. 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Fatimid contexts at Scythopolis.129 The bottles differ in their decoration. Vessel cat. no. 57 has a short, shallow mould-blown rib decoration on the shoulder and vessel cat. no. 58 is made of strong purple glass and has a mouldblown decoration that resembles an uneven honeycomb pattern. Honeycomb-decorated vessels have been found in Abbasid to Fatimid contexts at Scythopolis130 and at Ramla.131 No exact parallels for these decorations have been found, but the shape of the bottles indicates an Early Islamic dating, and according to the context at the site, they should be dated to the Umayyad period. Bottle cat. no. 59 is decorated with a horizontal row of pinches below the shoulder. Pinched decoration is common in the region from the Late Byzantine period and during the Umayyad period. Vessels with pinched decoration have been found at Jerash,132 Pella,133 Scythopolis,134 Hammat Gader,135 and Caesarea.136 Bottles with Applied Horizontal, Wavy Trails (cat. nos 60–61) Different types of bottles decorated with a single horizontal, wavy trail were very common in the area during the Umayyad period, from the seventh to the eighth centuries ad. The bottles were found in trenches Ve and Kc, which are related to the ad 749 earthquake. Vessels decorated with a similar trail have been found at other locations in Jerash137 and at Pella,138 Scythopolis,139 and Capitolias.140 19 Concave Bottle Bases (cat. nos 62–64) Concave bottle bases were used during all periods for different types of bottles. They are well known in the region.141 Concave bottle bases were found in trenches Vd and Kc, which are related to the ad 749 earthquake. Base cat. no. 64 is made of strong peacock blue glass decorated with a mould-blown ribbed design. The colour and decoration indicates a date in the Early Islamic period. Similar vessels have been found in Umayyad and Abbasid to Fatimid contexts at Scythopolis,142 Caesarea, 143 and Ramla. 144 The context of the bases found in the Northwest Quarter indicates an Umayyad dating. Jugs with Folded Rims and Ribbed Handles (cat. nos 65–66) Jugs with cylindrical or square walls, folded and flaring rim, and a thick ribbed strap handle are well known in all parts of the Roman Empire, throughout the Roman period, from the first to the third centuries ad. They were probably used as liquid containers.145 Two fragments from the Northwest Quarter belong to this wellknown jug type. They were found in trenches Ke and Igh. Similar jugs have been found mostly in Judea, for example in the Bar Kokhba refuge caves,146 but also in Neapolis,147 and they are in several regional museums in Jordan.148 Jugs (cat. nos 67–70) 129 Hadad 2005, 27–28 and 41–42, pls 17.332–35, 18.343, and 40.830, 839. 130 Hadad 2005, 36–37, pl. 30.594–600; Katsnelson 2014, 42*, fig. 10.4–6. 131 Gorin-Rosen 2010, 246–47, pl. 10.9.2. 132 Baur 1938, 536, fig. 18.244; Meyer 1988, 206, fig. 10.A–B; Dussart 1998, 93 and 158, pls 19.9 and 46.21. 133 Smith and Day 1989, 112, pl. 51.21; O’Hea 1992, 260, figs 15–17. 134 Hadad 2005, 21 and 24, pls 4.78–81 and 12.222; Katsnelson 2014, 33* and 36*, figs 6.9 and 7.1. 135 Cohen 1997, 411 and 413, pls IV.1, 5–6 and V.2. 136 Pollak 2003, 165, fig. 1.13. 137 Baur 1938, 534, fig. 30.Room B48, 27; Meyer 1988, 206– 07, fig. 10. C–D. 138 Smith and Day 1989, 114–15, pls 54.5 and 56.3. 139 Peleg 1994, 145, fig. 15.10; Hadad 2005, 24–25, pl. 14.271; Winter 2011, 348–49, pl. 12.1.18–20; 2015, 218, fig. 5.3.38; Katsnelson 2014, 38*, fig. 7.2–3. 140 Burdajewicz 2017, 674, fig. 6.21–23. Jugs with a circular handle attached with a fold below the rim are well known in the region, mostly during the Late Roman to Byzantine periods, from the fourth to the seventh centuries ad, but also later in Early Islamic contexts. Handle fragments and a complete jug of this type were found at the Northwest Quarter. The jugs 141 Dussart 1998, 128, 132, and 141–43, pls 32.1, 3–4, 33.35, 34.2, 38.8, and 39.1, 4, 9–10. 142 Hadad 2005, 36–37, pl. 31.604–06, Katsnelson 2014, 42*, fig. 10.4–6. 143 Pollak 2003, 165, fig. 1.14. 144 Gorin-Rosen 2010, 246–47, pl. 10.9.1. 145 Isings 1957, 63–69, forms 50 and 51; Charlesworth 1966, 26, type 2a, fig. 3a. 146 Jackson-Tal 2016b, 49 and 51, figs 16.3–5, and 17.1. 147 Sarig 2009, 32–33, pl. 19.16, 20; Magen 2009, 139, pl. 53.5. 148 Dussart 1998, 158–59, pl. 47.1–4. © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. 20 Ruth E. Jackson-Tal were found in trenches Gb, Nj, Ha/Hal, and C. Jug cat. no. 70 was found with a complete profile in trench Ca, in a filled-in cistern. It has rounded, indented walls, a decorative pattern that was common during the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, and an hexagonal base. This decoration and base design combination is not common. Similar complete vessels with a variety of trail decoration are in regional museums,149 and they have been found in Samaria.150 Similar jug rims and handles have been found in Byzantine and Early Islamic contexts at other locations in Jerash151 and at Scythopolis,152 Samaria,153 and Capitolias.154 Wine Glasses (cat. nos 71–79) Wine glasses were very common in the region, mostly in Byzantine contexts, from the fifth to the seventh centuries ad. The fragments found at the site are quite numerous and include wine glass rims with blue trails (cat. nos 71–73), a wine glass with a solid foot (cat. no. 74), wine glasses with a beaded foot (cat. nos 75–77), and wine glasses with a hollow foot (cat. nos 78–79). They were found in trenches Fd, Fc, Fi, Li, Db, Vfg, and Wbd. Similar fragments have been found in large numbers at other locations in Jerash155 and at Gadara, 156 Scythopolis, 157 Samaria, 158 and Capitolias.159 149 Dussart 1998, 176–78, pl. 60.4–5, 9–10. Crowfoot 1957, 416, fig. 96.9. 151 Baur 1938, 529, figs 18.232 and 22.389A. 152 Gorin-Rosen 2000a, 62*–64*, fig. 1.18; Hadad 2005, 28 and 45–46, pls 20.382, 21.384, and 44.904–05, 909. 153 Reisner, Fisher, and Lyon 1924, 331, fig. 203.10. 154 Burdajewicz 2017, 662–63, fig. 1.14. 155 Baur 1938, 524–26, figs 19.31, 35, 37, 20.235, 870, 377, 378, and 21.Cistern 1 (19), Forum F32 (23); Meyer 1988, 199 and 201, figs 8.Y–Z, aa–cc and 9.A–J; Dussart 1998, 115–23, pls 27.1– 5, 9–20, 22–29, 33–34, 36–38, 47, 28.2–3, 10–12, 15–16, 18, 21, 23, 25–28, 32–35, 41–43, 45–46, 49, 51–53, 58–59, 64, 75, and 29.1, 9, 11, 18, 22–23, 25, and 30.3, 5. 156 El-Khouri 2014, 93 and 95, fig. 5.6–8; Keller 2015, 211, fig. XVI.2.37–38. 157 Peleg 1994, 145, fig. 15.5; Hadad 2005, 28, pl. 21.400–11; Winter 2011, 346, fig. 12.1.3–9; 2015, 219–20, fig. 5.4.42–44; Katsnelson 2014, 33*, fig. 6.3–5. 158 Crowfoot 1957, 415–16, fig. 96.7, 11. 159 Burdajewicz 2017, 668–71, figs 4.7–23 and 5.1–10. 150 Lamp Bowls (cat. nos 80–84) Lamp bowls were very common during the Byzantine period, from the fifth to the seventh centuries ad, especially in public buildings, but also in households. The fragments found at the site are quite numerous and include mostly the upper parts of suspended lamp bowls and the lower parts of stemmed lamp bowls. They were found in trenches Fb, Ff, Nb, Kg, and Kh. K is related to the ad 749 earthquake. Suspended lamp bowls (cat. nos 80–81) were suspended from the ceiling by metal chains attached to the three handles. An inner wick tube was used to contain the oil and burning thread. The fragments found at the site are only the handle and rim fragments. Stemmed lamp bowls (cat. nos 82–84) had their stem placed in metal candelabra. The fragments from the site include only the lower stems, which are hollow or solid, plain or beaded. Similar lamp bowls have been found in large numbers at other locations in Jerash160 and, among other places, at Gadara,161 Neapolis,162 Samaria,163 and Hippos.164 Vessel with Applied Blue Blobs (cat. no. 85) Vessels decorated with applied blue blobs are usually conical with cut-off rims and dated to the Late Roman and beginning of the Byzantine periods. They functioned as lamps or beakers, with many parallels in the eastern and western parts of the Roman Empire.165 Fewer examples of small rounded bowls or beakers are also known in the region.166 Two small wall fragments decorated with two light blue applied oval blobs were found at the Northwest Quarter. They were found in trench Sc. Similar vessels have been found in large numbers in the factory dump at Jalame, where they were produced,167 160 Baur 1938, 519–24 and 529, figs 17.368, 237, 369, 370, 77, 19.29, 20.376, 22.380, and 23.381C–F; Meyer 1988, 203 and 205– 06, figs 11.H–Q, 12.P–T, and 13.A–C; Dussart 1998, 82, pls 14.16, 18–27, 15.1–16, and 16.6–7, 9, 12–14, 17–18. 161 El-Khouri 2014, 95, fig. 5.23; Keller 2015, 212, fig. XVI.2.42–45. 162 Sarig 2009, 35, pl. 20.23–25; Magen 2009, 120 and 137, pls 42.7–8 and 52.11–13. 163 Crowfoot 1957, 415 and 417–19, figs 96.6, 98.3–4, and 99.2–3. 164 Burdajewicz 2006, 131–32, fig. 1.23–25. 165 Weinberg and Goldstein 1988, 89–91. 166 Cohen 1997, 407–08, pl. III.6. 167 Weinberg and Goldstein 1988, 87−94, figs 4-45–4-47. 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 21 and in small numbers at Scythopolis, 168 Neapolis, 169 Banias,170 and el-Lejjun.171 at Scythopolis, where they were made and used,181 and at Hippos.182 Kohl Tubes (cat. nos 86–87) Beads (cat. nos 90–91) Double-tubed cosmetic vessels, probably used to store kohl, are well known in the region during the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, from the third to the seventh centuries ad. However, as several were found in contexts dated to the earthquake destruction, they may be later. Fragments found at the Northwest Quarter belong to the lower part of such kohl tubes. The tubes were found in trenches Ha/Hal and Bc. Similar vessels were found at Jerash,172 Scythopolis,173 Neapolis,174 Samaria,175 and Hippos.176 A large amount of these vessels was found at Khirbat el-Ni’ana.177 Glass beads were part of daily personal ornamentation in Antiquity. Two beads were found at the Northwest Quarter, rounded and cylindrical. Beads are very scarce in the excavation. They are extremely difficult to date because of their continuity over long periods of time. We can assume they were used during the Late Roman to Byzantine period, from the third to the seventh centuries ad, the main period of occupation at the Northwest Quarter. The beads were found in trenches Fi and Ed. Windowpanes (cat. nos 88–89) Bracelets were also a common feature of daily personal life in Antiquity. Four bracelets were found. They are twisted with a rounded section. Such bracelets are known in the area during the Late Roman and the Byzantine period, from the third to the seventh centuries ad.183 The bracelets were found in trenches Vac, N, Kg, and Nb. Glass windowpanes are known mostly in Byzantine contexts. They were placed in plaster frames in public and private buildings. Glass windowpanes exist in two shapes, rounded windows (the so-called bull’seye type) and square windows. The rounded type predominated with a variety in diameter and rim design, which could be folded, curved-up, or thickened. 178 The windowpanes found at the site are rounded, with a wide, folded rim. They were found in trenches Wi and Wc. Rounded and square windowpanes have been found at other locations in Jerash, 179 at Gadara, 180 168 Katsnelson 2014, 27*, fig. 2.6. Sarig 2009, 26–28, pl. 17.7, 10–12. 170 Gorin-Rosen and Jackson-Tal 2008, 147, fig. 9.4. 171 Jones 1987, 626–27, fig. 133.59–60. 172 Baur 1938, 513–14 and 546; Type N: Meyer 1988, 194, fig. 7.U–V; Dussart 1998, 173, pl. 57.16, 18. 173 Gorin-Rosen 2000a, 66*, fig. 2.24; Katsnelson 2014, 31*, fig. 5.4; Winter 2015, 223, fig. 5.5.53. 174 Sarig 2009, 35, pl. 20.22. 175 Reisner, Fisher, and Lyon 1924, 331, fig. 203.9; Crowfoot 1957, 413–14, fig. 95.24. 176 Burdajewicz 2006, 133, fig. 1.26–27; Segal and others 2009, fig. 21.b. 177 Gorin-Rosen and Katsnelson 2007, 108–14 and 143, figs 16–21 and 36. 178 Meyer 1989. 179 Harden 1939, 91; Meyer 1988, 194–95, fig. 7.bb–ee. 180 El-Khouri 2014, 95, fig. 5.24; Keller 2015, 206–07 and 214–16, fig. XVI.4.63–73. 169 Bracelets (cat. nos 92–95) Rod (cat. no. 96) Glass rods are known from the Hellenistic period, but became more common during the Early Roman period.184 They may have served as delicate cosmetic or medical applicators, as hair ornaments, decorative elements, or tools.185 The fragment found at the site belongs to a twisted rod. It was found in trench Ob. A large number of glass rods of several types (rounded, twisted, and pointed) have been discovered in the glass workshop refuse in the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem, dated to the mid-first century bc.186 181 Hadad 2005, 30, pl. 24.468–78; Gorin-Rosen and Winter 2010, 177–78; Winter 2015, 223–24, fig. 5.5.55. 182 Chambers 2013, 242–48. 183 Spaer 2001, 194 and 201, nos 462–65. 184 Spaer 2001, 262. 185 Spaer 2001, 262; Israeli and Katsnelson 2006, 418. 186 Israeli and Katsnelson 2006, 417–19, pls 21.7.Gl 59–60, 21.8.Gl61–62, and 21.9.Gl63–67. © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. 22 Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Inlays (cat. nos 97–100) Small rounded objects were found at the site. They are flat on one side and convex on the other. They may have been used as inlays in pendants, rings, or other types of jewellery; the flat side placed against the setting. Maud Spaer suggests additional uses, such as game pieces, children’s toys, and raw material for delicate ornamentation.187 Despina Ignatiadou suggests that they were used for games with multiple players, with each piece representing a player, and that in Macedonia they were produced from leftovers of the local production of coreformed vessels.188 The inlays were found in trenches Xa, Sa, Fd, and Fi. Similar inlays have been found in the glass workshop refuse in the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem.189 A large amount of such finds from Gamla was published recently.190 Spindle Whorl (cat. no. 101) Spindle whorls made of glass, stone, bone, or ceramic were probably threaded on rods and used to create cloth. They are known since the first millennium bc, but the majority found can probably be dated to the Early Roman period, from the first to the second centuries ad, when they became a common commodity.191 The spindle whorl found at the site is a plain, dome-shaped type. The whorl was found in trench Xf. Similar whorls have been found at Gamla,192 in a tomb at Mishmar Haemek,193 and in the glass workshop refuse in the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem.194 Mosaic Tesserae (cat. nos 102–05) Glass mosaics are well known during the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods, as floor and wall decorations, and in the region they are known since the Late Hellenistic period.195 The site yielded many finds of mosaics, made of stone and glass, dating from the Roman to the Early 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 Spaer 2001, 233, no. 548. Ignatiadou 2002, 22–23. Israeli and Katsnelson 2006, 419, pl. 21.11.GL103–GL110. Amorai-Stark and Hershkovitz 2016, 115–16. Spaer 2001, 259–60. Cassuto 2016, 271 and 275, fig. 17.5.73–75. Spaer 2001, 259, fig. 100. Israeli and Katsnelson 2006, 419, pl. 21.10.GL72–81. Wootton 2012. Islamic periods,196 and glass tesserae were chemically tested from the earliest excavations.197 Evidence of glass tesserae production was found elsewhere at Jerash in recent excavations.198 A large number (c. eighty pieces) of glass mosaic tesserae of different colours, but mostly different shades of blue alongside green, colourless, and gold-glass, were found in trenches Fb, Kh, Fi, and Lcd. They are small and square. Mosaics with blue and gold-glass tesserae are known in Scythopolis 199 and Hippos.200 Summary and Conclusions Large numbers of glass vessels and small finds were found in the various trenches at the site. The glass finds include a vast variety of items used in daily life: tableware used for serving, dining, and storing foods; vessels used as containers of cosmetic substances; lighting, namely vessels used as lamps and windowpanes; jewellery and small finds used as inlays, for spinning wool, and as mosaic tesserae. The great majority of the finds can be dated to the main stages of occupation of the Northwest Quarter during the Late Roman, Byzantine, and the early stages of the Early Islamic period, that is under Umayyad rule, from the third to the eighth centuries ad. A few finds can be dated to the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods, from the mid-second century bc to the early second century ad. Glass finds also come from trenches P, K, and V, in which the earthquake destruction of ad 749 is attested. The glass finds from these trenches include a variety of bowls, bottles, lamp bowls, wine glasses, windowpanes, and tesserae. These finds can be dated to the eighth century ad, namely to the Umayyad occupation, under which production of Late Byzantine types continued. Several vessel types continued to be in use during the Abbasid to Fatimid period, but the well-dated Umayyad destruction of ad 749 indicates that the few types which are usually attributed to the Abbasid to Fatimid period actually started to be produced earlier. The same phenomenon appears in the ceramic vessels and coins, indicating that this area of Jerash ceased to exist after 196 197 198 199 200 Lichtenberger and Raja 2017, 998–99. Lichtenberger and Raja 2017, 999–1000. Baldoni 2019, 140, 145, 147–50, and 152. Khamis 2001. Segal and others 2009, fig. 39.3. 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash the earthquake destruction.201 The glass finds have many parallels at nearby sites, and they primarily appear to be locally made. Some remains of glass-vessel production were found in several trenches on the site. These include production refuse of glass finds: glass lumps; drops; deformed pieces and trails; small, raw glass chunks; and remains of a ceramic vessel with a glazed layer, perhaps a crucible for glass melting. Daniela Baldoni has suggested that the Roman-period monumental public spaces of Jerash were transformed into workshops during later periods, including a glass workshop, probably for the production of glass tesserae.202 She describes evidence from the shops in the Propylaea of the Sanctuary of Artemis: deformed glass vessels; glass chunks and lumps; and lamp-bowl stems used as cullet; as well as crucibles and basins covered with glass layers.203 According to this evidence, it is highly likely that glass-vessel production could have taken place at the site, or its vicinity, but further information is needed to prove this conclusively. It is interesting to note that, although the type of finds found at the site are well known in the region, they appear to be plainer and with less decorative examples, when compared to contemporaneous sites in Palestine. For example, objects made by mould-blowing, which was an extremely common production technique throughout the Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic periods in the region, is rarely found at the Northwest Quarter. Chemical analysis made on twenty-two glass finds from the site, dated from the Late Hellenistic to the Early Islamic periods, revealed that most were produced and shaped from raw glass made in the vicinity of Apollonia on the Palestinian coast in the Late Byzantine period, from the sixth to the seventh centuries ad.204 This is yet another evidence for the separation in the glass industry between primary and secondary production.205 It demonstrates that the source of the raw glass was from the coastal glassmaking centres along the Palestinian coast, like Apollonia. Apollonia was the producer of large quantities of raw glass during the Late Byzantine period, serving as a major raw-glass supplier for local workshops throughout the region.206 201 202 203 204 205 206 23 The new evidence from the different trenches in the Northwest Quarter presented here, alongside the information from previous excavations, sheds light on the extensive use of glass finds at the site. These provide evidence for the considerable, diverse, and continuous use of glass vessels in everyday life, especially during the Late Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic (Umayyad) periods. The chemical analysis done on the glass finds provides additional evidence for regional raw-glass production centres and demonstrates the trade connections between primary and secondary production centres, enhancing our knowledge of regional production processes. Lichtenberger and Raja 2019, 277–82. Baldoni 2019, 131 and 145; Lichtenberger and Raja 2019, 3. Baldoni 2019, 140, 145, 147–50, and 152. Barfod and others 2018. Gorin-Rosen 2000b. Freestone 2020, 341–48. © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. Scaled enlargements of some of the items from the catalogue 4:1 8:1 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 25 Glass Catalogue Bowls Figure 2.1. J16-Tc-60-16 1. J16-Tc-60-16, G255 Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with black weathering and shiny iridescence. Straight, rounded rim. Straight, conical wall with two inner horizontal grooves below the rim. Rim Ø: 9.6 cm. 2. J13-Eac-13-44, G79 Rim and wall fragment. Light yellow-brown with white weathering and shiny iridescence. Straight, thickened, rounded rim. Straight, conical wall with two inner horizontal grooves below the rim. Rim Ø: 10.2 cm. 3. J13-Ha/Hal-13-50, G186 Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with yellow tinge and shiny iridescence. Curving-in, rounded rim. Thick, curving-in, hemispherical wall with two inner horizontal grooves below the rim. Rim Ø: 10 cm. 4. J13-Ha/Hal-14-19, G196 Wall fragment. Colourless with bluish tinge, extremely pitted, and with shiny iridescence. Curving-in, thin wall with remains of two exterior vertical ribs. Figure 2.2. J13-Eac-13-44 5. J13-Ha/Hal-14-2, G182 Rim and wall fragment. Light yellow with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring , rounded rim with beginning of tubular fold below. Tapering wall. Rim Ø: 13 cm. Figure 2.3. J13-Ha-13-50 Figure 2.4. J13-Ha-14-19 Figure 2.5. J13-Ha-14-2 © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. 26 Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Figure 2.6. J13-Gb-9-9 Figure 2.7. J16-Sd-29-34 Figure 2.8. J15-Qac-41-11 Figure 2.10. J15-R-12-9 Figure 2.9. J13-Gd-7-18 8. J15-Qac-41-11, G320 Rim fragments. Colourless with thick white and black weathering and shiny iridescence. Splaying-out, tubular rim with applied crimped trail. Rim Ø: 10 cm. 9. J13-Gd-7-18, G69 Figure 2.11. J14-Kg-3-392 6. J13-Gb-9-9, G29 Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with yellow tinge, thick black and silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Flaring, rounded rim with a double tubular fold below the rim. Tapering, thin wall. Rim Ø: 13 cm. Rim fragment. Colourless with thick white and black weathering and shiny iridescence. Splaying-out, tubular rim with applied crimped trail. Rim Ø: 10 cm. 10. J15-R-12-9, G10 Rim and wall fragment. Light yellow with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring, thickened, rounded rim. Straight wall. Rim Ø: 10 cm. 11. J14-Kg-3-392, G278 7. J16-Sd-29-34, G113 Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with bluish tinge, thick black and silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Flaring, rounded rim with a double tubular fold below the rim. Tapering, thin wall. Rim Ø: 13.2 cm. Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Slightly curving-in, rounded rim. Straight uneven wall. Rim Ø: 8 cm. 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 27 Figure 2.12. J14-Ke-3-289 Figure 2.13. J14-Igh-28-36 Figure 2.14. J14-Kbd-11-10 Figure 2.15. J14-Kh-3-453 Figure 2.16. J15-Nb-57-181 Figure 2.17a. J14-Ke-3N-401 Figure 2.17b. J14-Ke-3N-401 and J14-Ke-3-356 Figure 2.18. J13-Ga-12-18 © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. Figure 2.19. J16-Wbd-29-73 28 Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Figure 2.20. J13-Gb-12-98 Figure 2.21. J16-Tc-10-15 Figure 2.22. J16-Vd-1-67 12. J14-Ke-3-289, G198 Rim and wall fragment. Colourless green tinge with black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Thick, curving-in shelf-rim. Tapering wall. Rim Ø: 18 cm. 13. J14-Igh-28-36, G164 Rim and wall fragment. Light green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring, folded-in rim. Curving-in wall. Rim Ø: 10 cm. 14. J14-Kbd-11-10, G235 Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Straight, folded-out rim and beginning of wall. Rim Ø: 10 cm. 15. J14-Kh-3-453, G242 Rim fragment. Light green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring-out, folded rim with tubular fold, creating an eight-figure shaped rim. Rim Ø: 18 cm. 16. J15-Nb-57-181, G459 Rim fragment. Yellow-green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring-out, folded rim with tubular fold, creating an eight-figure shaped rim. Rim Ø: 24 cm. 17. J14-Ke-3N-401, G273 and J14-Ke-3-356, G211 Rim, wall, and base fragment. Yellow with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Curving-in and folded-out rim. Curving-in, rounded wall. Flat, concave base with pontil scar (1.2 cm). Rim Ø: 12.6 cm. Base Ø: 4 cm. 18. J13-Ga-12-18, G92 Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with silver weathering and iridescence. Flaring, polished rim. Curving-in, small fragment with wheel-cut grain facets bordered above and below by two horizontal, narrow incisions. Rim Ø: 10.4 cm. 19. J16-Wbd-29-73, G133 Rim and wall fragment. Light yellow with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring and curving-out, cut-off rim. Curving-in, thin wall. Rim Ø: 6.2 cm. 20. J13-Gb-12-98, G100 Rim and wall fragment, Colourless with black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Splaying-out, rounded rim. Beginning of curving-in wall. Rim Ø: 10 cm. 21. J16-Tc-10-15, G85 Rim and wall fragment. Light yellow with thick silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring, rounded, thick rim. Curving-in wall. Rim Ø: 12 cm. 22. J16-Vd-1-67, G274 Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Slightly flaring, thickened rim. Curving-in wall. Rim Ø: 24 cm. 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 29 Figure 2.23. J14-Jd-32-154 Figure 2.26. J15-Jj-14-15 Figure 2.24. J15-Nb-57-181 Figure 2.27. J16-Sh-50-13 Figure 2.25. J14-Ke-4-73 23. J14-Jd-32-154, G366 26. J15-Jj-14-15, G32 Separate rim, wall, and base fragments. Colourless with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Splaying-out, wide, rounded rim. Tapering wall and solid, flat base with a thickened section. Rim Ø: 19.6 cm. Base Ø: 4 cm. 24. J15-Nb-57-181, G459 Complete base and wall fragment. Colourless with thick black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Concave, solid base with pontil scar (0.8 cm). Beginning of curving-out wall. Base Ø: 3.4 cm. 27. J16-Sh-50-13, G308 Complete base and wall fragment. Green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Solid, trail-flattened base. Beginning of straight wall. Base Ø: 3 cm. Complete base and wall fragment. Light blue with thick black weathering and shiny iridescence. Low, tubular base-ring with central concavity and pontil scar (1 cm). Beginning of curving-up wall. Base Ø: 5 cm. 25. J14-Ke-4-73, G279 Complete base. Light yellow with black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Triangular, solid base-ring with flat bottom. 28. J13-Fb-40-108, G205 Base fragment. Yellow with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Double-layered tubular base with central, rounded, small concavity sunk within a rounded depression and pontil scar (1 cm). Base Ø: 5 cm. © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. 30 Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Figure 2.28. J13-Fb-40-108 Figure 2.29. J16-Wb-0-19 Figure 2.31. J16-Xc-35-4 Figure 2.30. J15-Jj-2-9 Figure 2.32. J16-Xg-7-55 Figure 2.34. J14-Iah-37-8 Figure 2.33. J15-Nb-57-133 29. J16-Wb-0-19, G25 Complete base. Light green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Small, tubular base-ring, concave with pontil scar (1 cm). Base Ø: 3.2 cm. 32. J16-Xg-7-55, G229 Base and wall fragment. Colourless with thick black and silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Tubular base-ring with flat bottom. Curving-up rounded wall. Base Ø: 10 cm. 30. J15-Jj-2-9, G80 Complete base and wall fragment. Colourless with yellow tinge, silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Tubular base-ring with rounded, high concavity and pontil scar (1.1 cm). Curving-out wall. Base Ø: 4 cm. 31. J16-Xc-35-4, G247 Complete base and wall fragment. Colourless with black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Tapering, tubular base-ring, bottom with central concavity and pontil scar (1.1 cm). Beginning of curving-out wall. Base Ø: 5.6 cm. 33. J15-Nb-57-133, G462 Base and wall fragment. Yellow-green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Large, tubular base-ring. Beginning of wall. Base Ø: 16 cm. 34. J14-Igh/Iah-37-8, G149 Complete base and wall fragment. Deep yellow-green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Uneven, solid pad base with convex bottom and large pontil scar (1.2 cm). Curving-out and -up wall. Base Ø: 5 cm. 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 31 Figure 2.35. J14-Jj-77-23 and J14-Jj-77-23 Figure 2.36. J15-Pe-15-35 35. J14-Jj-77-23, G458 Complete base and wall fragment. Light green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Tapering, uneven, trail base-ring with flat bottom and large pontil scar (1.2 cm). Curving-up, rounded wall. Base Ø: 6 cm. 36. J15-Pe-15-35, G399 Figure 2.37. J13-Ed-14-8 Rim fragment. Yellow-green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Folded-in, funnel-shaped rim. Rim Ø: 6.6 cm. 37. J13-Ed-14-8, G37 Rim fragment. Light yellow with white and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Thickened, funnel-shaped, rounded rim. Rim Ø: 8 cm. Figure 2.38. J14-Kg-35-461 38. J14-Kg-35-461, G229 Complete rim and neck fragment. Light blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Folded-in, flattened, delicate rim. Beginning of cylindrical neck. Rim Ø: 2 cm. 39. J12-Ca-32-12, G12 Complete rim. Light blue with shiny iridescence. Straight, rounded, elongated rim. Rim Ø: 3 cm. Figure 2.39. J12-Ca-32-12 © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. 32 Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Figure 2.40. J14-Kf-3-478 Figure 2.41. J13-Ed-23-4 Figure 2.44. J16-Vfg-1-59 Figure 2.45. J15-Ob-107-4 Figure 2.42. J14-M-12-2 42. J14-M-12-2, G418 Figure 2.43. J15-Ob-107-4 Rim fragment. Light yellow and blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring, funnel-shaped, rounded rim with applied, light blue single trail. Rim Ø: 6 cm. 43. J15-Ob-107-4, G450 40. J14-Kf-3-478, G270 Rim fragment. Colourless with yellow tinge, silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Straight, rounded, elongated rim with applied, yellow-brown single trail. Rim Ø: 3 cm. 41. J13-Ed-23-4, G75 Rim fragment. Colourless with white and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Folded-in, funnel-shaped rim. Rim Ø: 5 cm. Rim fragment. Colourless with blue tinge, silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Wide, funnel-shaped, rounded rim with applied single trail. Rim Ø: 7 cm. 44. J16-Vfg-1-59, G279 Rim fragment. Colourless with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring, funnel-shaped, rounded rim with applied, multiple trails. Rim Ø: 6 cm. 45. J15-Ob-107-4, G450 Rim, neck, and shoulder fragment. Yellow-green with thick black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Folded-in, flattened rim. Short, cylindrical neck. Beginning of curving-out shoulder. Rim Ø: 2.8 cm. 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 33 Figure 2.47. J14-Kg-3-393 Figure 2.46. J15-Oi-97-6 Figure 2.48. J14-Kh-3-22x © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. 34 Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Figure 2.49. J14-Kg-3-11x 46. J15-Oi-97-6, G344 Complete rim, neck, and wall fragment. Light blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Folded-in, flattened rim. Short, tapering neck. Curving-out shoulder. Rim Ø: 3 cm. 48. J14-Kh-3-22x, G186 Intact. Dark translucent green with thick black weathering. Large bottle with small, folded-in, flattened rim. Short, narrow neck. Large, rounded, squat wall and shoulder. Flat, slightly concave base. Rim Ø: 2.4 cm. Base Ø: 4.1 cm. Height: 9.3 cm. 47. J14-Kg-3-393, G277 Complete rim and shoulder, wall and separate base fragment. Colourless with blue tinge, thick white, black, and silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Large bottle with folded-in, flattened rim. Short, cylindrical neck. Large, rounded, squat wall and shoulder. Flat, slightly concave base. Rim Ø: 3 cm. Base Ø: 5 cm. Estimated height: 12.2 cm. 49. J14-Kg-3-11x, G144 Intact. Light green with silver weathering. Large bottle with small, folded-in, flattened rim. Short, narrow neck. Large, rounded, squat wall and shoulder. Flat, slightly concave base. Rim Ø: 2.9 cm. Base Ø: 2.4 cm. Height: 10.5 cm. 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Figure 2.50. J14-Ke-3-258 35 Figure 2.51. J16-Vfd-73-1 Figure 2.53. J14-Ke-3-245 Figure 2.52. J16-Vac-61-66 52. J16-Vac-61-66, G326 Wall fragment. Light green with thick white and silver weathering and iridescence. Curving-in, rounded wall. Near the base are small applied circular discs. Figure 2.54. J14-Kc-3-119 53. J14-Ke-3-245, G233 Complete rim, neck, and wall fragment. Unknown colour with thick white weathering. Small, straight, rounded rim. Short, tapering neck. Sloping shoulder with an applied single trail. Rim Ø: 2.6 cm. 54. J14-Kc-3-119, G111 50. J14-Ke-3-258, G201 Complete rim, neck, and shoulder fragment. Unknown colour with thick white weathering. Straight, rounded rim. Short, cylindrical neck. Beginning of almost straight shoulder. Rim Ø: 2.6 cm. Neck and shoulder fragment. Light blue and yellowbrown with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Cylindrical neck with applied horizontal, yellow-brown single trail. Sloping shoulder with applied and pinched, yellow-brown trails in spectacle design. 51. J16-Vfd-73-1, G285 Complete rim, neck, and shoulder fragment. Light yellow with thick black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Straight, thick, rounded rim. Short, cylindrical neck. Wide, tapering shoulder. Rim Ø: 3.8 cm. © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. 36 Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Figure 2.56. J14-Kd-46-7 Figure 2.55. J14-La-2-71 Figure 2.58. J16-Vac-61-66 Figure 2.57. J16-Vi-60-15 55. J14-La-2-71, G95 Two wall fragments. Light green with silver weathering and iridescence. Rounded wall fragments decorated with applied and pinched spectacle and other unidentified shapes. 56. J14-Kd-46-7, G241 Wall fragment. Dark blue with silver weathering and iridescence. Tiny wall fragment with applied and marvered red and white trails, shaped in a garland design. 57. J16-Vi-60-15, G198 Separate rim and base fragments. Light yellow with severe black weathering, pitted. Slightly flaring, tapering fragmented rim. Rounded shoulder with short, exterior, mould-blown, shallow ribs. Thick, solid base with central concavity and large pontil scar (1.4 cm). Rim Ø: 7 cm. Base Ø: 4.6 cm. Estimated height: 10 cm. 58. J16-Vac-61-66, G326 Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with purple, thick, shiny black and silver weathering and iridescence. Flaring, folded-in, rounded rim with a thin applied trail. Thick wall with a mould-blown, uneven honey-comb (?) design. Rim Ø: 8 cm. 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 37 Figure 2.59. J14-Kg-39-14 59. J14-Kg-39-14, G185 Complete rim, and base and wall fragments connecting to a complete profile. Light yellow with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring, folded-in rim. Short, wide, tapering neck. Sloping shoulder. Flat base. Rounded wall with a row of small, horizontal, uneven pinches below the shoulder. Rim Ø: 4.8 cm. Base Ø: 5 cm. Height: 8 cm. 60. J16-Ve-1-77, G344 Complete trail and neck fragment. Colourless with blue tinge, white and silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Wide, tapering neck with applied, thick, wavy trail. Neck Ø: 6.2 cm. Figure 2.60. J16-Ve-1-77 © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. 38 Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Figure 2.62. J16-Vd-25-12 Figure 2.61. J14-Kc-3-117 Figure 2.63. J16-Vd-1-67 61. J14-Kc-3-117, G109 Neck fragment. Colourless with yellow-brown tinge, silver weathering, and iridescence. Uneven, cylindrical neck with applied, delicate, yellow-brown, wavy trail. Neck diameter (widest point): 3.2 cm. Bottles and Jugs 62. J16-Vd-25-12, G159 Complete base and wall fragment. Yellow-green with black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Large, concave base with large pontil scar (1.8 cm). Curving-up wall. Base Ø: 6 cm. 63. J16-Vd-1-67, G274 Figure 2.64. J14-Kc-43-5 Complete base and wall fragment. Colourless with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Large, concave base with large pontil scar (1.8 cm). Curving-up wall. Base Ø: 4.2 cm. 64. J14-Kc-43-5, G264 Base and wall fragment. Light peacock blue, pitted, and with shiny iridescence. Concave base with ribs and partial pontil scar. Wall fragment with a mould-blown design. Base Ø: 5 cm. Figure 2.65. J14-Ke-3N-400 65. J14-Ke-3N-400, G272 Rim fragment and neck. Light green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Wide, folded-down, -up, and -out rim. Cylindrical neck. Rim Ø: 7 cm. Figure 2.66. J14-Igh-16-18 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 39 Figure 2.67. J13-Gb-23-4+5 Figure 2.68. J15-Nj-80-3 Figure 2.70. J12-Ca-27-1x Figure 2.69. J13-Ha-13-6 66. J14-Igh-16-18, G89 69. J13-Ha/Hal-13-6, G194 Handle and shoulder fragment. Colourless with thick black weathering and shiny iridescence. Rounded shoulder with beginning of thick, strap-ribbed handle. 67. J13-Gb-23-4+5, G124 Complete handle and rim fragment. Light green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Rounded, elongated handle. Folded-in, flaring rim. 70. J12-Ca-27-1x, G13 Rim and handle fragment. Light yellow with thick, shiny black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring, folded-in, funnel-shaped rim with thick, flattened and pinched, tubular upper handle. 68. J15-Nj-80-3, G463A Handle fragment. Deep blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Elongated, rounded handle. Almost intact, missing part of the rim. Light green with silver weathering and iridescence. Folded-in, funnelshaped rim. Elongated, tapering neck with applied, horizontal trail. Small, rounded, squat wall with seven rounded indents. Thick handle drawn from the shoulder and pinched at the rim. Flat, hexagonal base. Rim Ø: 3.8 cm. Base Ø: 3.8 cm. Height: 10.4 cm. © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. 40 Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Wine Glasses 71. J13-Fd-40-1, G98 Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with light and dark blue trails, silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Straight, thickened, rounded rim with a deep blue, thick trail on top and multiple light blue trails below. Straight, thin wall. Rim Ø: 7 cm. Figure 2.71. J13-Fd-40-1 Figure 2.72. J13-Fc-52-3 72. J13-Fc-52-3, G165 Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with light and dark blue trails, silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Slightly flaring, rounded rim with a deep blue, thick trail on top and multiple light blue trails below. Tapering, thin wall. Rim Ø: 8 cm. Figure 2.73. J13-Fi-49-10 73. J13-Fi-49-10, G167 Rim fragment. Colourless with light blue tinge, silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Curving-in, thickened rim with two applied, thin, light blue trails. Rim Ø: 9 cm. 74. J13-Fi-0-14, G122 Base, foot, and wall fragment. Light blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Solid, flat base. Cylindrical foot. Curving-up wall. Base Ø: 4.4 cm. 75. J14-Li-70-5, G415 and J14-Li-70-5A, G416 Two separate rim, wall, and foot fragments. Colourless with blue tinge, silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Slightly flaring, rounded rim. Tapering wall. Solid, short, beaded foot. Rim Ø: 8 cm. Figure 2.74. J13-Fi-0-14 Figure 2.75. J14-Li-70-5 and J14-Li-70-5A 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 41 Figure 2.76. J13-Db-13-1X Figure 2.80. J13-Fb-40-109 Figure 2.77. J16-Vfg-1-69 Figure 2.78. J16-Wbd-6-16 Figure 2.79. J16-Wbd-6-16 Figure 2.81. J13-Ff-22-9 Lamp Bowls 76. J13-Db-13-1X, G44 Complete base and foot and wall fragment. Colourless with blue tinge, silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Solid, flat base and beaded foot. Curving-up wall. Base Ø: 4.6 cm. 77. J16-Vfg-1-69, G279 Complete base and foot fragment. Colourless with blue tinge, silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Tubular base and beaded foot. Base Ø: 7 cm. 78. J16-Wbd-6-16, G135 Base and foot fragment. Light blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Tubular base and hollow foot. Base Ø: 5 cm. 80. J13-Fb-40-109, G207 Complete handle and rim fragment. Light blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Small, rounded handle extending to a flaring folded-out rim. 81. J13-Ff-22-9, G84 Complete handle and rim fragment. Yellow-green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Small, rounded handle extending to a folded-out rim. 79. J16-Wbd-6-16, G135 Base and foot fragment. Light blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Tubular base and hollow foot. Base Ø: 4 cm. © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. 42 Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Figure 2.82. J15-Nb-57-150 Figure 2.83. J14-Kg-3-235 82. J15-Nb-57-150, G420 Complete stem and wall fragment. Light blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Cylindrical, hollow stem with flat base (pontil scar 0.7 cm). Curving-up wall. Base Ø: 1.4 cm. 83. J14-Kg-3-235, G237 Complete stem and wall fragment. Bluish-green with silver weathering and iridescence. Cylindrical, solid, ridged/beaded stem. Base Ø: 0.8 cm. Figure 2.84. J14-Kh-24-3 84. J14-Kh-24-3, G145 Complete stem and wall fragment. Bluish-green with silver weathering and iridescence. Cylindrical, solid, ridged/beaded stem. Base Ø: 0.8 cm. 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 43 Figure 2.85. J16-Sc-13-20 Figure 2.86. J13-Ha-13-40 Figure 2.87. J12-Bc-27-34 Vessel with Blue Blobs, Kohl Tubes, and Windowpanes 85. J16-Sc-13-20, G53 87. J12-Bc-27-34, G4 Wall fragments. Colourless with silver weathering and iridescence. Two straight, thin wall fragments with remains of two light blue, oval blobs. 86. J13-Ha/Hal-13-40, G150 Lower part of kohl tubes. Light green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Uneven double tubes and flat base. Base Ø: 2 cm. 88. J16-Wi-74-2, G307 Lower part of kohl tubes. Light green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Uneven double tubes and flat base. Base Ø: 2 cm. Windowpane rim. Colourless with yellow tinge, silver weathering, and iridescence. Flat, folded-out, wide, rounded rim. Figure 2.88. J16-Wi-74-2 © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. 44 Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Figure 2.89. J16-Wc-23-1 89. J16-Wc-23-1, G104 Largely preserved windowpane rim. Colourless with blue tinge, silver weathering, and iridescence. Flat, folded-out, wide, rounded rim. Figure 2.90. J13-Fi-49-18 Figure 2.91. J13-Ed-23-10 Figure 2.92. J16-Vac-61-66e Jewellery, Stirring Rod, Inlays, Spindle Whorl, and Mosaic Tesserae 90. J13-Fi-49-18, G154 Intact bead. Unknown colour due to thick black and silver weathering and iridescence. Small, rounded, flattened bead with vertical perforation. Ø: 0.5 cm. 91. J13-Ed-23-10, G101 Intact bead. Unknown colour due to thick black and silver weathering and iridescence. Small, cylindrical bead with vertical perforation. Ø: 0.5 cm. 92. J16-Vac-61-66, G326 Bracelet fragment. Light green with silver weathering. Rounded, twisted bracelet with rounded section. Ø: 0.6 cm. 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 45 Figure 2.93. J15-Nb-57-181 Figure 2.94. J14-Kg-3-188 93. J15-Nb-57-181, G459 Bracelet fragment. Deep, translucent blue with silver weathering. Rounded, twisted bracelet with rounded section. Ø: 0.6 cm. Figure 2.95. J15-Nb-57-129 94. J14-Kg-3-188, G130 Bracelet fragment. Unknown colour due to thick black and silver weathering and iridescence. Rounded, twisted bracelet with rounded section. 95. J15-Nb-57-129, G461 Bracelet fragments. Unknown colour due to thick black and silver weathering and iridescence. Rounded, twisted bracelet with rounded section. Figure 2.96. J16-Ob-107-4c 96. J16-Ob-107-4 Rod fragment. Light green with silver weathering. Straight, twisted rod. Ø: 1 cm. 97. J16-Xa-1-30, G23 Figure 2.97. J16-Xa-1-30 Intact inlay. Unknown colour due to thick white weathering. Large, rounded inlay, concave with flattened side. Ø: 2 cm. 98. J16-Sa-1-42, G26 Intact inlay. Unknown colour due to thick white weathering and iridescence. Large rounded inlay, concave with flattened side. Ø: 2.5 cm. Figure 2.98. J16-Sa-1-42 99. J13-Fd-52-27, G152 Intact inlay. Light blue with silver weathering and iridescence. Rounded inlay, concave with flattened side. Ø: 0.8 cm. © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. Figure 2.99. J13-Fd-52-27 46 Ruth E. Jackson-Tal 100. J13-Fi-49-21, G188 Intact inlay. Deep, translucent blue with silver weathering and iridescence. Rounded inlay, concave with flattened side. Ø: 1.5 cm. Figure 2.100. J13-Fi-49-21 101. J16-Xf-2-234, G169 Spindle-whorl fragment. Green (?), though difficult to tell due to thick black weathering. Dome-shaped, rounded spindle whorl with vertical perforation. Widest Ø: 3.2 cm. Figure 2.101. J16-Xf-2-234 102. J13-Fh-29-2, G88 Intact mosaic tessera. Light blue with silver weathering. Small, square tessera. Size: 0.7 × 0.75 cm. 103. J14-Kh-44-30, G152 Intact mosaic tessera. Dark blue with silver weathering. Small, square tessera. Size: 0.7 × 0. 95 cm. Figure 2.102. J13-Fh-29-2 104. J14-Fi-49-21 Intact mosaic tessera. Gold-glass with silver weathering. Small, square tessera. Size: 0.75 × 0.8 cm. 105. J14-Lcd-50-106 Intact mosaic tessera. Gold-glass with silver weathering. Small, square tessera. Size: 0.75 × 0.85 cm. Figure 2.103. J14-Kh-44-30 Figure 2.104. J14-Fi-49-21 Figure 2.105. J14-Lcd-50-106 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 47 Works Cited Amorai-Stark, S. and M. Hershkovitz. 2016. ‘Jewelry’, in D. Syon, Gamla, iii: The Shmarya Gutmann Excavations 1976–1989: Finds and Studies, pt 2, Israel Antiquities Authority Reports, 59 ( Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority), pp. 97–189. Baldoni, D. 2019. ‘Archaeological Evidence for Craft Activities in the Area of the Sanctuary of Artemis at Gerasa between the Byzantine and Umayyad Period’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. 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