The Cambridge Companion to Law in the Hebrew Bible
Bruce Wells2024
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This Companion offers a comprehensive overview of the history, nature, and legacy of biblical law. Examining the debates that swirl around the nature of biblical law, it explores its historical context, the significance of its rules, and its influence on early Judaism and Christianity. The volume also interrogates key questions: Were the rules intended to function as ancient Israel's statutory law? Is there evidence to indicate that they served a different purpose? What is the relationship between this legal material and other parts of the Hebrew Bible? Most importantly, the book provides an in-depth look at the content of the Torah's laws, with individual essays on substantive, procedural, and ritual law. With contributions from an international team of experts, written specially for this volume, _The Cambridge Companion to Law in the Hebrew Bible_ provides an up-to-date look at scholarship on biblical law and outlines themes and topics for future research.
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“Biblical Law and Rabbinic Literature.” Pages 283-99 in The Cambridge Companion to Law in the Hebrew Bible. Edited by Bruce Wells. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2024.
“Biblical Law and Rabbinic Literature.” Pages 283-99 in The Cambridge Companion to Law in the Hebrew Bible. Edited by Bruce Wells. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2024. , 2024
Introduction 1 bruce wells Part I The Historical Context of Biblical Law 1 Law in the Ancient Near East 15 sophie dé mare-lafont 2 Law in the Eastern Mediterranean 34 anselm c. hagedorn Part II The Biblical Legal Collections 3 The Nature of the Collections 55 bruce wells 4 The Origins of the Laws 76 sara j. milstein 5 The Narrative Context of the Collections 95 simeon chavel Part III The Biblical Laws 6 Substantive Law 117 sandra jacobs 7 Procedural Law 138 giovanna r. czander 8 Ritual Law 158 michael b. hundley Part IV Biblical Law and Other Scriptural Discourses 9 Law and Prophecy 181 reinhard achenbach vii
An Emerging Account of Biblical Law: Common-Law Tradition in the Old and New Testaments
This paper will examine recent scholarship on the topic of biblical law in order to demonstrate that biblical law is best understood as a common-law tradition. After outlining long-standing questions in regard to the nature of law in the Hebrew Bible, I will argue for a complementarian rather than supersessionist view of law, following the work of Berman. The complementarian perspective entails a common-law account of the nature of the law tradition as opposed to the ubiquitous and presupposed statutory view. I will then further develop Berman’s argument by appealing to Jackson’s semiotic hermeneutic for interpreting biblical law. As supporting evidence, I will examine several biblical texts where scholars have demonstrated the explanatory power of non-statutory interpretation. To flesh out the implications of the common law approach, I will discuss the pivotal role of judges using distinctions described by Reaume. Finally, I will provide evidence for the claim that this common-law view is applicable not only to the Hebrew Bible but also to the New Testament. These texts and scholarly viewpoints together provide compelling evidence that the biblical law tradition is a common-law tradition that operates not by the force of codified legislation but rather through the agency of judges shaped by the values of the tradition that is maintained in both major corpora of biblical texts.
The Law and Society in the Old Testament: Formulation and Implementation of the Law in Ancient Israel
Old Testament Essays, 2020
Various laws were practised in ancient Israel. Although the present study will introduce briefly the concept of law as practised in Ancient Near East (ANE) in general, the project focuses particularly on ancient Israel as depicted by the Old Testament (OT) law traditions. The study seeks to investigate two main issues, namely: (1) formulation and implementation of the laws in ancient Israel, and (2) the application of the OT laws during the New Testament (NT) era and in Christendom. An attempt is made to respond to the following three research questions: (1) how were the OT laws formulated and implemented? (2) Were the OT laws the same as those practised by pagan nations or kings? (3) what is the NT/Christian view of the OT laws? In its entirety, the discourse will utilise two approaches, namely: (1) narrative inquiry, and (2) desk research.
The Legal Literature of the Hebrew Bible
Literature of the Hebrew Bible: Introductions and Studies (ed. Z Talshir; Ben-Zvi), 2011
An introductory overview of the legal texts in the Hebrew Bible, their literary, legal, and religious qualities. Focused on laws of camp, town and city, rather than tabernacle and temple, the chapter emphasizes reading the laws subordinate to the compositions in which they appear, the agrarian setting that animates their ideas, and intertextual aspects.
Law in Biblical Israel
The Cambridge Companion to Judaism and Law
There are two main precursors to Jewish law: one historical, and one literary. Historically, the clans, tribes, villages, cities, and eventually monarchies of Israel had law-in-practice for centuries, much of which was unwritten and can only be at best speculatively reconstructed by scholars today. On the literary side, some laws, stories about legal practice, and legal modes of address are preserved in writing in the Hebrew Biblethough the relationship between these writings and actual legal practice is extremely difficult to determine and may in fact be nonexistent. What can be said, then, about law in biblical Israel that spans both a history of ancient juridical practice of which we have little record and a record of legal discourse that may bear little relation to historical practice? Perhaps only a negative conclusion, albeit a significant one may be reached: that law does not seem to have been a highly developed, autonomous field, or a "system" in any real sense of the word. Rather, law in practice in ancient Israel appears to have been continuous with other social practices, an extension of familial or political duties. Moreover, law in writing, from its inception, appears to have been non-systematic and non-comprehensive; as preserved formally in the Hebrew Bible, rather than being more fully systematized, it was rather more fully embedded among an array of other discourses, such as the human-divine covenantal history, the poetry of the prophets, or the heightened emotional rhetoric of Deuteronomy. This chapter will first present an overview of legal practice in ancient Israel, showing, through a case study of homicide and blood feud, that far from being an autonomous, circumscribed field, law was rather a rule-bound pursuit of remedy for injury intimately tied to family and clan networks, as well as political or state institutions. Based on the limited evidence we have, we may also be able to hypothesize that legal practice in ancient Israel was open to improvisation, compromise and private negotiation. 1 Fraade, Legal Fictions, p. 12. 2 Fuller, Morality, p. 106. Fuller also discusses here the issue of the definitional feasibility of law being present even when a state-like authority to fully enforce legal rules is not operative. For him, it confuses the ability to fully realize the potential of a legal system with the definition of law itself. See also Hadfield and Weingast, "Law without the State," which provides multiple examples of societies that possessed what we might call "law" even though there is an absence of state coercion to enforce sanctions and penalties.
The Art of Biblical Law
Prooftexts: A Journal of Jewish Literary History, 2007
This article draws upon Robert Alter's insights into biblical narrative to challenge the strict dichotomies between law and narrative in the Hebrew Bible, demonstrating that both genres share many rhetorical techniques, and providing a template of narrative vision and legal praxis ...
Laws in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion, 2019
Biblical laws are found mainly in the Pentateuch (i.e., the first five books of the Hebrew Bible). The laws are linked to the figure of Moses, who is depicted as having received them directly from God in order to transmit them to the people of Israel during the years in the Wilderness after being released from slavery in Egypt. Biblical laws are thus presented as being of divine origin. Their authority was further bolstered by a tradition that they were included in covenants (i.e., formal agreements made between God and the people as recorded in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy). Similar claims of divine origin were not made for other ancient Near Eastern laws; their authority flowed from kings, who issued the laws, although these kings might also be seen as having been placed on their thrones through the favor of the gods. The biblical law collections are unlike other ancient Near Eastern “codes” in that they include sacral laws (i.e., governing cult, worship, and ritual, as well as secular laws: namely, governing civil, and criminal behaviors). This mingling of sacral and secular categories is the likely reason both for the many terms used to denote the laws, as well as for the unexpected number of formulations in which they are presented. The formulations used in biblical law can be classified as “casuistic” or “non-casuistic.” They are not equally distributed in the books of the Pentateuch nor are they equally used with secular and sacral laws. While there are similarities in content between secular laws found in the Hebrew Bible and laws found in the ancient Near Eastern law “codes,” the latter do not exhibit a comparable variety in the numbers of law terms and formulations. The Hebrew Bible tended to “blur” the differences between the law terms and their formulations, ultimately to the point of subsuming them all under the law term torah (“teaching”) to describe the totality of the divinely given laws in the Pentateuch. Biblical studies in general and Pentateuchal studies in particular are challenged by the fact that manuscripts contemporary with the events described have not survived the ravages the time. Scholars must therefore rely on looking for “clues” within the texts themselves (e.g., the laws cited by the prophets, the reform of Josiah, the teaching of torah by Ezra, and evidence for customs and customary laws found in books of the Hebrew Bible outside of the Pentateuch).
Biblical and ancient Near Eastern law
Religion Compass, 2018
Biblical law has had a profound influence on Western culture, but it must be understood in its historical context. It arose in the context of the tradition of Mesopotamian law, where scribes exhibited their flair for justice by writing statutes on a repertoire of traditional cases, of which the most outstanding example is the Laws of Hammurabi. Rarely did legal texts explicitly discuss legal principles. Three collections of formal legal statutes are found in the Hebrew Bible. The Book of the Covenant is most like Mesopotamian law in dealing with disputes arising in an agrarian society. The priestly law consists of two sources, the priestly source that aims at protecting the welfare of the people by the performance of sacred rituals and the Holiness source that seeks to sanctify the everyday activities of the people. Deuteronomy aims at ritual and social reforms. Among the most debated issues in scholarship today is biblical law's view of women.
Law and the Bible: justice, mercy, and legal institutions
Choice Reviews Online, 2014
Each of the nine chapters of Law and the Bible is cowritten by a legal scholar and a theologian. The goal of these pairings is "to integrate different areas of human learning" and to ensure that the work addresses concerns that "legal scholars alone or theologians alone might miss" (15). With rare exceptions, the contents of each of the chapters should be fully accessible to the educated lay reader. Prior legal training is not required because, for all of the authors, the level of applicability of the biblical text stops well short of an agenda for the sorts of policies to which many Christians of varying political persuasions often put it. Each of the essays presumes facility with the biblical text and at least some awareness of hermeneutics and the history of biblical interpretation. Coming from the leading publisher in American Evangelicalism, these presumptions will generally be met among the readership of Law and the Bible. Drawing from the book of Genesis, the rst chapter of Law and the Bible, "The Biblical Foundations of Law: Creation, Fall and the Patriarchs," shows the strong inuence of the Reformed "two-kingdoms" approach of coauthor David VanDrunen, whose book Natural Law and the Two Kingdoms: A Study in the Development of Reformed Social Thought was previously reviewed in the Journal. 1 Whatever reservations might be had about some aspects of two-kingdoms theology need not keep one from drawing valuable insights from this chapter. Questions of authority (distinguished from power), the nature of "the good" (distinguished from desires), and the place of law both before and after the fall into sin are well displayed. The chapter is worth reading for its careful parsing of the creation account, analysis of the implications of sin, exegesis of the Noahic covenant, and attention to the contemporary signicance of patterns of patriarchal life. Chapter 2, "Law and Political Order: Israel's Constitutional History," largely follows the pattern of analysis seen in the rst chapter. Relying signicantly on the political-theological work of Oliver O'Donovan, law professor William Brewbaker and theologian V. Philips Long review topics such as holy war, Israel as a nation among the nations, the contemporary signicance of the mixed nature of its government, and the theo-political import of Israel's eventual exile. Brewbaker and Long accept the traditional dating and authorship of what Christians identify as the "historical books" of the Hebrew Scriptures. They do not, however, read them without nuance. The historical and cultural distance of the modern reader from the circumstances of ancient Israel is taken seriously. Thus, they caution that "the Old Testament has proven susceptible to misuse as a political sourcebook" if only because "Israel [had], during this period, a wide variety of political institutions and practices, none of which seem[ed] to have been adequate" (50). They ultimately argue that the questions of modern political theory-the relationships of individuals, associations, and the state-are simply absent from the biblical text, and that to derive specic answers to those questions from that text is therefore misguided. Instead, they conclude that the contemporary political signicance of these historical accounts lies in their fundamental teachings about a God whose providential control extends to the weal and woe of human activity generally and not the details of political or legal rules. The three subsequent chapters address specic application of the Torah, Wisdom literature, and the prophetic writings to contemporary state law. Here, one can observe an increasing variety of 1 C.
Law and the Bible: Justice, Mercy and Legal Institutions. Edited by Robert F. Cochran and David VanDrunen. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2013. Pp. 269. $24.00. ISBN-13: 978-0-8308-2573-8
Journal of Law and Religion, 2014
Each of the nine chapters of Law and the Bible is cowritten by a legal scholar and a theologian. The goal of these pairings is "to integrate different areas of human learning" and to ensure that the work addresses concerns that "legal scholars alone or theologians alone might miss" (15). With rare exceptions, the contents of each of the chapters should be fully accessible to the educated lay reader. Prior legal training is not required because, for all of the authors, the level of applicability of the biblical text stops well short of an agenda for the sorts of policies to which many Christians of varying political persuasions often put it. Each of the essays presumes facility with the biblical text and at least some awareness of hermeneutics and the history of biblical interpretation. Coming from the leading publisher in American Evangelicalism, these presumptions will generally be met among the readership of Law and the Bible. Drawing from the book of Genesis, the rst chapter of Law and the Bible, "The Biblical Foundations of Law: Creation, Fall and the Patriarchs," shows the strong inuence of the Reformed "two-kingdoms" approach of coauthor David VanDrunen, whose book Natural Law and the Two Kingdoms: A Study in the Development of Reformed Social Thought was previously reviewed in the Journal. 1 Whatever reservations might be had about some aspects of two-kingdoms theology need not keep one from drawing valuable insights from this chapter. Questions of authority (distinguished from power), the nature of "the good" (distinguished from desires), and the place of law both before and after the fall into sin are well displayed. The chapter is worth reading for its careful parsing of the creation account, analysis of the implications of sin, exegesis of the Noahic covenant, and attention to the contemporary signicance of patterns of patriarchal life. Chapter 2, "Law and Political Order: Israel's Constitutional History," largely follows the pattern of analysis seen in the rst chapter. Relying signicantly on the political-theological work of Oliver O'Donovan, law professor William Brewbaker and theologian V. Philips Long review topics such as holy war, Israel as a nation among the nations, the contemporary signicance of the mixed nature of its government, and the theo-political import of Israel's eventual exile. Brewbaker and Long accept the traditional dating and authorship of what Christians identify as the "historical books" of the Hebrew Scriptures. They do not, however, read them without nuance. The historical and cultural distance of the modern reader from the circumstances of ancient Israel is taken seriously. Thus, they caution that "the Old Testament has proven susceptible to misuse as a political sourcebook" if only because "Israel [had], during this period, a wide variety of political institutions and practices, none of which seem[ed] to have been adequate" (50). They ultimately argue that the questions of modern political theory-the relationships of individuals, associations, and the state-are simply absent from the biblical text, and that to derive specic answers to those questions from that text is therefore misguided. Instead, they conclude that the contemporary political signicance of these historical accounts lies in their fundamental teachings about a God whose providential control extends to the weal and woe of human activity generally and not the details of political or legal rules. The three subsequent chapters address specic application of the Torah, Wisdom literature, and the prophetic writings to contemporary state law. Here, one can observe an increasing variety of 1 C.
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The Cambridge Companion
to Law in the Hebrew Bible
Edited by Bruce Wells
University of Texas, Austin
This Companion offers a comprehensive overview of the history, nature, and legacy
of biblical law. Examining the debates that swirl around the nature of biblical law,
it explores its historical context, the significance of its rules, and its influence on
early Judaism and Christianity. The volume also interrogates key questions:
Were the rules intended to function as ancient Israel’s statutory law? Is there
evidence to indicate that they served a different purpose? What is the relationship
between this legal material and other parts of the Hebrew Bible? Most importantly,
the book provides an in-depth look at the content of the Torah’s laws, with
individual essays on substantive, procedural, and ritual law. With contributions
from an international team of experts, written specially for this volume, The
Cambridge Companion to Law in the Hebrew Bible provides an up-to-date look at
scholarship on biblical law and outlines themes and topics for future research.
Introduction; Part I. The Historical Context of Biblical Law: 1. Law in the ancient Near East; 2.
Law in the eastern Mediterranean; Part II. The Biblical Legal Collections: 3. The nature of the
collections; 4. The origins of the law; 5. The narrative context of the collections; Part III. The
Biblical Laws: 6. Substantive law; 7. Procedural law; 8. Ritual law; Part IV. Biblical Law and
Other Scriptural Discourses: 9. Law and prophecy; 10. Law and prayer Shalom E. Holtz; 11.
Law and wisdom; Part V. The Legacy of Biblical Law: 12. Biblical law and Dead Sea Scrolls;
13. Biblical law and the New Testament; 14. Biblical law and rabbinic literature; 15. Biblical
law and early Christian interpretation Adam Gregerman.
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t h e c a m b r i d g e c o m pa n i o n to
LAW IN THE HEBREW BIBLE
This Companion offers a comprehensive overview of the history, nature,
and legacy of biblical law. Examining an array of current debates, the
chapters explore the historical context of biblical law, the significance of
its rules, and its influence on early Judaism and Christianity. The
volume also interrogates key issues: Were the rules intended to function
as ancient Israel’s statutory law? Is there evidence to indicate that they
served a different purpose? What is the relationship between this legal
material and other parts of the Hebrew Bible? Most importantly, the
book provides an in-depth look at the content of the Torah’s laws, with
individual essays on substantive, procedural, and ritual law. With contributions from an international team of experts, written specially for
this volume, The Cambridge Companion to Law in the Hebrew
Bible provides an up-to-date look at scholarship on biblical law and
outlines themes and topics for future research.
bruce wells is Associate Professor in the Department of Middle
Eastern Studies at the University of Texas. He is the author of The Law
of Testimony in the Pentateuchal Codes, coauthor (with Raymond
Westbrook) of Everyday Law in Biblical Israel, and coauthor (with
F. Rachel Magdalene and Cornelia Wunsch) of Fault, Responsibility,
and Administrative Law in Late Babylonian Legal Texts.
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Published online by Cambridge University Press
cambrid ge c ompa nio ns to religion
This is a series of companions to major topics and key figures in theology and
religious studies. Each volume contains specially commissioned chapters
by international scholars, which provide an accessible and stimulating
introduction to the subject for new readers and nonspecialists.
Other Titles in the Series
apostolic fathers Edited by Michael F. Bird and Scott Harrower
american catholicism Edited by Margaret M. McGuinness and Thomas F.
Rzeznik
american islam Edited by Juliane Hammer and Omid Safi
american judaism Edited by Dana Evan Kaplan
american methodism Edited by Jason E. Vickers
american protestantism Edited by Jason E. Vickers and Jennifer Woodruff
Tait
ancient mediterranean religions Edited by Barbette Stanley Spaeth
apocalyptic literature Edited by Colin McAllister
augustine’s city of god Edited by David Vincent Meconi
augustine’s “confessions” Edited by Tarmo Toom
karl barth Edited by John Webster
the bible , 2nd edition Edited by Bruce Chilton
the bible and literature Edited by Calum Carmichael
biblical interpretation Edited by John Barton
black theology Edited by Dwight N. Hopkins and Edward P. Antonio
dietrich bonhoeffer Edited by John de Gruchy
john calvin Edited by Donald K. McKim
christian doctrine Edited by Colin Gunton
christian ethics Edited by Robin Gill
christian mysticism Edited by Amy Hollywood and Patricia Z. Beckman
christian philosophical theology Edited by Charles Taliaferro and Chad
V. Meister
(continued after the Text Index)
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Published online by Cambridge University Press
the cambridge companion to
LAW IN THE HEBREW BIBLE
Edited by
Bruce Wells
University of Texas
Published online by Cambridge University Press
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title: The Cambridge companion to law in the Hebrew Bible / edited by Bruce Wells,
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subjects: lcsh: Jewish law–Biblical teaching. | Bible. Old Testament–Criticism,
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Contents
List of Contributors page ix
List of Abbreviations xi
Introduction 1
bruce wells
The Historical Context of Biblical Law
Part I
1
Law in the Ancient Near East
sophie démare-lafont
2
Law in the Eastern Mediterranean
anselm c. hagedorn
15
34
The Biblical Legal Collections
Part II
3
The Nature of the Collections
bruce wells
4
The Origins of the Laws 76
sara j. milstein
5
The Narrative Context of
the Collections 95
simeon chavel
55
The Biblical Laws
Part III
6
Substantive Law 117
sandra jacobs
7
Procedural Law 138
giovanna r. czander
8
Ritual Law 158
michael b. hundley
Biblical Law and Other Scriptural Discourses
Part IV
9
Law and Prophecy 181
reinhard achenbach
vii
Published online by Cambridge University Press
viii
contents
10
Law and Prayer 201
shalom e. holtz
11
Law and Wisdom 219
thomas krüger
Part V
The Legacy of Biblical Law
12
Biblical Law and the Dead Sea Scrolls
hannah k. harrington
13
Biblical Law and the New Testament 261
thomas kazen
14
Biblical Law and Rabbinic Literature 283
steven d. fraade
15
Biblical Law and Early
Christian Interpretation 300
adam gregerman
Bibliography 319
Subject Index 343
Text Index 363
Published online by Cambridge University Press
241
Abbreviations
1Q28b
1QapGen
1QM
1QS
4Q159
4Q174
4Q251
4Q255
4Q265
4Q266
4Q269
4Q270
4Q271
4Q274
4Q284
4Q364
4Q365
4Q366
4Q415
4Q513
4Q514
4Q542
4QMMT
4QRP
11Q19
AASF
AB
ABAW
Rule of the Blessings (= 1QSb)
Genesis Apocryphon
Milhamah (War Scroll)
_
Serekh ha-Yahad (= Community Rule / Manual of
_
Discipline)
Ordinancesa
4QFlor (= Florilegium / Midrash on Eschatologya)
Halakhah A
papSa (= papyrus of Serekh ha-Yahada)
_
Serekh Damascus (= Miscellaneous Rules)
a
Damascus Document
Damascus Documentd
Damascus Documente
Damascus Documentf
Tohorot A
Purification Liturgy
Reworked Pentateuchb
Reworked Pentateuchc
Reworked Pentateuchd
Instructiona
Ordinancesb
Ordinancesc
Testament of Qahat (Aramaic)
Miqsat Maʿaśê ha-Torah
_
Reworked Pentateuch
Temple Scrolla (= 11QTa)
Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae
Anchor Bible
Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften
xi
Published online by Cambridge University Press
xii
AbB
ʿAbod. Zar.
ʾAbot R. Nat.
Adv. Jud.
AfO
AJSR
Akk.
ALD
Ant.
AT
ATD
Ath. Pol.
AThANT
Autol.
AYBRL
b.
B. Mes.
_
Bar
Barn.
BASOR
BCE
Ber.
BG
BHS
BJS
BO
BZAR
BZAW
CAD
CahRB
CBQ
CC
CD
CDCH
l i s t o f a b b r e v i at i o n s
Altbabylonische Briefe
ʿAbodah Zarah
ʾAbot de Rabbi Nathan
Against the Jews (Adversus Judaeos)
Archiv für Orientforschung
American Jewish Studies Review
Akkadian
Aramaic Levi Document
Josephus, Jewish Antiquities
D. J. Wiseman, The Alalakh Tablets (London, 1953)
Das Alte Testament Deutsch
Constitution of Athens (Atheˉ naīn politeia)
Abhandlungen zur Theologie des Alten und Neuen
Testaments
Theophilus, To Autolycus (Ad Autolycum)
Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library
Babylonian Talmud
Baba Mesiʿa
_
Baruch
Barnabas
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
Before the Common Era
Berakot
Berlin Gnostic Papyrus
Biblica Hebraica Stuttgartensia
Brown Judaic Studies
Bibliotheca Orientalis
Beiheft zur Zeitschrift für altorientalische und biblische Rechtsgeschichte
Beiheft zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche
Wissenschaft
The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of
the University of Chicago (Chicago: The Oriental
Institute, 1956–2010)
Cahiers de la Revue biblique
Catholic Biblical Quarterly
Covenant Collection
Damascus Document
The Concise Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, ed.
David J. A. Clines (Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press,
2009)
Published online by Cambridge University Press
l i s t o f a b b r e v i at i o n s
CE
Cels.
Chr
Clem.
CM
Col
col.
ConBNT
Const. ap.
Cor
CRINT
CSHJ
CUSAS
Cyr.
D
DC
Dem. ev.
Dial.
Did. apost.
DJD
Dr
DSD
E
Eccl
Ep. Tra.
Eph
ʿErub.
Est
EST
et al.
Ezek
FAT
FGrH
Flor.
FM
fr.
xiii
Common Era
Origen, Against Celsus
Chronicles
Clement
Cuneiform Monographs
Colossians
column
Coniectanea Biblica: New Testament Series
Apostolic Constitutions (Constitutiones apostolicae)
Corinthians
Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum
Chicago Studies in the History of Judaism
Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and
Sumerology
J. N. Strassmaier, Inschriften von Cyrus, König von
Babylon (538-529 v. Chr.) (Leipzig: Pfeiffer, 1890)
Deuteronomic, Deuteronomy, or Deuteronomic
Source/Work
Deuteronomic Collection
Demonstration of the Gospel (Demonstratio evangelica)
Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho
Didascalia apostolorum
Discoveries in the Judean Desert
Dreros
Dead Sea Discoveries
Elohist or Elohistic Source/Work
see Qoh
Pliny, Epistulae ad Trajanum
Ephesians
ʿErubin
Esther
Esarhaddon Succession Treaty (= VTE)
et alii (“and others”)
Ezekiel
Forschungen zum Alten Testament
F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker
(Leiden: Brill, 1923–1958)
Ptolemy (the Gnostic), Letter to Flora (Epistula ad
Floram)
Florilegium marianum
fragment
Published online by Cambridge University Press
xiv
FRLANT
G
Gal
Gen. Rab.
Git.
_
GMTR
Gos. Mary
Gos. Thom.
H
Hab
Haer.
Hag
Ḥag.
HC
HdO
Heb
Heb.
HeBAI
Hist.
Hist. eccl.
HL
Hos
HS
HThKAT
HTR
Ḥul
IC
ICC
IEJ
IG
Ign. Eph.
Ign. Magn.
Ign. Phld.
Il.
IOS
Isa
l i s t o f a b b r e v i at i o n s
Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und
Neuen Testaments
Gortyn
Galatians
Genesis Rabbah
Gittin
__
Guides to the Mesopotamian Textual Record
BG 1 Gospel of Mary
Nag Hammadi codex II 2 Gospel of Thomas
Holiness Source; see also HS
Habakkuk
Irenaeus, Against Heresies (Adversus haereses)
Haggai
Ḥagigah
Holiness Collection
Handbuch der Orientalistik
Hebrews
Hebrew
Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel
Herodotus, Histories (Historiae)
Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History (Historia ecclesiastica)
Hittite Laws
Hosea
Holiness Source or Holiness School
Herders Theologischer Kommentar zum Alten
Testament
Harvard Theological Review
Ḥullin
Inscriptiones Creticae, ed. Margherita Guarducci, 4
vols. (Rome: Libreria dello Stato, 1935–1950)
International Critical Commentary
Israel Exploration Journal
Inscriptiones Graecae, consilio et auctoritate
Academiae Literarum Borussicae editae (Berlin: de
Gruyter, 1873–)
Ignatius, To the Ephesians
Ignatius, To the Magnesians
Ignatius, To the Philadelphians
Homer, Iliad
Israel Oriental Studies
Isaiah
Published online by Cambridge University Press
l i s t o f a b b r e v i at i o n s
J
J.W.
JANEH
JBL
JEOL
Jer
JESHO
JJS
JNES
Josh
JSJSup
JSNtSup
JSOT
JSOTSup
JSPSup
Jub.
Judg
KAI
Ketub.
Kgs
Lam
LCL
LE
Lev. Rab.
LH
LHBOTS
LL
LNTS
LOx
LSCG
LU
LXX
m.
xv
Yahwist or Yahwistic Source/Work
Josephus, Jewish War (Bellum judaicum)
Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History
Journal of Biblical Literature
Jaarbericht
van
het
Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch
Gezelschap (Genootschap) Ex oriente lux
Jeremiah
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the
Orient
Journal of Jewish Studies
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
Joshua
Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism
Journal for the Study of the New Testament
Supplement Series
Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement
Series
Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha
Supplement Series
Jubilees
Judges
Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften, ed. Herbert
Donner and Wolfgang Röllig, 2nd ed. (Wiesbaden:
Harrassowitz, 1966–1969)
Ketubbot
Kings
Lamentations
Loeb Classical Library
Laws of Ešnunna
Leviticus Rabbah
Laws of Hammurabi
Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies
Laws of Lipit-Ištar
The Library of New Testament Studies
Laws about Rented Oxen
Franciszek Sokolowski, Lois sacrées des cités grecques
(Paris: de Boccard, 1962)
Laws of Ur-Namma
Septuagint
Mishna(h)
Published online by Cambridge University Press
xvi
Macc
Mal
MAL
Marc.
Matt
Meg.
Mic
Migr.
Miqw.
ML
MMT
ms./MS
MSL
MT
NA
NABU
Nah
NBL
Nbn.
Neh
NJPS
Nomima
NovTSup
NRSV
NT
OBO
Od.
Op.
Or. 4
Or. 12
P
Paed.
l i s t o f a b b r e v i at i o n s
Maccabees
Malachi
Middle Assyrian Laws
Tertullian, Against Marcion (Adversus Marcionem)
Matthew
Megillah
Micah
Philo, De migration Abrahami
Miqwaʾot
A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End
of the Fifth Century B.C., ed. R. Meiggs and D. Lewis,
2nd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1988)
Miqtsat Maʿaseh ha-Torah
manuscript
Materialien zum sumerischen Lexikon / Materials for
the Sumerian Lexicon, 17 vols. (Rome: Pontifical
Biblical Institute, 1937–2004)
Masoretic Text
Neo-Assyrian
Nouvelles assyriologiques brèves et utilitaires
Nahum
Neo-Babylonian Laws
J. N. Strassmaier, Inschriften von Nabonidus, König
von Babylon (555–538 v. Chr.) (Leipzig: Pfeiffer, 1889)
Nehemiah
Tanakh – The Holy Scriptures: The New JPS
Translation according to the Traditional Hebrew Text
Henri van Effenterre and Françoise Ruzé, Nomima:
Recueil d’inscriptions politiques et juridiques de
l’archaïsme grec, 2 vols. (Paris: de Boccard, 1994–1995)
Supplements to Novum Testamentum
New Revised Standard Version
New Testament
Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis
Homer, Odyssey
Works and Days (Opera et dies)
Isocrates, Panegyricus (Oration 4)
Isocrates, Panathenaicus (Oration 12)
Priestly Source/Work
Clement of Alexandria, Christ the Educator
(Paedagogus)
Published online by Cambridge University Press
l i s t o f a b b r e v i at i o n s
Par.
PC
Pet
Phil
Pol.
Pol. Phil.
Princ.
Prov
Ps(s)
Pud.
Q
Q (source)
Qidd.
Qoh
R.
RB
RGRW
RIME
Rom
RSV
SAA
Sam
Sanh.
SBLDS
SBLSymS
SBLWAW
SBS
Sir
SLEx
SLHF
SNTSMS
SNTSU
SP
STDJ
Sum.
Šabb.
t.
Taʿan.
Thess
xvii
Parah
Priestly Collection
Peter
Philippians
Aristotle, Politics (Politica)
Polycarp, To the Philippians
Origen, First Principles (De principiis)
Proverbs
Psalm(s)
Tertullian, Modesty (De pudicitia)
Qumran
hypothesized collection of Jesus’ sayings (“Q” comes
from German Quelle)
Qiddušin
Qohelet (Ecclesiastes)
Rabbi
Revue biblique
Religions in the Graeco-Roman World
The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Early Periods
Romans
Revised Standard Version
State Archives of Assyria
Samuel
Sanhedrin
Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series
Society of Biblical Literature Symposium Series
Society of Biblical Literature Writings from the
Ancient World
Stuttgarter Bibel Studien
Sirach/Ecclesiasticus
Sumerian Laws Exercise Tablet
Sumerian Laws Handbook of Forms
Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series
Studien zum Neuen Testament und seiner Umwelt
Samaritan Pentateuch
Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah
Sumerian
Šabbat
Tosefta
Taʿanit
Thessalonians
Published online by Cambridge University Press
xviii
Tim
Tob
VT
VTE
VTSup
WMANT
WO
WUNT
y.
Yad.
Yebam.
ZA
ZAR
Zebah.
_
Zech
Zeph
ZTK
l i s t o f a b b r e v i at i o n s
Timothy
Tobit
Vetus Testamentum
Vassal Treaty of Esarhaddon (= EST)
Supplements to Vetus Testamentum
Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und
Neuen Testament
Die Welt des Orients
Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen
Testament
Jerusalem Talmud
Yadayim
Yebamot
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische
Archäologie
Zeitschrift für altorientalische und biblische
Rechtsgeschichte
Zebahim
_
Zechariah
Zephaniah
Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche
Published online by Cambridge University Press
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