Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka

Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Md Rashed Bhuyan (PhD student, Semester 5) Supervisor: Dr Zhang Ye Co-supervisor: Dr CHO Im Sik Oral Qualification Examination_20150424_Architecture_SDE_NUS Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Outline of the presentation 1. Research Background 2. Literature and Research Gaps 3. Research Questions 4.Scope of the Research 5. Research Approach 6. Pilot Study 7. Significance and Conclusion Pilot Study Significance Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Research Background Pilot Study Significance Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Objectives -Explain the relationship between accessibility of play spaces and in the urban context of Dhaka. hild e s pla -Develop a new approach for measuring accessibility of play spaces by incorporating subjective and objective factors. -Explore the constructions of play and play spaces in some selected urban areas in Dhaka. -Interpret the subjective and objective factors of accessibility with reference to the possibilities of creating play-friendly-city. Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Accessibility •An important urban spatial quality measure •Intensity of possibility of interactions [of people] in space-time People s p efe e es [Origin, i] Place/location >< [Path, k-l] >< Street network [Destination, j] Place/location •Shift of spatial analytical app oa hes f o lo atio to i te a tio Locations are built on interactions (Batty 2013:15). Challenge: Incorporation of human factors Significance Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Gro i g a are ess i addressi g hildre s right to play i the ity •Growing global awareness (UNCRC 1990, CFAP network etc.) •Child e s diminished ability to play in the urban outdoors •Percentage of young children traveling to home from school alone reduced in England: 51% (1971-1991), 61% (1971-2010) (Shaw et al. 2010) •Urbanization increases the glasshouse e i o e t (Kytta 2004) Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study The quality of the built environment Childre [Home, i] eed a ess to i lusi e spa es… lose to their o ho es… (UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (2013:11) >< [Streets, k-l] >< [Play spaces, j] Proximity to play facilities (+) Presence of open spaces adjacent to home (+) Presence of heavily trafficked streets (-) Presence of vehicular intersections (-) Presence of child-friendly sidewalks (+) Presence of speed bumps (+) ... Significance Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance •Accessibility < -- > hildre s a ess to play spa es i ur a areas •Environment behavior approach (Lewin 1931, Bronfenbrenner 1994) •People-environment interactions: Pla i g a d desig : Spatial determinism ? (Jacobs 1961) •In urban design: Cognitive approach (a) and Syntactic approach (b) a) Legibility map of Boston (Lynch 1960) b) Syntactic map (global integration) of Islington, London (Source: Hillier and Vaughan 2007) Immense scope for urban researchers to contribute in this direction Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Investigating the relationship between accessibility of play spaces [as spatial configuration measure] and hildre s playful interactions in those places [as subjective preferences] can shed new light in the discourse of whether physical structure has any influence on ur a hildre s lo atio al prefere es for play at all. Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance The context of Dhaka -A developing country city -Rapid urbanization and extremely high density -Inadequate provisions of planned play facilities -Accessibility to play spaces is a major public concern, among other problems. Save Dhanmondi Playground Movement in Dhaka, 2014 -Equitable access to play spaces -More planning provisions for natural play spa es lose to hild e s ho e Ensure universal access to the the Dhanmondi playground for all ASAP. Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Literature and Research Gaps Pilot Study Significance Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background A Literature and Gaps iguities i the Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance ea i g of play Characteristics Types Piaget 1961 Form (universal) >-------< Process (interactions in the environment) Context Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Addressi g hildre s play eha ior a d ur a physi al e iro together: Theoretical models Significance e t Bronfenbrenner (1979): Ecological systems in real urban systems; Hart (1978): Child e s participation in planning, Lynch (1977): Child e s og iti e e i o e ts [Play places] [Home] Habitual Moore and Young (1978): Territorial Range Model (TRM) [Pathway] Frequented Illustration of habitual, frequented and occasional ranges according to TRM Occasional Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Addressi g hildre s play eha ior a d ur a physi al e iro together: Empirical studies Age 7-9 years Significance e t Age 10-12 years Boys Girls Boys Girls Parental education level 0.95 (0.93-0.98) 0.94 (0.91-0.97) 0.94 (0.92-0.96) 0.96 (0.93-1.00) Maintenance of houses - - 0.88 (0.83-0.93) - Number of formal outdoor play facilities per km2 0.99 (0.99-1.00) 0.99 (0.98-0.99) 0.99 (0.99-1.00 0.99 (0.98-1.00) Presence of sidewalks - - - 1.45 (1.05-2.01) Presence of pedestrian crossings without traffic lights 1.20 (1.11-1.29) - - - Presence of pedestrian crossings with traffic lights - 0.79 (0.67-0.92) - - Presence of traffic lights 0.89 (0.85-0.93) Presence of parallel parking places - - 1.17 (1.07-1.28) - Presence of parking lots (grouped) 1.28 (1.18-1.38) - - - Presence of speed bumps 1.25 (1.13-1.37) - - - Presence of 30 km/ hour zones 0.82 (0.76-0.89) - 0.91 (0.86-0.97) - Presence of roundabouts 1.15 (1.06-1.24) 1.12 (1.01-1.25) 1.10 (1.04-1.16 - Presence of intersections 0.81 (0.73-0.90) 0.78 (0.69-0.88) 0.87 (0.79-0.97) - Association between neighborhood ha a te isti s a d hild e s aged 7-12) outdoor play in four cities of Netherlands ased o pa e t s responses: Significant results (95% confidence intervals, n=6601) of multivariate analyses. Source: based on Aarts et al. 2012: pp. 10-11. Relational view is absent Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Traditional planning practices: Heuristic catchment radius in planning process: Pla g ou ds ithi ⁄ kilo ete f o ho e , or density of facilities: (1 neighborhood playground for 200 children etc.) Ignored issues: Relational view: -street configuration, -st eet ode … Child e s pa ti ipatio a d p efe e es… Approach Pilot Study Significance Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Accessibility Measure e t of a essi ility geographi Cumulative Opportunity RA , AgP, BC + R 1 0 Gravity Based +++ ++ + +++ ++ + Utility Based Constraints-Based t1 T ++ +++ Composite Accessibility t1 T +++ t2 t2 ++ + t3 + t3 + + Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Measure e t of a essi ility: geo etri d2 D2 D3 d3 D1 Spatial configuration and land uses Spatial configuration d1 Metric distance Multiple Centrality Analysis Topological distance Space syntax Hillier and Hanson 1984, Hillier et al. 1993, Hillier and Vaughan (2007) Hillier (2012) Combined matrixes (Batty 2010b) Porta et al. (2005) Gravity model Hansen (1959) Place Syntax Tool Stahle et al. (2007) UNA Toolbox Sevtsuk and Mekonnen (2012) Significance Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Accessibility: Across spatial configuration and land use Figure: Accessibility of food store within axial (topological) lines in deformed and interupted grids in Stolkholm. Darker is higher accessibility. Maps are comparable with color. Source: Stahle et al. (2007) Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Studies in the context of Dhaka Child e s outdoo a ti ities: Factors: gender, age, availability of adjacent space, building footprint area, street type (discreet). Aggregated accessibility using Cumulative Opportunity Method. Accessibility: 66% to 77% R=800m 1 Islam (2008) Ahmed (2011) 0 Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Studies in the context of Dhaka Although it came out from the research that accessibility in terms of physical distance is quite high in Dhaka city, but in reality only 3% of girls, 4% of children living in the streets and 5% of children from the high income bracket are using these [formal] play and recreation facilities in Dhaka city (Ahmed 2011: p. 197). Demands in-depth study using state of the art accessibility easu e e t ethod fo hild e s pla spa es Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Research gaps ‘elatio ship et ee a essi ility of play spa es a d hildre s play activities, and the extent of it, is a little researched area. There are speculations, debates and discreet planning standards; however with little research based consensus. Disaggregated a essi ility of ell defi ed a d ofte , o ly adult s , a ti ity spa es spaces, shops, schools etc.) are plenty; whereas methods to ork measure hildre s a essi ility to ur a play spa es (which are difficult to define) remained unexplored. No study comprehensively addressed subjective and objective components of accessibility of play spaces from graph theoretical perspective in the context of Dhaka. Moreover, the otio of a hildre s play space is vague in the existing literature. Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Research Questions Pilot Study Significance Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Research Questions Does a essi ility of play spa es affe t hildre s aged 7 to 14 locational preference for play when other factors are controlled? (Q1) If it does, 1a) what is the extent? (Q1a) Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Definitions Child e s lo atio al p efe e e fo play: 7 to ea s old hild e s epo ted play-preferences for particular urban spaces Play spaces: ‘epo ted spa es of pla i u a a eas outside hild e s ho e o uildi g o pou d. This will include both formal (playfields, parks etc.) and informal (vacant plots, adjacent open spaces close to home etc.) spaces Accessibility of play spaces: I te sit of possi ilit of hild e s pla i ide tifia le spa e. Other factors : Potential socio-economic factors that might influence children’s locational preference for play beyond accessibility factors in Dhaka: such as: age, gender, independent mobility permission from parents, forms of play etc. Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Measurement of accessibility of play spaces Across three matrixes: Place Path People T System matrix (Physical) Places (i and j) Paths (i-j links) Space-time (i-j-t links) Accessibility Attraction (Wi) measurement Impedance (Dij) factors Preference vectors (Pijt) __________________________________________>>> Complexity of calculation increases from left to right <<<___________________________________________ Aggregation potential increases from right to left Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Subsequent Research Questions What are the o stru tio s of hildre s play and play space in Dhaka? (Qi) How can accessibility of play spaces in urban areas be measured he hildre s play eha ior is o sidered? (Qii) How can interrelations between accessibility of play spaces and hildre s aged 7 to 14 prefere es for play e i terpreted ith reference to the possibilities of creating play-friendly-city (Qiii) Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Scope of the research •Age g oup of hild e : 7 to outside home. ea s old suita le age to stud hild e s pla a ti ities •Physically and mentally impaired children will be excluded •Analysis based on cross sectional data •Days with extreme weather conditions (such as rain, thunderstorms etc.) will not be included •Urban spaces without gate-control Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Research approach Pilot Study Significance Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Overview of research approach World view: Pragmatic world view Mixed methods research approach: Considerations: Research questions: Presence of both quantitative and qualitative components. ‘esea he s pe so al a kg ou d: fa ilia it ith data olle tio ethods The potential audience of research: Academics and experts in Urban Design, Pla i g, Child e s Geog aphies et . …a more complete understanding of a research problem than either [qualitative or quantitative] approach alone (Creswell 2014: 4-5) Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Overall Research Framework Accessibility of play spaces for children in Dhaka Qii Interviews of children and map exercises Detail Area Plan Parent’s questionnaire/ Professional’s opinion Qi Constructions of a Space-time elements Play space (Place) Play space Q1, Q1a Play Activity Locational preference for play in Dhaka 1. Place attraction (Size, formal/informal, etc.) Street network (Path) Structured observation: Space activity, SOPARK Form Available time (People) Interviews Strand 1 (qual.) Mixed methods data Accessibility of Play Space Behavior elements Qualitative data analysis (GT) Result (qual.) 2. Distance (Movement potential across different radius across street network) 3. Time of day (After school hours) 3. Independent mobility license from parents With / without permission Play Interviews of children and map exercises Parent’s questionnaire/ Professional’s opinion Path preference for play Interviews of children and map exercises Time preference for play Interviews of children and map exercises 4. Play activity type Strand 1 (qual.) Strand 2 (QUAN.) Quantitative data Constructions of in Dhaka 1. Age group 7-10 years, 11-14 years 2. Gender Boys and girls Qi Quantitative data analysis Result (QUAN) Quantitative data Qualitative data analysis (GT) Mixed methods data Result (qual.) Interpretation (Qiii) Mixed methods research approach: Exploratory sequential design (qual. > QAUN.) Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Process of data collection and data analysis Interviews of participants observations Pilot Study Significance Child e s i te ie s (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q5, Q7) + c3 a1 Content analysis (Coding, categorizing) c2 Spatial coding of responses c1 Regression study c4 b4 Spatial accessibility PST analysis Interpretation + b1 Observation and validation (SOPARK) b2 b3 d1 a1: Play space map based on qualitative study, b1: GIS map from city authority, b2 and b3: constructed line and dot maps for configuration study, b4: spatial accessibility map afte s ta ti a al sis fo o elatio stud , : i situ ap du i g hild e s i te ie , a d : oded lo atio p efe ence map, c4: combined location preference map for correlation study, strategic map (if any) based on outcomes. PST = Place Syntax Tool, dots = play spaces, color dots = varieties of play and play spaces, Lines = path segments, lighter lines = sidewalk segment, darker lines= centre-li e seg e ts, ippled li es a e hild e s p efe ed paths to pla spa es, star symbols = homes, . Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Validity and reliability of methods -Employment of multiple methods of triangulations: -Map data and real life data will be cross checked; -Child e s self-reports will be cross- he ked ith pa e t s a s e s a d o se atio s -Some interview notes will be validated by the interviewees Child e s interviews IRB Observation and validation -All interview questions, guidelines and consent forms will be translated into local language (Bengali) by qualified translator. -Consistencies in research design to increase external validity of the research findings: structured interviews. Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Selected study areas in Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC) 6 study areas in 3 Thana: 03 Uttara -Major developments in three different time periods: British, Pakistan and Bangladeshi period 03 Area in sqkm Dhanmondi Total Total 6 to 14 Households Population Population 6.23 33169 147643 21218 Sutrapur 3.99 43474 Uttara 6.095 39123 Total 16.315 115766 Data sources: BBS 2012, Ahmed 2011, 211210 179907 538760 32041 29927 83186 Population density [sq. km] Dhanmondi 6 to 14 (% of total % of play area Population) out of total area 23699 14.37 3.88 Sutrapur Uttara 52935 29517 15.17 0.51 16.63 1.29 35383.57 15.39 1.89 Average Data sources: BBS 2012, Ahmed 2011, 02 Dhanmondi 02 01 Sutrapur 01 Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Selected study areas in Dhaka Administrative Unit: Thana (Ward No.) Dhanmondi 47 48 49 Playground name (Ahmed 2011) No. Area (sqm) (Ahmed 2011) % of total area _ _ D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 Dhanmondi lake park 88243.77 Kalabagan Cricket Club Playground 11654.23 Abahani Cricket Club (sports centre) 47606.68 Kamrunnesa Girl's School playground R11/a 14776.35 Bangladesh Women Sport's Federation 20639.99 Park around Dhanmondi Lake 29918.65 Dhanmondi Club Playground R8 20196.52 Officer's Quarter Playground 1172.53 Eidgah Park 1554.66 Dhanmondi Cricket academy R4 Total 5795.23 241558.6 3.88 Sutrapur 74 75 77 78 79 80 _ _ S1 S2 Bolda Garden Bahadurshah Park 10445.54 9712.34 _ _ Total 20157.88 0.50% Uttara 01 U1 BD House Building Staff Quarter U2 Uttara Girls High School Sec 6, R9 U3 Sec 6 Park U4 Uttara High School Playfield Sec 7 R1 4004.88 U5 Uttara High School Park 6723.96 U6 RAJUK Uttara Model College Sec6 U7 Ajampur Govt Primary School Sec6 2947.87 U8 Uttara Friends Club Playfield 4744..48 U9 U10 Sec 4 Playfield R8 Total Data sources: Ahmed 2011, BBS 2012. 1615.06 5721.95 12772.86 10025.92 35048.34 78860.84 0.14% Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Research Plan Overall research program 2013 Sem 1 Sem 2 2014 Sem 3 Sem 4 2015 Sem 5 Sem 6 2016 Sem 7 Sem 8 2017 Sem 9Sem 10 J F MA MJ J A S O N D J F MA MJ J A S O N D J F MA MJ J A S O N D J F MA MJ J A S O N D Research Period Scholarship period Completion of course works Qualifying Exam Lit. review and hypothesis Pilot study Finalizing research approach Data collection and data analysis Dissertation writing and editing Final submission Examination and final defense Flexibility key landmarks Max. cand. Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Schedule for data collection and analysis 2015 2016 Apr M a yJ un J ul Aug S e p Oc t No v De c J a n F e b M a r Apr M a y Qualifying Exam Finalizing research approach Data collection and data analysis NUS-IRB Application Prepare documents for application Approval Mixed methods data collection Letters to local authorities and selected schools Observations Map based interviews of children in schools Questionnaire survey of parents Interview of professionals (workshop with IAB) Qualitative data analysis Coding Categorizing and hypothesis building Quantitative data for analysis Collection of GIS maps Coding of quantitative data Defining variables for correlation study Correlation study Interpretation of findings Pilot Study Significance Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Potential Chapter outline for the dissertation: 1. Introduction 2. Review of Literature 3. Methodological Framework 4. Play Space Dhaka . A essi ilit of Pla “pa es a d Child e s Locational Preferences 6. Discussion: Towards a Play-Friendly-City 7. Conclusion Pilot Study Conclusion Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Pilot study Approach Pilot Study Significance Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Study Area: Dhanmondi Residential Area (DRA) DRA Location of study area in Dhaka Study area with buffer area Streets and playgrounds within study area Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Axial segment generation method for the study area i ii Sidewalk-line map (i) Centre-line map (ii) Details of line generation method Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Accessibility analysis method with axial lines Integration: The relative proximity of each line to all others. Integration (Int.) = K2/TD. K: Total number of street segments (nodes) counted within the least path from one segment to all other segments, TD: total depth. Snapshot of MapInfo window with CONFEEGO plug-in Significance Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Accessibility of the study area measured along different study radius s) Int. (single line paths) Int. (Pedestrian paths) Int. R400 Int. R800 Int. R1200 Int. R2000 Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Spatial analysis: Path-accessibility of the play spaces in DRA p1 p7 p4 p6 p2 p3 p6 Sidewalk line map segments Centre line segments Syntactic integration of the study R1200 m for vehicular and pedestrian movement (from left to right) Significance Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Spatial analysis: Differences in patterns of pedestrian and vehicular (centre line) modes of accessibility: p2 Vehicular movements_R1200m Pedestrian_R1200m p2 in the afternoon Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Reflections from the pilot study The study described high-resolution accessibility across differentiated path network. The origins (i hild e s ho es e e eighted e uall ; a d pla spaces (as attractions, j) were defined as connected pedestrian segments. Distances (Dij) were measured topologically across network. However, specific limitations arise, if different attractions, hild e s age, ge de et . a e ot take i to a ou t. Ref.: Wilson 1971 Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Reflections from the pilot study Place factors: Attractions: Size of the opportunity Auronjit, M 14 Saif, M 10 137 Sabbir, M15 52 Rakib, M18 Ishtiaque, M 14 Sayedul, M 16 14 -Dot sizes represent relative area of the play spaces, numbers inside the dots are observed number of users in the afternoon of a normal day. Data sources: Interviews, (09.14, 4:00-6:30pm) Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Reflections from the pilot study Other (people) factors: -Age, gender etc. -Pa e t s fea of t affi a d st a ge s Child e s a ti e pla in the front-streets with low vehicular traffic (dead end streets with low integration value) in the study area Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Reflections from the pilot study System matrix (Physical) Places (i and j) Paths (i-j links) Space-time (i-j-t links) Accessibility Attraction (Wi) measurement Impedance (Dij) factors Preference vectors (Pijt) __________________________________________>>> Complexity of calculation increases from left to right <<<___________________________________________ Aggregation potential increases from right to left The developed place path people matrix to measure accessibility based on the pilot study Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Significance and Conclusion Pilot Study Significance Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study Significance Significance The proposed research is important for: -Understanding the qualities of urban space that enable or o st ai hild e s pla -Developing insights on children-environment relationship Key contributions of the study will be: 1) A comprehensive method for accessibility measurement that incorporates both objective and subjective factors, 2) Implication of accessibility analysis to urban design and planning practices specifically focused on creating play-friendly urban environments. Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Background Literature and Gaps Questions Scope Approach Pilot Study In a play-friendly city: The child rediscovers the city – The city rediscovers the playful child -And we rediscover ourselves Conclusion Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka References used AHMED, A (2010 . 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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 6(15) YE, ZHANG (2012) Effect of the street-alleyway environment upon pedestrian activities in the Old City of Beijing, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Cambridge, UK. Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka Thank you Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka a) Planned (brown) and unplanned (greenish) area map of Dhaka. Source: Nilufar 1997. b) Space syntax map of Dhaka showing urban core and recent growth pattern. Source: Ferdous (2011). c) Existing formal playground map in Dhaka metropolitan Area, Source: Ahmed (2011: 128, Annex 8)[Accessed] http://www.palgravejournals.com/udi/journal/v17/n3/fig_tab/udi201210f9.htm Accessibility of Play Spaces for Children in Dhaka A graphical tool to represent accessibility of play spaces along place (attractions), path (connections and attractions) and people (time constraints) together. The X- and Y-axis represent space and Z axis represents time. A 400 s ua e ete seg e t ap i Dhaka as used to de o st ate the tool. Fig. a , , a d sho h potheti al use s 3 children) potential locations and duration of stay at home, school and play spaces. Fig. d) shows their combined potential interactions in different locations. Fig. e) shows a combined accessibility representation technique for the play spaces. Colored 2d lines in Fig. e) represent relative path accessibility for the pedestrian network within 1200m radius (using DepthmapX); size of play areas represents place accessibility; and the vertical dotted lines represent subjective accessibility in time. Image Source: Author. Key theoretical literatures that helped to shape the ideas behind this tool are: Hansen (1959), Hillier and Hanson (1984) and Miller (2005).