Baltic Pontic South East Influenses

BEYOND BALKANIZATION Pavel M. Dolukhanov Lu yna Doma«ska 1 Ali e Marie Haeussler Leiu Heapost Ken Ja obs Valeriy I. Khartanovi h Philip L. Kohl Nadezhda S. Kotova Ri hard W. Lindstrom Ilze Loze Dmitriy Nuzhnyi Inna D. Potekhina Dmitriy Telegin Vladimir I. Timofeev Aleksander A. Yanevi h Leonid Zaliznyak V O L U M E 5 • 1998 BALTIC-PONTIC STUDIES 61-809 Pozna« (Poland) ‘w. Mar in 78 Tel. (061) 8536709 ext. 147, Fax (061) 8533373 EDITOR Aleksander Ko±ko EDITOR OF VOLUME Lu yna Doma«ska Ken Ja obs EDITORIAL COMMITEE Sophia S. Berezanskaya (Kiev), Aleksandra Cofta-Broniewska (Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska (Šód¹), Viktor I. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko (Kiev), Petro Tolo hko (Kiev) SECRETARY Marzena Szmyt SECRETARY OF VOLUME Andrzej Rozwadowski ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY EASTERN INSTITUTE INSTITUTE OF PREHISTORY Pozna« 1998 ISBN 83-86094-04-4 ISSN 1231-0344 BEYOND BALKANIZATION 1 Pavel M. Dolukhanov Lu yna Doma«ska Ali e Marie Haeussler Leiu Heapost Ken Ja obs Valeriy I. Khartanovi h Philip L. Kohl Nadezhda S. Kotova Ri hard W. Lindstrom Ilze Loze Dmitriy Nuzhnyi Inna D. Potekhina Dmitriy Telegin Vladimir I. Timofeev Aleksander A. Yanevi h Leonid Zaliznyak V O L U M E 5 • 1998 c Copyright by B-PS and Authors All rights reserved Cover Design: Eugeniusz Skorwider Lingvisti onsultation: Monika Woj ieszek Printed in Poland Computer typeset by PSO Sp. z o.o. w Poznaniu In Memoriam Priit Ligi (24 May 1958 | 28 September 1994) CONTENTS EDITORS' FOREWORD . .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... . 7 "BEYOND BALKANIZATION" { AN OUTLINE PROGRAM FOR A DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ken Ja obs, Lu yna Doma«ska, 9 THE NEOLITHIC WITH A HUMAN FACE OR DIVIDING LINES IN NEOLITHIC EUROPE? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 HISTORY AND POLITICS IN THE DEVELOPMENT ETHNOGENETIC MODELS IN SOVIET ANTHROPOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 NATIONAL IDENTITY AND THE USE OF THE REMOTE PAST IN THE CAUCASUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 THE EAST | WEST RELATIONS IN THE LATE MESOLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC IN THE BALTIC REGION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 THE ADOPTION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE AREA OF PRESENT-DAY LATVIA (THE LAKE LUBANA BASIN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 MESOLITHIC CULTURAL-ETHNOGRAPHIC ENTITIES IN SOUTHERN UKRAINE: GENESIS AND ROLE IN NEOLITHIZATION OF THE REGION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Pavel M. Dolukhanov, Ri hard W. Lindstrom, Philip L. Kohl, Vladimir I. Timofeev, Ilze Loze, Dmitriy Telegin, THE UKRAINIAN STEPPE AS A REGION OF INTERCULTURAL CONTACTS BETWEEN ATLANTIC AND MEDITERRANEAN ZONES OF EUROPEAN MESOLITHIC Dmitriy Nuzhnyi, . . . . . . . . . 102 THE LATE MESOLITHIC SUBBASE OF THE UKRAINIAN NEOLITHIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leonid Zaliznyak, Aleksander A. Yanevi h, CRIMEA 120 THE NEOLITHIC OF THE MOUNTAINOUS .. ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... ... THE ROLE OF EASTERN IMPULSE IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEOLITHIC CULTURES OF UKRAINE 146 Nadezhda S. Kotova, . . . . . . . . 160 UKRAINE MESOLITHIC CEMETERIES: DENTAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 SOUTH-EASTERN INFLUENCES ON THE FORMATION OF THE MESOLITHIC TO EARLY ENEOLITHIC POPULATIONS OF THE NORTH PONTIC REGION: THE EVIDENCE FROM ANTHROPOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 GENETIC HETEROGENEITY OF FINNO-UGRIANS (ON THE BASIS OF ESTONIAN MODERN AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 NEW CRANIOLOGICAL MATERIAL ON THE SAAMI FROM THE KOLA PENINSULA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Ali e Marie Haeussler, Inna D. Potekhina, Leiu Heapost, Valeriy I. Khartanovi h, Referen es ... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... ... . ... .. List of Authors .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .. .. 262 296 Editor's Foreword This volume ontains the majority of the papers presented during a onferen e that took pla e on 16th-21st May, 1997 in Šód¹, Poland. The onferen e was organized by the Institute of Ar haeology, University of Šód¹ and Departement d'anthropologie, Universite de Montreal (Canada). The onferen e was funded by the University of Šód¹ and by IREX (International Resear h & Ex hanges Board), whi h also supported this publi ation. The publi ation was partly founded by the University of Šód¹ and by the Foundation of Adam Mi kiewi z University, too. The major questions of the onferen e were, 1) what is the urrent eviden e for eastern or southern in uen es in the development of eastern European Mesolithi and Neolithi populations, and 2) to what extent are urrent politi al trends, espe ially the reassertion or, in some ases, the reation of ethni and national identities, in uen ing our interpretations of the prehistori data. The idea for su h a onferen e ame into being through the o-organizers' long-term studies of the development of those prehistori human populations whi h inhabited the vast region stret hing north and east from the Oder river and Carpathian Mountains to the foothills of the Urals. In a tradition established in modern times by Gordon Childe, virtually all of the transformations of Eastern Europe's Neolithi Age human lands ape have been assumed to be responses to prior developments in the Balkan peninsula and Danube basin. We think that a body of new eviden e requires a renewed analysis of the distributions of ultural produ ts, peoples, and ideas a ross Eastern Europe during the Mesolithi through the Early Metal Age within a mu h wider geographi ontext than previously has been the ase. This in ludes giving adequate attention to the far-ranging intera tions of ommunities between the Ponti and Balti area with those lo ated in both the Cau asus and the Aralo-Caspian regions. We hope that this volume will ontribute to su h a redire tion of future analyses. Lu yna Doma«ska Ken Ja obs Balti -Ponti Studies vol. 5: 1998, 226-231 PL ISSN 1231-0344 Inna D. Potekhina SOUTH-EASTERN INFLUENCES ON THE FORMATION OF THE MESOLITHIC TO EARLY ENEOLITHIC POPULATIONS OF THE NORTH PONTIC REGION: THE EVIDENCE FROM ANTHROPOLOGY During the Soviet Era some resear h proje ts dealing with the an ient history of South-Eastern Europe were subje ts to politi al restri tions imposed by the regime. A number of them were even removed from the studies of s holars. Examples are the in uen e of the Normans on the Kievan Rus and the history of the tribes and settlements of the Goths in Crimea. However, no one an nd a tra e of limitations imposed by an oÆ ial ideology on the origin of the Neolithi and Eneolithi populations. S holars were able to study and dis uss obje tively the overwhelming in uen e of western ultures (for example, Bug-Dniester and Cu uteni-Tripolye) during ertain periods of prehistory without perse ution by party ideologists who had a ademi degrees or who la ked them. During the time of strengthening of the sovereignty of some newly independent states, some s holars may have been in lined to hange the former minus to the present plus. However, we are ertain that ontinuation, not revolution, is hara teristi of the present views and the goal of the future study of the past in the prehistory of the Ukraine. Meanwhile, in response to the original proposal of the initiators of this onferen e, I will examine all possible non-Balkan | eastern and southern | in uen es and omponents, whi h ontributed to the formation of the physi al type of the Mesolithi , Neolithi , and Early Eneolithi populations of the Ukraine. In the re ent dis ussion of the problem of Neolithizaton of the North Ponti region, some resear hers [Krizhevskaya 1974; Shnirelman 1992; Ja obs 1993b, 1994 ℄ point out importan e of the Cau asus as a route of transmission of new e onomi strategies. A ording to K. Ja obs's [1993b℄ new data \the possibility that extensive and intensifying exploitation of ereal grains o ured in the Southern Russian Plain well before and independently of developments in the Danube basin". D.W. Anthony [1994℄ instists on the traditional position that the pro ess spread from the Balkans and the Danube. However, I. Potekhina and D.Y. Telegin [1995℄ note that the southern and western routes of the spread of agri ulture may not have been the only ones. The standard idea that the produ tion of food entered the North Ponti region primarily through di usion from the neighbouring population of south-eastern 227 European farmers is on rmed by the anthropologi al eviden e. However, the new idea that the earliest and the main route of penetration of agri ultural impulses and animal husbandry, that originated in the Levant, ran a ross the Cau asus to the region north of the Bla k Sea, still requires this type of on rmation. To prove that the orridor between the Bla k and Caspian Seas was "either a sour e of or a route for important in uen es that demographi ally, so ioe onomi ally, and biologi ally transformed the early Holo ene Ukraine" [Ja obs 1993b℄, it is ne essary to outline the geneti relations or at least the ommon raniologi al omponents in an anthropologi al omposition of the populations of South-Western Asia and the North Ponti region. We an see the rst eviden e of the southern and south-eastern in uen e on the anthropologi al omposition of the Ukrainian population in the Mesolithi skeletal materials. The Mesolithi population of the Dnieper rapids region and Crimea was not homogeneous. In their morphologi al traits, the Crimean skeletons belong to the Proto-European type [Debets 1948℄. The male skeleton from Murzak-Koba has the losest aÆnity to the Predmost variant. The male skeleton from Fatma Koba and the female skeleton from Murzak Koba resemble ea h other and are more similar to the Cro-Magnon type than the male from Murzak Koba. A ording to V.P. Yakimov [1961℄, the Crimean skulls have spe i hara ter, onsiderable ranial height, whi h distinguishes them from the rest of the Mesolithi skulls but is similar to the Ibero-Maurisian ulture skeletons from the emetery of Afalou-Bou-Rhummel in Northern Afri a [Vallois 1952℄. The similarity between the Crimean and Afalou skulls indi ates that southern raniologi al features (Afalou) may have been an estral to those whi h hara terize the Crimean Mesolithi physi al type. As support for the southern in uen e, ar haeologists, su h as S.N. Bibikov [1959℄, point to the important role of Palaeolithi elements from Northern Afri a in the Mesolithi ultures of Crimea. However, su h analogies are insuÆ ient to on rm a ommon origin of the Northern Afri a and North Ponti populations. We an obtain substantial eviden e for the south-eastern links of the Ukrainian Mesolithi from the large skeletal series of the Dnieper rapids region. By the Mesolithi , shing ommunities in this region had a hieved suÆ iently long-term stability and produ ed sizeable emeteries: Voloshskoe (19 burials), Vasilyevka I (26 burials), and Vasilyevka III (45 burials). A ording to G.F. Debets [1955a℄, I.I. Gokhman [1966℄, and T.S. Konduktorova [1973℄ di erent anthropologi al variants ( ranial measurements) ould be distinguished among this population. For example, G.F. Debets [1955a℄ distinguished two types among the nine Voloshskoe skulls that ould be measured. G.F. Debets alled the rst type the Australoid type, and assigned to it two skulls with a ombination of prognathism with a broad nose and low orbits. The realiability of the Australoid type was not on rmed in further investigation of the Ukrainian Mesolithi emeteries. The se ond type is very important for our dis ussion. It is hara terized by pronoun ed doli ho rany, great ranial height, a strongly expressed horizontal pro le, and a very narrow (129,2 mm), high, verti ally elongated fa e with high orbits and a narrow nose. G.F. Debets named this type An ient Mediterranean. G.F. Debets saw analogies to these skulls 228 in Mesolithi and Neolithi skulls from Kenya, whi h also had a ombination of marked doli ho rany and a high narrow fa e [Leakey 1935℄. The dis overy of the An ient Mediterranean type seemed too unusual for the territory of the steppe Ukraine, whi h was inhabited mainly by di erent variants of proto-Europeans during the Mesolithi | Neolithi . The people of the proto-European type were tall and massive with a onsiderably large skull with a very broad fa e. The bizygomati breadth of the male skulls in di erent variants of the North Ponti proto-Europeans varied between 142,5 and 151,8 mm [Potekhina 1992℄. The representatives of this type were buried in Vasilyevka I, in " exed" burials of Vasilyevka III, and in all of the Mariupol type emeteries. In addition, I.I. Gokhman [1966℄ distinguished a spe ial variant with a moderately broad (135,6 mm) fa e in skulls from the "extended" burials of Vasilyevka III emetery. This variant is intermediate between the hypermorphi proto-Europeans and pure Mediterranean but is loser to the former. Y.D. Benevolenskaya [1990℄ named this variant the mesomorphi Mediterranean type. It was widespread in Mesolithi | Eneolithi Europe (Zvejnieki, Oleneostrovskiy, Alexandriya). Sin e no other eviden e (beyond Voloshskoe emetery) of the An ient Mediterranean type has been found in the North Ponti area, anthropologists expressed some doubts and riti ism on erning its reality in this region (Gokhman 1966). Only after T.S. Konduktorova [1957, 1973℄ had distinguished the traits of the Anient Mediterranean type in the skulls from Vasilyevka I (but in a softer form than in Voloshskoe), the reality of this type was nally on rmed in the steppe Ukraine during the Mesolithi . The An ient Mediterranean type ompletely disappeared from the anthropologi al stru ture of the North Ponti populations in the Neolithi . During the Neolithi , the same territory, the Dnieper Rapids region, was inhabited by the bearers of the Dnieper-Donets ulture, who onstru ted the Mariupol type emeteries [Telegin, Potekhina 1987℄. These populations exhibit a unique omplex of features (thi k ranial vault bones, massive and fairly large skulls, and post ranial robustness) and are generally lassi ed as protomorphi or hypermorphi proto-Europeans (sometimes alled the Vovnigi type). Two raniologi al types an be distinguished. The rst has a sharp doli ho rany and a very broad (142,5 mm) and well-pro led fa e. The se ond, the meso rani type, has an even broader (151,8 mm), high, and slightly attened fa e [Potekhina 1992℄. The rst type was probably geneti ally related to the proto-European type of the native Mesolithi population. The se ond one should be asso iated with the most an ient hypermorphi North-European ra e, whi h in ludes the Mesolithi raniologi al series from Denmark and Sweden. First of all, this omponent appeared in the anthropologi al stru ture of Vasilyevka II, the most an ient Mariupol type emetery. Due to the general hronologi al division of all of the Mariupol type emeteries into three stages, we an tra e the gradual in rease of the role of the seond, the North European, omponent in the later stages of these emeteries. Su h hanges in anthropologi al omposition of the Neolithi North Ponti populations were asso iated with several waves of migration from northern territories. 229 The onsiderable in rease in the robustness of the Neolithi North Ponti populations, as ompared with the Mesolithi people, is traditionally explained as a result of penetration of the representatives of hypermorphi North Europeans into the Dnieper Valley and repla ement of "already gra ilized" people by "still not gra ilized" ones [Gokhman 1966; Konduktorova 1974; Potekhina, n.d.℄. Re ently, K. Ja obs [1993b℄ suggested that the growth of robustness re e ts the in reasingly stressful mus ulo-skeletal subsisten e a tivities of the Ukrainian Early Neolithi populations. If so, the in rease in the post ranial robustness in the pro ess of the hard work of the Neolithi people during this period should be a ompanied by the in rease in the massiveness of the skull, or at least, by an in rease in the main ranial and fa ial diameters, whi h are losely orrelated with the long bone dimensions. In ontrast, the omparison of three hronologi al groups of skulls from the early, late, and nal stages of the Mariupol type emeteries shows a slow, but rather steady de rease in robustness and the size of brain ases and fa es in the late and, espe ially, in the nal stage [Potekhina 1992℄. These hanges point to the beginning of the pro ess of gra ilization, whi h took pla e in the North Ponti region earlier than it has previously been thought. The in-migration of the North Europeans into South-Eastern Europe produ ed fundamental hanges, not only in the formation of anthropologi al stru ture of the Neolithi tribes, but also in ethni omposition of the native population. The anthropologi al hanges were a ompanied by new features in the material ulture. These in luded new kinds of graves onstru tion, the appearan e of a large olle tive pit-grave, hanges in burial goods, tools, the use of ritual re, and a skull ult. The histori al importan e of the advan e of an ient North Europeans into South-Eastern Europe lies in the ethni hanges. The An ient Mediterranean inhabitants of the Dnieper rapids region were ompletely dislodged. The Early Eneolithi in the North Ponti region is hara terized by several di erent ultures (Sredni Stog, Novodanilovka, Post-Mariupol, Lower Mikhaylovka, Yamnaya, Kemi-Oba). The bearers of the Novodanilovka and Post-Mariupol ultures belong to the proto-European type, while the series of Sredni Stog skulls in ludes both the proto-European and the mesomorphi Mediterranean types [Potekhina 1992℄. The new eviden e of the An ient Mediterranean type was found only in the materials of Kemi-Oba ulture of Crimea. The Kemi-Oba ulture and somewhat earlier the Lower Mikhaylovka group of the North Ponti steppe have been put into a ommon ultural-histori al area. The skulls from the Kemi-Oba burials are hara terized by marked doli horany, very narrow and high fa es, and well expressed horizontal pro les [Kruts 1972℄. They are very similar to the skulls from the Voloshskoe emetery. The low Penrose distan e oeÆ ient (0,288) between the Kemi-Oba and Voloshskoe skulls points to their lose geneti links. While seeking the origin of the Voloshskoe and Kemi-Oba population, represented by the same, An ient Mediterranean type, omparative analysis of the syn hronous raniologi al series of the adja ent territories dire ts us towards the sout-heast (Fig. 1), be ause Western Europe and the Balkan-Danube region were 230 F i g . 1. Sites hara teristi of the An ient (East) Mediterranean and the West Mediterranean raniolo- gi al types. 1 - Voloshskiy; 2 - Vasilyevka I; 3 - Kemi-Oba; 4 - Dzhur hula Cave, Ortvala Cave, Sakazhia Cave; 5 - Akshtyr Cave, Barakayevskaya Cave, Kv hara Cave; 6 - Unakoz Cave; 7 - Shengavit; 8 - Hasanlu; 9 - Dzheyjan Tepe; 10 - Vad Khora; 11 - Tepe Dzhemshidy; 12 - Sialk; 13 - Tepe Gissar; 14 - Altyn Depe; 15 - Geoksyur; 16 - Ovadan Depe; 17 - Chogally-Depe, Chokmakly-Depe; 18 - Quafzeh, Amud, Skhul, Tabun; 19 - Ain-Ghazal; 20 - Afalou-bou-Rhummel; 21 - Russe; 22 - Kubrat; 23 - Troyan; 24 Vykhvatyntsy; 25 - Vin ha; 26 - Vlasats inhabited by West Mediterranean type populations [Cris-Starevo, Gumelnitsa and Tripolye ultures). The representatives of the West Mediterranean type were generally short people with narrow and gra ile fa es, and doli ho-, mesodoli ho- or bra hy ephali skulls. The main trait, whi h distinguishes them from the An ient Mediterranean type, is a onsiderably lower fa e. Therefore, the relative height of the fa e (the upper fa ial index) an be used as a diagnosti riterion for identi ation of these two Mediterranean types. The An ient Mediterranean type originally inhabited the Near East and adjaent areas. In literature, it is often alled the East Mediterranean type, be ause it is usual for the populations of the East Mediterranean region and of western part of Central Asia (Fig. 1). During the Mesolithi , the East Mediterranean region was also inhabited by the massive and broad-fa ed people of the proto-European type, su h as those buried in the Natu an ulture emeteries of El Vad, Eynar, and Vady Falla [Feremba h l973℄. During the Eneolithi , the East Mediterranean type populations were widespread in southern and eastern Turkmenia (Altyn-Depe, Geoksyur, Kara-Depe, 231 Ovadan-Depe, Chogally-Depe), Iran (Tepe Sialk, Tepe Gissar, Tepe Dzheyjan, Tepe Dzhemshidy), and the Cau asus (Shengavit, Gin hy) [Ginsburg, Tro mova 1972; Cappieri 1973; Alekseev 1974; Kiyatkina 1987℄. Comparative analysis of the Voloshskoe and Kemi-Oba skulls with those from Turkmenia, Iran and the Cau asus indi ates their similarity. The Penrose oeÆ ients vary from 0.164 to 0.299. In the Eneolithi , the Cau asus was the onta t zone of the proto-Europeoid and the East Mediterranean types. The skulls of the Kuro-Araks ulture emetery, Berkaber, have traits of both types [Alekseev, Mkrt han 1989℄. Our re ent study of the Early Eneolithi skull from Unakoz Cave in the northern Cau asus points to the strong East Mediterranean omponent (very narrow and high fa e) [Potekhina 1995℄. All of these fa ts indi ate the possibility of the penetration of the East Mediterranean type into the Cau asus in the Early Eneolithi . The earliest south-eastern links of the Ukrainian An ient Mediterranean Mesolithi (Voloshskoe and Vasilyevka I) and the Crimean Mesolithi populations an be tra ed in the morphologi al analyses of the dentitions [Haeussler, n.d.a℄. A ording to A.M. Haeussler's analysis, the omparisons indi ate a lose relationship of the Ukrainian Mesolithi with the Cau asus Palaeolithi (Akhshtyr, Barakayevskaya, Dzhru hula, Ortvala, Sakazhia Caves) and the Near East Neolithi (Ain Ghazal) and the Near East Palaeolithi (Skuhl, Tabun, Amud, Qafzeh) (Fig. 1). A ording to A.M. Haeussler's opinion, "any movement of people from the Mediterranean Sea region would have in luded ir umventing some of the Mediterranean people and arriving at the Bla k Sea by a route that involved either the Cau asus, the western Caspian region, Turkey, or Bulgaria." Thus we fa e the question of the geneti al in uen e of the an ient Mediterraneans from the Near East to the steppe regions of the Ukraine. Two possible routes for su h an in uen e exist: 1) the western route, from Anatolia to the Balkan region, and around the western side of the Bla k Sea and 2) the eastern one, through the inter-Bla k/Caspian Seas orridor. Sin e we la k anthropologi al eviden e of the East Mediterranean populations similar to those of the Ukrainian Mesolithi and early Eneolithi in the Balkan-Danube region, the western in uen e route from the Near East to the North Ponti region nds no support here. Therefore the eastern route appears more than simply plausible. The anthropologi al similarity of some Ukrainian groups (Voloshskoe, Vasilyevka 1, Kemi-Oba) and populations of the Cau asus, the Near East, and south-western Turkmenia points to very an ient links, whi h ould have been arried through the inter-Bla k/Caspian Seas orridor. Translated by the author