Ferns and lycophytes: an ethnobotany review for Brazil

Ferns and lycophytes: an ethnobotany review for Brazil Caroline Modena de Medeiros, Felipe Gonzatti, and Mara Rejane Ritter Correspondence Caroline Modena de Medeiros*,1, Felipe Gonzatti2, and Mara Rejane Ritter1 1 Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP 91501- 970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. 2 Herbário da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Museu de Ciências Naturais, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS). Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, 1130, CEP 95070-560, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. * Corresponding Author: [email protected] Ethnobotany Research and Applications 25:20 (2023) - http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/era.25.20.1-27 Manuscript received: 22/09/2022 – Revised manuscript received: 30/01/2023 - Published: 18/02/2023 Review Abstract Background: Ferns and lycophytes comprise all vascular plants with no flowers, fruits, or seeds, grouped under the artificial name Pteridophytes. This group presents a broad range of ethnobotanical uses, being those medicinal, ornamental, ritual, edible, or others, but there are few studies that register the uses of this specific group and no comprehensive gathering of this data under one study in Brazil. This review aimed to gather, analyze, and organize existing data on the historical and present ethnobotany of Pteridophytes in Brazil. Methods: This study was conducted through a literature review, regarding historical and current data in order to understand how the human populations in Brazil utilize these plants. Species were also updated when necessary to generate a taxonomic correct listing. Results: We gathered data regarding 367 species, within 702 valid citations in 124 different sources, dating from the 16th century until today. Another 118 imprecise citations were registered, making up to a total of 820 species’ citations. The most reported uses were medicinal and ornamental, followed by those of ritual and food uses. Almost all Pteridophyte families have recorded uses, and the species are used in all regions of the country, by diverse human groups. Conclusion: This survey brings to surface the broad use of Pteridophyte species in the country, compiling this information in an unprecedented way for Brazil, and highlighting their importance for human groups. Keywords: brazilian flora; brazilian biodiversity; useful plants; traditional knowledge. Background Pteridophytes represent two lineages of vascular plants, with no flowers, seeds, or fruits (Prado & Sylvestre 2010), having spore dispersion, and a two-phase lifecycle: the first is gametophytic, ephemeral, and small-sized, and the second is sporophytic, perennial, vascularized and larger. The name “Pteridophyta” has been used for grouping different taxonomic groups with diverging morphologic and evolutionary characteristics (Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group I - PPG I 2016). There’s a different understanding of this nowadays, as phylogenetic surveys stated it is not a monophyletic group, but two diverging lineages, ferns, and lycophytes, which emerged after avascular Ethnobotany Research and Applications 2 embryophytes and before vascular plants with seeds (Pryer et al. 2001, Pryer et al. 2004, Smith et al. 2006). Although it is currently agreed that they are distinct lineages, “pteridophyte” continues to be used as an informal term to refer to these two lineages (PPG I 2016). The lineage represented by Lycophytes is the first of vascular plants to appear in the evolutionary scale, about 420 million years ago (m.y.a.) (Spencer et al. 2021). They differ from other groups by the protostele with exarch xylem and microphilic leaves (Prado & Sylvestre 2010). The species are herbaceous, usually small, and occur as terrestrial, epiphytic, rupicolous, or aquatic. They account for less than 1% of the diversity of vascular plants (Smith et al. 2006) - 1,338 species arranged in the families Isoetaceae, Lycopodiaceae, and Selaginellaceae (PPG I 2016). There are 188 species in Brazil (Flora e Funga do Brasil - FFB 2022). The Fern lineage, on the other hand, appeared about 380 m.y.a. (Pryer et al. 2004), sharing a common ancestor with spermatophytes (Smith et al. 2006). They differ from lycophytes by their megaphylls, vascularized leaves with more than one branching, among other characters. This helped fern species to grow and occupy multiple niches, varying a lot in their morphology and habits (Prado & Sylvestre 2010). The group includes over 10 thousand species under 48 families (PPG I 2016). In Brazil, there are 1,219 species (FFB 2022). Pteridophytes represent around 2 to 5% of all vascular plants. They have a cosmopolite distribution, although their richness is concentrated in tropical regions (Ranker & Haufler 2008). There are more than 11,900 species of pteridophytes in the world (PPG I 2016), and 1,407 in Brazil (544 endemic ones) (FFB 2022). They are present in every Brazilian region, with most species in the Southeast (913 spp.) and then North (633), South (598), Northeast (553), and Midwest (468). They are also represented in every phytogeographic domain: Mata Atlântica (949 spp.), Amazônia (559), Cerrado (304), Pampa (73), Caatinga (51) and Pantanal (50) (FFB 2022). These plants usually prefer humid environments and medium temperatures, as well as fertile soils with larger biomass availability (Mehltreter et al. 2010), which shifts their distribution within the ecosystems, favoring their presence, for example, in tropical settings and phytogeographic domains such as Mata Atlântica. Despite that, they occur in diverse environments, from sea level to the tops of mountains, high salinity environments, and even desert edges (Barros et al. 2006, Prado & Sylvestre 2010). They are fundamental in their ecosystems, initiating successional stages that favor the development of other organisms, helping maintain humidity and establish the microfauna and microflora, serving as food and shelter for other species (Barros et al. 2006, Mehltreter et al. 2010). However, the conservation status of these plants has been under discussion, since they are under high pressure from climate change and anthropogenic alterations (Sharpe 2019), and that data on ecology, distribution and the status of these species’ populations are still incomplete and scarce (Barros et al. 2006, Sharpe 2019). Human populations and their uses of pteridophytes play a fundamental role in the ecological dynamics of the species, interfering with their conservation and modifying their distribution. As harmful as interference can be, with the loss of pteridophyte habitats (such as Mata Atlântica, the main phytogeographic domain for them in Brazil) (Barros et al. 2006), or excessive extraction, as with the samambaia-preta [Rumohra adiantiformis (G. Forst.) Ching], and the xaxim (Dicksonia sellowiana Hook.) (Lorenzi 2015, Souza et al. 2006), these are important relations that could be maintained to preserve both plant species and cultural processes. One example is the management of the Rumohra adiantiformis in the Southern Region, where collection strategies have already been evaluated and have the potential to help preserve the species (Baldauf et al. 2007, Ribas et al. 2007, Souza et al. 2006). As with other plant groups, pteridophytes have deep connections with human communities, for their uses and symbolic relevance, investigated in the field of ethnobotany. Ethnobotany studies the interrelationships between people in their cultural contexts and the plants in their environment (Albuquerque 2005). It allows investigations beyond the use of plant organisms, observing their cultural and symbolic importance, and the relations and exchanges that exist between people and the plants they use. Pteridophytes are used by people from diverse cultures, as medicine, food, rituals, and as ornamental, besides other uses and potential ones to be explored (Barros et al. 2006, Mannan et al. 2008, Reinaldo et al. 2015, Scarpa & Cassa 2015). In Brazil, there are records of use in different regions, cultures, and moments in history (Brasil 2006, Oliveira et al. 2009, Peckolt & Peckolt 2016, Pio Correa 1926, 1931, 1952, 1969, 1974, 1975), using multiple parts of the sporophyte such as fronds, roots, and shoots. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 3 Among the categories of use for pteridophytes, the most common in literature are medicinal and ornamental. Medicinal ones are well represented in popular pharmacopeias, with records for several active compounds (Santos et al. 2010). The most remarkable case in Brazil is the cavalinhas, a popular name used to designate several species of the genus Equisetum L., (Carneiro et al. 2013, Correa 2010, FFB 2022), used as antimicrobial, analgesic, antiinflammatory, diuretic, and others (Carneiro et al. 2013, Correa 2010, Lorenzi & Matos 2008, Wright et al. 2007). Equisetum arvense L. is the only pteridophyte to appear on the List of Medicinal Plants of Interest in the Unified Health System (SUS) - RENISUS (Brasil 2021). Other species frequently reported include Adiantum raddianum C. Presl., used to treat cough, colds, fever, and others (Reinaldo et al. 2018), and Selaginella convoluta (Arn.) Spring, which is applied to the treatment of fevers and pain (Reinaldo et al. 2015). Ornamental use is also well represented since pteridophytes are important commercial species, as well as collected ones. Some of those in literature include Adiantum raddianum (Lorenzi 2015, Reinaldo et al. 2018), Rumohra adiantiformis (Lorenzi 2015, Souza et al. 2006), Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C. Chr. (Santos-Silva et al. 2020) and Dicksonia sellowiana (Lorenzi 2015). There are also records of food use (Mannan et al. 2008) as is the case for Pteridium aquilinum sensu lato [s. lat., including here also Pteridium caudatum (L.) Maxon and Pteridium arachnoideum (Kaulf.) Maxon], which is consumed in Brazil, despite its reported toxicity (Lorenzi et al. 2011, Ulian et al. 2010); ritualistic uses (Albuquerque et al. 2007, Sátiro et al. 2019), as is the case of Lygodium venustum Sw. (abre-caminho) (Sátiro et al. 2019); and others such as artisanal, for fertilization, cosmetics, and others. Despite the relevance of the use of these species in all fields mentioned they could be underrepresented in ethnobotanical studies (Reinaldo et al. 2015) and authors report the lack of information on these taxa in several botany fields (Della & Falkenberg 2019, Macedo & Nonato 2009, Reinaldo et al. 2015). In ethnobotany, they are usually included in general studies lists, which consider any species mentioned, reducing their expressiveness in relation to other vascular species. This happens partly because of their lower diversity proportion (for instance, in Brazil there are 1,407 species of pteridophytes compared to over 35 thousand angiosperms), partly because of the way data collection is carried out in these studies, and of the perception that the population has of its lower effectiveness (Reinaldo et al. 2015). Also, many citations of use are old, and over the years the taxa have undergone several nomenclatural changes (PPG I 2016, Pryer et al. 2004), especially after advances in molecular systematics research, making tracking the use of these species over time more difficult. Given these factors, the current scenery on pteridophytes ethnobotany in Brazil is diffuse and data is scattered, hindering access to this information. There is also no ethnobotanical review in the country as in other places such as Argentina (Scarpa & Cassa 2015), Ukraine (Minarchenko et al. 2017) and Sri Lanka (Ranil & Bussmann 2021), and few publications with a specific focus on the group, as in Barros & Andrade (1997) and Reinaldo et al. (2015). Gathering this data provides an important overview on the use of these plant groups and grants easy access to which species could be prospected for deeper, more specialized studies, using this concentrated information as a starting point to select species. It could be used, for example, for studies of chemical profiling for some taxa, or investigating whether their specific uses (like medicinal or food uses, for example) could be applied on larger scales, or even for further specialized ethnobotanical studies on taxa worth investigating. It also shows the gaps in knowledge we have for this subject regarding Brazilian species. Considering this, our research aimed to gather, organize and analyze data on the ethnobotanical record of pteridophytes of Brazil through a literature review, in order to understand how these species are used by human populations in the country. It compiles and lists the species used in Brazil, verifies taxonomic records, updates scientific nomenclature of the species, records ethnobotanical uses and potential uses of the species, geographic and ethnic distribution of these plants and their origins (native or exotic). The data was examined from an ethnobotanical perspective, linking taxonomic and biological aspects with cultural and human ones. We gathered information from both ethnobotanical and general botany sources on the use of these species, incorporating pieces of information that added to the discussion as they were available. This gathered data can be fundamental to understand conservation issues (by mapping which ferns and lycophytes are being used by human populations, which could lead to further investigations to wheter they are being over exploited or not), potential economic uses (through the knowledge of how each species is used, giving clues about which economic potentials they have for more specific investigations) , factors that make the species culturally important (leading to more specific ethnical and ethnobotanical studies), and how their uses have changed over time (with the observation of historical data and present registers). Our data compilation is also essential to understand the knowledge gaps on the subject. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 4 Materials and Methods Bibliographic research and data collection The research methodology was a literature review, which consists of searches for treated material, such as books and scientific papers, and allows the research to be carried out broadly through time and territory (Gil 2008), enabling this analysis at the national level and through history. Data collection occurred between March 2020 and December 2021, during which time it was not possible to collect field data or visit local libraries which were closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the consultations were carried out through the internet and in materials available in the authors' personal collections, as well as in local libraries who granted us access. The research was carried out through searches in the virtual databases Scielo (2022), LILACS (2022) and Scopus (2022), chosen because of the open data access, easier navigation, and amount of brazilian publications they present. In total, 21 different search terms were used (Ethnobotany, Ethnobotany Brazil Ferns, Ethnobotany ferns, Ethnobotany fern, Ornamental ethnobotany, Edible plants ethnobotany, Indigenous ethnobotany, Pteridophyte ethnobotany, Quilombola ethnobotany, Urban ethnobotany, Ornamental plants, Edible plants Brazil, Candomblé plants, Ethnobotanical plants Brazil, Plants of religious use, Medicinal plants Brazil, Ornamental plants Brazil, Ritual plants Brazil, Umbanda plants, Useful plants Brazil, Ornamental ferns and lycophytes), searched both in Portuguese and English. We considered works published until December 31, 2021, with no starting limit for the period of publication of the sources, as this study looked for data throughout the entire Brazilian history as they were found in the scope of search. Sources were selected if they included data recorded for the Brazilian territory, at least one species of pteridophyte and at least one category of use for these, even when unspecified (e.g., “others”). Primary data works and bibliographic reviews were collected, considering that the data of the reviews did not overlap with those of other primary data sources. For each review, a rigorous check was carried out in order to respect this condition. The sources are listed in Table 1. Data processing and complementation The selected works include those exclusively about pteridophytes and those on general data including other vascular plants. All species found in the sources were counted to carry out a comparative analysis of uses between pteridophytes and other groups, verifying the proportion in which the former appeared in the sources. The pteridophyte species were reviewed in greater detail over the factors surrounding them: origin (native or exotic), ethnobotanical uses, occurrence of species in nature, and human groups that use them. Pteridophyte records were compiled in Table 2, unconfirmed taxa are being given in Table 3. Ethnobotanical uses and human groups who use them were recorded directly from the sources. Geographic distribution data included data from the sources (to determine the places where species were recorded as used) and data on the natural occurrence of plants in Brazilian territory and their origin were obtained from the FFB (2022, continuously updated). Information on conservation and chemical composition were recorded when available on the sources and consulted in articles and complementary books when necessary and available, to complement the literature review data in the discussion of this article. Documentary data was also collected when available to complement data in the discussion. It differs from bibliographic data because it observes materials with no analytical treatment (such as legislation, reports, websites, and others) (Gil 2008). Ethnobotanical uses were categorized using the authors' descriptions. To quantify and analyze the different uses, they were labeled as medicinal, ornamental, potentially ornamental, ritualistic, food, other (citations of other infrequent or inconsistent uses) and not informed/not specified by the authors. The creation of a category for potentially ornamental species was necessary due to imprecise citations from the six volumes of Pio Corrêa’s work (1926, 1931, 1952, 1969, 1974, 1975). The author groups species under their popular names and sometimes describes all plants under that popular name as ornamental, rather than doing it for each species individually, as in other citations. These species were most likely mentioned for their potential, sometimes as a personal opinion of the author, without confirmation of use by the population. Medicinal uses were sub-categorized under the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases - ICD-11 (World Health Organization - WHO 2019) and counted. Species cited as toxic were also recorded for discussion. To ensure taxonomic data was correct, selected sources had to use at least one type of systematic review in their methodologies: consultation with specialists, herbarium reviews or through herbarium materials, or review through specialized literature. Popular names were transcribed according to the authors' records in the sources and included in the analyses. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 5 Table 1. Sources gathered through the bibliographical review. * = Sources that refer to data collected prior to the year 2000, even if the source was published after that. ** = Review sources with data from both before and after the year 2000. Nº 1 Year 2021 Title What’s in a name? Revisiting medicinal and religious plants at an Amazonian market 2 2021 3 2021 4 5 2021 2021 6 2021 Temporal assessment of the medicinal plants trade in public markets of the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil The role of schools as an opportunity for transmission of local knowledge about useful Restinga plants: experiences in southeastern Brazil “Not just useless bush”: food culture and spontaneous plants in the Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais/Brazil Comparing ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants between community health workers and local experts in the “Mata da Paraíba” zone, northeastern Brazil Gender differences in plant use knowledge within a traditional fishing community in northeastern Brazil 7 2020 Plantas medicinais usadas em uma comunidade do Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil 8 2020 9 2020 10 2020 Plantas medicinais e ritualísticas dos Kaiowá do Tekoha Taquara como contribuição para a demarcação da terra ancestral, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil Conhecimento etnobotânico de moradores do Sítio Histórico de Olinda, Patrimônio Natural e Cultural da Humanidade Participatory methods on the recording of traditional knowledge about medicinal plants in Atlantic forest, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil 11 12 13 14 2019 2019 2019 2019 Uso místico, mágico e medicinal de plantas nos rituais religiosos de Candomblé no agreste alagoano Knowledge and Use of the Flora in a Quilombola Community of Northeastern Brazil Plantas Medicinais de Uso Popular na Comunidade Quilombola de Piracanjuba - Ana Laura, Piracanjuba, GO Ethnomedicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases by Healers in the Southwestern State of Paraná, Brazil, and Their Validation Based on Scientifc Pharmacological Data 15 2019 Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas medicinais comercializadas no município de Buriticupu 16 17 2018 2018 Estudo etnobotânico em comunidades rurais de Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brasil Ethnobotany and regional knowledge: combining popular knowledge with the biotechnological potential of plants in the Aldeia Velha community, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil Authors Geertsma IP, Françozo M, Van Andel T, Rodríguez MA Ferreira EC, Lucena RFP, Bussmann RW, Paniagua-Zambrana NY, Cruz DD Van Luijk N, Soldati GT, Fonseca-Kruel VS Silva LHP, Costa FN, Murta NMG Maia ACP, Ferreira EC, Lucena CM, Sousa AS, Cruz DD, Lucena RFP Tng DYP, Apgaua DMG, Lisboa MDS, El-Hani CN Bremm N, Ramos RF, Nilles JH, Pivetta CP, Pelegrin CMG Million JL, Veron V, Vilharva KN, Cáceres NV, Oliveira RC Santos EA, Andrade LHC Sauini T, Fonseca-Kruel VS, Yazbek PB, Matta P, Cassas F, Cruz C, Barretto EHP, Santos MA, Gomes MAS, Garcia RJF, Honda S, Passero LFD, Conde BE, Rodrigues E Sátiro LN, Vieira JH, Rocha DF Santos JA, Silveira AP, Gomes VS Guimarães BO, Oliveira AP, Morais IL Menetrier JV, Bonkoski VR, Medeiros KA, Estevan DA, Palozi RAC, Lívero FAR, Velasquez LG, Lourenço ELB, Junior AG Colacio DS, Cajaiba RL, Sousa LA, Martins JSC, Sousa ES Barreto MR, Spanholi ML Cavalheiro L, Guarim-Neto G Ethnobotany Research and Applications 18 2018 Traditional Plants Used by Remaining Healers from the Region of Grande Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil 19 2017 20 2017 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Ribeirinhos in the North Araguaia microregion, Mato Grosso, Brazil Ethnobotanical study of antimalarial plants in the middle region of the Negro River, Amazonas, Brazil 21 2017 22 23 2017 2017 24 2017 25 2017 26 2017 27 28 2016 2016 Culture-Bound Syndromes of a Brazilian Amazon Riverine population: Tentative correspondence between traditional and conventional medicine terms and possible ethnopharmacological implications Plantas medicinais referenciadas por raizeiros no município de Jataí, estado de Goiás Ethnobotany and antioxidant evaluation of commercialized medicinal plants from the Brazilian Pampa 29 2016 Anthropogenic impact on a protected area, Rio Doce Park 30 2016 Medicinal plants at Rio Jauaperi, Brazilian Amazon: Ethnobotanical survey and environmental conservation 31 2015 32 2015 Do ferns and lycophytes function as medicinal plants? A study of their low representation in traditional pharmacopoeias Diversidade e equitabilidade de Plantas Alimentícias Não Convencionais na zona rural de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil 33 2015 34 2015 35 2015 Each person has a science of planting: plants cultivated by quilombola communities of Bocaina, Mato Grosso State, Brazil Medicinal plants in the family farms of rural areas in southern Brazil: ecological and ethnobotanical aspects Conhecimento sobre plantas medicinais por mulheres em processo de envelhecimento Agrobiodiversity and in situ conservation in quilombola home gardens with different intensities of urbanization Local ecological knowledge and its relationship with biodiversity conservation among two Quilombola groups living in the Atlantic Rainforest, Brazil Inventory and Implications of Plant Use for Environmental Conservation in Visconde de Mauá, Serra da Mantiqueira, Brazil Ethnobotanical study of plants used for therapeutic purposes in the Atlantic Forest region, Southern Brazil Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants by population of Valley of Juruena Region, Legal Amazon, Mato Grosso, Brazil 6 Coelho FC, Tirloni CAS, Marques AAM, Gasparotto FM, Lívero FAR, Junior AG Ribeiro RV, Bieski IGC, Balogun SO, Martins DTO Tomchinsky B, Ming LC, Kinupp VF, Hidalgo AF, Chaves FCM Santos TAC, Barros FB Fernandes P, Boff P Schiavo M, Gelatti GT, Oliveira KR, Bandeira VAC, Colet CF Ávila JVC, Mello AS, Beretta ME, Trevisan R, Fiaschi P, Hanazaki N Conde BE, Ticktin T, Fonseca AS, AL Macedo, Orsi TO, Chedier LM, Rodrigues E, Pimenta DS Pagani E, Santos JFL, Rodrigues E Souza LF, Dias RF, Guilherme FAG, Coelho CP Teixeira MP, Cruz L, Franco JL, Vieira RB, Stefenon VM Rogério ITS, Conde BE, Siqueira AM, Chedier LM, Pimenta DS Pedrollo CT, Kinupp VF, Shepard Jr G, Heinrich M Reinaldo RCPS, Santiago ACP, Medeiros PM, Albuquerque UP Barreira TF, Paula Filho GX, Rodrigues VCC, Andrade FMC, Santos RHS, Priore SE, Pinheiro-Sant'ana HM Quinteiro MMC, Tamashiro AMG, Santos MG, Pinto LJS, Moraes MG Tribess B, Pintarelli GM, Bini LA, Camargo A, Funez LA, Gasper AL, Zeni ALB Bieski IGC, Leonti M, Arnason JT, Ferrier J, Rapinski M, Violante IMP, Balogun SO, Pereira Ethnobotany Research and Applications 36 2014 Potencial terapêutico e uso de plantas medicinais em uma área de Caatinga no estado do Ceará, nordeste do Brasil Conhecimento botânico medicinal sobre espécies vegetais nativas da caatinga e plantas espontâneas no agreste da Paraíba, Brasil Uso popular de plantas medicinais e perfil socioeconômico dos usuários: um estudo em área urbana em Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil Plantas ornamentais em quintais urbanos de Rio Branco, Brasil 37 2014 38 2014 39 2014 40 2014 41 2014 42 2014 43 2013 44 45 46 2013 2012 2012 Potencial de uso dos recursos vegetais em uma comunidade rural no semiárido potiguar Medicina popular em Mandaguaçu, Estado do Paraná: uma abordagem etnobotânica Intracultural Variation in the Knowledge of Medicinal Plants in an Urban-Rural Community in the Atlantic Forest from Northeastern Brazil 47 48 2012 2012 49 2012 Observations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities of the Unini River, AM, Brazil An ethnomedicinal survey on phytotherapy with professionals and patients from Basic Care Units in the Brazilian Unified Health System Ethnopharmacology of Medicinal Plants of the Pantanal Region (Mato Grosso, Brazil) 50 2011 51 2011 52 53 2011 2011 Women’s ethnomedicinal knowledge in the rural community of São José da Figueira, Durandé, Minas Gerais, Brazil Species with medicinal and mystical-religious uses in São Francisco do Conde, Bahia, Brazil: a contribution to the selection of species for introduction into the local Unified Health System Ethno-medicinal study of plants used for treatment of human ailments, with residents of the surrounding region of forest fragments of Paraná, Brazil Traditional botanical knowledge of artisanal fishers in southern Brazil Etnobotânica de Plantas Medicinais no Assentamento Monjolinho, município de Anastácio, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil Etnobotânica e urbanização: conhecimento e utilização de plantas de restinga pela comunidade nativa do distrito do Campeche (Florianópolis, SC) Abordagem etnobotânica na comunidade de Conceição-Açu. Mato Grosso, Brasil Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas medicinais em área de caatinga no município de São José de Espinharas, Paraíba, Brasil 7 JFCA, Figueiredo RCF, Lopes CRAS, Silva DR, Pacini A, Albuquerque UP, Martins DTO Ribeiro DA, Macedo DG, Oliveira LGS, Saraiva ME, Oliveira SF, Souza MMA, Menezes IRA Cordeiro JMP, Felix LP Messias MCTB, Menegatto MF, Prado ACC, Santos BR, Guimarães MFM Siviero A, Delunardo TA, Haverroth M, Oliveira LC, Roman ALC, Mendonça AMS Tuler AC, Silva NCB Almeida MZ, Léda PHO, Da Silva MQOR, Pinto A, Lisboa M, Guedes MLML, Peixoto AL Bolson M, Hefler SR, Chaves EIDO, Junior AG, Junior ELC Baptista MM, Ramos MA, Albuquerque UP, Coelho-de-Souza G, Ritter MR Roque AA, Loiola MIB Furlanetto PNC, Novakowski GC, Correa EA Almeida CFCBR, Ramos MA, Silva RRV, Melo JG, Medeiros MFT, Araujo TAS, Almeida ALS, Amorim ELC, Alves RRN, Albuquerque UP Santos JFL, Pagani E, Ramos J, Rodrigues E Oliveira SGD, Moura FRR, Demarco FF, Nascente PS, Del Pino FAB, Lund RG Bieski IGC, Santos FR, Oliveira RM, Espinosa MM, Macedo M, Albuquerque UP, Martins DTO Cunha SA, Bortolotto IM Gandolfo ES, Hanazaki N Corette-Pasa M Marinho MGV, Silva CC, Andrade LHC Ethnobotany Research and Applications 54 55 2011 2011 56 57 2011 2011 58 2010 59 2010 60 2010 61 2010 62 2010 63 64 2010 2010 65 2010 66 67 2010 2010 68 2010 69 70 2009 2009 71 72 73 2009 2009 2009 74 2009 Plantas medicinais utilizadas pela comunidade do bairro dos Tenentes - município de Extrema, MG, Brasil Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas medicinais utilizadas pelos moradores do povoado de Manejo, Lima Duarte - MG O uso de plantas medicinais em uma comunidade rural de Mata Atlântica – Nova Rússia, SC Dynamics of medicinal plants knowledge and commerce in an urban ecosystem (Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil) Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas utilizadas como anti-hiperlipidêmicas e anorexígenas pela população de Nova Xavantina-MT, Brasil Quintais urbanos de Mirassol D’Oeste-MT, Brasil: uma abordagem etnobotânica Limitações ao uso de espécies florestais nativas podem contribuir com a erosão do conhecimento ecológico tradicional e local de agricultores familiares Local knowledge on medicinal plant gardens in a rural community near the Atlantic Rain Forest, southeastern Brazil Local knowledge of medicinal plants in three artisanal fishing communities (Itapoá, Southern Brazil), according to gender, age, and urbanization Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants used in Rosário da Limeira, Minas Gerais, Brazil Uso e diversidade de plantas medicinais da Caatinga na comunidade rural de Laginhas, município de Caicó, Rio Grande do Norte (nordeste do Brasil) Use and knowledge of plants by ‘‘Quilombolas’’ as subsidies for conservation efforts in an area of Atlantic Forest in Espírito Santo State, Brazil Plantas medicinais e seus usos na comunidade da Barra do Jucu, Vila Velha, ES A comparison of knowledge about medicinal plants for three rural communities in the semi-arid region of northeast of Brazil Ethnopharmacological survey among migrants living in the Southeast Atlantic Forest of Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil Species composition and plant use in old urban homegardensin Rio Claro, Southeast of Brazil Usos múltiplos de plantas do cerrado: um estudo etnobotânico na comunidade sítio pindura, Rosário Oeste, Mato Grosso, Brasil Urban ethnobotany in Petrópolis and Nova Friburgo (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) Levantamento das pteridófitas ornamentais na cidade de Salvador, Bahia Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas popularmente utilizadas como antiúlceras e antiinflamatórias pela comunidade de Pirizal, Nossa Senhora do Livramento-MT, Brasil Medicinal plants used by “Passo da Ilha” rural community in the city of Pato Branco, southern Brazil 8 Costa VP, Mayworm MAS Oliveira ER, Menini Neto L Zeni ALB, Bosio F Monteiro JM, Ramos MA, Araújo EL, Amorim ELC, Albuquerque UP Silva MAB, Melo LVL, Ribeiro RV, Souza JPM, Lima JCS, Martins DTO, Silva RM Carniello MA, Silva RS, Cruz MAB, GuarimNeto G Zuchiwschi E, Fantini AC, Alves AC, Peroni N Christo AG, Guedes-Bruni RR, Silva AG Merétika AHC, Peroni N, Hanazaki N Oliveira HB, Kffuri CW, Casali VWD Roque AA, Rocha RM, Loiola MIB Crepaldi MOS, Peixoto AL Albertasse PD, Thomaz LD, Andrade MA Almeida CFCBR, Ramos MA, Amorim ELC, Albuquerque UP Garcia D, Domingues MV, Rodrigues E Eichemberg MT, Amorozo MCM, Moura LC Moreira DL, Guarim-Neto G Leitão F, Fonseca-Kruel VS, Silva IM, Reinert F Macedo TS, Nonato FR Jesus NZT, Lima JCS, Silva RM, Espinosa MM, Martins DTO Marchese JA, Ming LC, Franceschi L, Camochena RC, Gomes GDR, Paladini MV, Capelin D, Marchese CF Ethnobotany Research and Applications 75 76 77 78 2009 2008 2008 2008 O conhecimento sobre os recursos vegetais alimentares em bairros rurais no Vale do Paraíba, SP, Brasil Espécies de restinga conhecidas pela comunidade do Pântano do Sul, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil Plantas de uso medicinal em Quissamã, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Plantas medicinais comercializadas no Mercado Municipal de Campo Grande-MS 79 2007 80 2007 81 82 83 84 85 86 2007 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 87 2006 88 2006 Plantas medicinais e ritualísticas vendidas em feiras livres no Município do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil: estudo de caso nas zonas Norte e Sul Estudo etnobotânico junto à Unidade Saúde da Família Nossa Senhora dos Navegantes: subsídios para o estabelecimento de programa de fitoterápicos na Rede Básica de Saúde do Município de Cascavel (Paraná) Estudo etnobotânico em duas comunidades rurais (Limeira e Ribeirão Grande) de Guaratuba (Paraná, Brasil) Plants popularly used for losing weight purposes in Porto Alegre, South Brazil Obtenção e uso das plantas medicinais no distrito de Martim Francisco, Município de Mogi-Mirim, SP, Brasil Plantas medicinais e de uso religioso comercializadas em mercados e feiras livres no Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil Plantas medicinais utilizadas no município de Jupi, Pernambuco, Brasil Levantamento etnobotânico das plantas utilizadas como medicinais pormoradores do bairro Ponta Grossa, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul,Brasil Uso de recursos vegetais em comunidades rurais limítrofes à reserva biológica de Poço das Antas, Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro: estudo de caso na Gleba Aldeia Velha Medicinal and poisonous diversity of the flora of “Cariri Paraibano”, Brazil 89 90 2005 2005 91 2004 92 2004 93 94 2003 2002 95 2002 96 2002 97 2001 Estudo etnobotânico na comunidade de Conceição-Açu (alto da bacia do rio Aricá Açu, MT, Brasil) Estudo da concordância das citações de uso e importância das espécies e famílias utilizadas como medicinais pela comunidade do bairro Ponta Grossa, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil Etnobotânica nordestina: estudo comparativo da relação entre comunidades e vegetação na Zona do Litoral Mata do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil Os quintais caiçaras, suas características sócio-ambientais e perspectivas para a Comunidade do Saco do Mamanguá, Paraty-RJ Plantas medicinais comercializadas por raizeiros no Centro de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul Plantas usadas como medicinais no município de Ipê, RS, Brasil Uso e conservação de plantas e animais medicinais no estado de Pernambuco (Nordeste do Brasil): um estudo de caso Plantas medicinais do Município de Dom Pedro de Alcântara, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: Espécies, famílias e usos em três grupos da população humana Uso e diversidade de plantas medicinais em Santo Antônio do Leverger, MT, Brasil 9 Pilla MAC, Amorozo MCM Melo S, Lacerda VD, Hanazaki N Boscolo OH, Valle LS Ustulin M, Figueiredo BB, Tremea C, Pott A, Pott VJ, Bueno NR, Castilho RO Maioli-Azevedo V, Fonseca-Kruel VS Negrelle RRB, Tomazzoni MI, Ceccon MF, Valente TP Negrelle RRB, Fornazzari KRC Dickel ML, Rates SMK, Ritter MR Pilla MAC, Amorozo MCM, Furlan A Azevedo SKS, Silva IM Teixeira SA, Melo JIM Vendruscolo GS, Mentz LA Christo AG, Guedes-Bruni RR, Fonseca-Kruel VS Agra MF, Baracho GS, Nurit K, Basílio IJLD, Coelho VPM Corette-Pasa M, Soares JJ, Neto GG Vendruscolo GS, Mentz LA Silva ARJ, Andrade LHC Garrote V Nunes GP, Silva MF, Resende UM, Siqueira JM Ritter MR, Sobierajski GR, Schenkel EP, Mentz LA Almeida CFCBR , Albuquerque UP Marodin SM, Baptista LRDM Amorozo MCM Ethnobotany Research and Applications 98 2001 Levantamento de dados sobre plantas medicinais de uso popular no município de São João do Polêsine, RS, Brasil. I - Relação entre enfermidades e espécies utilizadas 99 100 101* 2001 2001 1989 Plantas comercializadas como medicinais no Município de Barra do Piraí, RJ Etnobotânica Xucuru: espécies místicas Plantas medicinais de Minas Gerais, Brasil 102* 1985 Plantas utilizadas em rituais afro-brasileiros no estado do Rio de Janeiro - um ensaio etnobotânico 103* 104* 105* 106* 107* 108* 109* 1983 1975 1974 1969 1952 1931 2008 Folk medicine of Alter do Chão, Pará, Brazil Dicionário das plantas úteis do brasil e das exóticas cultivadas - Volume VI Dicionário das plantas úteis do brasil e das exóticas cultivadas - Volume V Dicionário das plantas úteis do brasil e das exóticas cultivadas - Volume IV Dicionário das plantas úteis do brasil e das exóticas cultivadas - Volume III Dicionário das plantas úteis do brasil e das exóticas cultivadas - Volume II Other medicinal plants and botanical products from the first edition of the Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia 110* 2006 Medicinal plants and other botanical products from the Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia 111* 112* 1926 2016 Dicionário das plantas úteis do brasil e das exóticas cultivadas - Volume I História das Plantas Úteis e Medicinais do Brasil 113* 2015 114* 2010 115* 2017 116* 2015 117* 2020 118* 2006 119** 2018 Exchange of useful plants between Brazil and England in the second half of the nineteenth century: Glaziou and the botanists of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Identificação de termos oitocentistas relacionados às plantas medicinais usadas no Mosteiro de São Bento do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Plants from the Brazilian Traditional Medicine: species from the books of the Polish physician Piotr Czerniewicz (Pedro Luiz Napoleão Chernoviz, 1812–1881) Useful Brazilian plants listed in the manuscripts and publications of the Scottish medic and naturalist George Gardner (1812–1849) Marcgrave and Piso's plants for sale: The presence of plant species and names from the Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (1648) in contemporary Brazilian markets Brazilian plants with possible action on the central nervous system—A study of historical sources from the 16th to 19th century Lista preliminar das plantas alimentícias nativas de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil 10 Dorigoni PA, Ghedini PC, Froes LF, Baptista KC, Ethur ABM, Baldisserotto B, Bürger ME, Almeida CE, Lopes AMV, Záchia RA Parente CET, Rosa MMT Silva VA, Andrade LHC Grandi TSM, Trindade JA, Pinto MJF, Ferreira LL, Catella AC Guedes RR, Profice SR, Costa EL, Baumgratz JFA, Lima HC Branch LC, Da Silva MF Pio Corrêa M Pio Corrêa M Pio Corrêa M Pio Corrêa M Pio Corrêa M Brandão MGL, Zanetti NNS, Oliveira GRR, Goulart LO, Monte-Mor RLM Brandão MGL, Cosenza GP, Moreira RA, Monte-Mor RLM Pio Corrêa M Peckolt T, Peckolt G (org.), Paula-Souza J, Brandão MGL Brito MR, Lughadha EN, Duarte LFD, SennaValle L Medeiros MFT, Andreata RHP, Valle LS Ricardo LM, Paula-Souza J, Andrade A, Brandão MGL Fagg CW, Lughadha EN, Milliken W, Hind DJN, Brandão MGL Rodríguez MA, Geertsma IP, Françozo M, Van Andel T Giorgetti M, Negri G, Rodrigues E Bortolotto IM, Damasceno-Junior GA, Pott A Ethnobotany Research and Applications 120** 2016 Toxicidade de espécies vegetais 121** 2011 122** 123** 124** 2006 2003 1997 Plantas com possível atividade hipolipidêmica: uma revisão bibliográfica de livros editados no Brasil entre 1998 e 2008 Plantas utilizadas na medicina popular brasileira com potencial atividade antifúngica Recursos medicinais de espécies do cerrado de Mato Grosso: um estudo bibliográfico Pteridófitas Medicinais 11 Campos SC, Silva CG, Campana PRV, Almeida VL Pizziolo VR, Brasileiro BG, Oliveira TT, Nagem TJ Fenner R, Betti AH, Mentz LA, Rates SMK Neto GG, Morais RG Barros ICL, Andrade LHC Ethnobotany Research and Applications 1 Table 2. Pteridophyte species with related ethnobotanical uses. “Cited as” refers to species that were only cited as other names, and “Also cited as” to those cited as their accepted name and also other ones. Use categories - M = Medicinal; O = Ornamental; PO = Potentially ornamental; R = Ritualistic; F = Food; OtCt = Others, cultivated; OtCm = Others, commercialized in markets; OtCh = Others, with described chemical compounds; OtAp = Others, aphrodisiac; OtPs = Others, planting substrates; OtSt = Others, stuffing; OtPd = Others, pharmacies drying; OtFe = Others, fertilizing; OtAt = Others, artisanal; OtAr = Others, aromatic; OtVe = Others, veterinary; OtHa = Others, hallucinogen; OtBr = Others, manufacturing brandy; OtSp = Others, manufacturing smoking pipes; OtFu = Others, fuel; OtSm = Others, smoking; OtGl = Others, glass production; NI = Not-informed. Origin according to the FFB (2022) - N = Native; E = Exotic; C = Cultivated exotic; NA = Naturalized exotic. Family/Species Anemiaceae Popular name Source Nº of cits. Use cits. Origin Anemia adiantifolia (L.) Sw. Anemia blechnoides Sm. (cited as Aneimia radicans Raddi) Anemia buniifolia (Gardner) T. Moore Anemia collina Raddi Anemia elegans (Gardner) C.Presl Anemia ferruginea var. ahenobarba (Christ) Mickel (cited as Aneimia ahenobarba Christ) Anemia gardneri Hook. Anemia glareosa Gardner Anemia hirsuta (L.) Sw. (also cited as Aneimia filiformis Sw.) Anemia hirta (L.) Sw. Anemia hispida Kunze (cited as Aneimia heterodoxa Christ) Anemia humilis (Cav.) Sw. Anemia lanuginosa Bong. ex J.W.Sturm Anemia mandiocana Raddi Anemia millefolia (Gardner) C.Presl Anemia nervosa Pohl (cited as Aneimia ouropretana Christ) Anemia oblongifolia (Cav.) Sw. (also cited as Aneimia ulei Feto Feto Feto Feto Feto Feto 107 107 107 107 107 107 1 1 1 1 1 1 PO (1) PO (1) PO (1) O (1), OtCt (1) PO (1) PO (1) E N N N N N Feto Feto Feto Feto Feto Feto Feto Feto Feto Feto Feto 107 107 107, 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107, 107 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 PO (1) PO (1) PO (2) PO (1) PO (1) PO (1) PO (1) PO (1) PO (1) PO (1) PO (2) N N N N N N N N N N N Avenca-de-espiga, feto, pluma-de-cacho Avenca-de-espiga, feto 107, 124 107, 111, 112 2 3 M (1), PO (1) M (2), PO (1) N N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Christ) Anemia phyllitidis (L.) Sw. (cited as Aneimia phyllitides Sw.) Anemia phyllitidis var. fraxinifolia (Raddi) Hassl. (also cited as Aneimia fraxinifolia Raddi, Aneimia langsdorfiana C.Presl) Anemia phyllitidis var. tweedieana (Hook.) Hassl. (cited as Aneimia tweediana Hook.) Anemia pyrenaea Taub. Ethnobotany Research and Applications Anemia tomentosa (Sav.) Sw. (also cited as Aneimia fulva 2 Espiga-de-ferrugem, feto 107, 112 2 M (1), PO (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Douradinha Feto Feto Douradinha, samambaia-douradinha 108 107 107 104, 108, 124 1 1 1 3 NI (1) PO (1) PO (1) M (1), NI (2) N N N N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Samambaia Avenca-mirim, feto Avenca Feto Douradinha Samambaia-mirim Feto Feto Asplênio, asplênio-ninho-de-ave, esplênio, ninho-de-passarinho Feto Douradinha, feto 104 100, 107 111 107 108 104, 112 107 107 69, 72 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 NI (1) PO (1), R (1) OtCt (1) PO (1) NI (1) M (1), NI (1) M (1), PO (1) PO (1) O (2) N N N N N E N N E 107 107, 108 1 2 PO (1) PO (1), NI (1) E N Feto Feto Feto Douradinha Douradinha Avencão-da-serra Douradinha Feto Feto-macho-do-Pará, rabo-de-azanata 107 107 107 108 108 111 108 107 107, 112, 124 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 PO (1) PO (1) PO (1) NI (1) NI (1) M (1) NI (1) PO (1) M (3) N N N N N N N N N (Cav.) Sw.) Anemia tomentosa var. anthriscifolia (Schrad.) Mickel (cited as Aneimia anthriscifolia Schrad.) Aspleniaceae Asplenium abscissum Willd. Asplenium alatum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Asplenium angustum Sw. Asplenium auritum Sw. (also cited as Asplenium sulcatum Lam.) Asplenium brasiliense Sw. (cited as Scolopendrium brasiliense (Sw.) Fisch. ex Kunze) Asplenium cuneatum Lam. Asplenium formosum Willd. Asplenium gastonis Fée (cited as Asplenium divergens Mett.) Asplenium hallii Hook. Asplenium jucundum Fée Asplenium lunulatum Sw. Asplenium monanthes L. Asplenium mucronatum C. Presl. Asplenium nidus L. Asplenium obtusifolium L. Asplenium oligophyllum Kaulf. (also cited as Asplenium camptocarpon Fée) Asplenium praemorsum Sw. Asplenium pseudonitidum Raddi Asplenium pulchellum Raddi Asplenium radicans L. Asplenium salicifolium L. Asplenium scandicinum Kaulf. Asplenium schwackei Christ Asplenium serra Langsd. & Fisch. Asplenium serratum L. Ethnobotany Research and Applications Asplenium trichomanes L. Asplenium uniseriale Raddi Asplenium wacketii Rosenst. Hymenasplenium laetum (Sw.) L.Regalado & Prada (cited as Asplenium laetum Sw.) 3 Feto Feto Avencão-da-serra Feto 107 107 112 107 1 1 1 1 M (1), O (1) PO (1) M (1) PO (1) E N N N Douradinha Feto 108 107 1 1 M (1), O (1), OtCt (1) PO (1) E N - 113 1 O (1) N Samambaia Blecno, samambaia-da-palmeira Samambaiaçu-do-brejo 104 31, 124 104 1 2 1 NI (1) M (2) NI (1) N N N Samambaia-de-trepar 104 1 NI (1) N Avenca, blecno, samambaia 3, 91, 124 3 M (1), NI (2) N 107 1 NI (1) N Samambaiaçu 104 1 NI (1) N Samambaia, samambaiaçu 104, 104 2 NI (2) N Samambaiaçu 104 1 NI (1) N Coqueiro-macho 108, 112 2 M (2), F (1), OtPs (1) N Athyriaceae Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Diplazium cristatum (Desr.) Alston (cited as Diplazium arboreum (Willd.) C. Presl) Diplazium riedelianum (Bong. ex Kuhn) C.Chr. Blechnaceae Blechnum asplenioides Sw. Blechnum occidentale L. Neoblechnum brasiliense (Desv.) Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich (cited as Blechnum brasiliense Desv.) Salpichlaena volubilis (Kaulf.) J.Sm. subsp. volubilis (cited as Blechnum volubile Kaulf.) Telmatoblechnum serrulatum (Rich.) Perrie, D.J.Ohlsen & Brownsey (cited as Blechnum serrulatum Rich.) Culcitaceae Culcita coniifolia (Hook.) Maxon (cited as Dicksonia coniifolia Feto-grande Hook.) Cyatheaceae Alsophila capensis (L.f.) J.Sm. (cited as Hemitelia capensis (L.f.) Spreng.) Alsophila setosa Kaulf. (cited as Cyathea leucosticta Fée, Hemitelia setosa (Kaulf.) Mett.) Alsophila sternbergii (Sternb.) D.S.Conant (cited as Cyathea caesariana Christ) Cyathea arborea (L.) Sm. Ethnobotany Research and Applications Cyathea atrovirens (Langsd. & Fisch.) Domin (cited as Alsophila atrovirens (Langsd. & Fisch.) C.Presl) Cyathea corcovadensis (Raddi) Domin (also cited as Alsophila corcovadensis (Raddi) C.Chr., Alsophila elegans Mart., Alsophila miersii Hook., Alsophila taenetis (Roth.) 4 Pau-cardoso, samambaiaçu-do-brejo 104, 112 2 M (1), OtPs (1) N Samambaiaçu, samambaia-assú 104, 104, 104, 104, 112 5 M (1), NI (4) N Fetos-arbóreos, pau-cardoso, rabo-debugio, samambaia, samambaiaçu, xaxim Samambaia, Samambaiaçu-do-brejo 31, 104, 104, 113 4 N 104, 104 2 M (1), O (1), OtPs (1), NI (1) NI (2) Samambaia 104 1 NI (1) N Samambaiaçu 104 1 NI (1) N Feto-arborescente, pau-cardoso, rabo-debugio, rabo-de-macaco, samambaiaçu, xaxim-armado Samambaia 113 95, 105, 105, 112, 112, 115, 117, 124 1 8 O (1) N M (6), OtCm (1), NI (1) N 104 1 NI (1) N Fetos-arbóreos, samambaia, samambaiaçu 104, 104, 113 3 O (1), NI (2) N Pau-cardoso, samambaia 113 104, 104, 105 1 3 O (1) NI (3) N N Rabo-de-guariba 124 1 M (1) N Samambaiaçu 104 1 NI (1) N Samambaia Samambaia 104 104, 113 1 2 NI (1) O (1), NI (1) E N Canela-de-veado, renda-portuguesa 9, 39, 69, 72, 92 5 O (5) C Kunze) Cyathea delgadii Sternb. (also cited as Cyathea vestita Mart., Cyathea schanschin Mart.) Cyathea dichromatolepis (Fée) Domin (cited as Alsophila dichromatolepis Fée, Alsophila arbuscula Baker) Cyathea glaziovii (Fée) Domin. (cited as Alsophila glaziovii N Fée) Cyathea leucofolis Domin (cited as Alsophila leucolepsis Mart.) Cyathea macrocarpa (C. Presl) Domin Cyathea microdonta (Desv.) Domin (also cited as Alsophila armata Mart., Alsophila microdonta (Desv.) Desv., Trichipteris microdonta (Desv.) Tryon.) Cyathea multiflora Sm. (cited as Hemitelia multiflora (Sm.) Spreng.) Cyathea phalerata Mart. (also cited as Alsophila goyazensis Christ, Alsophila paleolata Mart.) Cyathea praecincta (Kunze) Domin Cyathea pungens (Willd.) Domin (cited as Alsophila infesta Kunze, Alsophila procera (Willd.) Desv., Alsophila pungens (Willd.) C.Presl) Cyathea surinamensis (Miq.) Domin (cited as Sphaeropteris hirsuta (Desv.) Tryon.) Cyathea villosa Willd. (also cited as Alsophila villosa (Willd.) Desv.) Hemitelia apiculata Hook Sphaeropteris gardneri (Hook.) R.M.Tryon (also cited as Cyathea gardneri Hook.) Davalliaceae Davallia fejeensis Hook. (also cited as Davallia fijiensis Diels) Ethnobotany Research and Applications 5 Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtia cicutaria (Sw.) T.Moore Pteridium aquilinum s.l. (cited as Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Pteridium caudatum (L.) Maxon, Pteris aquilina var. caudata (L.) Hook., Pteridium arachnoideum (Kaulf.) Maxon) Feto-grande Avenca, avenca-pluma-grande, broto-desamambaia, conambaia, feto-águia, samambaia, samambaia-das-queimadas, samambaia-das-roças, samambaia-dastaperas, samambaia-do-campo, samambaia-do-mato, samambaiaverdadeira 107 1 4, 22, 32, 33, 35, 38, 19 49, 56, 75, 77, 91, 96, 104, 104, 112, 117, 120, 123, 124 NI (1) N M (13), F (6), OtCm (1), E OtCh (1), OtSt (1), OtFe (1), NI (1) Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Dicksonia sellowiana Hook. Chachim, xaxim 22, 108 2 N Lophosoria quadripinnata (J.F.Gmel.) C.Chr. (cited as Alsophila pruinata Kaulf.) Samambaia 104 1 M (2), O (1), OtPs (1), OtFu (1) NI (1) 107 1 PO (1), OtCt (1) N 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 107, 113 2 O (1), PO (1) N Samambaia-japonesa 104 1 NI (1) C Desmophlebiaceae Desmophlebium lechleri (Mett.) Mynssen et al. (also cited as Diplazium lechleri (Mett.) T.Moore) Dicksoniaceae N Dryopteridaceae Arachniodes denticulata (Sw.) Ching (cited as Dryopteris Feto denticulata (Sw.) Kuntze) Bolbitis aliena (Sw.) Alston (cited as Leptochilus alienus (Sw.) Feto C. Chr.) Ctenitis distans var. isabellina (Fée) R.S.Viveros & Salino (cited as Dryopteris ctenitis form. isabellina (Fée) C. Chr.) Ctenitis flexuosa (Fée) Copel. (cited as Dryopteris flexuosa (Fée) C. Chr.) Ctenitis submarginalis (Langsd. & Fisch.) Ching (cited as Nephrodium caripense Hook.) Cyclodium heterodon (Schrad.) T.Moore (cited as Dryopteris abbreviata Kuntze, Cyclodium heterodon var. abbreviatum (C. Presl) A.R. Sm.) Cyrtomium falcatum (L. f.) C. Presl (cited as Aspidium falcatum Sw.) Ethnobotany Research and Applications Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott (also cited as Nephrodium filix-mas (L.) Rich.) Dryopteris wallichiana (Spreng.) Hyl. (cited as Dryopteris paleacea Sw.) Elaphoglossum apodum (Kaulf.) Schott Elaphoglossum aubertii (Desv.) T. Moore Elaphoglossum decoratum (Kunze) T.Moore Elaphoglossum discolor (Kuhn) C.Chr. (cited as Elaphoglossum juruenae A.Samp.) Elaphoglossum erinaceum (Fée) T.Moore Elaphoglossum herminieri (Bory & Fée) T.Moore Elaphoglossum horridulum (Kaulf.) J.Sm. Elaphoglossum laminarioides (Fée) T. Moore Elaphoglossum lindeni (Bory ex Fée) T.Moore Elaphoglossum lineare (Fée) T.Moore (cited as Elaphoglossum gracile (Fée) C.Chr.) Elaphoglossum lingua (C.Presl) Brack. Elaphoglossum muscosum (Sw.) T.Moore Elaphoglossum ornatum (Mett. ex Kuhn) Christ Elaphoglossum paleaceum (Hook. & Grev.) Sledge (cited as Elaphoglossum squamosum J. Sm.) Elaphoglossum piloselloides (C.Presl) T.Moore Elaphoglossum plumosum (Fée) T. Moore Elaphoglossum rigidum (Aubl.) Urb. (cited as Elaphoglossum flaccidum (Fée) T.Moore) Elaphoglossum squamipes (Hook.) T.Moore Elaphoglossum tectum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) T.Moore Elaphoglossum ulei Christ Elaphoglossum viscidum (Fée) Christ Megalastrum connexum (Kaulf.) A. R. Sm. & R.C. Moran Megalastrum eugenii (Brade) A.R.Sm. & R.C.Moran (cited as Dryopteris eugenii Brade) Mickelia guianensis (Aubl.) R.C. Moran, Sundue & Labiak (cited as Leptochilus guianensis (Aubl.) C.Chr.) 6 Denterrura, feto-macho, feto-machoverdadeiro Feto 107, 110, 112 3 C 1 M (3), OtCt (1), OtCh (1), OtSt (1), OtVe (1) PO (1) 107 Feto Feto Elaphoglossum Elaphoglossum 107, 124 107 108 108 2 1 1 1 M (1), PO (1) PO (1) NI (1) NI (1) E E N N Feto Elaphoglossum Feto Feto Feto Feto 107 108 107 107 107 107 1 1 1 1 1 1 O (1) OtCt (1) PO (1) PO (1) PO (1) PO (1) E N N N N N Feto Feto Elaphoglossum Feto 107 107 108 107 1 1 1 1 PO (1) PO (1) NI (1) PO (1) N N E E Feto Elaphoglossum Feto 107 108 107 1 1 1 PO (1) NI (1) PO (1) N N N Feto Feto Elaphoglossum Elaphoglossum Samambaia-da-queimada, samambaia-domato Feto 107 107 108 108 42 1 1 1 1 1 PO (1) PO (1) NI (1) NI (1) M (1) N N N N N 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N N Ethnobotany Research and Applications Mickelia nicotianifolia (Sw.) R.C.Moran, Labiak & Sundue (cited as Leptochilus nicotianifolius (Sw.) C.Chr.) Polybotrya caudata Kunze Polybotrya osmundacea Willd. Rumohra adiantiformis (G.Forst.) Ching (also cited as Polystichum adiantiforme Smith., Polystichum remotum Fée, Aspidium capense Willd.) Stigmatopteris prionites (Kunze) C.Chr. Stigmatopteris tyucana (Raddi) C.Chr. (cited as Phegopteris tijuccana Fée) 7 Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Cipó-de-coati, coati, feto Feto Calaguala, davália-bola, feto, rendafrancesa, samambaia, samambaia-mansa, samambaia-preta Feto 107 107 51, 69, 72, 76, 107, 107, 111, 124 1 1 8 PO (1) PO (1) M (2), O (7) N N N 113 107 1 1 O (1) PO (1) N N 11 M (10), OtCm (1) C 27 M (23), O (2), OtCm (1), OtAt (1), OtGl (1), NI (2) N 22 M (21), OtCm (1) C 1 NI (1) E 31, 107, 124 3 M (2), O (1), OtCt (1) N 107 1 M (1), O (1), F (1), OtCt E (1), OtSt (1), OtFe (1), OtAt (1) Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L. (also cited as Equisetum arvensis L.) Cavalinha, equiseto, rabo-de-cavalo 15, 16, 18, 40, 49, 68, 80, 84, 117, 123, 124 Equisetum giganteum L. (also cited as Equisetum pyramidale Bambuzinho, caninha-do-brejo, canna-de- 2, 11, 17, 22, 23, 29, Goldm., Equisetum xylochaetum Mett., Equisetum martii jacaré, cavalinha, cavalinha-do-brejo, 38, 50, 59, 74, 78, cavallinho, colla-de-cavalo, limpa-prata, 82, 86, 90, 93, 96, Milde) lixa-vegetal, rabo-de-cavalo, rabo-de101, 108, 108, lagarto 108,111, 112, 112, 113, 117, 122, 124 Equisetum hyemale L. (also cited as Equisetum hiemale L.) Bambuzinho, cavalinha, cavalinha-de7, 14, 19, 27, 29, 33, horta, junco, taquarinha 34, 35, 42, 43, 54, 55, 56, 61, 62, 66, 71, 79, 83, 87, 117, 121 Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. Cavallinha 108 Gleicheniaceae Dicranopteris flexuosa (Schrad.) Underw. Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw. Gleiquênia, samambaia, samambaia-domato-virgem Gleiquênia, samambaia Ethnobotany Research and Applications Gleichenella pectinata (Willd.) Ching (also cited as Dicranopteris pectinata (Willd.) Underw.) Sticherus bifidus (Willd.) Ching (also cited as Dicranopteris bifida (Willd.) Maxon) 8 Gleiquênia, gleiquênia-de-pente, samambaia, samambaia-cabeluda, samambaia-do-mato-virgem Feto, samambaia-cabeluda 31, 107, 112, 124 4 M (4), O (1), F (1), OtCt N (1) 107, 112 2 M (1), PO (1) N Feto 107 1 O (1) N Carrapatinha 108 1 NI (1) N Samambaia Samambaia-rasteira Samambaia 104 104 104, 104 1 1 2 NI (1) NI (1) NI (2) N N N Samambaia 104, 104 2 NI (2) N Samambaia 104 1 NI (1) N Himenófilo-polianto, samambaia Samambaia Samambaia 104, 124 104 104 2 1 1 M (1), NI (1) NI (1) NI (1) N N N Trichomanes-elegante Trichomanes-pinado Língua-de-tucano Samambaia 124 124 106, 124 104 1 1 2 1 M (1) M (1) M (1), NI (1) NI (1) N N N N Batatinha-d'água 111, 112 2 M (2) N Avenca 111 1 NI (1) N Hemidictyaceae Hemidictyum marginatum (L.) C.Presl Hymenophyllaceae Didymoglossum reptans (Sw.) C.Presl (cited as Trichomanes reptans Sw.) Hymenophyllum caudiculatum Mart. Hymenophyllum crispum Kunth Hymenophyllum elegans Spreng. (also cited as Hymenophyllum silveirae Christ) Hymenophyllum fucoides (Sw.) Sw. (also cited as Hymenophyllum vacilans Christ) Hymenophyllum hirsutum (L.) Sw. (cited as Hymenophyllum ciliatum (Sw.) Sw.) Hymenophyllum polyanthos (Sw.) Sw. Hymenophyllum rufum Fée Hymenophyllum vestitum (C.Presl) Bosch (cited as Hymenophyllum ulei Christ) Trichomanes elegans Rich. Trichomanes pinnatum Hedw. Trichomanes vittaria DC. ex Poir. Vandenboschia rupestris (Raddi) Ebihara & K.Iwats. (cited as Trichomanes rupestre Raddi) Isoetaceae Isoetes martii A.Braun Lindsaeaceae Lindsaea botrychioides A.St.-Hil. Ethnobotany Research and Applications Lindsaea falcata Dryand. Lindsaea guianensis (Aubl.) Dryand. (cited as Lindsaya guyanensis Dryand.) Lindsaea lancea (L.) Bedd. (also cited as Adiantum lancea L., Lindsaya lancea Bedd.) Lindsaea macrophylla Kaulf. (cited as Schizoloma macrophyllum (Kaulf.) C. Presl) Lindsaea pendula Klotzsch (cited as Lindsaya pendula 9 Avenca Feto 111 107 1 1 OtCt (1) PO (1) N N Avenca, feto, lindsaia-lança 111, 124, 107 3 M (1), PO (1), NI (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) E Feto 107 1 PO (1) E Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto Feto 107 107 1 1 PO (1) PO (1) N E Rabo-ardente 124 1 M (1), OtHa (1) N Licopódio-do-Brasil 106 1 NI (1) N Pinheirinho-de-sala 105 1 NI (1) N Pinheirinho-de-sala 105 1 NI (1) N Colchão-de-pobre, floco-rasteiro, licopódio, licopódio-indígena, musgo, péde-lobo, proco-rasteiro Licopódio, memby-jauja, palma-de-sãojoão, pé-de-galinha, pé-de-lobo, pinheirinho, pinheirinho-de-sala, unha-degato Samambaia-de-pendurar 38, 101, 105, 110, 112, 122, 124 7 M (7), OtPd (2) N 8, 38, 91, 101, 105, 112, 124 7 M (6), O (1), OtPd (1), OtVe (1), NI (1) N 104 1 PO (1) N Klotzsch) Lindsaea sagittata (Aubl.) Dryand. (cited as Schizoloma saggitatum (Aubl.) Diels) Lindsaea stricta (Sw.) Dryand. (cited as Lindsaya stricta (Sw.) Dryand.) Lomariopsidaceae Cyclopeltis semicordata (Sw.) J.Sm. Dracoglossum plantagineum (Jacq.) Christenh. (cited as Tectaria plantaginea (Jacq.) Maxon) Lomariopsis japurensis (Mart.) J.Sm. Lycopodiaceae Austrolycopodium erectum (Philippi) Holub (cited as Lycopodium fastigatum var. assurgens R. Br., Fée) Diphasiastrum thyoides (Willd.) Holub (cited as Lycopodium complanatum L.) Huperzia catharinae (Christ) Holub (cited as Lycopodium catharinae Christ) Lycopodium clavatum L. Palhinhaea cernua (L.) Franco & Vasc. (also cited as Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. Serm.) Phlegmariurus acerosus (Sw.) B.Øllg. (cited as Urostachys acerosus (Sw.) Herter ex Nessel) Ethnobotany Research and Applications Phlegmariurus comans (Herter ex Nessel) B.Øllg. (cited as Urostachys comans Herter ex Nessel) Phlegmariurus dichotomus (Jacq.) W.H.Wagner (cited as Urostachys dichotomus (Jacq.) Herter) Phlegmariurus erythrocaulon (Fée) B.Øllg. (cited as Urostachys eritrocaulon (Fée) Nessel) Phlegmariurus loefgrenianus (Silveira) B. Øllg. (cited as Lycopodium leitzii Nees.) Phlegmariurus mandiocanus (Raddi) B.Øllg. (cited as Urostachys mandiocanus (Raddi) Herter) Phlegmariurus pungentifolius (Silveira) B. Øllg. (cited as Lycopodium ouropretanum Christ) Phlegmariurus reflexus (Lam.) B.Øllg. (cited as Lycopodium reflexum Lam.) Phlegmariurus sellowianus (Herter) B. Øllg. (cited as Urostachys brasilianus (Herter) Nessel) Phlegmariurus taxifolius (Sw.) A.Löve & D.Löve (cited as Lycopodium taxifolium var. nitens Poepp.) Pseudolycopodiella meridionalis (Underw. & Loyd) Holub (cited as Lycopodium carolinianum var. meridionale (Underw. 10 Samambaia-de-pendurar 104 1 PO (1) N Pinheirinho 105 1 NI (1) N Pinheirinho-de-sala 105 1 NI (1) N Licopódio-de-São-Paulo 106 1 NI (1) N Pinheirinho 105 1 NI (1) N Pinheirinho 105 1 NI (1) N Pinheirinho 105 1 NI (1) N Pinheirinho-de-sala 105 1 NI (1) N Pinheirinho-de-sala 105 1 NI (1) N Pinheirinho-de-sala 105 1 NI (1) N Abre-caminho, coentrão, herva-de-sãojoão, samambaia, samambaia-cipó 11, 31, 37, 104, 106, 8 112, 117, 123 M (4), R (1), OtCm (1), N NI (2) Abre-caminho, samambaia, samambaiacipó, samambaia-de-trepar, seguecaminho 11, 25, 71, 79, 84, 102, 104, 104, 117 9 O (1), R (6), OtCm (1), NI (2) N 107 104 1 1 PO (1) O (1), NI (1) N N & F.E. Lloyd) Nessel) Lygodiaceae Lygodium venustum Sw. (also cited as Lygodium polymorphum (Cav.) Kunth, Lygodium hastatum (Willd.) Desv.) Lygodium volubile Sw. (also cited as Lygodium expansum Desv.) Marattiaceae Danaea nodosa (L.) Sm. (cited as Danaea eliptica Sm.) Feto Eupodium kaulfussii (J.Sm.) J.Sm. (cited as Maratia kalfussii J. Samambaiaçu-do-brejo Sm. ex Hook.) Ethnobotany Research and Applications Marattia cicutifolia Kaulf. (also cited as Marattia verschaffeltiana (de Vriese) Sturm, Marattia cicutaefolia 11 Samambaia, samambaia-do-brejo 104, 104, 112, 113 4 M (1), O (1), OtSp (1), NI (2) N Trevo-d'água Trevo-de-quatro-folhas 112 104 1 1 M (1) NI (1) N N Avenca, escadinha-do-céu, feto, rabo-depeixe, samambaia, samambaia-rabo-peixe Avenca Avenca, escadinha-do-céu, feto, samambaia, samambaia-de-metro Feto, samambaia (fern), samambaiaamericana, samambaia-de-boston, samambaia-espada Samambaia Feto 9, 58, 69, 72, 107, 124 9 9, 59, 92, 107, 124 6 N 1 5 M (2), O (3), PO (1), OtCt (1) O (1) M (1), O (4), OtCt (1) 5, 12, 39, 69, 72, 107 6 M (1), O (5), OtCt (1) N 69 107 1 1 O (1) PO (1) N N Feto Feto 107 107 1 1 PO (1) M (1), PO (1) N E Língua-de-víbora-do-campo 106, 112 2 M (1), OtBr (1), NI (1) N Língua-de-víbora 106, 112 2 M (1), F (1), NI (1) N Língua-de-víbora 106 1 NI (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Kaulf.) Marsileaceae Marsilea deflexa A.Braun Marsilea polycarpa Hook. & Grev. Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Nephrolepis brownii (Desv.) Hovenkamp & Miyam. Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott Nephrolepis pectinata (Willd.) Schott Nephrolepis rivularis (Vahl) Mett. ex Krug N N Oleandraceae Oleandra articulata (Sw.) C.Presl Oleandra neriiformis Cav. Ophioglossaceae Botrypus virginianus (L.) Michx. (also cited as Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw.) Cheiroglossa palmata (L.) C.Presl (also cited as Ophioglossum palmatum L.) Ophioglossum reticulatum L. Osmundaceae Osmunda spectabilis Willd. (cited as Osmunda gracilis Link.) Ethnobotany Research and Applications Osmundastrum cinnamomeum (L.) C.Presl (cited as Osmundastrum cinnamomeum subsp. cinnamomeum (L.) 12 Feto 107 1 PO (1), OtCt (1) N Samambaia-de-pendurar 104 1 PO (1) N Feto, polipódio-angustifólio 107, 124 2 M (2), PO (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto, língua-de-serpente, polipódiofilitidio Feto, samambaia-de-pendurar 107, 124 2 M (1), PO (1) N 72 104, 107 1 2 O (1) PO (2) N N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto Mão-de-anjo, mão-de-deus Feto, polipódio-serreado 107 9 107, 124 1 1 2 PO (1) O (1) M (1), PO (1) N N N Samambaia-de-metro 69, 72 2 O (2) E 72, 104 2 O (2) E 107 1 PO (1) N 104 1 PO (1) N 107 1 PO (1) N 107 1 PO (1) E C.Presl) Polypodiaceae Alansmia cultrata (Bory ex Willd.) Moguel & M.Kessler (cited as Polypodium cultratum Bory ex Willd.) Campyloneurum angustifolium (Sw.) Fée (also cited as Polypodium angustifolium Sw.) Campyloneurum decurrens (Raddi) C.Presl (cited as Polypodium decurrens Raddi) Campyloneurum phyllitidis (L.) C.Presl (cited as Polypodium phyllitidis L.) Campyloneurum rigidum Sm. Ceradenia albidula (Baker) L.E. Bishop (cited as Polypodium rosentockii Maxon, Polypodium albidulum Baker) Ceradenia capillaris (Desv.) L.E. Bishop (cited as Polypodium capillare Desv.) Cochlidium furcatum (Hook. & Grev.) C.Chr. Cochlidium punctatum (Raddi) L.E. Bishop Cochlidium serrulatum (Sw.) L.E. Bishop (cited as Polypodium duale Maxon., Grammitis serrulata (Sw.) Sw.) Goniophlebium persicifolium (Desv.) Bedd. (also cited as Polypodium persicifolium Desv.) Goniophlebium subauriculatum (Blume) C. Presl (cited as Polypodium subauriculatum Blume) Samambaia, samambaia-chorona, samambaia-de-pendurar, samamambaiapendente Lellingeria apiculata (Kunze ex Klotzsch) A.R.Sm. & R.C.Moran Feto (cited as Polypodium apiculatum Kunze) Lellingeria suspensa (L.) A.R.Sm. & R.C.Moran (cited as Samambaia-de-pendurar Polypodium suspensum L.) Melpomene moniliformis (Lag. ex Sw.) A.R.Sm. & R.C.Moran Feto (cited as Polypodium moniliforme Lag. ex Sw.) Melpomene pilosissima (M.Martens & Galeotti) A.R.Sm. & Feto R.C.Moran (Polypodium pilosissimum M.Martens & Galeotti) Ethnobotany Research and Applications Microgramma lycopodioides (L.) Copel. (also cited as Polypodium lycopodioides L.) Microgramma megalophylla (Desv.) de la Sota (cited as Polypodium megalophyllum Desv.) Microgramma percussa (Cav.) de la Sota (also cited as Polypodium percussum Cav.) Microgramma persicariifolia (Schrad.) C.Presl (cited as Polypodium persicariaefolium Schrad.) Microgramma squamulosa (Kaulf.) de la Sota Microgramma vacciniifolia (Langsd. & Fisch.) Copel. (also cited as Polypodium vacciniifolium Langsd. & Fisch.) Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. Microsorum scolopendria (Burm. f.) Copel. (also cited as Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm.f.) Ching, Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm.f.) Pic. Serm.) Moranopteris gradata (Baker) R.Y.Hirai & J.Prado (also cited as Polypodium gradatum Baker) Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellinger (also cited as Polypodium crassifolium L.) Pecluma hoehnei (A. Samp.) Salino (also cited as Polypodium hoenei A. Samp.) Pecluma pectinata (L.) M.G. Price (also cited as Polypodium pectinatum L.) Pecluma pectinata (L.) M.G. Price (also cited as Polypodium pectinatum L.) Pecluma recurvata (Kaulf.) M.G. Price (also cited as Polypodium recurvatum Kaulf.) Phlebodium aureum (L.) J.Sm. (also cited as Polypodium aureum L.) Phlebodium decumanum (Willd.) J.Sm. (also cited as Polypodium decumanum Willd.) 13 Feto, polipódio-escamoso, silvina-grande 107,112, 124 3 M (3), PO (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto-macho-de-Minas 107, 112 2 M (2) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Cipó-cabeludo, cipó-índio, sordinha Cipó-cabeludo, erva-de-passarinho-miúda, estanga-sangue, herva-silveira, hervasilvina, herva-teresa, salambaia, samambaia-grama, silvina Chifre-de-veado Jamaica, samambaia, samambaia-jamaica 14, 33, 74, 98 42, 66, 86, 90, 96, 100, 106, 112, 124 4 9 M (4) M (8), R (1) N N 69 9, 69, 72 1 3 O (1) O (3) C E Polipódio-de-degrau, samambaia, samambaia-de-pendurar Calaguala, feto, rabo-de-arara 104 1 PO (1) N 60, 107, 112, 124 4 M (3), O (1), NI (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 107 1 O (1) N Feto 107 1 O (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Abre-caminho, avenca-dourada, palminha, polipódio, polipódio-areolado, samambaia Avenca, avencão, cipó-cabeludo, erva-demacaco, feto, guaribinha, rabo-de-cachilão, rabo-de-cachinganga, rabo-de-caxinguelê, rabo de macaco, samambaia, samambaiachorona 31, 41, 72, 111 4 11, 13, 21, 25, 29, 35, 49, 52, 59, 69, 70, 103, 107, 123, 124 15 M (3), O (1), R (1), N OtCt (1) M (10), O (3), PO (1), R N (1) Ethnobotany Research and Applications Phlebodium pseudoaureum (Cav.) Lellinger Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C. Chr. Pleopeltis lepidopteris (Langsd. & Fisch.) de la Sota (also cited as Polypodium lepidopteris Langsd. & Fisch.) Pleopeltis macrocarpa (Bory ex Willd.) Kaulf. (also cited as Polypodium lanceolatum L.) Pleopeltis minima (Bory) J.Prado & R.Y.Hirai Pleopeltis trindadensis (Brade) Salino (cited as Polypodium trindadense Brade) Polypodium punctatum Thunb. Serpocaulon catharinae (Langsd. & Fisch.) A.R.Sm. (cited as Polypodium catharinae Langsd. & Fisch.) Serpocaulon fraxinifolium (Jacq.) A.R.Sm. (also cited as Polypodium fraxinifolium Jacq.) Serpocaulon latipes (Langsd. & Fisch.) A.R.Sm. Serpocaulon triseriale (Sw.) A.R.Sm. (also cited as Polypodium brasiliense Poir.) 14 Avenca-dourada Avenca, chifre-de-veado, samambaiachifre-de-veado Feto-macho-do-Rio-Grande, matataúba, samambaia, samambaia-fina Feto, polipódio-lanceolado 112 9, 69, 72, 92 1 4 M (1) O (4) N C 51, 105, 112 3 N 107, 124 2 M (1), O (1), OtCh (1), NI (2) M (2), O (1) Silvina-miúda Feto 112 107 1 1 M (1) PO (1) N N Ninho-de-passarinho Feto 72 107 1 1 O (1) M (1), O (1) C N Feto, samambaia 33, 107 2 M (1), PO (1) N Kara-guara Caticéa, coaticea, samambaia-cheirosa, samambaia-cumaru 8 104, 112 1 2 M (1) M (1), OtCh (1), OtAr (1) N N Avencão Avencão, feto Avenca-da-terra, samambaia-roxa 111 107, 124 74, 111, 112 1 2 3 M (1) M (2), O (1) M (3) N N N Feto Feto 107 107 1 1 PO (1) PO (1) N N Feto Avenca, avenca-estrelada, avenca-deminas, feto-estrelado, samambaia Avenca-da-serra 107 111, 112, 124 1 3 PO (1) M (3) N N 111, 112 2 M (1), NI (1) N Avenca 111 1 NI (1) N N Pteridaceae Acrostichum aureum L. Acrostichum danaeifolium Langsd. & Fisch. Adiantopsis chlorophylla (Sw.) Fée (citado também como Cheilantes chlorophylla Sw.) Adiantopsis dichotoma (Sw.) T. Moore Adiantopsis flexuosa (Kunze) Link-Pérez & Hickey (cited as Cheilantes flexuosa Kunze) Adiantopsis monticola (Gardner) T.Moore Adiantopsis radiata (L.) Fée (also cited as Cheilantes radiata (L.) J.Sm.) Adiantopsis regularis (Mett.) T.Moore (also cited as Cheilantes regularis Mett.) Adiantopsis senae (Baker) Schuettp. & A.Davila (cited as Adiantum tenuissimum Taub.) Ethnobotany Research and Applications Adiantum abscissum Schrad. (cited as Adiantum brasiliense Avenca 111 Feto Feto Avenca, avenca-cabello-de-Vênus, avencacomum, cabelo-de-Vênus, capilária, capilária-do-comércio, capillaria-deMontpellier Avenca, culantrilho Avenca, feto Feto, vinca Feto Avenca Avencão 15 1 NI (1) N 107 1 107 1 18, 35, 36, 109, 110, 9 111, 112, 114, 124 PO (1) PO (1) M (9), R (1), OtCh (1), OtSm (1) N N N 108, 124 22, 107 107, 116 107 111 112 2 2 2 1 1 1 M (2), O (1) M (1), PO (1) M (1), O (1), OtCt (1) PO (1) NI (1) M (1) N N N N N C Feto Avenca, feto Avenca-do-Canadá, capilária-do-Canadá 107 107 110, 111 1 1 2 N N C Avenca Feto Feto Avenca-de-folha-grande, feto Culantrilho Feto Adianto-peciolado, avenca-peciolada, culantrilho Avenca 111 107 107 107, 124 108 107 108, 124 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 PO (1) PO (1) M (2), O (1), OtCt (1), OtCh (1) OtCt (1) PO (1) PO (1) M (1), PO (1) O (1) PO (1) M (1), O (1) 111 1 M (1) N Avenca Avenca, avenca-de-Poiret Feto Avenquinha-graúda Culantrilho 111 124 107 28, 98 108 1 1 1 2 1 OtCt (1) M (1) PO (1) M (2) O (1) N N E N N Raddi) Adiantum cajennense Willd. ex Klotzsch Adiantum calcareum Gardner Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Adiantum concinnum Willd. Adiantum curvatum Kaulf. Adiantum deflectens Mart. Adiantum digitatum Hook. Adiantum diogoanum Glaz. ex Baker Adiantum edgeworthii Hook. (cited as Adiantum caudatum var. rhizoporum Wall. ex C.B.Clarke) Adiantum glaucescens Klotzsch Adiantum gracile Fée Adiantum hispidulum Sw. (also cited as Adiantum pedatum L.) Adiantum intermedium Sw. Adiantum latifolium Lam. Adiantum lucidum (Cav.) Sw. Adiantum macrophyllum Sw. Adiantum obliquum Willd. Adiantum pectinatum Kunze ex Baker Adiantum petiolatum Desv. Adiantum philippense L. (cited as Adiantum lunulatum N N N N N N N Burm.f.) Adiantum platyphyllum Sw. Adiantum poiretii Wickstr. Adiantum polyphyllum Willd. Adiantum pseudotinctum Hieron. Adiantum pulvurulentum L. Ethnobotany Research and Applications Adiantum raddianum C. Presl. (also cited as Adiantum cuneatum G. Forst.) Adiantum rhyzophytum Schrad. Adiantum serratodentatum Willd. (cited as Adiantum obtusum Desv., Adiantum serrato-dentatum Willd.) Adiantum sinuosum Gardn. Adiantum subcordatum Sw. Adiantum tenerum Sw. Adiantum tetraphyllum Willd. Adiantum tomentosum Klotzsch Adiantum trapeziforme L. (also cited as Cheilantes farinosa Klf.) Ananthacorus angustifolius (Sw.) Underw. & Maxon (cited as Ananthocorus angustifolia (Sw.) Underw. & Maxon) Ceratopteris pteridoides (Hook.) Hieron. Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. Cheilanthes eriophora (Fée) Mett. (cited as Notochlaena eriophora Fée) Cheilanthes incisa Kunze ex Mett. Cheilanthes micropteris Sw. Cheilanthes pohliana Mett. Doryopteris concolor (Langsd. & Fisch.) Kuhn & Decken (also cited as Doryopteris baturitensis Brade) Doryopteris pentagona Pic. Serm. (cited as Doryopteris pedata Fée, Doryopteris pedata var. palmata (Willd.) Hicken) Doryopteris rediviva Fée (cited as Doryopteris angularis Fée) Doryopteris sagittifolia (Raddi) J.Sm. Doryopteris triphylla (Lam.) Christ (cited as Cassebeera pedatifida Christ, Cassebeera triphylla (Lam.) Kaulf.) Hecistopteris pumila (Spreng.) J.Sm. Hemionitis palmata L. Hemionitis tomentosa (Lam.) Raddi 16 Adianto, avenca, avenca-brasileira, avencacuneiforme, avenca-de-folha-miúda, avenca-delta, avenca-miúda, avenca-véude-noiva, avencão, avenquinha-da-miúda, capilária, capilário, sapatinho-de-anjo Avencão Avenca-serrato-dentada, feto, quebrapedra Avenca Avenca, avenca-da-grande, avencão Avenca, avenca-tenra, capillaria-do-México Feto, avenca-de-quatro-folhas Avenca-dos-córregos, avenca-estrelada, avenca-grande, avenca-paulista, avencão Feto 9, 10, 33, 34, 38, 39, 23 40, 59, 69, 71, 72, 74, 86, 90, 94, 96, 98, 99, 101, 111, 112, 123, 124 111 1 107, 124 2 M (18), O (8) N NI (1) M (1), PO (1) N N 111 9, 111, 112 72, 111, 124 107, 124 124 111, 112, 124 1 3 3 2 1 3 NI (1) M (1), O (1), NI (1) M (2), O (1), OtCt (1) M (1), PO (1) M (1) M (3), OtCt (1) N N N N N E 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 119 113 107 1 1 1 F (1) O (1) PO (1) N N N Feto Feto Feto Feto 107 107 107 107 1 1 1 2 PO (1) PO (1) PO (1) PO (2) N N N N Feto, samambaia-miúda 107, 112 2 M (1), O (1) N Feto Feto Feto 107 107 107, 107 1 1 2 O (1) O (1) PO (2) N N N Feto Feto Gimnópteris-tomentosa 107 107 124 1 1 1 PO (1) O (1) M (1) N N N Ethnobotany Research and Applications Lytoneuron crenulans (Fée) Yesilyurt (cited as Doryopteris crenulans Fée) Lytoneuron itatiaiense (Fée) Yesilyurt (cited as Pallaea itatiaiensis Fée) Lytoneuron lomariaceum (Kunze ex Klotzsch) Yesilyurt (cited as Doryopteris lomariacea Klotzsch) Lytoneuron ornithopus (Mett. ex Hook. & Baker) Yesilyurt (also cited as Doryopteris ornithopus (Hook. & Baker) J.Sm.) Lytoneuron paradoxum (Fée) Yesilyurt (cited as Cassebeera paradoxa Fée) Lytoneuron microphyllum (Christ) Yesilyurt (cited as Cassebeera microphylla Fée) Ormopteris gleichenioides (Gardner) J.Sm. (cited as Cassebeera gleichenioides Gardner) Ormopteris pinnata (Kaulf.) Lellinger (cited as Cassebeera pinata Kaulf.) Pellaea viridis (Forssk.) Prantl (cited as Pellaea bongardiana Baker, Pellea flavescens Fée, Pallaea flavescens Fée) Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link (also cited as Pityrogramma chrysophylla (Sw.) Link, Gymnogramma calomelanos (L.) Kaulf.) Pityrogramma chaerophylla (Desv.) Domin (cited as Gymnogramma choerophylla Desv.) Pityrogramma ebenea (L.) Proctor (cited as Pityrogramma tartarea (Cav.) Maxon) Pityrogramma trifoliata (L.) R.M.Tryon (cited as Trismeria trifoliata (L.) Diels) Polytaenium cajenense (Desv.) Benedict (also cited as Antrophyum cajenense (Desv.) Spreng.) Polytaenium guayanense (Hieron.) Alston (cited as Antrophyum guayanense Hieron.) Pteris cretica L. Pteris decurrens C.Presl Pteris denticulata Sw. Pteris leptophylla Sw. (cited as Pteris liptophylla Sw.) 17 Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 107 1 O (1) N Feto, samambaia 101, 107, 113 3 M (1), O (2) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) E Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 107, 107, 113 3 O (1), PO (2) NA Avenca-branca, avenca-preta, calomelano- 59, 107, 107, 111, vegetal, feto-amarelo, feto-branco, 112, 124 pitirograma-lindo-negra, samambaia-dobrejo Feto 107 6 M (3), O (3), OtCt (3), NI (1) N 1 PO (1) N Feto 107 1 O (1), OtCt (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto, tajazinho-de-enfeite 107, 124 2 M (1), PO (1) N - 124 1 M (1) N Folhagem Feto Samambaia Avenca-do-Rio-Grande 69 107 104 111, 112 1 1 1 2 O (1) PO (1) NI (1) M (1), NI (1) NA N N N Ethnobotany Research and Applications Pteris schwackeana Christ Pteris vittata L. Pterozonium reniforme (Mart.) Fée Radiovittaria stipitata (Kunze) E.H.Crane (cited as Vittaria stipitata Kunze) Tryonia myriophylla (Sw.) Schuettp., J.Prado & A.T.Cochran (cited as Cheilantes glandulifera Fée, Gymnogramma myriophylla Sw.) Tryonia schwackeana (Christ) Schuettp., J.Prado & A.T.Cochran (cited as Gymnogramma schwackeana Christ) 18 Samambaia Avenca, samambaia Feto Feto 104 9, 69 107 107 1 2 1 1 NI (1) O (2) PO (1) PO (1) N NA N N Feto 107, 107 2 O (1), PO (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto Feto 107 107 1 1 PO (1) PO (1) N N Mururé-rendado Almíscar-vegetal, âmbar-vegetal Apeay, mururé-carrapatinho, mururêcarrapato 105 112 105, 112, 124 1 1 3 OtAp (1) OtAp (1) M (2), NI (1) N N N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Esquizéia-elegante, feto Feto 107, 124 107 2 1 M (1), PO (1) PO (1) N N Nambaia, samambaia Selaginela-rasteira Samambainha 30 124 104 26 1 1 1 1 M (1) M (1) NI (1) M (1), R (1) N N N N Saccolomataceae Saccoloma elegans Kaulf. Saccoloma inaequale (Kunze) Mett. Salviniaceae Azolla caroliniana Willd. Azolla filiculoides Lam. Salvinia auriculata Aubl. Schizaeaceae Actinostachys subtrijuga (Mart.) C.Presl (cited as Schizaea subtrijuga Mart.) Schizaea elegans (Vahl) Sw. Schizaea poeppigiana J.W.Sturm (cited as Lophidium poeppigianum (J.W. Sturm) Underw. ex Maxon) Selaginellaceae Selaginella amazonica Spring Selaginella asperula Spring Selaginella breynii Spring Selaginella conduplicata Spring Ethnobotany Research and Applications Selaginella convoluta (Arn.) Spring Selaginella decomposita Spring Selaginella exaltata (Kunze) Spring (also cited as Selaginella strobilifera Christ) Selaginella flexuosa Spring Selaginella jungermannioides (Gaudich.) Spring Selaginella macrostachya (Spring) Spring Selaginella marginata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Spring Selaginella microphylla (Kunth) Spring (also cited as Selaginella thujaefolia Spring) Selaginella muscosa Spring (cited as Selaginella brasiliensis 19 Erva-milagrosa, gericó, jericó, mão-desapo, mão-fechada, pé-de-papagaio, planta-da-ressurreição, ressurreição Selaginela Musgo, selaginela 2, 11, 31, 44, 53, 64, 14 67, 88, 106, 112, 116, 117, 118, 124 104 1 104, 124 2 M (13), OtCm (1), OtAp (4) N O (1) M (1), O (1) N N Selaginela Selaginela-rasteira Selaginela Selaginela Selaginela 104 104 104 104 104, 104 1 1 1 1 2 O (1) NI (1) O (1) O (1) O (2) N N N N N Selaginela 104 1 O (1) N Selaginela 104, 104 2 O (2) N Samambaia 1, 117, 122 3 M (2), OtCm (1) N Jericó, selaginela 104, 106 2 O (1), NI (1) N Cama-de-menino, samambaia Selaginela Folhagem Selaginela 103, 104, 124 104 69 104 3 1 1 1 M (2), O (1) O (1) O (1) O (1) E N N N Feto 107 1 O (1) N Feto 107 1 O (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Lindm. ex Raddi) Selaginella pallescens (C.Presl) Spring (cited as Selaginella cuspidata (Link) Link) Selaginella parkeri (Hook. & Grev.) Spring (cited as Selaginella pedata Klotzsch) Selaginella revoluta Baker (cited as Selaginella demissa Christ) Selaginella stellata Spring Selaginella tenuissima Fée Selaginella umbrosa Lem. ex Hieron. Selaginella willdenowii (Desv. ex Poir.) Baker Tectariaceae Tectaria incisa Cav. (cited as Tectaria martinicensis (Spreng.) Copel.) Tectaria trifoliata (L.) Cav. Thelypteridaceae Amauropelta decurtata (Kunze) Salino & T.E. Almeida (cited as Athyrium decurtatum (Kunze) Fée) Amauropelta eriosorus (Fée) Salino & T.E.Almeida (cited as Dryopteris eriosora (Fée) C. Chr.) Ethnobotany Research and Applications Amauropelta novaeana (Brade) Salino & T.E.Almeida (cited as Dryopteris novaeana Brade) Christella dentata (Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy (cited as Thelyptens dentata (Forssk.) E.P.St.John), Dryopteris dentata (Forssk.) C. Chr.) Christella patens (Sw.) Pic. Serm. (cited as Nephrodium patens (Sw.) Desv., Thelypteris patens (Sw.) Small) Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H. Ito (cited as Dryopteris gongylodes (Schkuhr) Kuntze) Goniopteris poiteana (Bory) Ching (cited as Dryopteris poiteana (Bory) Urb.) Goniopteris refracta (Fischer & C. Meyer) Brade (cited as Nephrodium refractum Hook.) Goniopteris tetragona (Sw.) C. Presl (cited as Dryopteris subtetragona (Link) Maxon) Goniopteris tristis (Kunze) Brade (cited as Thelypteris tristis (Kunze) R.M. Tryon) Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaudich.) Ching 20 Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto, samambaia 69, 107 2 O (2) N Samambaia-cheirosa, samambaiaçu 104, 112 2 M (1), NI (1), OtAr (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto 107 1 PO (1) N Feto-macho-de-Goiás 112 1 M (1) N Avenca, feno-grego, samambaia, samambaiazinha Feto 9, 10, 31 3 M (2), O (1) N 107 1 PO (1) N 107 1 NI (1) N 107 1 PO (1) N Meniscium angustifolium Willd. (cited as Dryopteris angustifolia (Willd.) Urb.) Meniscium serratum Cav. (cited as Dryopteris serrata (Cav.) C. Feto-grande Chr.) Steiropteris decussata (L.) A.R.Sm. (cited as Phegopteris decussata (L.) Mett.) Feto Ethnobotany Research and Applications 1 Table 3. Unconfirmed taxa with related ethnobotanical uses. Use categories - M = Medicinal; O = Ornamental; PO = Potentially ornamental; R = Ritualistic; OtTe = Others, technological; OtPs = Others, planting substrates; OtCt = Others, cultivated; NI = Not-informed. Family/Species Popular name Source Nº of cit. Uses Feto 107 1 PO Samambaia-douradinha Samambaiazinha 112 25 1 1 M, O O Diplazium striatum (L.) C.Presl Feto 107 1 PO Blechnaceae Blechnum sp. Lomaridium acutum (Desv.) Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich (also cited as Blechnum acutum Samambaia 113 104 1 1 O NI Feto 107 1 PO Alsophila aquilina Christ. Alsophila aspera R. Br. Cyathea schenckii Christ. Cyathea sp. Samambaia Samambaiaçu-do-brejo Samambaia Samambaiaçú 104 104 104 25 1 1 1 1 Cyathea sp. Hemitelia grandifolia Spreng. Samambaia Samambaiaçu 25 104 1 1 NI NI NI M, O, OtTe O NI Aneimiaceae Aneimia flexuosa Raddi Aspleniaceae Asplenium auritum var. sulcatum Sw., (Lam.) Baker Asplenium sp. Athyriaceae Desv.) Lomaridium attenuatum (Sw.) Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich (cited as Lomaria attenuata (Sw.) Willd.) Cyatheaceae Davalliaceae Ethnobotany Research and Applications Davallia sp. Davallia sp. Davallia sp. 2 Samambaia Samambaia Canela-de-veado 25 87 91 1 1 1 O O NI Dennstaedtia ordinata Moore Pteridium sp. Feto-grande Samambaia-de-cipó 107 49 1 1 NI M Dicksoniaceae Dicksonia sp. Xaxim 60 1 O, OtPs Feto Feto Feto Feto Feto Feto Feto Cipó-de-coaty, coaty Elaphoglossum Feto Feto 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 108 108 107 107 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 PO PO PO PO PO PO PO NI NI PO O Cavallinha, lixa-vegetal Cavalinha Cavalinha Cavalinha Cavalinha 108 85 6 28 45 46 48 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 M, NI M M M M M M Dennstaedtiaceae Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris guadalupensis Kze. Dryopteris linkiana Maxon Dryopteris reticulata Urban Dryopteris tetragona (Sw.) Urb. Dryopteris villosa (L.) O. Ktze. Elaphoglossum auricomum (Kunze) T.Moore Elaphoglossum conforme (Sw.) Schott Elaphoglossum petiolosum (Desv.) T.Moore Elaphoglossum schiadeanum Kuntze Elaphoglossum simplex (Sw.) Schott Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth (incorrect name for Polystichum platylepis Fée) Equisetaceae Equisetum bogotense Kunth. Equisetum cf. giganteum L. Equisetum sp. Equisetum sp. Equisetum sp. Equisetum sp. Equisetum sp. Ethnobotany Research and Applications Equisetum sp. Equisetum sp. Equisetum sp. 3 Cavalinha Cavalinha Cavalinha 57 63 81 1 1 1 M M M Samambaia 104 1 NI Samambaia - 113 31 113 1 1 1 O M O Feto 107 1 PO Pinheirinho-de-sala 105 1 NI Pinheirinho-de-sala, tupi-guarani Pinheirinho-de-sala Pinheirinho Pinheirinho-de-sala Pinheirinho-de-sala Pinheirinho-de-sala 105, 124 105 105 105 105 105 2 1 1 1 1 1 M, NI NI NI NI NI NI Marattia alata Radd. Samambaiaçu-do-brejo 108 1 O, NI Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis sp. Nephrolepis sp. Nephrolepis sp. Nephrolepis sp. Avenca Samambaia Samambaia 9 24 39 65 1 1 1 1 O OtCt O O Hymenophyllaceae Hymenophyllum lineare (Sw.) Sw. (incorrect name for Hymenophyllum pulchellum Schltdl. & Cham.) Hymenophyllum sp. Trichomanes aff. cristatum Kaulf. Trichomanes sp. Lindsaeaceae Lindsaea imrayana (Hook.) Perez Arbel. (cited as Saccoloma imrayanum Kunze) Lycopodiaceae Diphasium jussiaei (Desv. ex Poir.) C. Presl ex Rothm. (cited as Lycopodium scariosum Forst.) Lycopodiella alopecuroides (L.) Cranfill (cited as Lycopodium alopecuroides L.) Lycopodium fastigiatum R. Br. Lycopodium inundatum L. Lycopodium saururus Lam. Lycopodium verticilatum L. Urostachys brongniartii (Spring) Hert. ex. Ness Marattiaceae Ethnobotany Research and Applications Nephrolepis sp. Nephrolepis sp. Nephrolepis sp. Nephrolepis sp. Nephrolepis sp. Nephrolepis sp. Nephrolepis sp. Nephrolepis sp. Nephrolepis sp. Nephrolepis sp. Nephrolepis sp. 4 Samambaia Avenca Samambaia Samambaia Samambaia Samambaia Samambaia-paulistinha Samambaia-de-metro Samambaia-saia-de-baiana Samambaia-cabelo-de-anjo Samambaia, samambaia-cabeluda 92 91 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O NI O O O O M, O O O O O Feto-real, samambaia-de-penacho 104, 112 2 M, O Avenca Samambaia-de-pendurar 9 104 1 1 O PO Feto 107 1 PO Feto 107 1 PO Feto Cipó-cabeludo Feto 107 43 107 1 1 1 PO M PO Osmundaceae Osmunda regalis L. (incorrect name for Osmunda spectabilis Willd.) Polypodiaceae Campyloneurum sp. Ceradenia meridensis (Klotzsch) L.E.Bishop (cited as Polypodium meridense Klotzsch) Cochlidium graminoides (Sw.) Kaulf. (cited as Monogramma graminoides (Sw.) Baker in Hook. & Baker, incorrect name for Cochlidium serrulatum (Sw.) L.E.Bishop) Cochlidium seminudum (Willd.) Maxon (incorrect name for Cochlidium punctatum (Raddi) L.E.Bishop) Grammitis marginella (Sw.) Sw. (cited as Polypodium marginellum Sw.) Microgramma sp. Pleopeltis angusta Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (cited as Polypodium angustum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Liebm, incorrect name for Pleopeltis pleopeltifolia (Raddi) Alston) Ethnobotany Research and Applications Pleopeltis polypodioides (L.) Andrews & Windham (cited as Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt, incorrect name for Pleopeltis minima (Bory) J. Prado & 5 Feto, mbyrujá, samambaia, silvina-miúda 8, 107, 124 3 M, PO Feto Feto Feto Rabo-de-catinguelê Lã-de-carneiro, rabo-de-caxinguelê, rabode-macaco Samambaia-do-brejo Samambaia-mato Samambaia 107 107 107 73 97 1 1 1 1 1 PO PO PO M M 52 52 89 1 1 1 O O O Avenca Avenca-verde Avenca-vermelha Avenca Avenca Avencão Feto Avenca Avenca Avenca Avenca Avenca Avenca-da-pedra Avenca Avenca Feto Feto-cipó - 92 92 92 103 111 69 107 111 25 83 52 60 65 89 123 107 107 113 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O O O M OtCt O PO OtCt M, O M O M M O M O NI O R.Y. Hirai) Polypodium discolor Hook Polypodium dissimile L. Polypodium laevigatum Cav. Polypodium leucatamus Poir Polypodium leucatomus Poir Polypodium sp. Polypodium sp. Polypodium sp. Pteridaceae Adianthum sp. Adianthum sp. Adianthum sp. Adianthum sp. Adiantum aethiopicum L. (incorrect name for Adiantum raddianum C. Presl.) Adiantum cf. subcordatum Sw. Adiantum cristatum L. (incorrect name for Adiantum tetraphyllum Willd.) Adiantum denticulatum Sw. Adiantum sp. Adiantum sp. Adiantum sp. Adiantum sp. Adiantum sp. Adiantum sp. Adiantum sp. Aleuritopteris farinosa (Forssk.) Fée Neurogramme scandens Fée Pteris sp. Ethnobotany Research and Applications Pteris sp. 6 Vence-tudo 47 1 M, R Selaginela Selaginela Selaginela Licopódio-da-ressurreição, planta-daressurreição Selaginela Selaginela Avenca Samambaia 104 104 104 106 1 1 1 1 O O O NI 104 104 9 20 1 1 1 1 O O O M Feto 107 1 PO Selaginellaceae Selaginella brachylepsis Christ Selaginella huberi Christ Selaginella laevigata Baker Selaginella lepidophylla (Hook. & Grev.) Spring Selaginella plumosa Baker Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring Selaginella sp. Selaginella sp. Woodsiaceae Woodsia mollis (Kaulf.) J.Sm. (incorrect name for Woodsia montevidensis (Spreng.) Hieron.) Ethnobotany Research and Applications 7 Nomenclatural review and update The listed species were revised and updated using the FFB (2022) as the primary source, consulting additional databases for clarification when necessary, including Global Biodiversity Information Facilities – GBIF (2022), Tropicos (2022), speciesLink (2022), and International Plant Names Index – IPNI (2022). The taxonomic system used follows the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG I 2016). To compose the final listing (Table 2), the selected species should be accurately recognized with valid names up to species level, and be native from Brazil, or cultivated/exotic species to which some use in national territory could be identified. Taxa that did not meet these criteria were removed from the final listing. However, they were not discarded from this work, but registered in an additional listing (Table 3), with their respective popular names and uses. Results and Discussion Over 28000 results were found in the search engines and author's collections. After filtering the data following the established criteria, 124 different sources containing pteridophyte species were recorded. These include 702 citations of valid species (or updated to valid names) that refer to 367 species (Table 2). Other 118 citations of inconclusive taxa are presented separately in Table 3, adding up to 820 species citations in total. Of the 124 sources, 116 are primary data, and 8 are review works or compilations covering data from different publications. The sources are distributed among the five regions of the country, with 18 referring to several regions at the same time, and the others distributed in the Southeast region (29 sources), followed by the South (25), Northeast (23), Midwest (22) and North (7). Most sources (100 out of 124) are recent and refer to data collected after the year 2000. Another five are reviews or compilations that refer to data before and after that period, while the remaining 19 are about data collected before the year 2000. Despite representing a smaller number of publications, sources with data referring to the period prior to the 2000s represent more than two-thirds of the species citations found in this survey (562 out of 820). Most used pteridophyte families and species Brazilian diversity comprises 1,407 species of pteridophytes (FFB 2022), of which 367 are included in our survey, representing more than a quarter (26%) of the available biodiversity in the country. Ferns are represented by 330 species, while 37 are lycophytes. Native species comprise 327 taxa, followed by 40 exotic species. These include 10 described as cultivated in the FFB (2022), and three others naturalized. Other 27 appear as “not occurring in Brazil” in the FFB but were kept in the main list because they present other registers of use or commercialization, or had samples collected in Brazil available on speciesLink. We also assumed that all species included in the FFB (2022) should have been recorded as present in Brazil at some point, even when listed as exotic. The 1,407 Brazilian species are included in 39 families, 34 being represented in our survey. The families with the highest number of species citations among the 820 are Pteridaceae (151 spp. cit./18%) and Polypodiaceae (93/11%), followed by Equisetaceae (61/7%), Dryopteridaceae (50/6%), Cyatheaceae (43/5%) and Aspleniaceae (37/5%) (Fig. 1). Figure 1. Comparison between the best - represented families (%) in terms of the number of total species of Pteridophytes in Brazil (FFB 2022), the number of species found in this review, and the number of citations in this review. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 8 Regarding the number of species, however, Pteridaceae and Polypodiaceae are still the most mentioned (84/22% and 43/11% respectively), but followed by Dryopteridaceae (39/10%), Aspleniaceae (29/7%) and Anemiaceae (23/ 6%). These proportions are similar to the families that occur most frequently in the country: Pteridaceae (207/14% of Brazilian pteridophytes flora), Dryopteridaceae (192/13%), and Polypodiaceae (173/12%). The most cited species in this survey are Equisetum giganteum L. (27 spp. cit.) (Fig. 2A), Adiantum raddianum (23), Equisetum hyemale L. (22), Pteridium aquilinum s. lat. (19), Phlebodium decumanum (Willd.) J. Sm. (15), Selaginella convoluta (14), Equisetum arvense (11), Lygodium volubile Sw., Microgramma vacciniifolia (Langsd. & Fisch.) Copel., and Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (9). Figure 2. Diversity of Pteridophytes including some of the most cited species in this review. A = Equisetum giganteum; B = Adiantum raddianum; C = Dicksonia sellowiana; D = Pteridium aquilinum s.l. (Pteridium arachnoideum); E = Lygodium venustum; F = Lygodium volubile; G = Rumohra adiantiformis; H = Microgramma vacciniifolia. All images belong to the personal archives of author Felipe Gonzatti. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 9 Figure 3. A: Map of the natural occurrence of all species of pteridophytes in the country, according to the FFB (2022). B: Map of the occurrence of species found in this survey in different regions of the country. While the best represented regions in “A” are SE, N, S, NE and CO, respectively, this changes for species of ethnobotanical use (“B”), from SE to NE, S, CO and N, respectively, evidencing the disparity mainly for the Northern region. Figure 4. A: Occurrence of all species of pteridophytes native to Brazil by Phytogeographic Domain. Source: FFB (2022). B: Occurrence of pteridophyte species native to Brazil found in this survey by Phytogeographic Domain. As for the phytogeographic domains in which used pteridophytes are distributed, the greatest richness is present in Mata Atlântica (262 spp.), followed by Amazônia (139), Cerrado (121), Pampa (56), Pantanal (32), and Caatinga (29) (Fig. 4A). The general distribution of species in nature follows a similar pattern, with the same order for absolute amounts of diversity: 942 in Mata Atlântica, 575 in the Amazônia, 318 in Cerrado, 119 in Pampa, 64 in Pantanal, and 55 in Caatinga (FFB 2022) (Fig. 4B). Most sources refer to poorly delimited ethnical groups and non-traditional communities. Among the 124 sources, 63 refer to general groups of residents of rural or urban areas, in surveys carried out for a specific neighborhood, city or region. Other 37 refer to non-homogeneous data, when it is not possible to specify the collaborating populations, either because they do not mention any specific group or because they are included in sources that are reviews of other works. Thus, 24 sources remain where groups of collaborators were well defined by the authors with a specific profile, including: quilombolas (7 sources), raizeiros (3), healers (3), indigenous people (2), caiçaras (2), artisanal fishermen (2), riverside people (2), members of African-based religions (2) and agrarian reform settlers (1). Ethnobotany Research and Applications 10 Use categories The 786 different use citations were obtained from the 702 taxa citations (for 367 valid species), given that some species citations contained more than one use for it. The most documented uses were for medicinal species (289 use citations), potentially ornamental (163), ornamental (129), ritualistic (13), food (11), and others (70 citations). This last one category covers infrequent or less consistent uses in its description, such as cosmetic, aromatic, or agronomic, for instance. Still, 111 use citations were of uninformed use (species listed as used in some way but without describing how) (Fig. 5). Figure 5. Most frequent use categories recorded in this survey. Medicinal use Medicinal species were the most cited category, with 289 use citations for 110 species (Table 2). Pteridophytes are well represented in traditional medicine around the world and throughout history (Ho et al. 2011), and this compilation of medicinal data highlights the research potential for both ethnobotanical and pharmaceutical data. Some have well-described chemical compounds, and the group is rich in secondary metabolites, mainly terpenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, and others (Ho et al. 2011), whose medicinal use can be explored. It is important, though, to note that 75 of the 124 sources (60%) (Table 1) focus or refer to data on medicinal plants only, a pattern that accompanies ethnobotany studies in Brazil in general (Ritter et al. 2015). Most medicinal uses could be categorized according to the ICD-11 (WHO 2019). The 289 medicinal use citations contain 479 descriptions of uses distributed among the species, and of these descriptions, only 57 were not specified. The largest subcategory is diseases of the respiratory system (79 descriptions of use), followed by those of the genitourinary system (77) and unclassified clinical symptoms (69). These and other categories can be seen in Fig. 6. In addition, 38 are described as "undefined", since they could not be classified by the ICD, due to their broad definitions (such as "tonic", "syrup" or "astringent"), with no specific destine of action. Four other descriptions are for “spiritual afflictions”, not specifying which ones. Although they do not always present well-defined physical symptoms or records for Western biomedicine, they are extremely relevant to traditional populations and knowledge systems. “Diseases of the respiratory system” include cough inducers, for treating bronchitis, “pectorals” and others, with the most used families here being Pteridaceae (41 descriptions of use), Cyatheaceae (8), and Polypodiaceae (7). “Diseases of the genitourinary system” comprise both descriptions for treating the kidneys and bladder, diuretics (most cited in this subcategory), as well as conditions related to the menstrual cycle, prostate and others. Here, species of the family Equisetaceae (33 descriptions of use), Pteridaceae (14) and Lycopodiaceae (8) stand out. The category “Unclassified clinical symptoms or signs” refers to general symptoms like “pain treatment”, “anti- Ethnobotany Research and Applications 11 inflammatory”, “febrifuge”, “edema treatment” and others that are targeted, but whose source of the clinical condition is not specified (“pain” instead of “earache” or “muscle pain”, for example). For diseases of the digestive system, the most cited are those of the liver, and for the musculoskeletal system and connective tissues, the most reported was anti-rheumatic. There also seems to be a pattern of use, with several citations for the “cleansing” of the organism, using this term and also “diuretics”, “expectorants”, “disobstructing” and “vomiting”. Figure 6. Frequency of citations of specific medicinal uses. RS = Diseases of the respiratory system; GU =Diseases of the genitourinary system; NC = Symptoms, signs or clinical findings, not elsewhere classified; IP = Certain infectious or parasitic diseases; DS = Diseases of the digestive system; ME= Diseases of the musculoskeletal system or connective tissue; EX = External causes of morbidity or mortality; EN = Endocrine, nutritional or metabolic diseases; CS = Diseases of the circulatory system; NS = Diseases of the nervous system; SK = Diseases of the skin; PR = Pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium; NP = Neoplasms; MN = Mental, behavioral or neurodevelopmental disorders; IP = Injury, poisoning or certain other consequences of external causes; BL = Diseases of the blood or blood-forming organs; EA = Diseases of the ear or mastoid process; NT = Not specified; UN = Undefined; SA = Spiritual afflictions. Some species have well-defined uses, like Adiantopsis radiata (L.) Fée (always mentioned as “pectoral”) or Microgramma lycopodioides (L.) Copel. (always diaphoretic and astringent). Others are the opposite, such as Adiantum capillus-veneris (with uses arranged in eight different categories) or Phlebodium pseudoaureum (Cav.) Lellinger (with four different descriptions of medicinal use for only one citation). Plants reputed as miraculous are often cited, especially in older sources, usually because of their wide range of uses as it happens with Adiantum capillus-veneris (capilária) with syrups and tonics of the same name. This pattern of low specificity usually appears in ethnobotanical data and is commonly reported for pteridophytes as well (Ho et al. 2011). Other records should be viewed with caution, with descriptions of questionable meanings. One example is the expression “cures even cancer”, most likely used related to multiple or strong medicinal effects of a species. Also, in older records, nonspecific terms such as “astringent”, “emollient” or “tonic” under the “undefined” category appear more frequently. Some conditions also seem dated and have fallen into this category, such as the use “against harmful consequences of scares”. In addition to the older, obsolete terms, there are also diseases for which treatment does not fit in the current context or must be infrequent, as is the case, for example, of tuberculosis, which, despite not having been eradicated in Brazil, was much more present in the last century. The families with most species used as medicinal are Pteridaceae and Polypodiaceae (30 and 18 spp. with medicinal uses related, respectively), followed by Selaginellaceae (10). Looking at citations, however, Equisetaceae stands out: Ethnobotany Research and Applications 12 despite having only three used species, it has 53 different medicinal use citations, even more than Polypodiaceae (46) and only behind Pteridaceae (68). Equisetaceae also represents the most cited medicinal species (Table 2): Equisetum giganteum (23 med. cit.) and Equisetum hyemale (21 med. cit.). Equisetum arvense is also frequently cited (10 med. cit.). These species, called cavalinhas (horsetails), are commonly traded in markets or herbal stores under this name. There is an extensive record of its uses and chemical components in literature, and it is most likely the best-documented group among medicinal pteridophytes (Al-Snafi 2017, Carneiro et al. 2013, Carneiro et al. 2019, Correa 2010, Lorenzi & Matos 2008, Wright et al. 2007). Their uses are mostly diuretic, but also to treat diseases of the kidneys and bladder, gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, healing, antifungal, expectorant, anti-hemorrhagic and others. Equisetum giganteum is the only native species of the three, which may explain the greater number of citations. It is usually consumed as tea (Lorenzi & Matos 2008). Equisetum hyemale is cultivated in Brazil and marketed for use in teas as cavalinha. It contains anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial substances (De Queiroz et al. 2015). Despite also being cultivated Equisetum arvense is the only species among pteridophytes to appear on the list of medicinal plants of interest to the SUS (RENISUS), organized by the government to direct research on medicinal species (Brasil 2021). Its compounds have antimicrobial, hypotensive, antioxidant, antidiabetic and even anticancer effects described (Al-Snafi 2017, Mello & Budel 2013). Adiantum raddianum (18 med. cit.) is cited mainly for diseases of the respiratory system, but also against arthritis and rheumatism, among other functions. It is considered very effective in traditional medicine (Reinaldo et al. 2018) and has chemical components described in literature and associated with its medicinal use (like filicene, triterpene associated with its analgesic effects, and other triterpenes) (Reinaldo et al. 2018), in addition to having proven antimicrobial action. Pteridium aquilinum s. lat. (13 med. cit.) predominant use is vermifuge, but also antirheumatic, expectorant, diuretic, and against tuberculosis. Its medicinal use is widely documented in other places, like North America and Asia (Vetter 2011), with records of antioxidant and antimicrobial substances (Kardong et al. 2013). Selaginella convoluta (13 med. cit.) has a generalist use, for treating disorders of the respiratory and genitourinary system, infectious diseases in general, and fevers and pain. Phlebodium decumanum (10 med. cit.) is also used widely, but for treating jaundice, liver and spleen disorders, pain and rheumatism. With nine medicinal use citations, also widely used, is Adiantum capillus-veneris. It stands out in the consulted sources, especially older, because of cápilária (capillary), a medicine used for several treatments and produced from this plant. It is listed as a dewormer, diuretic, pectoral and many others. Other species often cited include Microgramma vacciniifolia (8 med. cit.); Lycopodium clavatum L. (7); Cyathea microdonta (Desv.) Domin (6); and Palhinhaea cernua (L.) Franco & Vasc. (6). Ornamental and Potentially Ornamental uses Ornamental pteridophytes comprises 85 species within 129 use citations (Table 2). If this was added to the Potentially Ornamental species (discounting the overlaps), they would make up to a total of 239 species, becoming the most used category. Ornamental plants are those that stand out visually and are used by people to fill and decorate spaces, allowing for visual contact with nature (Lorenzi & Souza 2001). Pteridophytes are valuable as ornamental, with a great diversity of forms to create foliages, arrangements in bouquets, and decorative spaces. Ornamental species found in this survey comprise this wide variety of forms, from arborescent species like Dicksonia sellowiana and Cyathea phalerata Mart., to small or delicate ones like Davallia fejeensis Hook. or Selaginella exaltata (Kunze) Spring. The most cited species (Table 2) is Adiantum raddianum (8 ornamental use citations). It is known as adianto, avenca, capilária, sapatinho-de-anjo and other variations of the name avenca and is the most referred plant with this name. It is very delicate, with a distinct leaf shape, widely marketed and studied by horticulture, with described cultivation and propagation techniques (Amaki & Higuchi 1990, Fujino & Reid 1983). It has several varieties selected for cultivation (Brickell 2003). Rumohra adiantiformis (popularly known in Brazil as samambaia-preta - black fern) follows, with seven ornamental use citations. It is well-documented for its ornamental use, in Brazil and other countries (Baldauf et al. 2007, Souza et al. 2006, Milton & Moll 1988), for the production of floral arrangements, due to the long time the fronds remain green after being removed from the soil. In Brazil, it is collected by local populations for commercialization, as a way of supplementing family income, with its extraction and management methods documented in literature (Baldauf et al. 2007, Souza et al. 2006). Other frequently cited species include Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott, Davallia fejeensis, Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link (5 orn. cit. each), Platycerium bifurcatum, Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl (4), Phlebodium decumanum and Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott (3). The remaining species were only cited once or twice. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 13 Despite the volume of data collected, this list does not contain every ornamental species in Brazil: only in the florist virtual catalogs of big floriculture like Úrsula® and Veiling Holambra® other species that do not appear in the sources are marketed as ornamental, such as Asplenium bulbiferum G. Forst. (samambaia-indica) and Selaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A. Braun (tapete-amarelo). Unfortunately, it was not possible to quantify the number of species in these catalogs, since not all of them are taxonomically identified. Records of the cultivated varieties also did not appear in any of the 124 sources. Opposingly, if a survey was carried out only on commercial plants, it would not describe all ornamental pteridophytes in Brazil, as some species are only collected, and others have their uses restricted to certain places or groups. In addition to being a traditionally ornamental group, its sales have expanded in the horticulture market in a recent and urban cultural phenomenon, still poorly documented. The text published in the general circulation magazine “Elle” (D'Amaro 2021) documents the 25% increase in fern sales by one of the largest distributors in the country in 2021, following the growth of the ornamental plant market during the COVID-19 pandemic due to people's need to get closer to nature in this period of isolation. It was necessary to highlight species with imprecise ornamental registers that are probably only potentially ornamental (PO in Tables 2 and 3). This encompasses 165 use citations for 156 species (Table 2). When observing these species closely, it is clear that most wouldn’t be cultivated or ornamental. Most are not domesticated or commercialized, and some are endemic or restricted to small areas, threatened, or have no other records of use in the sources. A remarkable example is Pleopeltis trindadensis (Brade) Salino, an endemic species from Trindade Island (state of Espírito Santo), the most remote inhabited place in the country, which only occurs naturally with no record of use or cultivation. Other species are too delicate and have no other documentation of extraction or planting. Even so, there are beautiful species whose ornamental potential could be investigated. The overlap with ornamental use citations occurs only for two species [Cyclodium heterodon (Schrad.) T. Moore, and Phlebodium decumanum], but it shows the possibility of finding other ornamental records for these species in further searches. Ritual uses This category comprises 13 use citations for eight species (Table 2). Lygodium volubile was the only one cited more than once (6 rit. cit.). Pteridophytes can be associated with African-based religions (Albuquerque et al. 2007, Reinaldo et al. 2015) and appear in this context here, but in other contexts as well, such as mystical species for Xucuru indigenous people and riverside communities of the Amazon. There are also records of ritualistic use of ferns in the literature in Africa (Verger 1995) and other parts of the Americas where African-based religions are present (Brandon 1991). Lygodium volubile, the most cited species, is known as abre-caminho, segue-caminho or variations of the name samambaia, being used (like Lygodium venustum) in purification baths (Albuquerque et al. 2007) and other rituals of African-based religions. It is visually quite distinctive, which can help communities identify and use the species more consistently. However, it is very similar in morphology to Lygodium venustum and shares the same popular name, which may explain the use of both species for the same purposes. Abre-caminho is also a popular name in African-based religions, and is used for other species of vascular plants, like Justicia gendarussa Burm. (Acanthaceae). In Reinaldo et al. (2015), the authors propose that pteridophytes are often associated with African-based religions due to their use in baths and rituals. Despite the few records found in the scientific literature, online herbalists that sell plants for ritual uses frequently register pteridophyte species, often under the popular name samambaia, and there’s information on online blogs on the importance of ferns in tradition, although with no taxonomic description. In the scientific literature, there is little information on the use of pteridophytes in religious rituals, and the results in search engines are scarcer for the subject of plants of ritual use, making it more difficult to investigate. Food use Food use was cited 11 times among six different species (Table 2). The only species cited more than once is Pteridium aquilinum s. lat. (6 food use citations). As it occurs for ritualistic uses, few ethnobotanical works focused on this use were found in databases. Pteridophytes are not traditional food species, especially within the commercial circuit. In addition to the little diversity of color, flavor, and aromas, they do not have fruits or seeds, plant structures most frequently commercialized as food. Some are also described as bitter or unpalatable, and others are cited as scarcity food. In Asian countries, ferns are more popular edible plants (Singh & Khare 2011, Giri Ethnobotany Research and Applications 14 & Uniyal 2022, Liu et al. 2012, Sujarwo et al. 2014), while in Brazil they are used in specific places and cultural contexts, being out of the mainstream commercial circuit, and usually collected rather than cultivated. Pteridium aquilinum s. lat., the most frequently mentioned species, has its use limited to specific regions and is even considered an Unconventional Food Plant (PANC) (Kinupp & Lorenzi 2014). Its shoots are used in the city of Ouro Preto and throughout the state of Minas Gerais, and its preparation and chemical composition are well documented in the literature. It is used sparsely in other places, although it grows spontaneously in nature in different parts of the country, to the point of being considered a weed (Kinupp & Lorenzi 2014). Its sprouts are prepared in preserves and usually served boiled, as siding to other dishes. Its taste is described as bitter but tasty. The species is also toxic, making it less attractive for potential commercial use: the shoots contain possibly carcinogenic substances. For this reason, cooking with extensive boiling and changing the water used is indicated to avoid health problems (Kinupp & Lorenzi 2014, Lorenzi et al. 2011), as well as consuming it only occasionally. Other uses This category comprises 70 use citations for 47 species (Table 2), representing the least cited uses or those with less information about them. The species were grouped under subcategories of use: cultivated (25 use cit.), commercialized in markets (9), with described chemical compounds (6), aphrodisiac (6), planting substrates (4), stuffing (3), pharmacies drying (3), fertilizing (2), artisanal (2), aromatic (2), veterinary (2), hallucinogen (1), manufacturing brandy (1), manufacturing smoking pipes (1), fuel (1), smoking (1) and glass production (1). The most cited subcategory is cultivated species. They are mentioned as “present in greenhouses” or “cultivated” but with no further specified use. Most of them (18) have some other registered use. Those sold in markets also have no other specific purposes attached, but mostly are cited in other sources with well-defined uses, which can help infer the purpose of their sale. Some examples are Cyathea microdonta (only cited elsewhere as medicinal) or Lygodium venustum (only cited as medicinal and ritual). In the subcategory of described chemical compounds, Serpocaulon triseriale (Sw.) A.R. Sm. is worth mentioning: it contains coumarin, a factor that appears in other publications and is well documented. Its popular names are samambaia-cheirosa (fragrant-fern) and samambaiacumaru (coumarin-fern) and, like Christella patens (Sw.) Pic. Serm. (which also contains coumarin), it is also cited as aromatic. Species used as planting substrates include arborescent ones, whose caudex has already been extensively extracted, and its fibers used for manufacturing vases and substrates, especially for orchids. The caudex retains moisture and facilitates the root gas exchange for cultivated plants. Due to excessive extraction that led to the decrease of populations in nature, putting them at risk of extinction (Martinelli & Moraes 2013), the extraction of the xaxim (tree fern) (Dicksonia sellowiana) was prohibited in some places, as in the state of São Paulo since 2004, with state law nº 11.754. Also, other substrates can be used in the same way, such as synthetic fibers, coconut fiber, and mixtures of pine bark and charcoal. Pots of other materials are sometimes also sold under the name xaxim. Although it is not mentioned in the reviewed sources, the authors uncovered another use for Dicksonia sellowiana. A personal communication indicated that xaxim’s caudex was extensively cut off and placed over dynamite sticks in order to muffle explosions during the construction of the federal road BR-116 in Caxias do Sul (Rio Grande do Sul) in the late 1930’s, which could have contributed to the decrease of its populations in the region. Not-informed uses Some species cited as used did not have their use specified, listed under expressions such as “not informed”, “other” or simply blank spaces in the data sheets in the sources. These include 111 of the 786 use citations, comprising 94 species (Table 2). However, only 64 species have had no other uses described in all sources and are in fact species with no specified use. Toxicity remarks Some sources have listed species as toxic, including four citations related to two species: Pteridium aquilinum s. lat. (3 cit.) and Equisetum giganteum. Despite the well-documented toxicity record, these are, respectively, the most consumed pteridophyte for food and the most used medicinal one in the country according to this survey, which raises the possibility that this could be a public health issue. Pteridium aquilinum s. lat. contains toxic substances like ptaquiloside and pterosin B (considered carcinogenic) (Lorenzi et al. 2011) as well as thiaminase, an enzyme that degrades vitamin B1, which can cause a deficiency in both people and animals. It is described as toxic to horses and livestock in general, especially cattle (Tokarnia 2012), but also sheep and pigs (Hojo-Souza et al. 2010). All Ethnobotany Research and Applications 15 parts of the plant are described as toxic, especially the rhizome, but among the aerial parts the shoots (used as food) are the most toxic (Tokarnia 2012). Equisetum giganteum, on the other hand, has its toxicity recorded mainly for the large amount of silica in its tissues, which can be harmful to both humans and farm animals (Lorenzi & Matos 2008). In addition, it contains thiaminase (Lorenzi & Matos 2008), and its use is not recommended continuously due to the intensity of its diuretic effect. Although only two species were mentioned in the sources, others from this survey can be listed as toxic from the literature, such as Microgramma vacciniifolia (Albuquerque et al. 2014), Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott (Pohl 1955), and Equisetum hyemale (Lorenzi et al. 2011). Changes through history The sources encompass data from different moments in history, from the 16th century up to 2021. Most sources (100 out of 124) refer to data collected after the year 2000. Five refer to periods both before and after the year 2000, and 19 are from before the year 2000. Although most of the sources are quite recent, most recorded citations refer to before the year 2000: out of the 820 total citations, 562 were recorded in these 19 sources of older records. Over the time, some species presented changes in their uses, and many used historically are not used currently, with many species registering less diversity of uses in present times. This difference can be explained by three main factors: historical uses that no longer make sense, the breadth of the data contained in Pio Corrêa’s dictionary (1926, 1931, 1952, 1969, 1974, 1975) “Dicionário de Plantas Úteis do Brasil e das Exóticas Cultivadas” (hardly achieved through isolated ethnobotany surveys) and questionable citations of use in the dictionary. Among historical uses that are not currently applicable, there are cases like the horsetail, used previously to sand wood and metal due to the amount of silica crystals and druses in its mesophyll (Mello & Budel 2013) that confer the abrasive property. In some historical sources, it's named lixa-vegetal (vegetable sandpaper). It is also described as used to produce glass, which would be unlikely today, given the industrial methods of this process. Another example is Lycopodium clavatum, used as a drying agent for drugstore pills. The species is used today only for medicinal purposes. There are also species used for treating diseases that have been almost eradicated or with more efficient treatments today, such as tuberculosis (treated with Pteridium aquilinum s. lat. and Microgramma vacciniifolia). Among the 562 species citations, 409 are from Pio Corrêa's work, published in six volumes (1926, 1931, 1952, 1969, 1974, 1975). In his monumental dictionary, Pio Corrêa lists 234 pteridophyte species, representing 63% of those in our survey. The dictionary’s data is valuable and essential to our listing but presents inconsistencies and missing information about some species cited by the author. This happens for the 121 species only cited as Potentially Ornamental, and another 59 with no described use. A more in-depth investigation could find more records of uses for part of these 180 species, but some appear unlikely to be used by populations, due to factors like having no other records or being too fragile to cultivate. Many plants cited in Pio Corrêa’s dictionary also fall under the unconfirmed taxa category, due to being cited as native even though they are exotic to Brazil, with no occurrence confirmed in the national territory. Even so, the author registered them in Brazil, many with associated uses and popular names, such as Adiantum denticulatum Sw., Aleuritopteris farinosa (Forssk.) Fée, and Polypodium leucatomus Poir. Future studies could investigate which species the author is actually referring to when citing those. Unconfirmed taxa Beyond the 367 species (and 702 citations) with confirmed identities, 118 citations referring to 113 taxa were unconfirmed ones. Unconfirmed taxa are listed separately because they include taxa that was cited only up to genus level or those who, despite being listed as species in the source, refer to exotic ones we could not confirm that occurred or were ever used in the country. They sometimes represent misapplied names that were used to Brazilian specimens, and many even have popular names and uses associated. The list of unconfirmed taxa can be consulted in Table 3. Taxa poorly identified to species level represents 58 taxa out of 113 listed, and 63 of the 118 citations (others are identified only to genus level). Unconfirmed taxa had predominant ornamental (45), medicinal (29) and potential ornamental uses (23). There are still 22 not-informed uses, five under the “others” category and one ritualistic. Some examples include Polypodium leucotomos Poir., used for medicinal purposes in other countries (Choudhry et al. 2014), but not in Brazil, where it is exotic and has no cultivation confirmed. Another example is Asplenium auritum var. sulcatum Sw., (Lam.) Baker, which is registered as ornamental and medicinal, but does not occur in Brazil, despite being listed as native in the sources. Some popular names appear only in the unconfirmed taxa list (Table 3), such as samambaia-saia-de-baiana and samambaia-cabelo-de-anjo (Nephrolepis spp.), tupi-guarani [Lycopodiella alopecuroides (L.) Cranfill] and samambaia-de-penacho (Osmunda regalis L.). Ethnobotany Research and Applications 16 Popular names Popular names refer to local classification systems for species and show how plants are seen by human communities, their patterns of use, and how they are differentiated. Despite their enormous diversity, people tend to homogenize pteridophytes, and most species are simply called samambaia, feto, avenca, pinheirinho or cavalinha. In fact, only 60 of the 367 species recorded here are not under these denominations or variations of those (such as feto-macho-do-pará, avencão, samambaia-de-trepar). Patterns exist even among those with different popular names, as is the case for all species of the Ophioglossaceae family listed, all under the popular name língua-de-víbora, or all Equisetum species, called cavalinha (horsetail) and sold under this name. Grouping species under the same popular name could lead to confusion for identifying and using such species. It can be problematic especially for medicinal species, if the plant used incorrectly is toxic while originally used was not, or simply because it does not produce the desired medicinal effect. In addition, identification both by the population and researchers can be hampered. Folk names relate to their uses, whether or not they imply an effect, as it is the case for língua-de-víbora (viper’s tongue) [Cheiroglossa palmata (L.) C. Presl] and língua-de-víbora-do-campo (field viper’s tongue) [Botrypus virginianus (L.) Michx.], both used to treat snake bites, with similar names, but with different morphology and systematic positions. In addition, some popular names seem to have been created by the authors, especially in older sources (Barros & Andrade 1997, Pio Corrêa 1926, 1931, 1952, 1969, 1974, 1975). In these records they appear as almost exact transfers or translations of the scientific names from Latin to Portuguese, and it seems unlikely that they were designated popularly. This was a common practice in older publications, and it can also be noticed in others such as the Flora Ilustrada Catarinense (Sehnem & Reitz 1970). Some examples include blecno (for Blechnum spp.), equiseto (Equisetum spp.), himenófilo-polianto [Hymenophyllum polyanthos (Sw.) Sw.] and trichomaneselegante (Trichomanes elegans Rich.). Other names appear more frequently in old records, such as feto, which seems to have been used even more than samambaia for pteridophyte species. The popular names also show how uses changed over the time, as it is the case for the genus Equisetum, which in historical materials appear under names like lixa-vegetal (vegetable sandpaper) or limpa-prata (silver cleaner), referring to their use for sanding and polishing materials. In more recent sources, however, these species appear as cavalinha (horsetail), taquarinha and other names that do not refer to this use, which also ceases to appear in the record. Pteridophyte use representation among vascular plants On average, 1.5% of the species mentioned in sources that include other vascular species are pteridophytes, and in most sources (97) the proportion is up to 3% of the citations. For comparison, the general proportion of pteridophyte species for the total vascular species that occur in Brazil is 2.92% (FFB 2022). Analyzing only these numbers, pteridophytes don’t seem to be underrepresented in ethnobotany studies, though further investigations should be conducted. For now, we can only discuss how they are presented in this survey. On one hand, they make up a small part of the vascular plant’s lists and do not receive much attention in ethnobotany works, with few sources focused on discussing the group (Barros & Andrade 1997, Macedo & Nonato 2009, Reinaldo et al. 2015). Due to the delicate nature of some species and the lack of specialists to identify them, it is also common that they are not properly identified or even collected in surveys, although this data needs further investigation. On the other hand, the proportion of species of ethnobotanical use within the group is high (more than a quarter of the biodiversity available in Brazil, exceeding the initial expectations of this research), and almost all families present in the country are represented here. More investigation is required to assess whether or not the group is underrepresented and why. There are not many references that discuss this representation of pteridophytes, but the work by Reinaldo et al. (2015) comments on the disadvantages of including them in ethnobotanical surveys of free listing on any species, since there is a risk of being less cited compared to other vascular ones. The authors propose that the methods used are not suitable for collecting information about the group, and that it is sometimes less used because it is perceived as less effective (at least as medicinal). Conclusions This research leaves no doubt on the importance of pteridophytes used in Brazil, revealing biodiversity with ethnobotanical richness and even greater potential to explore. A large number of sources were collected, making this study a comprehensive compilation of current data, although it does not close discussions on the subject. It is also relevant for compiling and organizing this data in a single list with updated taxa, benefiting future studies that use this information. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 17 It also highlights the gaps in the current knowledge of the subject. Few sources focused on the group, accounting for only three works, and although others exist outside the scope of this work, those are still rare. Also, they are rarely mentioned within the universe of generalist studies, representing less than 2% of vascular species cited. The results returned by the search engines also showed a pattern among ethnobotanical publications within our scope of review (containing fern information for Brazil): most of those sources (60%) are focused on medicinal uses, while we found less sources regarding specifically ornamental, ritual, and food uses of ferns. It is also remarkable that most sources consult non-traditional groups. Although most sources are well distributed among the country regions, there is a gap in the Northern region: it houses the second highest biodiversity of pteridophytes in nature (FFB 2022) but is the least represented here. The region is diverse in human groups that use its plant resources (diverse indigenous peoples, caboclos, riverside people, and others). With the increasing advance of deforestation and damage caused to the traditional populations of the region, it is urgent to register the ethnobotanical richness and plant diversity. These matters of anthropogenic intervention pose a threat to pteridophyte species, and further studies and data collections could help track and understand the species conservation status in Brazil, in order to protect both the plants and the cultures who relate to them. A listing with this volume of ethnobotanical data for pteridophytes is unprecedented in Brazil and can be used as a starting point for other studies, such as deeper investigations of listed species, ethnobotanical, historical, phytochemical, and pharmacological works, filling in the gaps and investigating what that is not yet known on the subject. Pteridophytes are a rich group, whose potential use and symbolic relevance can be revisited and further explored by future studies, and this review leaves no doubt on that. Declarations List of abbreviations: spp. cit. = species citations, use cit. = use citations, med. cit. = medicinal use citations, orn. cit. = ornamental use citations, rit. cit. = ritual use citations, FFB = Flora e Funga do Brasil (2022), ICD-11 = 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases, m.y.a = million years ago, PPG I = Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group I (2016), RENISUS = List of Medicinal Plants of Interest to the Unified Health System (SUS), S. lat. = sensu lato, Spp. = species. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Availability of data and materials: All data are available in the manuscript. Competing interests: There are no competing interests. Authors contributions: CMM conducted the research, data collecting and tabulation, drafted the manuscripts and translated and formatted the article in English, FG gathered some bibliography, reviewed the taxonomic and nomenclatural data, provided images to compose figures, and improved some discussions, MRR provided many discussions and data interpretations, and collaborated with formal academic support. Funding statement: funding was provided by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) as a Master’s Scholarship for the corresponding author. Acknowledgements We thank every collaborator, from the people who use ferns as their plant resources to each scientist who published the works gathered here. We also thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for financing this research through the Master’s scholarship, the Universidade de Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Graduate Program in Botany (PPGBot-UFRGS) for research support, and the Universidade de Caxias do Sul for providing the needed working facilities and infrastructure for the development of this study. Literature Cited Al-Snafi AE. 2017. The pharmacology of Equisetum arvense - A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 7(2):31-42. Agra MF, Baracho GS, Nurit K, Basílio IJLD, Coelho VPM. 2006. Medicinal and poisonous diversity of the flora of “Cariri Paraibano”, Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111(2):383-395. Albertasse PD, Thomaz LD, Andrade MA. 2010. Plantas medicinais e seus usos na comunidade da Barra do Jucu, Vila Velha, ES. Revista brasileira de plantas medicinais 12:250-260. 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