Regsvinding: Die nederlandse en duitse ervaring
Willemien Du plessis1990, Koers - Bulletin for Christian Scholarship
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The South African judiciary prefers non-critical interpretation of the law (especially legislation). In the Netherlands and Germany there is an ongoing debate on the role of the judiciary as lawmakers. In South Africa, however, the discussion o f new ways of interpretation o f legislation has up till now excluded this possibility. In this article a short overview o f lawmaking in general is given. Following that, lawmaking in the interpretation o f legislation is discussed with reference to the role of equity, the interpretation o f general terms and phrases, the filling o f gaps in legislation, the modification of strict law, the role of discretionary powers and the testing o f legislation. The aim of the article is to add another point o f view to the present debate on law reform, of which the interpretation of statutes is, amongs other aspects, a central theme. This is especially relevant considering the rol of the Smith African judiciary subsequent to the introduction o f a Bill o f Rights.
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R E G S V IN D IN G :
D IE N E D E R L A N D S E E N D U IT S E
E R V A R IN G
W . d u P le s sis
D e p a r te m e n t R o m e in s e R e g e n R e g s p lu r a lis m e
P o tc h e f s tr o o m s e U n iv e r s ite it v ir C H O
PO TCH EFSTRO O M
A b s tr a c t
The So uth A frican judiciary prefers non-critical interpretation o f the law (especially legislation). In
the N etherlands a n d G erm a n y there is an ongoing debate on the role o f the ju dicia ry as lawmakers.
In Sou th A frica, however, the discussion o f ne w ways o f interpretation o f legislation has u p till no w
e x c lu d e d th is p o s s ib ility . In th is artic le a sh or t ove rview o f la w m a k in g in ge ne ral is given .
F ollowing that, law m a kin g in the interpretation o f legislation is d iscussed with reference to th e role
o f equity, th e interpretation o f general term s a n d phrases, the fillin g o f g ap s in le gisla tion , the
m o dificatio n o f strict law, the role o f discretionary pow ers a n d the testing o f legislation. T h e a im o f
th e article is to a d d a n o th e r p o in t o f view to the p re se n t de ba te o n la w reform , o f w h ic h th e
in terpretation o f statu tes is, a m o n g s o th e r aspe cts, a central th e m e . T h is is e sp ec ia lly relevant
considering the rol o f the Sm ith A frican ju diciary subsequent to the in troduction o f a B ill o f R ights.
1.
I n le id in g
In S u id - A f r ik a w o r d d a a r in ’n t o e n e m e n d e m a te w e tg e w in g o o r ’n v e r s k e id e n h e i d
te r r e i n e u itg e v a a r d ig . I n d iv id u e le v ry h e id w o rd n ie a lty d n a b e h o r e in d ie w e tg e w in g
b e s k e r m n ie . D a a r w o r d g e le i d e li k v a n ’n h o o f s a a k lik o n g e k o d if is e e r d e r e g s te ls e l
w e g b e w e e g n a ’n s a m e le w in g "g e r e g le m e n te e rd " b y w y se v a n w e tg e w in g .
R eg svin d in g k a n g e d e f in ie e r w o rd a s d ie s k e p v a n n u w e re g s n o r m e (v ry e re g s v in d in g ) o f
d ie a a n p a s v a n b e s t a a n d e w e tg e w e n d e m a a t r e ë l s ( g e b o n d e re g s v in d in g ) d e u r ’n re g s p r e k e n d e a m p t e n a a r . I n d ie S u id - A f r ik a a n s e r e g k o m u it le g r e ë ls w a t b y d i e in te r p r e t a s ie v a n w e tg e w in g a a n g e w e n d w o rd v o o r. D ié r e e ls is o n d e r a n d e r e v e r v a t in d ie
I n t e r p r e t a s i e W e t 3 3 v a n 1957 e n is ’n m e n g s e l v a n R o m e in s - H o lla n d s e e n E n g e ls e re g .
A s g e v o lg v a n d ie in v lo e d v a n d ie E n g e ls e r e g is d ie S u id - A f r ik a a n s e h o w e h u iw e r ig
o m v iy e r e g s v in d in g (v g l. 2.2 h ie r o n d e r ) b y d ie in t e r p r e ta s i e v a n w e tg e w in g to e te p a s .
W e tg e w in g in S u id - A f r ik a w o r d s o m s o o r m a t i g b e w o o r d t e n e i n d e t e v e r h o e d d a t
l e e m te s ( lo o p h o le s ) in d ie w e t v o o rk o m . D a a r t e e n o o r w o rd r e g s r e ë ls in g e k o d if is e e r d e
r e g s te ls e ls s o o s d ie D u its e e n N e d e r la n d s e r e g m e e r a lg e m e e n b e w o o r d e n k a n d ie
r e g s p r e k e r s s e lf d ie r e ê ls n a g e la n g v a n d ie g e v a l in te r p r e te e r .
K oers 5 5 (4 ) 1990 :56 5-58 4
565
R eg svin d in g : d ie N e d e rla n d se e n D u its e erva rin g
V e r s k e i e s t e m m e g a a n o p v ir 6 f d i e d a a r s t e l v a n ’n n u w e ó f d ie a a n p a s s i n g v a n
b e s t a a n d e u itle g te o r ie ë e n lo f w a a r d ig e w e r k is a lr e e d s in h ie r d ie v e r b a n d v e rrig . (V gl.
b y v o o r b e e ld C o w e n , 1 9 8 0 :3 7 4 -3 9 9 ; D u g a r d , 1 9 8 1 a :1 8 1 -2 0 0 ; 1 9 7 8 :3 6 6 -3 7 3 ; D u P le ssis ,
1 9 7 9 :3 6 -8 5 ; 1 9 8 1 :2 1 1 -2 1 7 ; 1 9 8 6 b :2 9 -6 0 ; 1 9 8 6 a :2 5 7 -2 7 1 ; D u T o it, 1 9 77 :1 1 -2 1 ; F o rs y th
e n S c h i l l e r , 1 9 8 1 :2 1 8 - 2 3 0 ; L a b u s c h a g n e , 1 9 8 3 :4 2 2 - 4 2 5 ;
1 9 8 9 :2 0 5 - 2 1 1 ; L a te g a n ,
1 9 8 0 :1 0 7 -1 2 6 ; V a n d e n B e r g h , 1 9 82 ; 1 9 8 1 :1 3 6 -1 4 9 .) D ie v r a a g h o e w e tte g e i'n te rp re t e e r m o e t w o rd , v e rk r y to e n e m e n d e b e la n g in d ie lig v a n u it d ie m o o n tlik e a a n v a a r d in g
v a n ’n m e n s e r e g a k t e ( e n d ie d a a r m e e g e p a a r d g a a n d e in t e r p r e ta s i e v a n b e s t a a n d e w e tg e w in g w a t ’n o n b illik e u itw e r k in g h e t) . R e g s v in d in g a s te o r ie v o r m n ie ta n s d e e l v a n
d ie u itle g d e b a t n ie , m a a r d ie ro l v a n d ie r e g b a n k in ’n n u w e k o n s titu s io n e le b e s te l sal
n o o d w e n d ig e rw y s t e r s p r a k e m o e t k o m .
In D u its la n d e n N e d e r la n d is d ie d e b a t o o r re g s v in d in g r e e d s la n k a a n d ie g a n g . D a a r
w o rd b e to o g d a t d ie r e g te r s w y e r b e v o e g d h e d e v e r le e n m o e t w o rd te n e in d e v ry e r e g s
v in d in g te k a n to e p a s . A a n d ie a n d e r k a n t b e s t a a n d ie v r e e s d a t d ie to e p a s s in g v a n
v ry e r e g s v in d in g ju is t o t r e g s o n s e k e r h e id k a n le i. I n D u its la n d is d ie t e e n s ta n d v e ra l
g e b a s e e r o p d ie m o o n tlik e m a g w a t d it in d ie h a n d e v a n d ie r e g te rs k a n p la a s - ie ts w a t
in g ro o ts k a a ls e r e g s o n s e k e r h e id (s o o s in d ie W e im a r r e p u b lie k ) k a n r e s u lte e r .
I n h ie r d ie a r t i k e l w o r d reg sv in d in g in d ie a lg e m e e n k o r tlik s b e s p r e e k e n d ie v o o r - e n
n a d e le u ite e n g e s it.
D a a r n a w o r d d ie s p e s if i e k e g e v a ll e w a a r v ry e r e g s v in d in g t e r
s p r a k e k o m , b e s p r e e k - v e r a l m e t v e rw y s in g n a d ie D u its e e n N e d e r l a n d s e p o s is ie .
H ie r d i e a r tik e l b e o o g n ie o m ’n n u w e u itle g te o r ie d a a r te s te l n ie m a a r o m re g s v in d in g
( e n d ie r o l v a n d ie r e g t e r in d ié v e r b a n d ) - m e t d ie o o g o p d ie d a a r s te llin g v a n n u w e
u itle g te o r ie ë - to t d ie u it le g d e b a t to e te v o e g .
2.
2 .1
R e g s v in d in g in d ie a lg e m e e n
V e r a n tw o o r d e lik h e id v a n d ie h o w e
I n ’n v e r a n d e r e n d e w ê r e ld k a n d ie r e g e n g e v o lg lik o o k d ie in t e r p r e t a s i e v a n d ie re g
n ie s t a t i e s b ly n ie . D ie r e g k a n a s ’n le w e n d e o r g a n i s m e b e s k r y f w o r d w a a r v a n d ie
v o o r t b e s ta a n a f h a n g v a n d ie m a t e w a a r to e d it in s t a a t is o m by v e r a n d e r e n d e o m s ta n d ig h e d e a a n t e p a s
( J a f f e , 1 9 6 9 :1 ; C a p p e l l e t t i , 1 9 8 9 :1 9 ).
D r ie w e s e n li k e v r a e is o f
r e g t e r s n u w e r e g k a n s k e p , b e s t a a n d e r e g k a n w y sig in d ie n d a a r n ie v ir ’n s p e s if ie k e
g e v a l v o o r s ie n in g g e m a a k w o r d n ie , e n o f w e tg e w in g n ie tig v e r k l a a r k a n w o r d in d ie n
d it n ie a a n d ie e is e v a n g e r e g tig h e id e n b illik h e id v o ld o e n n ie .
M e t d ie v e r g r o tin g v a n s ta a ts m a g e n b u r o k r a s ie a s o o k d ie to e n e m e n d e r e g u le r in g v a n
d ie o n d e r d a a n , v e r g r o o t d ie h o w e s e v e r a n tw o o r d e lik h e id d a a g lik s o m re g e n g e re g tig -
566
K oers 5 5 (4 ) 1 9 90 :56 5-584
W. d u P lessis
h e id t e l a a t g e s k ie d . D it le i d a a r t o e d a t d ie r e g b a n k v o o r ’n k e u s e g e s te l w o r d : d ie
h o w e k a n a a n d ie e e n k a n t b lo o t d ie tr a d is i o n e le n e g e n ti e n d e - e e u s e r o l a s v e r to lk e r
v a n d ie b e s t a a n d e r e g b ly v e r v u l o f to t ’n " d e r d e m a g " g r o e i w a t d ie w e tg e w e r e n
s t a a t s a d m i n i s t r a s i e r e g u l e e r e n b e h e e r . I n d ie e e r s t e g e v a l b e s t a a n d ie g e v a a r d a t
v e r tr o u e in d ie r e g te r lik e g e s a g v e r lo r e k a n g a a n o m d a t d ie h o w e riie in s t a a t is o m d ie
in w o n e rs v a n ’n s t a a t te b e s k e r m te e n m is b ru ik d e u r d ie w e tg e w e r e n s t a a ts a d m in is tr a
sie n ie . D ie tw e e d e o p s ie is o n p r a k tie s o m d a t d ie h o f s tr u k tu u r to t ’n g r o o t o n g e k o n tr o l e e r d e b u r o k r a s i e k a n o n tw ik k e l w a a r o n r e g e n u it b u i t i n g v o o r k o m ( C a p p e l l e t t i ,
1 9 8 9 :2 0 ) .
A a n g e s i e n d ie t r a d i s i o n e l e s t r u k t u r e n ie m e e r a a n d ie e is e v a n d ie ty d
v o ld o e n n ie , h e t d it d a a r t o e g e le i d a t d ie r e g te r lik e g e s a g in v e r s k ille n d e la n d e u itg e b r e i is o m w e tg e w in g (b v. in d ie V .S .A .) e n a d m in is tra tie w e h a n d e lin g e v a n s ta a ts o r g a n e (b v. in F r a n k r y k e n N e d e r la n d ) a a n to e ts in g te o n d e r w e r p ( C a p p e lle tti, 1989 :19).
D ie g r o e i in p a r l e m e n t ê r e g e s a g h e t d ie v e r d e r e g e v o lg d a t r e g t e r s t o e n e m e n d d ie
r u i m t e g e l a a t w o r d o m le e m t e s in w e tg e w in g te vu l e n o n s e k e r h e d e e n te e n s p r a a k
d a a r in u it te s k a k e l ( C a p p e lle tti, 19 8 9:3 -4 ). I n la n d e w a a r ’n m e n s e r e g te h a n d v e s a a n
g e t r e f w o r d , w o r d d a a r m e e r k r e a tiw ite it v a n d ie r e g t e r v e rw a g in d ie v e r to lk in g ( e n
u itb o u in g ) v a n d ié r e g te (J a f f e , 1969:2; C a p p e lle tti, 1989:3-4).
D it m o e t in g e d a g te g e h o u w o rd d a t d ie f u n k s ie v a n r e g te r s v a n la n d to t la n d e n p le k
to t p le k k a n v e rs k il a f h a n g e n d e v a n d ie o m s ta n d ig h e d e , k u ltu u r e n d ie s t r u k tu u r v a n
d ie s a m e le w in g e n d ie r e g b a n k ( C a p p e lle tti, 198 9:3 9 -5 2 ; J a f f e , 1 9 6 9 :1 0 ) . R e g sv in d in g
so u d u s o o k v e rs k ille n d g e 'in te r p r e te e r k a n w o rd .
2.2
V erskyningsvorm e
In ’n re g s g e d in g k a n f e ite v r a e ( n a a a n le id in g v a n d ie g e tu ie n is v o o r d ie h o f ) e n re g s v r a e ( n a a a n le id in g v a n d ie r e g s p o s is ie ) n a v o r e k o m . I n d ie n d ie h o f ’n o o r d e e l m o e t
v e l o o r d i e r e g s v r a a g , k a n h y ’n u i t g e k r i s t a l l i s e e r d e g e m e n e r e g s r e ë l o f ’n s t a t u t ê r e
b e p a lin g to e p a s ( lo g ie s e to e p a s s in g v a n d ie r e g ) . I n d ie n d ie r e g s p o s is ie o n s e k e r is o f
d ie s t a tu u t n ie d u id e lik is n ie , d a n m o e t h y re g s v in d in g to e p a s ( te le o lo g ie s e to e p a s s in g
v a n d ie re g ).
R e g s v in d in g k a n g e b o n d e o f v ry w e e s . B y g e b o n d e r e g s v in d in g p a s d ie r e g t e r d ie
b e s t a a n d e r e ë l s v a n w e ts u itle g t o e o f, in d ie g e v a l v a n d ie g e m e n e r e g , v in d hy d ie r e g
o b je k tie f - h is to r ie s . D ie b e d o e lin g v a n d ie w e tg e w e r m o e t o n d e r a n d e r e b y d ie u itle g
v a n w e tg e w in g v a s g e s te l w o rd . I n d ie n d ie b e d o e lin g n ie d u id e lik b ly k n ie e n d ie w e t v ir
m e e r d e r e in t e r p r e ta s i e s v a tb a a r is, k o m v ry e re g s v in d in g t e r s p r a k e . D ie r e g t e r m o e t
in s o ’n g e v a l a n d e r s t e w e r k g a a n e n ”n u w e “ r e g v in d . D it k a n h y d o e n d e u r e lk e g e v a l
a f s o n d e r l i k te b e s l i s ( k a s u ï s t i e s ) o f h y d e u r u i t l e g v a n d ie w e t ( in tr a le g e m - n a
K o ers 5 5 (4 ) 1 99 0:5 65 -5 8 4
567
R egsvinding: d ie N ederlan d se en D u itse ervaring
a a n le id in g v a n d ie w e t o f p r a e te r leg em - b u ite o m d ie w e t) to t ’n b e s lis s in g k o m .
(V g l.
in d ie v e r b a n d U y te r h o e v e n , 1 95 9:8 -1 0, 95 .)
D r i e v o r m e v a n v ry e r e g s v in d in g k a n o n d e r s k e i w o r d
( H ir s c h B a ll in , 1 9 7 9 :4 6 -5 7 ;
L o k in , 19 8 4 :4 0 ; W ia r d a , 1 9 8 8:1 -1 50 ):
*
D ie r e g t e r tr e e b lo o t a s i n t e r p r e t e e r d e r v a n w e tg e w in g o p . H y k a n a lg e m e n e r e ë ls
u it b r e i e n to e p a s . H ie r d i e v o rm v a n re g s v in d in g m o e t o p o b je k tie w e m a a ts ta w w e
s o o s in d ie w e tg e w in g o m s k ry f, b e r u s ( H ir s c h B a llin , 1 9 7 9 :4 6-4 7; V a n d e n B u rg h
e t a l., 1 9 8 5 :1 0 5 ). ( I n N e d e r la n d s o u d i t b e s t u u r s m a ti g b e r u s o p d ie s o g e n a a m d e
a lg e m e n e b e g in s e ls v a n b e h o o r l ik e b e s t u u r ( a l g e m e e n b e k e n d a s a b b b ) . V gl. b y
v o o r b e e ld d ie t e r r e i n v a n s o s ia le v e r s e k e r in g - S c h r e u d e r - V a ls b lo m , 1 9 89 :7 .)
*
I n o n g e k o d i f i s e e r d e r e g s te ls e ls s o o s d ie A n g lo - A m e r ik a a n s e ( B r i t t a n j e e n d ie
V .S .A .) e n g e m e n g d e r e g s te ls e ls (b v . d ie R .S .A .) p a s d ie r e g te r u itg e k r is ta llis e e r d e
r e g to e , o f s te l hy d ie r e g s p o s is ie d e u r m id d e l v a n d ie re g s h is to r ie s e o f re g s v e rg e ly k e n d e m e t o d e v a s . ( V e r g e ly k bv. S u m a tie v V e n te r e n A n d e r 199 0 1 S A 173 (T ) ;
B a n k o f L is b o n v D e O r n e la s 1989 3 S A 5 8 0 ( A ); D u P le ssis v S tr a u s s 1988 2 S A
105 ( A ).)
*
D ie r e g te r se ta a k a s w e ts v e r to lk e r:
h y m o e t t o t ’n g e r e g v e r d i g d e o f b il li k e
b e s lis s in g k o m a l s o u d it m e e b r in g d a t g e ly k e g e v a lle o n g e ly k b e h a n d e l s o u w o rd
( A b a s , 1 9 7 2 :3 ; H ir s c h B a llin , 1 9 7 9 :4 8 ). D e u r d ie to e p a s s in g v a n b illik h e id s b e g in s e ls k a n d ie r e g s r e ë ls v e r s k ill e n d d e u r v e r s k ill e n d e r e g t e r s g e k o n k r e t i s e e r w o rd
(H ir s c h B a llin , 1 9 7 9 :5 0 ,5 7 ).
23
K ritiek te e n regsvinding
G e b o n d e re g s v in d in g k o m a lg e m e e n by w e ts u itle g v o o r. D ie m e e s te k r itie k w o rd te e n
v ry e r e g s v in d in g g e le w e r . ( V e r g e ly k
1 9 5 9 :4 9 - 5 0 ;
h i e r o o r C a p p e ll e tt i, 1 9 8 9 :3 5 -3 9 ; U y te r h o e v e n ,
D e v lin , 1 9 6 5 :4 - 7 , 1 6 -1 8 ;
H a r t , 1 9 5 8 :6 0 9 - 6 1 3 ; F u l l e r , 1 9 5 8 :6 6 9 - 6 7 1 ;
W ia r d a , 1 9 8 8 :1 4 5 -1 4 6 .)
D ie g r o o ts te b e s w a a r t e e n v ry e re g s v in d in g is d a t d it m o e ilik is o m d ie g r e n s e d a a r v a n
v a s te s te l.
D ie r e g t e r s k a n w ill e k e u r i g o p t r e e - ie t s w a t t o t r e g s o n s e k e r h e i d le i -
a a n g e s i e n h y n ie n e t d ie o b je k tie w e re g to e p a s n ie , m a a r d it s e lf o o k v a s s te l (W ia r d a ,
1 9 8 8 :9 7 , 9 9, 1 0 2 ). S o o s h ie r b o a a n g e t o o n , k a n ’n te w ye to e p a s s in g to t " r e g sm isb ru ik "
le i. D a a r t e e n o o r w o r d a a n g e v o e r d a t d ie r e g t e r sle g s b in n e d ie p r o s e d u r e le v o o rs k rif te
k a n o p t r e e . In s e k e r e la n d e ( o .a . d ie R .S .A .) is h y g e b o n d e a a n v o r ig e h o f u its p r a k e ,
d ie o b je k tie w e m a a ts ta w w e w a t in w e tg e w in g a a n g e t r e f w o rd e n k a n hy o o k u it a a n v e r -
568
K o er s 5 5 (4 ) 1 9 9 0 :5 6 5 -5 8 4
W. du Plessis
w a n te r e g s te ls e ls "le e n ". D ie u its p r a a k m o e t v o o r ts ’n r e d e lik e e n b illik e u itw e r k in g h ê ,
n ie a lle e n v ir d ie p a r ty e n ie , m a a r v ir d ie g e m e e n s k a p a s g e h e e l. D ié r e g w a t hy "vind",
m o e t p r a k tie s to e g e p a s w o rd e n re g s e k e r h e id m a g n ie d e u r sy u its p r a a k a a n g e ta s w o rd
n ie .
D ie m a a t s t a w w e w a a r v o lg e n s d ie r e g t e r o o r d e e l , m o e t e g t e r s t e e d s o b j e k t i e f
v a s s te lb a a r w e e s e n m o e t a lty d a a n d ie e is v a n g e re g tig h e id v o ld o e n .
’n T w e e d e p u n t v a n k r itie k w a t g e o p p e r w o r d , e n b y b o g e n o e m d e a a n s lu itin g v in d , is
d a t re g s v in d in g to t k a su 'istie se r e g s p r a a k a a n le id in g k a n g e e . D ie te r s a a k lik e re g s p o s is ie k a n d u s m o e ilik d e u r le k e e n r e g s p r a k tis y n s v a s g e s te l w o rd . D ié b e s w a a r v e rv a l
in d ie n d ie sta re d e c is is-re ë l (n a v o lg in g v a n v o rig e h o f u its p r a k e ) k o r r e k to e g e p a s w o rd .
D e r d e n s o n ts ta a n d ie v r a a g o f d ie r e g w a t d ie h o w e s k e p , n ie te r u g w e r k e n d v a n to e p a s sin g g e m a a k s a l w o r d n ie , v e r a l in d ie n v r o e ë r a n d e r s t e n a a n s ie n v a n s o o r tg e ly k e h a n d e lin g e b e s lis is. I n d i e n d i t d ie g e v a l s o u w e e s , w o r d b e w e e r d a t r e g s e k e r h e id in d ie
w ie le g e r y w o r d .
D a a r t e e n o o r w o r d d ie s t a n d p u n t in g e n e e m d a t v ry e r e g s v in d in g
E in ze lfa llg e r e c h tig k e it te n g e v o lg h e t. V o lg e n s la a s g e n o e m d e b e n a d e r i n g is d it d ie h o f
s e ta a k o m in te g ry p w a a r d ie re g o n b illik e g e v o lg e h e t. E n ig e h o f is o o k g e b o n d e a a n
o b je k tie w e k r ite r ia w a t d e u r ’n b e tr o k k e re g s te ls e l d a a r g e s te l is.
V ie r d e n s w o rd d ie b e s w a a r g e o p p e r d a t r e g te r s n ie w e tg e w e rs is n ie e n g e v o lg lik n ie in
s ta a t is o m m a a ts k a p lik e p r o b le m e o p d ie s e lfd e w yse a s w e tg e w e rs o p te lo s n ie . N ie a l
d ie b r o n n e w a t to t ’n w e tg e w e n d e lig g a a m se b e s k ik k in g is by d ie v o o r b e r e id i n g v a n
w e tg e w in g , is in ’n h o fg e d in g t e r in s a e n ie . D ie h o f is n ie in s t a a t o m d ie e k o n o m ie s e ,
s o s ia le e n p o li ti e k e w e r k lik h e d e in a g te n e e m s o o s w a t ’n w e tg e w e r s o u d o e n n ie - sy
u it s p r a a k b e r u s o p d ie a r g u m e n te v o o r d ie h o f. A lh o e w e l d ie r e g t e r d ie r e g in te r p r e te e r , in te g r e e r , v e r s a g e n so m s in b e p a a ld e g e v a lle d e n o v o s k e p , m a a k d it n ie v a n d ie
h o w e w e tg e w e rs n ie . D ie r e g te r bly s te e d s a a n b e p a a ld e g r e n s e o n d e r w o r p e . S o d r a ’n
h o f a s w e t g e w e r o p t r e e , is d i t n ie m e e r ’n h o f n ie - d a n g a a n o n p a r t y d i g h e i d e n
o b je k tiw ite it v e r lo r e .
(V g l. C a p p e l l e t t i , 1 9 8 9 : 5 -8 , 3 1 ;
J a f f e , 1 9 6 9 : 7 -9 ; W ia r d a ,
1988:97, 9 9 ,1 0 2 .)
L a a s te n s m e e n k r i ti c i v a n v ry e r e g s v in d in g d a t b y d ie a a n s t e ll in g v a n r e g t e r s a n d e r
f a k to r e s o o s p o li ti e k e , e k o n o m ie s e e n s o s ia le b e la n g e ’n ro l s p e e l. D i t w o r d v a n ’n
re g te r v e rw a g o m
p o li ti e s o n a f h a n k lik e n o n p a r ty d ig o p te t r e e
( W i a r d a , 1 9 8 8 :9 7
102). V o o r s t a a n d e r s v a n v ry e re g s v in d in g a r g u m e n te e r d a t d ie p o litie k e o n a f h a n k lik h e id e n o n p a r t y d ig h e i d v a n d ie r e g t e r g e w a a r b o r g w o r d o m d a t h y a lle e n to t ’n b e slissing k a n k o m m e t d ie m e d e w e rk in g v a n a l d ie p a r ty e in ’n s a a k . D it le i v a n s e lf d a a r t o e
d a t h y ’n o b j e k t i e w e o o r d e e l m o e t v e l o o r d i t w a t v o o r h o m b e t o o g is ( W i a r d a ,
1 9 8 8 :1 0 2 ; V a n H o e c k e , 1 9 7 9 :3 4 3 -3 4 4 ; S c h o lte n , 1 9 7 4 :1 2 3 ). I n h ie r d ie v e r b a n d is d ie
v ra a g o o r d ie r o l v a n d ie r e g t e r se e ie m o r e le in s ig te o o k t e r s a k e . A lg e m e e n g e s te l is
d it ’n d e b a t tu s s e n d ie v o o r s ta a n d e r s v a n d ie p o s itiv is m e e n d ie n a tu u r r e g . D ie p o siti-
K oers 5 5 (4 ) 19 9 0:5 65 -5 84
569
R eg sv in d in g : d ie N e d e r la n d s e e n D u its e ervaring
v is te k le e f a a n d ie l e t t e r v a n d ie re g ( fid e lity to la w ) te e n o o r d ie n a tu u r r e g t e lik e in te r p r e t a s ie v a n d ie r e g in to le r a tio n o f th e m a x im u m in d iv id u a l fr e e d o m th a t is c o n s is te n t
w ith th e integrity o f so ciety . (K y k in h ie r d ie v e r b a n d v e r a l d ie H a r t- D e v lin - F u lle r d e b a t H a r t, 1 9 5 8 :6 0 9-6 13 ; D e v lin , 1 9 6 5 :4 -7 ,1 6 -1 8 ; F u lle r , 1 9 5 8:66 9-67 1.)
3.
R e g s v in d in g b y w e ts u itle g
3 .1
D ie r o l v a n b illik h e id
V e r a l d ie e e r s te e n d e r d e v o r m v a n v ry e re g s v in d in g (d ie r e g te r a s i n t e r p r e t e e r d e r e n
w e t s v e r t o l k e r ) is in N e d e r l a n d v a n b e l a n g .
I n a l b e i g e v a ll e m o e t d i e r e g t e r ’n
m id d e w e g v in d tu s s e n a lg e m e n e re g s b e g in s e ls e n d ie k o n k r e te to e p a s s in g d a a r v a n m e t
in a g n e m in g v a n s e k e r e k r i t e r i a
( A b a s , 1 9 7 2 :4 2 ; H ir s c h B a llin , 1 9 7 9 :4 8 ) .
H ie rd ie
k r i t e r i a d i e n b l o o t a s h u l p m i d d e l s o m d ie r e g t e r in s t a a t te s te l o m t o t ’n b illik e
b e s lis s in g te k o m . G e k o n k r e t i s e e r d e b illik h e id so u m o o n tlik d a a r t o e k a n le i d a t d ie
re g s ta g n e e r ( A b a s , 1 9 7 2 :1 1 ,5 1 ; V a n d e r W e rf, 1 98 2 :1 7-2 2; W ia r d a , 19 88 :2 8 -3 0 , 50 -56 ,
1 0 5 -1 0 8 , 1 1 3 -1 1 6 ; H ir s c h B a ll in , 1 9 7 9 :1 1 0 - 1 1 1 ; V a n H o e c k e , 1 9 7 9 :3 3 8 -3 4 5 ; L o k in ,
1 9 8 4 :4 1 - 5 0 ).
D ie r e g t e r m o e t d u s o b je k t ie w e m a a ts ta w w e f o r m u le e r a a n d ie h a n d
w a a r v a n h y t o t ’n b il li k e b e s l is s in g k a n k o m
( A b a s , 1 9 7 2 :1 2 - 1 5 , 4 4 ; V a n H o e c k e ,
1 9 7 9 :3 4 3 -3 4 4 ).
B i l l i k h e i d s r e g s o o s d ie v r o e ë r e R o m e i n s e p r a e t o r i e s e r e g w o r d n ie in N e d e r l a n d
a a n g e t r e f n ie a a n g e s ie n d it in s try d m e t d ie k o d if ik a s ie b e g in s e l g e a g w o rd . B illik h e id s r e g s p r a a k w o r d e g t e r w e l a a n g e t r e f ( A b a s , 1 9 7 2 :5 1 ). D ie N e d e r la n d s e a r b itr a s ie r e g s p r a a k is ’n g o e ie v o o r b e e l d h ie r v a n ( D u y n s te e , 1 9 8 4 :9 4 -9 9 ; V a n E ik e m a H o m m e s ,
1 9 7 1 :3 9 -4 0 ; W ia r d a , 1 9 8 8 :3 4 ). A r b it r a s i e b e r u s o p d ie o o r e e n k o m s tu s s e n d ie p a rty e ;
d a a r i n k a n b e p a a l w o rd d a t b y k o m e n d e r e g s r e ë ls d e u r ’n r e g t e r g e s k e p k a n w o rd . D it
k a n o p d w in g e n d e r e g o f b il li k h e id b e r u s .
N e t s o o s d ie g e w o n e r e g t e r is d ie b illik -
h e id s r e g te r o o k iu d e x , a n d e r s s o u sy u it s p r a a k sle g s d e e l v a n d ie k o n tr a k g e v o r m h e t.
(S o ’n r e g t e r h e t b e s o n d e r e m a g - hy is g e b o n d e a a n d ie fo r m e le re g m a a r n ie a a n d ie
m a t e r i ë l e r e g n ie . S y r e g s p r a a k is d u s b il li k h e id s to e p a s s in g w a t a a n h o m ’n g r o t e r
v ry h e id a s d ié w a a r o o r g e w o n e r e g te r s b e s k ik , v e r le e n - D u y n s te e , 1 9 8 4:98 -90 ).
B illik h e id w o rd in v e r s k e ie v o r m e in d ie D u its e p u b lie k - e n p r iv a a tr e g a a n g e w e n d . D ie
B iirg erlich es G e s e tz b u c h ( B G B ) (v a n 1 8 9 6 -0 8 -1 8 ) m a a k s p e s if ie k e v e rw y sin g s n a b illik
h e id in o n d e r a n d e r e d ie k o n t r a k t e - s o w e l a s d ie d e li k te r e g . I n d ie p u b li e k r e g w o rd
a d m in is tr a tie w e h a n d e lin g e a a n d ie m a a ts ta w w e v a n b illik h e id g e m e e t. B illik h e id k o m
n ie s p e s ifie k in d ie G r u n d g e s e tz ( G G ) (v a n 19 49 -0 5 -2 3 ) v o o r n ie m a a r k a n a s o n d e rlig g e n d a a n d ie g e ly k h e id s b e g in s e l ( p a r 3 .1 ) b e s k o u w o rd . D ie G G m a a k o o k d ie w isse lw e rk in g tu s s e n p r iv a a t- e n d ie p u b lie k r e g m o o n tlik .
570
K oers 5 5 (4 ) 19 90 :5 6 5 -5 8 4
W. d u P lessis
W a n n e e r d ie r e g t e r ’n b e s lis s in g o p g ro n d v a n b illik h e id m a a k , is d it o m g e re g tig h e id
te b e w e r k s te llig ( G e r n h u b e r , 19 63 :2 0 6 ). B illik h e id d ie n v e r d e r a s b e s k e r m in g v ir d ie
in d iv id u t e e n r e g s m is b r u ik . I n g e ly k e o m s ta n d ig h e d e is d ie r e g t e r s te e d s v e r p lig o m
g e ly k e g e v a lle g e ly k te b e h a n d e l ( E s s e r , 19 6 3:37 ; S te in d o rff , 19 63:64 ).
V o lg e n s a r t ik e l 2 0 .3 G G is ’n r e g t e r a a n d ie r e g e n w e tg e w in g g e b o n d e . R e g d u i o p
r e g s n o r m e in d ie a lg e m e e n (W o lff, 1 98 6:8 0 -8 1 ) w a t re g in fo r m e le s in ( a l le w e tg e w in g
o n g e a g o f d it a lg e m e n e o f a b s tr a k te r e e lin g s t r e f s o o s d e u r d ie p a r le m e n t v e r o r d e n ) e n
r e g in m a t e r i ë l e s in ( g e w o o n te r e g ( g e s k r e w e o f o n g e s k r e w e ) , r e g t e r r e g , a lg e m e n e
r e g s n o r m e v a n d ie a d m in is tr a tie f - e n b u r g e r lik e r e g e n d ie v o lk e r e g ) in s lu it (W o lff,
1 9 8 6 :8 0 -8 2 ,9 0 -9 1 ; B ru g g e r, 198 9:2).
D ie v r a a g o f d ie r e g t e r to e g e l a a t w o r d o m d e u r m id d e l v a n v ry e r e g s v in d in g r e g te
s k e p , is r e e d s e tlik e d e k a d e s in D u its la n d t e r s p r a k e . T e e n d ie 19 e e e u w a s a lg e m e e n
a a n v a a r d a t g e w o o n te r e g in d ie p u b li e k r e g v o o r k o m ; d ie m a t e w a a r in d i t to e g e p a s
w a s, is e g t e r o n s e k e r . T e e n 1 9 1 0 h e t d a a r s te m m e o p g e g a a n d a t d ie g e w o o n te r e g - e n
in d ie b e s o n d e r b illik h e id - b y d ie u itle g v a n w e tg e w in g in a g g e n e e m m o e t w o rd . D ie
r e g t e r k o n e g t e r n e t v a n b illik h e id g e b r u i k m a a k a s a lg e m e n e n o r m e (s o o s b v . T reu
u n d G la u b e n ) in d ie b e t r o k k e w e tg e w in g g e b r u i k is o f a s l e e m t e s d a a r i n v o o r k o m
( F o r s th o f f , 1 9 7 3 :1 4 4 -1 4 6 ). V a n d a g g e s k ie d r e g s v in d in g s t e e d s d e u r d ie a a n w e n d in g
v a n b illik h e id b y d ie u it le g v a n u n b e s tim m te R e c h ts b e g r iffe ( a l g e m e n e n ie - o m s k r e w e
re g s b e g r ip p e ) , a s o o k b y d ie "re g ste l" v a n w e tg e w in g in d ie in d iv id u e le g e v a l ( v e r s a g tin g
v a n w e tg e w in g ), d ie a a n v u l v a n le e m te s in w e tg e w in g , d ie u ito e f e n in g v a n ’n d is k re s ie
e n d ie to e ts in g v a n w e tg e w in g .
I n d ie S u id - A f r ik a a n s e r e g k o m b illik h e id by w e ts u itle g t e r s p r a k e b y d i e a lg e m e n e
v e r m o e d e d a t d ie w e tg e w e r n ie o n r e g v e r d ig e o f o n b il li k e r e s u l t a t e b e o o g h e t n ie .
H i e r d i e v e r m o e d e is v e r d e r g e k o n k r e t i s e e r in v i e r s p e s if i e k e v e r m o e d e n s (v g l. D u
P le s s is , 1 9 8 6 a :2 6 8 -2 6 9 ; 1 9 8 6 b :8 3 -9 7 ).
V o lg e n s e e n v a n d ié v e r m o e d e n s , n a a m lik d a t
d ie w e tg e w e r n ie d ie b e s t a a n d e r e g m e e r a s w a t n o d ig is, w il w y sig n ie , m o e t d ie r e e l
( g e w o o n te - o f w e t t e r e g ) g e v o lg w o r d w a t d i e b il li k s t e e n r e d e l i k s t e u it w e r k in g h e t
( L a b u s c h a g n e , 1 9 8 1 :3 3 3 -3 3 4 ).
D u P le s s is ( 1 9 8 6 b :8 5 ) s t e l d i t s o o s v o lg :
(V g l. o o k
A lle n , 19 5 1 :3 9 0 -4 0 1 .)
... e q u i t y m u s t p r e v a il o n c e t h e ‘d e a r l e t t e r o f t h e law* h a s r e s u l t e d in u n d u e h a r d s h i p in th e
in d iv id u a l c a s e , b e c a u s e a to o - g e n e r a l l y f r a m e d p r e c e p t h a s n o t s u f l i d e n t l y p r o v id e d f o r t h e
p e c u l ia r itie s o f th e s p e c ific c o n c r e te in s ta n c e .
K o ers 5 5 (4 ) 1 9 9 0 :5 6 5 -5 8 4
571
R e gsvind in g: d ie N e d e rla n d s e e n D u its e ervaring
32
A lg e m e n e b e g r ip p e
W a a r d ie N e d e r la n d s e w e tg e w e r v a e n o r m e s o o s d ie " v e r k e e rs o p v a ttin g ”, " e ise v a n d ie
m a a t s k a p l ik e v e r k e e r " , " o p v a ttin g v a n d ie s f e e r w a a r t o e d ie p a r ty e b e h o o r t " e n "n a
o m s ta n d ig h e d e " g e b r u ik , m o e t d it d e u r d ie r e g te r g e k o n k r e tis e e r w o rd ( A b a s , 1972:11
4 6 -5 1 ; W ia r d a , 1 9 8 8 :3 0 ,5 4 ,1 0 5 - 1 0 6 ; H ir s c h B a llin , 1 9 7 9 :1 1 0 - 1 1 1 ).
I n d ie O n tw e r p
I n le id e n d e T ite l to t d ie N ie u w B u r g e r lik W e tb o e k (N B W - w a t n ie d e e l v a n d ie F inale
N B W g a a n u itm a a k n ie ) b e p a a l k lo u s u le 5 .2 d a t a s ’n w e t n ie d u id e lik is n ie , a lg e m e n e
r e g s n o r m e in a g g e n e e m e n o b je k tie f v a s g e s te l m o e t w o rd d e u r d ie g e b r u ik m a k in g v a n
b illik h e id . A r tik e l 3 .1 .1 .1 3 N B W b e v a t w e l ’n a a n ta l a lg e m e n e n o r m e . H ie r d ie v o rm
v a n re g s v in d in g is a a n k r itie k o n d e r h e w ig . D ie v r e e s b e s t a a n d a t d ie k o n k r e t is e r in g
v a n d ie s o g e n a a m d e " o o p " n o r m e d e u r d ie r e g t e r t o t r e g s o n s e k e r h e i d k a n le i. D ie
k r itie k is n ie g e ld ig in d ie n d ie r e g te r a n d e r a a n k n o p in g s p u n te in d ie w e t v in d o m to t ’n
b illik e b e s lis s in g te k o m n ie . H y k a n o n d e r a n d e r e v o rig e h o f u its p r a k e r a a d p l e e g o f
s o o r t g e l y k e o f f i k t i e w e o m s t a n d i g h e d e m e t d ie g e g e w e f e i t e v e r g e l y k
(W ia rd a ,
1 9 8 8 :9 7 ,5 6 ,1 1 8 ,1 3 2 -1 3 9 ). S n ijd e rs (1 9 7 8 :7 3 -7 5 , 94 -9 5 , 2 2 5 ) h e t n a ’n o n d e r s o e k b e v in d
d a t d ie r e g te r s o o r d ie a lg e m e e n v e rs ig tig is o m re g s v in d in g to e te p a s . A r g u m e n te o p
g r o n d v a n b il lik h e id e n r e d e l ik h e i d w o r d w e l in d ie h o f g e o p p e r . (V g l. o o k W ia r d a ,
19 88:56 ; V a n d e r W e rf, 1 9 82 :2 0 -2 1.)
V a e n o r m e k a n v e r d e r g e k o n k r e t i s e e r w o r d d e u r n a d ie e is e v a n d ie m a a t s k a p l ik e
v e r k e e r te v e rw y s. R e d e lik h e id e n b illik h e id s p e e l d a n ’n ro l o m d ié " o n g e s k re w e reg"
te v in d . A r ti k e l 6 .1 .1 .2 N B W b e p a a l d a t r e d e l ik h e i d e n b illik h e id by o o r e e n k o m s te
b e o o r d e lin g s m a a ts ta w w e is o m d ie b e d o e lin g v a n d ie p a r ty e v a s te ste l (A b a s , 197 2:1 1;
W ia r d a , 1 9 8 8 :5 4 ) .
D it l a a t a a n d ie r e g t e r r u i m t e v ir in d iv id u e le b e s lis s in g
(A b as,
197 2:11 ; S c h o lte n , 1 9 7 4 :1 2 3-1 24 ; V a n d e r W e rf, 1 98 2:1 7).
A lg e m e n e re g s b e g r ip p e ( u n b e s tim m te R e c h ts b e g iffe ) w a t in d ie D u its e re g v o o r k o m , is
o n d e r d ie a n d e r e a lg e m e n e b e la n g , s u u m c u iq u e trib uere, b illik h e id e n d ie a fw e e g v a n
b e la n g e ( F o r s th o f f , 1 97 3 :7 0 -7 1 ). In b e g in s e l k a n ’n r e g te r n ie r e g s k e p n ie m a a r m o e t
hy a lg e m e n e r e ë l in g s a a n d ie h a n d v a n b il li k h e id ( T re u u n d G la u b e n ) k o n k r e t is e e r
d e u r d ie i n t e r p r e t a s i e e n to e p a s s in g v a n w e tg e w in g . (V g l. E c k a r d t , 1 9 6 4 :7 1 ; G e r n h u b e r , 1 9 6 3 :2 1 4 ; K ir c h h o f f , 1 9 8 6 :2 2 7 6 ; S e n d le r , 1 9 8 7 :3 2 4 0 ; W o lff, 1 9 8 6 :9 1 -9 2 ; L iin s t e d t , 1 9 6 3 :4 0 .
E s s e r (1 9 6 3 :3 8 ) is v a n m e n in g d a t b e g r i p p e s o o s T re u u n d G la u b e n
o n d e r lig g e n d a a n d ie p r o s e s v a n r e g s p r e k in g is e n d a t d it to e g e p a s m o e t w o rd se lfs al
s o u d a a r n i e s p r a k e v a n a l g e m e n e b e g r i p p e w e e s n ie .
V e r g e ly k o o k S t e i n d o r f f ,
1 9 6 3 :6 4 .) D ie r e g t e r s a l d u s in e lk e g e v a l s e lf d ie g r e n s e v a n d ie a lg e m e n e b e g r ip p e
m o e t v a s s te l. B illik h e id d ie n a s d ie b e g r e n s in g s m a a ts ta f ( G o w a , 19 3 3:26 ; M u s sg n u g ,
1 96 4 :9 6; P a p ie r , 1 98 7 :2 3 9 ). V o lg e n s A u e r t (1 9 6 0 :2 0 ) b e h o o r t a lg e m e n e b e g r ip p e w y e r
to e g e p a s te w o r d n a m a t e d ie w e tg e w e r to e n e m e n d i n b r e u k o p in d iv id u e le v r y h e d e
m aak.
572
D ie h o w e k a n d e u r i n t e r p r e t a s i e v a n h ie r d ie b e g r i p p e d ie in d iv id u b e s k e r m .
K o ers 5 5 (4 ) 19 90 :5 6 5 -5 8 4
W. du Plessis
A lg e m e n e b e g r ip p e k a n o o k a a n g e w e n d w o rd o m d ie re g b y v e r a n d e r d e o m s ta n d ig h e d e a a n t e p a s ( P r a u n , 19 33:7-8; L a m b re c h t, 19 81:287; E s s e r , 19 63:23 -2 4).
B illik h e id o f T re u u n d G la u b e n w o rd o o k s o m s a s u n b e s tim m te R e c h ts b e g riffe o m s k ry f
(S o e ll, 1 9 7 3 :1 6 3 ,1 7 8 ). D ie v r e e s b e s t a a n d a t te w ye a a n w e n d in g v a n h ie r d ie b e g r ip p e
t o t r e g s o n s e k e r h e i d k a n le i. D ie w e tg e w in g s e l f e n d ie k o n s titu s ie m o e t a a n g e w e n d
w o rd o m te b e p a a l w a t d ie in h o u d v a n d ie b e g r ip p e is. A s d it b ly k d a t ’n w e t s o d a n ig is
d a t d it n ie m e t d i e v o o r s k r if te v a n g e r e g t ig h e i d o o r e e n s t e m n ie , m a g b o - p o s itie w e
n o r m e s o o s T r e u u n d G la u b e n in a g g e n e e m w o r d .
( E s s e r , 1 9 6 3 :2 4 ; L i i n s t e d t ,
1 9 6 3 :1 3 5 - 1 3 9 ; W a l t n e r , 1 9 6 8 :3 4 4 ; K a r l, 1 9 6 6 :1 1 2 -1 1 7 , 16 1, 16 9 ; K o th e , 1 9 8 8 :2 8 7 ;
L a m b r e c h t , 1 9 8 1 :7 0 0 .
I n d ie g e v a l v a n te g n i e s e a a n g e l e e n t h e d e s o o s b y v o o r b e e ld
o m g e w in g s b e s k e r m in g k a n d ie g e b r u ik v a n a lg e m e n e b e g r ip p e d a a r t o e le i d a t d ié r e g
a lty d by v e r a n d e r d e o m s ta n d ig h e d e a a n g e p a s k a n w o rd - F o rs th o ff , 1 9 73 :1 6 3.) H ie r d ie
n ie - o m s k r e w e r e g s b e g r i p p e m a g n ie w i l l e k e u r i g u i t g e l ê w o r d n ie .
D ie r e g k a n
a a n g e p a s w o r d m a a r d ie w e s e n lik e a a r d v a n d ie b e tr o k k e w e t m a g n ie g e w y sig w o rd
n ie . B illik h e id v in d a a n w e n d in g w a n n e e r d ie g e b r u ik m a k in g v a n h ie r d ie b e g r ip p e d ie
p o s is ie v a n d ie in d iv id u k a n v e r b e t e r (S k u p in , 1937 :1-2, 3 1 -3 3 ; L in ts m a y e r 19 63 :12 6;
K irc h h o ff, 1 98 6 :2 2 7 9 ; P a p ie r , 198 7:2 39 ; S e n d le r , 198 7:32 40 ; K rie le , 19 84:23 0).
In d ie S u id - A f r ik a a n s e r e g p o o g d ie h o f o m d ie b e d o e lin g v a n d ie w e tg e w e r v a s te ste l.
(V g l. D u P le s s is , 1 9 8 6 b :3 4 ; L a b u s c h a g n e , 1 9 8 2 :4 0 2 -4 0 5 ; C o w e n , 1 9 8 0 :3 7 4 -3 9 9 .) ’n
R e g s p r e k e n d e a m p t e n a a r m a g e g t e r n ie w ille k e u r ig o p t r e e n i e e n is s t e e d s a a n d ie
u itle g r e ë ls g e b o n d e . S o o s r e e d s h ie r b o v e r m e ld , w o r d S u id - A f r ik a a n s e w e tg e w in g so
d u id e lik e n v o lle d ig m o o n tlik b e w o o r d t e n e in d e le e m te s in d ie w e tg e w in g te v e rm y .
A lg e m e n e b e g r i p p e w o r d s o v e r m o o n tlik v e rm y . I n d ie n s o d a n ig e b e g r i p p e w e l v o o r
k o m , bly d ie fin a le to e ts s te e d s v o ld o e n in g a a n d ie e is v a n g e r e g tig h e id . (K y k o o k D u
P le ssis , 19 79 :8 3-8 4 te n a a n s ie n v a n d ie n a tu u r r e g b e n a d e r in g .)
33
L e e m te s
I n d i e n ’n N e d e r l a n d s e w e t sw yg o f d u b b e l s i n n i g is, m o e t d i e a l g e m e n e r e ë l s v a n
r e d e lik h e id e n b illik h e id to e g e p a s w o rd .
D i t k a n d a a r t o e le i d a t d i e s e l f d e w e t
v e r s k ille n d g e ï n t e r p r e t e e r w o r d . I n d ie n d ie r e g t e r n ie a a n k n o p in g s p u n te in d ie w e t
v in d n ie , w o rd d ié r e e l s b e p e r k e n d to e g e p a s . D ie r e g t e r is im m e r s n ie ’n le e k n ie e n
m o e t ’n g e g e w e f e ite s te l s te e d s a a n v e r s k ille n d e r e g s b e g in s e ls to e ts ( L o k in , 1 98 4:4 1
50 , V a n d e r W e rf, 1 98 2:1 4).
W a a r w e tg e w in g s o m s o n d u id e lik is o f n ie v ir a lle g e v a lle v o o r s ie n in g m a a k n ie , m o e t
d ie D u its e r e g t e r in s o ’n g e v a l d ie le e m te d e u r m id d e l v a n in t e r p r e ta s i e a a n v u l. B y d ié
u it le g is h y e g t e r a a n d ie r e ë l s v a n T re u u n d G la u b e n g e b 9 n d e (3 .2 h ie r b o ) . H y k a n
K oers 5 5 (4 ) 1 9 9 0 :5 6 5 -5 8 4
573
R eg sv in ding : d ie N e d e rla n d s e e n D u its e ervaring
e g te r n ie c o n tr a leg em o p tr e e o f d ie ro l v a n d ie w e tg e w e r o o r n e e m n ie ( E s s e r , 196 3:31;
E s s e r - S c h m id t, 1 9 7 6 :2 2 -2 4 ; K n a u t, 1 9 3 7 :1 0 -1 1 ; P r a u n , 1 9 3 3 :9 -1 1 ; L iin s te d t, 19 63 :4 1;
S k u p in , 19 3 7:3; S o e ll, 1 9 7 3 :1 5 0-2 09 .)
I n d i e n d a a r ’n l e e m te in d ie S u id - A f r ik a a n s e w e tg e w in g a a n g e t r e f w o r d , k a n d ie h o f
d i e l e e m t e n e t a a n v u l a s d ie f o u t o o g lo p e n d is, d ie b e d o e l i n g v a n d i e w e ts a r tik e l
d u i d e l i k is e n d it d ie a r t i k e l m e e r v e r s t a a n b a a r e n to e g a n k l i k m a a k . (V g l. in d ie
a lg e m e e n t.a .v . le e m te s in d ie S u id - A f rik a a n s e re g D e v e n is h , 19 89 :5 02 -5 15 ; D u P le ssis,
1 9 8 1 :2 1 6 ; 1 9 8 6 :1 4 9 -1 5 1 ; L a b u s c h a g n e , 1 9 8 5 a :5 5 -6 0 ; 1 9 8 5 b :3 6 5 -3 6 8 .) L e e m t e s w o rd
m e e s ta l g e v u l d e u r n a a n a lo ë s itu a s ie s te v erw y s. U itle g m o e t s te e d s b in n e d ie g re n s e
v a n d ie m a te r ië le g e m e n e r e g g e s k ie d . D u P le s sis (1 9 7 9 :6 3 ) ste l d it d a t d ie
h o f as w e ts u itle g g e r g e re g tig h e id s h a lw e g e d u r ig d a a r o p b e d a g ( m o e t ) w e e s o m d ie le e m te s in ’n
w e l s o a a n t e vu l d a l o n g e r e g t i g h e i d s e l e m e n t e te n m i n s t e g e t e m p e r ( v e r k i e s l i k g e t e m o f
h o k g e s la a n ) w o rd .
A s g e v o lg v a n d ie E n g e ls e in v lo e d is d ie h o w e n ie b a i e g e n e ë o m le e m te s w a t n ie o p
b o g e n o e m d e w yse o p g e lo s k a n w o rd n ie , a a n te vu l n ie ( D e v e n is h , 19 8 9 :5 0 4 -5 0 5 ; A lle n ,
19 5 1 :4 7 2 -4 7 3 ; D u P le s sis , 19 8 6 b :2 -3 ).
3 .4
V e r s a g tin g v a n s tr e n g re g
B illik h e id w o rd s o m s in d ie N e d e r la n d s e re j, a a n g e w e n d o m d ie w e tte r e g a a n te vu l o f
te k o r r i g e e r .
I n d i e n ’n w e t l e t t e r k n e g t i g u i t g e l ê s o u w o r d , k a n d i t t o t o n b i l l i k e
r e s u lta t e e n r e g s o n s e k e r h e id le i. B e n a d r u k k in g v a n b illik h e id le i e e r d e r to t r e g s e k e r h e id a s re g s o n s e k e r h e id ( V a n H o e c k e , 1 97 9:3 3 8-34 4; A b a s , 1 97 2:5 1).
G e d u r e n d e d ie W e im a r r e p u b lie k h e t d ie h o w e g e r e e ld v a n b e g r ip p e s o o s geregtigheid,
b illik h e id e n d ie n a tu u rre g g e b r u ik g e m a a k in d ie n w e tg e w in g n ie ’n o p lo s s in g g e b ie d h e t
n ie .
R e g s e k e r h e i d e n g e r e g tig h e id is o n g e lu k k ig n ie a lty d d e u r h ie r d ie i n t e r p r e ta s i e
b e v o r d e r n ie . D ié b e g r ip p e w o rd o o k in d ie n a - o o r lo g s e tyd g e b r u ik m a a r in d ié v e r
b a n d w o r d n a d ie a l g e m e n e g e ly k h e i d s b e g i n s e l v e rw y s ( R o b b e r s , 1 9 8 0 :1 7 ,2 1 ; K a tz
1 9 8 7 :2 9 9 ; L in d ts m a y e r , 196 3:3 ; a r tik e l 3.1 G G - 3.1 h ie r b o ).
I n d ie a fw e g in g v a n in d iv id u e le b e la n g e m o e t d ie r e g t e r T re u u n d G la u b e n w a t so w e l
d ie p r iv a a t- a s d ie p u b li e k r e g te n g r o n d s la g lê , in a g n e e m (3 .2 h ie r b o ) . W a t b illik in
e lk e g e g e w e g e v a l is, m o e t o b je k tie f v a s g e s te l w o rd
( P r a u n , 1 93 3:1 -4 ; K n a u t, 1 93 7:1 6
18 ; K n i e p e r , 1 9 3 3 :2 0 - 2 4 ; M a i n k a , 1 9 6 3 :8 ; G o w a , 1 9 3 3 :2 8 ; S k u p in , 1 9 3 7 :2 ; E s s e r ,
1 9 6 3 :2 3 -2 6 ; G e r n h u b e r , 1 9 6 3 :2 0 6; R o th , 1 9 8 8 :1 2 3 3 -1 2 4 0 ; R a is e r , 19 6 3 :1 5 0 ; S te in d o rff ,
19 63:64 ; G e r n h u b e r , 1 9 6 3 :2 0 6 -2 0 7 ). D ie a fw e g in g v a n b e la n g e k a n s p a n n in g tu s s e n d ie
iu s s tric tu m e n m a t e r i ë le g e r e g tig h e id m e e b r in g .
574
D ie b e la n g e v a n d ie in d iv id u e n d ie
Koers 5 5(4) 1990:565-584
W. d u P lessis
b e s k e r m d e b e la n g e in d ie w e t m o e t in g e ly k e m a te a fg e w e e g w o rd (B a c h o f , 1 9 6 3 :4 1
4 2 ; R o k i n , 1 9 8 9 :5 4 - 5 9 ; R o b b e r s , 1 9 8 0 :7 1 - 7 2 ) .
In d ié s in tr e e b illik h e id o p a s
" re g ste llin g " e n a s ius titia n a tu ra lis o p . E s s e r (1 9 6 3 :2 9 ,3 5 -3 6 ) is v a n m e n in g d a t h ie r d ie
g e d a g te s e o o r s p r o n g in d ie k a n o n ie k e r e g g e le ë is e n v e r d e r d e u r H u g o d e G r o o t
o n tw ik k e l is: a e q u u m est id ip s u m q u o lex corrigitur, d it v o rm syn s in s ie n s d ie g ro n d s la g
v ir d ie D u its e b illik h e id s g e d a g te ( T reu u rtd G la u b e n ) (s o o s v e r v a t in p a r 2 4 2 B O B ').
3 .5
D is k r e s io n ê r e b e v o e g d h e id
W a n n e e r ’n N e d e r la n d s e w e t d ie r e g te r ’n d is k re s ie v e rle e n , m o e t d a a r a lty d d ie e e n o f
a n d e r v o rm v a n b e la n g e -a fw e g in g p la a s v in d ( W ia rd a , 1 9 8 8 :5 1 -5 2 ,6 3 -6 4 ). K ritie k h ie rt e e n is d a t d ie r e g t e r ’n te w y e d is k r e s ie v e rk r y . D ie r e g t e r s e d is k r e s ie - u ito e f e n in g
w o rd e g te r d e u r d ie to e p a s s in g v a n r e d e lik h e id e n b illik h e id b e p e r k e n hy m o e t o b je k tie w e k r ite r ia ( b e s ta a n b a a r m e t d ie g e ld e n d e r e g ) in a g g e n e e m (B o u k e m a , 198 0:7 6-96 ;
J a f f e , 19 6 9 :3 7 -3 8 ).
W a a r d ie D u its e r e g t e r ’n d is k r e s ie d e u r w e tg e w in g v e r l e e n w o r d , is h y v e r p lig o m ’n
b illik e o o r d e e l t e v e l. (V g l. K a rl, 1 9 6 6 :9 0 -9 3 . In d ie S w its e r s e B u r g e r lik e W e tb o e k
( a r tik e l 4 ) m o e t d ie r e g t e r in d ie n h y ’n d is k r e s ie v e r le e n w o rd o f " n a o m s ta n d ig h e d e "
m o e t o o r d e e l , d i t o o r e e n k o m s ti g r e g e n b il lik h e id d o e n . D i t g e e a a n d ie r e g t e r d ie
b e v o e g d h e id o m d ie re g v ir in d iv id u e le g e v a lle a a n te p a s . D it is d u s n ie 'n a lg e m e n e
b e v o e g d h e id n ie ;
hy is v e r p lig o m a ll e o m s ta n d ig h e d e in a g t e n e e m e n a f te w e e g -
S o e ll, 1 9 7 3 :1 6 1 -1 6 2 .) B y d ie u it o e f e n i n g v a n d ie d is k r e s ie in d ie g e v a l v a n p a r 8 2 9
B G B m o e t d ie r e g t e r by d ie b e p a lin g v a n s m a r te g e ld ( S m e r z e n g e ld ) m e t in a g n e m in g
v a n a lle o m s ta n d ig h e d e ’n b illik e b e d r a g g e n o e g d o e n in g v a s s te l ( E s s e r , 1 9 6 3 :2 6 -2 7 ).
In e lk e g e v a l v a n d is k re s ie - u ito e f e n in g m o e t b e p a a l w o rd w a t d ie d o e l v a n d ie b e tr o k k e w e t s b e p a l i n g is e n m o e t d ie b i l l i k s t e o p lo s s in g d a a r v o o r g e v in d w o r d ( E s s e r ,
1 9 6 3 :3 6 ). D ie r e g t e r is d u s n ie n e t a a n d ie w e t g e b o n d e n ie m a a r m o e t v o o r t d u r e n d
d ie w e t e n d ie w e r k lik h e id te e n o o r m e k a a r in h u lle s a m e h a n g e n w is s e lw e rk in g a fw e e g
(K ir c h h o f, 1 9 8 6 :2 2 77 ).
D ie S u id - A f r ik a a n s e a p p ê l h o f h e t b y g e le e n th e id b e s lis d a t r e g s p r a a k b y d is k r e s ie u i t o e f e n i n g b i l l i k h e i d tu s s e n d ie p a r t y e m o e t b e w e r k s t e ll ig ( E x p a r t e M i n is t e r o f
N a tiv e A ffa irs: In r e Y a k o v B evi 1948 1 S A 3 8 8 ( A ) 4 0 0 -4 01 ):
...( th e j u d g e ) m u s t o f c o u r s e p a y p r in c ip a l r e g a r d s to t h e fa c ts o f t h e c a s e b e f o r e h im s in c e t h e
d o m in a n t c o n s id e r a tio n is h is o w n r e a s o n e d vie w a s to t h e b e s t s y s te m o f la w t o a p p ly in o r d e r
t o r e a c h a ju s t d e c is io n b e tw e e n t h e p a rtie s .
K oers 5 5 (4 ) 1 9 9 0 :5 6 5 -5 8 4
575
R eg sv in d in g : d ie N e d e rla n d s e en D u its e ervaring
3 .6
T o e ts in g v a n w e tg e w in g
I n N e d e r l a n d is w e t t e v o lg e n s d ie W e t A lg e m e n e B e p a li n g e n ( a r t i k e l l l ) 1: e n d ie
G r o n d w e t ( a r tik e l 1 20) o n s k e n d b a a r e n k a n d it n ie o p g r o n d v a n o n b illik h e id d e u r d ie
h o f n ie tig v e r k l a a r w o rd n ie e n is d ie h o f n ie b e v o e g o m d ie " in n e rlik e w a a rd e " v a n d ie
w e t te b e o o r d e e l n ie . D ie h o f k a n e g t e r w e tg e w in g a a n b u it e la n d s e v e r d r a e e n d ie
v o lk e r e g to e ts . D ie o n g e s k r e w e re g s b e g in s e ls v a n d ie v o lk e r e g k a n g e v o lg lik to e p a s sin g v in d - d ie G r o n d w e t s k ry f e g te r n ie v o o r h o e d it m o e t g e b e u r n ie . (K y k a r tik e ls 93
e n 9 4 ; M e u w is s e n , 1 9 8 4 :1 3 1 -1 4 6 , 2 3 3 -2 3 4 ;W ia r d a , 198 8:6 5 -6 6 ; V a n H o u te n , 1 98 9 :1 4 0
1 4 1 ; 1 4 0 -1 4 1 ; D o m m e r i n g , 1 9 8 2 :7 6 - 7 7 ; K o o p m a n s , 1 9 8 0 :3 7 6 -3 7 7 ;
V a n d e r V lie s ,
1 9 84 :6 5 , 7 1 -7 2 ; K o r tm a n n , 1 9 7 6 :9 2 1 -9 2 4 ; B r e n n in k m e ije r , 1 9 8 7 :1 8 0 ;W a a ld ijk , 19 85:6.)
T o e t s i n g a a n d ie E u r o p e s e V e r d r a g v a n R e g t e v a n d i e M e n s h e t a l t o t w e s e n li k e
o n tw ik k e lin g o p d ie g e b ie d v a n d ie f a m ilie r e g g e le i ( W ia r d a , 19 8 8 :6 4 -7 4 ). B illik h e id s b e g in s e ls w a t in s o d a n ig e v e r d r a e o p g e n e e m is o f a n d e r s in s in d ie v o lk e r e g v o o rk o m ,
s o u d a a r t o e k a n le i d a t d ie h ie r b o v e r m e ld e a r tik e l 11 v a n d ie W e t A lg e m e n e B e p a lin g e n e n a r tik e l 120 v a n d ie G r o n d w e t o m s e il w o rd .
V o lg e n s a r tik e l 132 v a n d ie W e t A lg e m e n e B e p a lin g e n m a g ’n r e g te r n ie w e ie r o m re g
t e s p r e e k n ie .
D ie v r a a g is w a t h o m te d o e n s o u s t a a n i n d i e n ’n w e t w e l o o r ’n
b e p a a l d e a a n g e le e n th e id sw yg, o n v o lle d ig o f d u is te r is. In s u lk e g e v a lle m o e t hy in e lk
g e v a l g e r e g tig h e id a a n d ie h a n d v a n b illik h e id v in d . H y s o u n ie d i e in n e r li k e w a a r d e
v a n d ie w e t m a g b e o o r d e e l n ie m a a r s te e d s a a n d ie h a n d v a n b illik h e id to t ’n u its p r a a k
k o m ( F o c k e m a A n d r e a e , 1 9 3 8 :6 5-6 8; L o k in , 1 98 4:1 2 2 9 -3 2 3 8 ).
’n O n d e r s k e id m o e t g e m a a k w o r d tu s s e n g e d e le g e e r d e (u itg e v a a r d ig d e u r d ie g e m e e n te / p r o v i n s ie s ) e n f o r m e le w e tg e w in g ( d e u r d ie p a r l e m e n t u itg e v a a r d ig ) . F o r m e le w e t
g e w in g m a g n ie a a n o n g e s k r e w e r e g s b e g in s e ls g e to e t s w o rd n ie (vg l. P o la k e n P o la k
1 9 8 6 :3 7 4 -3 7 5 ). I n 19 8 9 h e t ’n b e s lis s in g v a n d ie H o g e R a a d ( H R 1 9 8 9 -0 4 -1 4 N J 1989
4 6 9 ) in N e d e r la n d g r o o t b e la n g s te llin g g e w e k . D ie v r a a g h e t b e s ta a n o f d ie H a r m o n is a tie w e t (1 9 8 8 -0 7 -0 7 S tb 3 3 4 ) a a n a lg e m e n e r e g s b e g in s e ls g e to e ts k a n w o rd . V o lg e n s
d ie f e ite v a n d ie s a a k is s t u d e n te s e s tu d ie le n in g s o p g e s k o r t. D ie s t u d e n te b e w e e r d a t
b y h u ll e in s k ry w in g d ie v e r w a g tin g g e s k e p is d a t h u lle v ir d ie d u u r v a n h u ll e s tu d ie
( o n g e a g h o e la n k ) le n in g s s o u o n tv a n g . D ie H o g e R a a d h e t o b ite r v e r k l a a r d a t d ie
H a r m o n is a tie w e t n ie ’n b illik e u itw e r k in g h e t n ie e n d a t d ie o n g e s k r e w e b e g in s e ls v a n
11 8 9 2-0 5- 15 S tb 28: * D e R e c h t e r m o e t v o lg e n s d e W e t r e c h t s p r e k e n : h ij m a g in g e e n g e v a l d e
in n c r lijk e w a a r d e o f b illijk h e id d e r W e t b e o o r d e le n " .
2A 13 b e p a a l s o o s vo lg : " D e R e c h t e r d ie w e ig c r t r e c h t te s p r c k c n , o n d e r v o o rw e n d s c l v a n h e t
s tilz w ijg c n , d e d u is te r h e id o f d e o n v o lle d ig h e id d e r w e t k a n u it h o o f d e v a n re c h ts w e ig e r in g
v e rv o lg d w o rd e n ."
576
K o ers 5 5 (4 ) 1 9 9 0 :5 6 5 -5 8 4
W. d u P lessis
b e h o o r lik e b e s tu u r (s o o s s o rg v u ld ig h e id e n b e la n g e -a fw e g in g ) g e s k e n d is. D ie h o f k o n
e g te r n ie h ie r d ie to e ts a a n w e n d n ie a a n g e s ie n d ie H a r m o n is a tie w e t fo r m e le w e tg e w in g
is e n n ie a a n a lg e m e n e b e g in s e ls g e to e ts m a g w o rd n ie . (V g l. o o k B ru s s e e e n V o ss,
1 9 9 0 :8 0 -8 5 ; H ir s c h B a llin 1 9 8 9 :5 7 8 -5 9 2 ; A n o n , 1 9 8 8 :1 0 3 1 -1 0 3 2 ; H R 1 9 8 6 -0 5 -2 6 N J
1987 2 5 1 ; H R 19 7 8 -0 4 -1 2 N J 1979 53 3 (b e v in d d a t a b b b o n d e r f u n d a m e n te le re g s b e g in s e ls v a l) ; W a a ld ijk , 1985:2; V a n W ijk e n K o n ijn b e lt, 198 8:71 .)
V o lg e n s P o la k e n P o la k (1 9 8 6 :3 8 3 ) k a n u it ’n a n d e r H o g e R a a d -b e s lis s in g ( H R 1962
10-03 N J 1962 5 8 ) a fg e le i w o rd d a t d ie h o f s te e d s d ie re g by v e r a n d e r e n d e o m s ta n d ig h e d e m o e t a a n p a s , a a n g e s ie n d ie w e tg e w e r n ie d a a g lik s e v e ra n d e r in g e in a g k a n n e e m
n ie . D it k a n to t ’n p re s e d e n te s is te e m le i w a a rv o lg e n s d ie h o f n ie n e t v a n s a a k to t s a a k
b e s lis n ie m a a r o o k a lg e m e n e re ë ls v ir d a a r o p v o lg e n d e s a k e n e e r lê .
W e tg e w in g k a n d u s n ie o p g ro n d v a n h u lle in n e r lik e w a a r d e a a n b illik h e id s b e g in s e ls
g e to e ts w o rd n ie - d ie N e d e r la n d s e G r o n d w e t m a a k o o k n ie s o d a n ig e to e ts in g m o o n t
lik n ie . D ie re g k a n e g te r d e u r d ie to e p a s s in g v a n r e d e lik h e id e n b illik h e id a a n g e p a s
e n v e r d e r o n tp lo o i w o rd ( F o c k e m a A n d r e a e , 19 38:95-96).
’n D u its e r e g t e r k a n n ie s e l f ’n w e t o p g r o n d v a n o n b illik h e id o n g e ld ig v e r k l a a r n ie .
I n d ie n hy v a n m e n in g is d a t ’n w e t n ie m e t d ie G C . o o r e e n s te m n ie o f d a t d ie to e p a s
sin g d a a r v a n o n r e g to t g e v o lg s a l h ê , w o rd d ie a a n g e le e n th e id k ra g te n s a r tik e l 100 G G
n a d i e B u n d e s v e r fa s s u n g s g e r ic h t ( k o n s t i t u s i o n e l e h o f ) v e rw y s
( L f ln s te d t, 1 9 6 3 :4 1 ;
W o b s t, 19 6 7 :1 3 ). I n d ie n h y n ie to t s o ’n g e v o lg tre k k in g k a n k o m n ie m a a r to g v in d d a t
d ie w e rk in g v a n d ie w e t o n b illik e r e s u lta te k a n m e e b r in g , k a n h y m e t b e h u lp v a n re g s
v in d in g to t ’n a n d e r b e s lis s in g k o m - sy b e v in d in g m o e t e g te r s te e d s in o o r e e n s te m m in g
m e t d ie g e e s v a n d ie b e tr o k k e w e t w e e s (L iin s te d t, 1 963 :41 ,1 39).
D u its e w e tg e w in g m a g n ie te r u g w e r k e n d v a n a a r d w e e s n ie a a n g e s ie n d it n ie v a n d ie
b u r g e r v e rw a g k a n w o r d o m g e ly k ty d ig v a n v e rs k ille n d e r e é lin g s b e w u s te w e e s n ie , d it
o n b i l l i k e r e s u l t a t e k a n b e w e r k s t e ll ig e n d ie V e r tr a u e n s s c h u tz ( d i e v e r t r o u e tu s s e n
b u r g e r e n s t a a t ) k a n s k e n d . I n d ie n ’n w e t te r u g w e r k e n d v a n a a r d g e m a a k w o rd , k a n
d ie in d iv id u h o m d u s n ie m e e r o p d ie g e ld e n d e r e g v e r l a a t n ie e n b e s t a a n d a a r n ie
m e e r r e g s e k e r h e i d n ie
( K a tz , 1 9 8 7 :8 6 -8 8 ; G 8 tz , 1 9 7 6 :4 2 3 -4 5 2 ; B a d u r a , 1 9 8 8 :1 3 5 ;
K o th e , 1 9 8 8:2 88 ; R o b b e r s , 1 9 8 8 :4 8 4 ^ 8 5 ; R o b b e r s , 1 9 8 0 :6 4 ,1 0 7 -1 3 7 ).
K r a g te n s a r t ik e l 3 4 ( 3 ) v a n d ie G r o n d w e t v a n d ie R e p u b li e k v a n S u id - A f r ik a 11 0 v a n
19 83 m a g ’n r e g t e r n ie ’n o n d e r s o e k d o e n o f u it s p r a a k m a a k o o r d ie g e ld ig h e id v a n
p a r l e m e n t s w e tte n ie b e h a lw e te n a a n s ie n v a n d ie v r a a g o f a a n a lle f o r m e le v e r e is te s
K o ers 5 5 (4 ) 1 09 0:5 6 5 -5 8 4
577
R eg sv in ding : d ie N e d e rla n d s e e n D u its e ervaring
v o ld o e n is. D ie S u id - A f r ik a a n s e r e g te r s is n ie g e n e ë o m a s r e g s h e r v o r m e r s o p te tr e e
n ie ( L a b u s c h a g n e , 1 9 8 5 :5 7 ). In S v A d a m s (1 9 7 9 4 S A 7 9 3 ( T ) 8 0 1 A ) h e t d ie h o f d it
s o o s v o lg g e s te l:
A n A c t o f P a r li a m e n t c r e a t e s la w b u t n o t n e c e s s a rily e q u ity . A s a J u d g e in a C o u r t o f la w I a m
o b lig e d to g iv e e ffe c t t o t h e p ro v is io n s o f a A c t o f P a r li a m e n t. S p e a k in g f o r m y s e lf a n d if I w e re
s ittin g a s a c o u r t o f e q u ity , I w o u ld h a v e c o m e t o t h e a s s is ta n c e o f t h e a p p e l la n t. U n f o r t u n a te ly ,
a n d o n a n in te lle c tu a lly h o n e s t a p p r o a c h , I a m c o m p e lle d to c o n c lu d e t h a t t h e a p p e a l m u s t fail.
I n ’n o n la n g s e h o o g g e r e g s h o f s a a k o o r d ie u itle g v a n s e k e r e b e p a lin g s v a n d ie W e t o p
B i n n e l a n d s e V e ili g h e id 7 4 v a n 19 8 2 ( A n o n , 1 9 9 0 :2 ) h e t d ie r e g t e r in sy u i t s p r a a k
v e r m e ld d a t d ie h o f n ie w e tte m a a k n ie m a a r d i t n e t u itlê . D ie s t a a t h e t b e to o g d a t a l
s o u ’n w e t a b s u r d i t e i t e t o t g e v o lg h ê ( b v . d a t k r a g t e n s v e r m e ld e w e t ’n v e r b a n n e
p e r s o o n s e u it la t in g s o o r d ie w e e r ty d e n s ’n S o o d a g s k o o l p ie k n i e k n ie in ’n k o e r a n t
a a n g e h a a l m a g w o r d n ie ) d it n ie d ie f u n k s ie v a n d ie h o f is o m sy u it s p r a a k d a a r o p te
b a s e e r n ie .
4.
S a m e v a ttin g
D a a r k a n ’n o n d e r s k e i d t u s s e n g e b o n d e e n v r y e r e g s v in d in g g e m a a k w o r d .
V ry e
re g s v in d in g w o rd o p v e r s k ille n d e v la k k e g e k r itis e e r . D a a r w o rd b e w e e r d a t
*
d i t m o e i li k is o m d ie g r e n s e v a n v ry e re g s v in d in g v a s te s te l e n d a t w ille k e u r ig e
*
d it to t k a su i'stie se r e g s p r a a k a a n le id in g g e e ,
o p tr e d e v a n r e g te r s t o t re g s o n s e k e r h e id k a n lei,
*
d ie h o w e n u w e r e g s r e ë ls t e r u g w e r k e n d v a n to e p a s s in g s a l m a a k e n d a t d ié r e ë ls
o n b illik e g e v o lg e k a n h ê,
*
d ie h o w e n ie w e tg e w e rs is n ie , e n d a t
*
r e g te r s o p g r o n d v a n p o litie k e , e k o n o m ie s e o f s o s ia le f a k to r e a a n g e s te l s a l w o rd .
D ie v o o r s ta n d e r s v a n v ry e re g s v in d in g w ys e g te r d a a r o p d a t
*
d ie r e g t e r s te e d s g e b o n d e is a a n v o rig e h o f u its p r a k e e n d ie o b je k tie w e m a a ts ta w w e
w a t in w e tg e w in g e n d ie g e m e n e r e g a a n g e t r e f w o rd ,
*
d ie k o r r e k te to e p a s s in g v a n sta re d ec is is k a su i'stie se r e g s p r a a k b e p e r k ,
*
d ie v ry e re g s v in d in g E in ze lfa llg e re ch tig k eit b e w e rk s te llig ,
*
d ie r e g t e r n ie w e r k lik a s w e tg e w e r o p t r e e n ie m a a r d a t hy d ie r e g i n t e r p r e t e e r ,
v e rs a g e n in b e p a a l d e g e v a lle d e n o v o r e g s k e p b in n e b e p a a l d e b e p e r k t e g r e n s e , e n
578
K o ers 5 5 (4 ) 1 9 9 0 :5 6 5 -5 8 4
W. du Plessis
*
’n r e g t e r n ie to t ’n b e s lis s in g k a n k o m s o n d e r d ie m e d e w e r k in g v a n a l d ie p a r ty e in
’n s a a k n ie .
V ry e re g s v in d in g k o m o p v e r s k e ie te r r e i n e v a n w e ts u itle g t e r s p r a k e . B illik h e id s p e e l
in D u i t s l a n d e n N e d e r l a n d ’n r o l b y w e ts u itle g i n d i e n d i t s p e s if i e k in w e tg e w in g a s
b e o o r d e lin g s k r ite r ia g e s te l w o rd . W a n n e e r d ie h o f b illik h e id s o o rw e g in g s to e p a s , m o e t
d it s te e d s b in n e d ie g re n s e (s o o s h ie r b o v e r m e ld ) to e g e p a s w o rd .
I n d i e S u id -
A f r ik a a n s e r e g is e e n v a n d ie w e ts u itle g v e r m o e d e n s d a t d ie w e tg e w e r n ie o n re g v e r d ig e
o f o n b illik e r e s u lta te b e o o g h e t n ie .
V ry e re g s v in d in g k o m v o o r ts t e r s p r a k e by
*
d ie u itle g v a n a lg e m e n e b e g r ip p e ,
*
d ie a a n v u llin g v a n le e m te s in w e tg e w in g ,
*
d ie v e r s a g tin g v a n s tr e n g re g ,
*
d ie u ito e f e n in g v a n d is k r e s io n ê r e b e v o e g d h e d e e n
*
d ie to e ts in g v a n w e tg e w in g a a n d ie b e g in s e ls v a n b illik h e id .
D ie N e d e r la n d s e e n D u its e r e g te r s is o o r d ie a lg e m e e n v e rs ig tig o m v ry e re g s v in d in g
to e te p a s . W a n n e e r a lg e m e n e b e g r ip p e g e k o n k r e tis e e r m o e t w o rd , d ie n b illik h e id a s
b e g r e n s in g s m a a ts ta f .
A a n d i e a n d e r k a n t is b illik h e id s e l f ’n u n b e s t im m t e r R e c h ts -
begriff. D ie v r e e s b e s t a a n d a t ’n te w ye a a n w e n d in g v a n d ié b e g r ip t o t r e g s o n s e k e r h e id
k a n le i e n d a a r o m w o rd d ie in h o u d v a n a lg e m e n e b e g r ip p e b e p a a l d e u r d it in d ie lig
v a n d ie w e tg e w in g a s g e h e e l e n d ie b e tr o k k e k o n s titu s ie t e v u l - d ie w e t w o rd a a n g e p a s
m a a r d ie w e s e n s a a r d v a n d ie w e t w o rd n ie g e w y sig n ie . I n d ie S u id - A f r ik a a n s e r e g is
d ie r e g te r a a n w e ts u itle g re ë ls g e b o n d e . A n d e r s a s in N e d e r la n d e n D u its la n d b e w o o rd
d ie w e tg e w e r w e tte s o d u id e lik e n v o lle d ig a s m o o n tlik e n p o o g o m a lg e m e n e b e g r ip p e
te v e rm y .
L e e m te s in w e tg e w in g w o rd in so w e l d ie N e d e r la n d s e a s d ie D u its e r e g d e u r i n t e r p r e
ta s ie g e v u l d e u r g e b r u ik m a k in g v a n r e d e lik h e id e n b illik h e id . In d ie S u id - A f rik a a n s e
r e g k a n d ie r e g t e r sle g s ’n le e m te in ’n w e ts a r tik e l v u l a s d a a r ’n o o g lo p e n d e fo u t e n d ie
b e d o e li n g v a n d ié a r t ik e l d u id e l ik is. D it m o e t s t e e d s b in n e d i e g r e n s e v a n d ie b e
s t a a n d e m a t e r i ë le re g g e s k ie d . O o k w e e n s E n g e ls r e g te lik e b e in v lo e d in g is d ie S u id A f r ik a a n s e h o w e o o r d ie a lg e m e e n n ie g e n e ë o m s o d a n ig e le e m te s t e v u l n ie .
B illik h e id w o rd s o m s in d ie N e d e r la n d s e e n D u its e r e g a a n g e w e n d o m d ie w e tte r e g
a a n te v u l o f te k o r r ig e e r in d ie n d ie le tte r k n e g tig e u itle g d a a r v a n to t o n b illik h e id s o u
le i. W a t in e lk e g e v a l b illik is, m o e t o b je k tie f v a s g e s te l w o rd .
In d ie S u id - A f rik a a n s e
r e g is d ie le tte r lik e b e te k e n is v a n w e tg e w in g d ie p r im ê r e u itg a n g s p u n t.
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W a a r ’n d is k r e s ie b e v o e g d h e id d e u r w e tg e w in g v e r l e e n w o rd , m o e t in a l d r i e d ie r e g
s te ls e ls b e la n g e - a f w e g in g p la a s v in d te n e in d e d ie g e w e n s te e in d r e s u lt a a t v a n ’n b e s lis
sin g w a t b illik h e id tu s s e n d ie p a r ty e b e w e rk s te llig , te b e re ik .
In n ie e e n v a n d ie d r i e r e g s te ls e ls k a n e e r s te v la k ( p a r l e m e n t ê r e ) w e tg e w in g o p g ro n d
v a n o n b illik h e id o n g e ld ig v e r k l a a r w a r d n ie - d ie " in n e rlik e w a a rd e " v a n d ie w e t k a n in
b e g in s e l n ie g e t o e t s w o r d n ie . W e tg e w in g in N e d e r l a n d k a n w e l a a n d ie b e g in s e ls
v e r v a t in d ie E u r o p e s e V erdrag v a n R e g ie v a n d ie M e n s g e to e ts w o rd . In D u its la n d is d ie
k o n s titu s io n e le h o f b e v o e g o m t e to e ts o f w e tg e w in g in o o r e e n s te m m in g m e t d ie G G is
a l d a n n ie . D e u r m id d e l v a n v ry e r e g s v in d in g k a n d ie N e d e r la n d s e e n D u its e r e g te r s
e g te r s te e d s w e tg e w in g so i n t e r p r e t e e r d a t d it b illik e r e s u lta te b e w e rk s te llig . D ie S u id A f r ik a a n s e r e g te r s is n ie g e n e ë o m a s re g s h e r v o r m e r s o p te tr e e n ie .
R e g te r s w o rd d u s n ie t o e g e l a a t o m s e lf r e g te s k e p n ie . V ry e r e g s v in d in g w o r d n ie
s o n d e r m e e r t o e g e l a a t n ie m a a r d e u r d ie a a n w e n d in g v a n b illik h e id w o r d d ie h o f in
s t a a t g e s te l o m d ie re g b y v e r a n d e r e n d e o m s ta n d ig h e d e a a n te p a s , in d iv id u e le g e r e g
tig h e id te la a t g e s k ie d e n d ie in d iv id u te e n re g s m is b r u ik te b e s k e r m . H ie r d ie re g s v in
d in g k a n n ie lu k r a a k g e s k ie d n ie . D ie r e g te r s m o e t a lty d d ie o o g m e r k v a n d ie w e t e n
a lle o m r in g e n d e o m s ta n d ig h e d e in a g n e e m o m t o t ’n b illik e b e s lis s in g te k o m
1 9 6 6 :1 7 4 -1 7 5 ; K o th e , 1 9 8 8 :2 8 6 ). G e r e g ti g h e id s e lf s te l o o k g r e n s e d a a r
(K a rl,
(R o b b e rs ,
1 9 8 0 :7 4 ; O v e r r a t h , 1 9 8 5 :9 -1 1 ; S o m m e r , 1 9 8 4 :4 3 8 -4 4 0 ; R a a c k e , 1 9 8 5 :3 9 1 -3 9 4 ; K rie le ,
1 9 8 4 :2 2 6 -2 3 3 ; R ii th e r s , 1 9 8 8 :2 6 8 -2 8 2 ). K a r l (1 9 6 6 :2 0 7 ) is v a n m e n in g d a t d ie r e g t e r
t e n s p y t e v a n sy g e b o n d e n h e i d a a n w e tg e w in g s t e e d s lis p e n d e r a rs b o n i e t a e q u i
(" in te r p r e te e r d e r " v a n d ie k u n s v a n w a t g o e d e n b illik is) is.
In ’n n u w e re g s b e d e lin g in S u id - A f rik a sa l d ie ta a k v a n d ie r e g t e r v e r g r o o t. N ie a lle e n
s a l w e tg e w in g in d ie lig v a n ’n m e n s e r e g t e a k te b e o o r d e e l m o e t w o r d n ie , m a a r sa l hy
k r e a t i e f r e g m o e t ''v in d ''. R e g te r s sa l n ie m e e r a g te r d ie p a s s ie w e s ie n in g v a n h u l ta a k
a s k la k k e lo s e in t e r p r e t e e r d e r s v a n w e tg e w in g k a n s k u il n ie m a a r sa l a k ti e f a s re g s v o rm e r s e n -h e r v o r m e r s m o e t o p tr e e .
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