WikiLayer
Gorka Puente2012
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Reading Wikipedia is the entry to more involved activities such as editing. However, the jump from reading to editing could be too big for some wikipedians who can be intimidated by exposing their content to public scrutiny. Annotating might foster not only reading but also be the prelude to editing. Dierent annotation tools exist for the Web (e.g., Diigo, A.nnotate). Being a Web application, Wikipedia can benet from these tools. However, general-purpose annotation tools do not make annotation a natural gesture within Wikipedia. That is, annotation editing, rendering or retrieval in e.g. Diigo is dissociated from the edition, rendering or location of articles in Wikipedia, hindering the role of annotation as the prelude to article edition. WikiLayer is a Wikipedia-specic annotation tool. The implications include: (1) wikinotes (i.e. annotations on Wikipedia articles) might be WikiText formatted; (2) wikinote rendering is seamlessly integrated within the Wikipedia front-end; (3) wikinote editing, management and sharing is achieved without leaving Wikipedia (no separated annotation repository). WikiLayer is available for Firefox and Chrome.
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Related papers
Wikipedia Customization through Web Augmentation Techniques
2012
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Customized Edit Interfaces for Wikis via Semantic Annotations
2009
Abstract. Authoring support for semantic annotations represent the wiki way of the Semantic Web, ultimately leading to the wiki version of the Semantic Web's eternal dilemma: why should authors correctly annotate their content? The obvious solution is to make the ratio between the needed effort and the acquired advantages as small as possible.
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WikiLayer:
Annotation for Wikipedia
❖s❝❛r ❉✐❛③✱ ❈r✐stó❜❛❧ ❆r❡❧❧❛♥♦✱
●♦r❦❛ P✉❡♥t❡
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❇❛sq✉❡
❈♦✉♥tr②✱ ❯P❱✴❊❍❯
❙❛♥ ❙❡❜❛st✐❛♥✱ ❙P❆■◆
♦s❝❛r✳❞✐❛③✱ ❝r✐st♦❜❛❧✳❛r❡❧❧❛♥♦✱
❣♦r❦❛✳♣✉❡♥t❡❅❡❤✉✳❡s
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✿ ❲✐❦✐▲❛②❡r
t❤❡
✐♥ ❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ❍✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t❡❞ t❤❡ ❚❖❈ ❡♥tr② ❢♦r
✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡✳
❈♦♣②r✐❣❤t ✐s ❤❡❧❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r✴♦✇♥❡r✭s✮✳
❲✐❦✐❙②♠✬✶✷✱
❆✉❣ ✷✼✲✷✾✱ ✷✵✶✷✱ ▲✐♥③✱ ❆✉str✐❛✳
❆❈▼ ✾✼✽✲✶✲✹✺✵✸✲✶✻✵✺✲✼✴✶✷✴✵✽✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❘❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ✐s t❤❡ ❡♥tr② t♦ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s
s✉❝❤ ❛s ❡❞✐t✐♥❣✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❥✉♠♣ ❢r♦♠ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦
❡❞✐t✐♥❣ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t♦♦ ❜✐❣ ❢♦r s♦♠❡ ✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛♥s ✇❤♦ ❝❛♥ ❜❡
✐♥t✐♠✐❞❛t❡❞ ❜② ❡①♣♦s✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♥t❡♥t t♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ s❝r✉t✐♥②✳
❆♥♥♦t❛t✐♥❣ ♠✐❣❤t ❢♦st❡r ♥♦t ♦♥❧② r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ t❤❡
♣r❡❧✉❞❡ t♦ ❡❞✐t✐♥❣✳ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧s ❡①✐st ❢♦r t❤❡
❲❡❜ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❉✐✐❣♦✱ ❆✳♥♥♦t❛t❡ ✮✳ ❇❡✐♥❣ ❛ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱
❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ❝❛♥ ❜❡♥❡✜t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡s❡ t♦♦❧s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱
❣❡♥❡r❛❧✲♣✉r♣♦s❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧s ❞♦ ♥♦t ♠❛❦❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥
❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❣❡st✉r❡ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s✱ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥
❡❞✐t✐♥❣✱ r❡♥❞❡r✐♥❣ ♦r r❡tr✐❡✈❛❧ ✐♥ ❡✳❣✳ ❉✐✐❣♦ ✐s ❞✐ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞
❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥✱ r❡♥❞❡r✐♥❣ ♦r ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ✐♥
❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✱ ❤✐♥❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❛s t❤❡ ♣r❡❧✉❞❡
t♦ ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥✳ ❲✐❦✐▲❛②❡r ✐s ❛ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✲s♣❡❝✐✜❝
❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡✿ ✭✶✮ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s
✭✐✳❡✳ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s✮ ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡
❲✐❦✐❚❡①t ❢♦r♠❛tt❡❞❀ ✭✷✮ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡ r❡♥❞❡r✐♥❣ ✐s s❡❛♠❧❡ss❧②
✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ❢r♦♥t✲❡♥❞❀ ✭✸✮ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡
❡❞✐t✐♥❣✱ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ s❤❛r✐♥❣ ✐s ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t
❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ✭♥♦ s❡♣❛r❛t❡❞ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ r❡♣♦s✐t♦r②✮✳
❲✐❦✐▲❛②❡r ✐s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❋✐r❡❢♦① ❛♥❞ ❈❤r♦♠❡✳
❆✉t❤♦r ❑❡②✇♦r❞s
❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✱ ❆♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥✱ P❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✲s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧✳ ❚❤✐s ✐♠♣❧✐❡s
❘❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ❛s ✏❛ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ❛❝t✐✈✐t②
❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♥❣ ❜❡✐♥❣ s❡❛♠❧❡ss❧② ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✱
t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♥❡✇❝♦♠❡rs ❧❡❛r♥ ❛❜♦✉t ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✑ ❬✶❪✳
✐✳❡✳ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❣❡st✉r❡ ❢♦r ✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛♥s✳ ❇✉t
❘❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ s♣✉rs ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ❡♥❣❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ❛♥❞ ✐t
❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ✐ts❡❧❢ ✐s ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ r❡♣♦s✐t♦r② ✇❤❡r❡❛s ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥
✐s t❤❡ ❡♥tr② t♦ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s s✉❝❤ ❛s ❡❞✐t✐♥❣✳
✐s ❛ ♣r✐✈❛t❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✳ ❇r♦✇s❡r ♣❧✉❣s✲✐♥ ♦✛❡r ❛ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r
❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❧♦✇ r❛t❡ ♦❢ r❡❛❞❡rs ✇❤♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❡❞✐t♦rs
❧♦❝❛❧ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧✐t② t♦ ❧♦♦❦ ❧✐❦❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ♥❛t✐✈❡❧② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜②
s❡❡♠s t♦ s✉❣❣❡st t❤❛t r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ✐s ♥♦t ❡♥♦✉❣❤✳ ❯♥❞❡rst♦♦❞
❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳ ❚❤✐s ❞❡♠♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s s✉❝❤ ❛♥ ❛tt❡♠♣t✿
❛s ❛ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✱ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ✐s ❝♦♠♠♦♥❧② ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤
❲✐❦✐▲❛②❡r✳ ❚❤✐s ❞❡♠♦ ❛✐♠s ❛t r❛✐s✐♥❣ ❛✇❛r❡♥❡ss ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡
t❛❦✐♥❣ ♥♦t❡s✳ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t st✉❞✐❡s ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢
✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❡♥❣❛❣✐♥❣ ✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛♥s✱ ❛♥❞
❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ ✇❛② t♦ ✜①✱ r❡❧❛t❡ ❛♥❞ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡
❝♦❧❧❡❝ts ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡s ❛❜♦✉t ✇❤❛t ✐s ♠❡❛♥t ❜②
❛s ②♦✉ r❡❛❞ ❬✷❪✳ ❇❡✐♥❣ ❛ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ❝❛♥
❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✲s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❋✐r❡❢♦①✬s ❲✐❦✐▲❛②❡r
❜❡♥❡✜t ❢r♦♠ ❲❡❜ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧s s✉❝❤ ❛s ❉✐✐❣♦ ♦r
❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛r❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞ ❛t
❆✳♥♥♦t❛t❡✳ ❆♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s ♣❡r♠✐t ✉s❡rs t♦ ✏❛❞❞✱
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇❡❜❛✉❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳♦r❣✴✇✐❦✐❧❛②❡r✳①♣✐ ❛♥❞
❤tt♣✿✴✴t✐♥②✉r❧✳❝♦♠✴✇✐❦✐❧❛②❡r✇✐❦✐s②♠✷✵✶✷✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳
♠♦❞✐❢② ♦r r❡♠♦✈❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❲❡❜ r❡s♦✉r❝❡
✇✐t❤♦✉t ♠♦❞✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ✐ts❡❧❢✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s
❝❛♥ ❜❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t ♦❢ ❛s ❛ ❧❛②❡r ♦♥ t♦♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①✐st✐♥❣
r❡s♦✉r❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤✐s ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❧❛②❡r ✐s ✉s✉❛❧❧② ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ t♦
♦t❤❡r ✉s❡rs ✇❤♦ s❤❛r❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠✑✳
▲❛②❡r✐♥❣ ✐s ❛ s✉✐t❛❜❧❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢♦r ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✲♣✉r♣♦s❡
❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ s✐♥❝❡ ✐t ❞❡❝♦✉♣❧❡s t❤❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧✐t②
❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ ✇❡❜s✐t❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❞♦✇♥s✐❞❡ ✐s t❤❛t s✉❝❤
❞❡❝♦✉♣❧✐♥❣ ❧❡❛❞s t♦ t✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❲❡❜ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡s✿ t❤❡
❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♥❣ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧
✭❡✳❣✳ ❉✐✐❣♦ ✮ ✈❡rs✉s t❤❡ ❲❡❜ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t❡❞
✇❡❜s✐t❡ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✮✳ ❙✉❝❤ ♠✐s♠❛t❝❤ ♠✐❣❤t ♥♦t ❜❡ ❛
♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❢♦r ♠♦st ♦❢ ✇❡❜s✐t❡s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✇❡ ❛❞✈♦❝❛t❡ ❢♦r
❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ t♦ r❡❣❛r❞ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ♥♦t ❛s ❛♥ ❡♥❞ ❜✉t ❛s ❛
♠❡❛♥ t♦ ❢♦st❡r r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡❞✐t✐♥❣✳ ❆♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥
❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ✐s ♥♦t ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ t♦ r❡❝♦r❞ ❲❡❜ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❢♦r ❧❛t❡r
r❡❢❡rr❛❧✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ✇❡❜s✐t❡ ✐s ♥♦t
❞✐r❡❝t❧② r❡❧❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ❣♦❛❧s ✭✐✳❡✳ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♥❣✮✱
❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ✐s ❛❧❧ ❛❜♦✉t ❡♥❣❛❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝r♦✇❞ ✐♥ ❛rt✐❝❧❡
❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥✳ ❋r♦♠ t❤✐s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡✱ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦
❧♦♥❣❡r ❛♥ ❛♥❝✐❧❧❛r② ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ❜✉t ❛ ♠❛✐♥ ♠❡❛♥ t♦ ❢✉❧✜❧
❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✬s ❡♥❞s✳ ❇② ✉s✐♥❣ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✲♣✉r♣♦s❡ ❲❡❜
❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧s✱ ✇❡ ♠✐ss t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t✐❡s ❜r♦✉❣❤t ❜② ❛
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✿
❲✐❦✐♥♦t❡s ✿
t❤❡ ✬❡❞✐t✬ ✈✐❡✇✳ ❇❡s✐❞❡s
❲✐❦✐❚❡①t
❜✉tt♦♥s✱ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ❜❛r ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s ❜✉tt♦♥s t♦ r❡❛❞✐❧② ❝r❡❛t❡
✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡s✳
❆ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❝❧✐❝❦✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣
t❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ✐s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞✳
▼❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❆❝t ♦❢ ❆♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❛ ◆❛t✐✈❡ ●❡s✲
t✉r❡ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛
❙♦ ❢❛r✱ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ s✉♣♣♦rts t✇♦ ♠♦❞❡s ❢♦r ❛rt✐❝❧❡
✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✿ ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❛rt✐❝❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❛❧❦✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ❛♥
❛rt✐❝❧❡✳ ❲✐❦✐▲❛②❡r ❡♥✈✐s❛❣❡s ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❛s ❛ t❤✐r❞ ♠♦❞❡✿
❜❡s✐❞❡s ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❛❧❦✐♥❣✱ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t
t♦ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ✉s❡s t❛❜s t♦ r❡✢❡❝t ♠♦❞❡s✿ t❤❡
❆rt✐❝❧❡ t❛❜ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❚❛❧❦ t❛❜✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣❧②✱ ❲✐❦✐▲❛②❡r
✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s ❛ t❤✐r❞ t❛❜✿ t❤❡ ❲✐❦✐▲❛②❡r t❛❜ ✭s❡❡ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✮✳
❇② ❝❧✐❝❦✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤✐s t❛❜✱ t❤❡ ✈✐❡✇ t❛❜s✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✏❘❡❛❞✑ ❛♥❞
✏❊❞✐t✑✱ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❡❞✐t♦rs ❢♦r ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s ✉♣♦♥ t❤❡
❝✉rr❡♥t ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ✭❤❡r❡❛❢t❡r r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ❛s ✬✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s ✬✮✳
❈❧✐❝❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✏❊❞✐t✑ t❛❜ ❧❡❛✈❡s ②♦✉ t♦ ❛ ❝❛♥✈❛s t♦ ✇r✐t❡ ❛
✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡ ✭s❡❡ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✮✳ ❈❧✐❝❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✏❘❡❛❞✑ t❛❜ r❡♥❞❡rs
t❤❡ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ✭s❡❡
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✮✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❣♦ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ ✏❛rt✐❝❧❡✑ ♠♦❞❡
t❤❡♥✱ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ s❡❛♠❧❡ss❧② ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡
♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤
t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ❙✐♥❝❡
t❤✐s ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t ✐♥ s♦♠❡ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s✱ t❤❡
✬❍✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t✬ t❛❜ ♣❛✐♥ts ✇✐t❤ ②❡❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t❡♥t
✇❤❡♥ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ✭s❡❡ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✮✳
❚✉♥✐♥❣ ❆♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ t♦ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛
❆ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡ ✐s ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❥✉st ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳
❆ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡ ✐s ❛
❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧ r❡♥❞❡r✐♥❣✲❛✇❛r❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✉♣♦♥ ❛♥ ❡①✐st✐♥❣
✳ ❇r♦❛❞❧②✱ ❛ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡ ✐s ❛ tr✐♣❧❡t
✳ ❆❦✐♥ t♦ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛
❡❞✐t✐♥❣ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s✱ t❤✐s str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s ❝❛♣t✉r❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ✇✐❦✐
t❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ✭s❡❡ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡s ❝❛♣t✉r❡ t❤✐s
♠✉❧t✐❢❛❝❡t❡❞ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r ♦❢ ❛ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡✳ ❋✐rst✱ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s ❛r❡
❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s
❝♦♥t❡♥t s❡r✈❡s t♦ t②♣✐❢② ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s ✿ ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s ✭✐✳❡✳✱
t❤♦s❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✉s❡r ✐ts❡❧❢ ✉s✐♥❣ ❲✐❦✐❚❡①t ❀ ✐❝♦♥
✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ❜❛r✮✱ tr❛♥s❝❧✉s✐♦♥✲❧✐❦❡ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s ✭✐✳❡✳✱ t❤♦s❡
❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ❛rt✐❝❧❡
❁❝♦♥t❡♥t✱ ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ r❡♥❞❡r✐♥❣ ♦♣t✐♦♥s❃
♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❢r♦♠ s♦♠❡✇❤❡r❡ ❡❧s❡ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛❀
❞❡♥♦t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❡①tr❛❝t❙❡❝t✐♦♥✭✮ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❀ ✐❝♦♥
✐♥ t❤❡
❡❞✐t♦r ❜❛r✮ ❛♥❞ ♠❛s❤✉♣✲❜❛s❡❞ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s ✭✐✳❡✳✱ t❤♦s❡
❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧❧② ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛♥②✇❤❡r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❲❡❜✶ ❀
❞❡♥♦t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❡①tr❛❝t❋r♦♠P❛❣❡✭✮ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❀ ✐❝♦♥
✐♥
t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ❜❛r✮✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞✱ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s ❛r❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✳ ❚❤✐s
♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ r❡❢❡rs t♦ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢
t❤❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t❡❞ ❛rt✐❝❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❧②✱ ✐t t❛❦❡s ✐ts
❢✉❧❧ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ❜② ❜❡✐♥❣ r❡♥❞❡r❡❞ ❜② t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✳ ❚❡♠♣❧❛t❡
♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ✏♦♥❆rt✐❝❧❡✑ ✱ ✏❛❢t❡r❙❡❝t✐♦♥✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❜❡❢♦r❡❙❡❝t✐♦♥✑
s❡r✈❡ t♦ ♣✐♥♣♦✐♥t t❤❡ s❝♦♣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❯♥❧✐❦❡
❞❡❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s ❞♦ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ❛
s♣❡❝✐✜❝ r❡❝♦✈❡r② ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠✳ ❚❤❡ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ✐ts❡❧❢
❛❝ts ❛s ❛♥ ❡♥tr② t♦ ②♦✉r ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ r❡♣♦s✐t♦r②✿ t②♣❡
t❤❡ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ❯❘▲ ❛s ✉s✉❛❧ ❜✉t ♥♦✇ ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ❣❡t t❤❡
❛rt✐❝❧❡ ♣❧✉s t❤❡ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s✳ ❚❤✐r❞✱ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s ❛r❡
r❡♥❞❡r✐♥❣✲❛✇❛r❡✳ ◆♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢
✈✐s✉❛❧ ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡ ✇❤❡♥ r❡❛❞✐♥❣✱ ♠♦r❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t✱ ✐❢ s✉❝❤
r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ✐s ❣❡❛r❡❞ t♦✇❛r❞s ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡
✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡ ✭❡✳❣✳ ✐ts ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡✮ ♠✐❣❤t ✐♠♣❛❝t t❤❡ r❡♥❞❡r✐♥❣✳
❲✐❦✐▲❛②❡r ♦✛❡rs t✇♦ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s✳ ❋✐rst✱ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s ♠✐❣❤t
❜❡ r❡♥❞❡r❡❞ r❡❛❞✐❧② ❛♥❞ s❡❛♠❧❡ss❧② ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡
♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ♦♥❈❧✐❝❦✐♥❣❇✉tt♦♥ ❂ ❢❛❧s❡✮ ♦r r❛t❤❡r
❜❡ ♣♦♣♣❡❞ ✉♣ ♦♥ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ✇❤❡♥ ❝❧✐❝❦✐♥❣ ❛ ❜✉tt♦♥✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞✱
✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ ❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ❛s ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧
❛rt✐❝❧❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ❡♠❜❡❞◆♦t❡ ✮ ♦r ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❞r❛❣❣❛❜❧❡ ♥♦t❡
t♦ ❜❡ ♠♦✈❡❞ ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ♣♦st◆♦t❡ ✮✳
✶ ❳P❛t❤ ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ♣✐♥♣♦✐♥t t❤❡ ❍❚▼▲ r❡❣✐♦♥ t♦ ❡①tr❛❝t✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱
✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛♥s ❞♦ ♥♦t ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❦♥♦✇ ❳P❛t❤✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst t✐♠❡ ❛ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡
✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❡①tr❛❝t❋r♦♠P❛❣❡✭✮ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ❡♥❛❝t❡❞✱ t❤❡ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✲
✐❝❛❧❧② ♥❛✈✐❣❛t❡s t♦ t❤✐s ❯❘▲ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡rs♣❡rs❡ ❛ ❣r✐❞✲❧✐❦❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦♥
t♦♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❉❖▼ tr❡❡✳ ❆s t❤❡ ✉s❡r ♠♦✈❡s t❤❡ ❝✉rs♦r ❛r♦✉♥❞
t❤❡ s❝r❡❡♥✱ t❤❡ ❉❖▼ ♥♦❞❡ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❝✉rs♦r ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❤✐❣❤✲
❧✐❣❤t❡❞✳ ❇② ❝❧✐❝❦✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ ✉s❡r ♠❛❦❡s ✉♣ ❤✐s ♠✐♥❞ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t
t♦ ❜❡ ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❜♦✉♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ s♦✲✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞
❳P❛t❤✳ ❙✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t ❡♥❛❝t♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❡①tr❛❝t
t❤✐s ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ r❡❣✐♦♥✳
♠♦r❡ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ❢♦r ❧❛②❡r s❤❛r✐♥❣✳ ❇❡✐♥❣ ♣❧❛✐♥ t❡①t✱
✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡❛s✐❧② ❡✲♠❛✐❧❡❞ ♦r ♣♦st❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦
✇❛❧❧✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ❲✐❦✐▲❛②❡r ♣❡r♠✐ts ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s
✭✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❧② ♦r ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❜❛s✐s✮ t♦ ❜❡ t✉r♥❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❛♥
❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦ ♦r ❚✇✐tt❡r ✐❝♦♥s ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡
❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦ ✇❛❧❧✮✱ ❝❧✐❝❦
t❤❡ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡ ❯❘▲✱ ❛♥❞ ❲✐❦✐▲❛②❡r ✇✐❧❧ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧②
✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛rt✐❝❧❡✳ ❇❡♥❡✜ts
✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❡❛s② s❤❛r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❧❛r❣❡ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡ s❡ts t❤r♦✉❣❤
❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦ ❛♥❞ ❚✇✐tt❡r ❜✉t ❛❧s♦✱ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✉s✐♥❣
❜♦♦❦♠❛r❦ r❡♣♦s✐t♦r✐❡s ✭❡✳❣✳ ❉❡❧✳✐❝✐♦✳✉s ✮ t♦ st♦r❡ ❛♥❞ s❤❛r❡
②♦✉r ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s✳ ❆❧❧ ②♦✉r ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡s ♥❡❡❞ t♦ s❡❡ ✏②♦✉r
❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✑ ✭✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ✰ ②♦✉r ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡s ✮ ✐s t♦
✐♥st❛❧❧ ❲✐❦✐▲❛②❡r✳
❯❘▲ ✭❜② ❝❧✐❝❦✐♥❣ t❤❡
✸✮✳ ❖♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ t✇❡❡t ✭❡✲♠❛✐❧ ♦r
❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s
❲✐❦✐▲❛②❡r ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ❧✐❣❤t✇❡✐❣❤t✱ s❡❛♠❧❡ss✱ ❝❧✐❡♥t✲❜❛s❡❞
❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❡♥❞❡❛✈♦✉r ✐s
❢r❛♠❡❞ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❡✛♦rts t♦ ❜❧❡♥❞ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡
♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ❋r♦♠
t❤✐s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡✱
❲✐❦✐▲❛②❡r ♣❛✈❡s t❤❡ ✇❛② t♦✇❛r❞s
✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥ ✇✐❦✐s✳
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✿
❲✐❦✐♥♦t❡s ✿ ✬r❡❛❞✬ ✈✐❡✇✳ ❋r♦♠ t♦♣ t♦ ❜♦tt♦♠✿ ❛♥
❛❞✲❤♦❝ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡✱ ❛ tr❛♥s❝❧✉s✐♦♥✲❧✐❦❡ ✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♠❛s❤✉♣
✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡✳
❙❤❛r✐♥❣ ❲✐❦✐♥♦t❡s
❆♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧♦♥❡ ♠✐❣❤t ♥♦t ❜❡ ❡♥♦✉❣❤✳ ❙❤❛r✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤✐♥
②♦✉r ❝❧♦s❡ ❢❡❧❧♦✇s ♠✐❣❤t ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢
✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ②♦✉r ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ t♦ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛t❡ t❤❡
✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡ ❛s ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❛rt✐❝❧❡✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ s❤❛r✐♥❣
t❤❡
♠✐❣❤t ♣❧❛② ❛ ♣✉s❤✐♥❣ r♦❧❡ ✐♥ t❤✐s tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ r❡❛❞✐♥❣
✇✐❦✐♥♦t❡
❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ❛rt✐❝❧❡ s❤❛r✐♥❣✳ ❘❛t❤❡r
t♦ ❡❞✐t✐♥❣✳ ❇② ✐ts ✈❡r② ♦✇♥ ♥❛t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ♣✉r♣♦s❡✱
s❤❛r✐♥❣ ❞❡♣❛rts ❢r♦♠
t❤❛♥ ❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ r❡♣♦s✐t♦r②✱ ✇❡ r❡❣❛r❞ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ❛s
❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s
❬✶❪ ❆♥t✐♥✱ ❏✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❈❤❡s❤✐r❡✱ ❈✳ ❘❡❛❞❡rs ❛r❡ ◆♦t
❋r❡❡✲❘✐❞❡rs✿ ❘❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❛s ❛ ❋♦r♠ ♦❢ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥
✷✵✶✵ ❆❈▼ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r
❙✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❈♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❡ ❲♦r❦✱ ❈❙❈❲ ✬✶✵ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✱
❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳ ■♥
✶✷✼✕✶✸✵✳
❬✷❪ ❍✇❛♥❣✱ ❲✳✱ ❲❛♥❣✱ ❈✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❙❤❛r♣❧❡s✱ ▼✳ ❆ ❙t✉❞② ♦❢
▼✉❧t✐♠❡❞✐❛ ❆♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❡❜✲❇❛s❡❞ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧s✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✹✽✱ ✹ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ✻✽✵✕✻✾✾✳