A New Urban Approach To Achieve Clean Smart Cities

Mohamed alaa Mandour /Engineering Research Journal 177(March 2023)A64-A75 64 A New Urban Approach To Achieve Clean Smart Cities Faculty of Architectural Engineering, Mattaria, Helwan University Sylvia Baligh Boulos Ghobrial *, Dr. /Prof. Dr. Mohamed Alaa Mandour **, Dr. Tarek Mostafa Sobhy *** *PhD Candidate Department of Architecture, Mattaria Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University **Professor of architecture & urban design, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Architecture ***Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Architecture Cairo, Egypt Abstract Nowadays, cities adopt new initiatives to build a prosperous future and to satisfy the society needs to optimize city functions and promote economic growth while improving the quality of life for citizens using smart technologies and data analysis, where smart cities make cities more livable ensuring efficient use and planning of urban sources and infrastructure Egypt has taken major steps in this perspective as part of 2030 vision which is one of the numerous initiatives currently being adopted by the Egyptian government aligned with the vital strategic plans. In the Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization which is to be illustrated in this paper -the objectives of smart cities and national geographic information services are determined to make infrastructure work in order to establish smart cities, to improve the spatial management in cities with the help of technology, to share data to improve public services and to be the focus of national geographical information”. In this paper, measures used globally for Smart, Clean, sustainable cities are combined to measure the performance of the new administrative Capital in Egypt, this massive unique project that is built on a state of the art technology in all fields and aspects. Keywords: smart, Sustainable, clean city 1.Introduction Innovative City Digital City Innovation & Technology Clean City Environmental CO2 Footprint Free Smart City Smart Energy Smart Governance Smart Economy Sustainable City Sustainable City Smart People Smart Mobility Smart Environment Figure 1: Innovative cities main pillars A64 Mohamed alaa Mandour /Engineering Research Journal 177(March 2023)A64-A75 65 Smart Cities are facing unprecedented challenges to become smart, sustainable, clean & digital besides challenges to take substantial measures to meet stringent targets imposed by commitments and legal obligations. Furthermore, the increased mobility of our societies has created intense competition between cities to attract skilled workforce. Needs of cities differ strongly but the main three pillars of development remain the same and these are economic, social, and environmental sustainability. Figure 2: Smart Cities initiatives and components A city cannot promote a thriving culture without these three pillars which is only made possible by improving a city’s efficiency including the carrying capacity through the integration of infrastructure and services via smart solutions. The transformations require radical changes in the way cities are run today with the involvement of technology providers who offer technical solutions and city authorities procure them. The development of this innovative city requires participation, input, ideas and expertise from a wide range of stakeholders. Public governance is naturally critical, but participation from the private sector and citizens of the community are equally important. It also requires a proper balance of interests to achieve the objectives of both the city and the community at large. 2. Research Aim & Methodology This research aims to introduce new methods for smart sustainable clean cities 3.What is the innovative city and its KPIs? In the meetings held by FG-SSC from5-6 March 2014 in Geneva, the following definition encompassing the major attributes of smart sustainable cities was agreed upon as "A smart sustainable city (SSC) is an innovative city that uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve the quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic, social and environmental aspects". A65 Mohamed alaa Mandour /Engineering Research Journal 177(March 2023)A64-A75 66 The U4SSC Key Performance Indicators A consistent and standardized method for cities to collect the necessary data to measure performance and progress. The U4SSC KPIs are developed based on Recommendation ITU-T Y.4903/L.1603 “Key performance indicators for smart sustainable cities to assess the achievement of sustainable development goals”. Figure3: Goals of Smart Cities These indicators have been formulated to provide cities and communities with a consistent and standardized method to collect and report the data needed to quantify, measure, report and monitor performance and progress towards: • achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); • becoming a smarter city • becoming a more sustainable city U4SSC KPIs within the three dimensions and the corresponding 22 categories: Environment Dimension Econmy Dimension Socity and Cuture Dimension ICT Infrastructure Water and Sanitation Drainage Electricity Supply Transport Public Sector Innovation Employment Waste Buildings Urban Planning Air Quality Environmental Quality Public Space and Nature Energy Education Health Culture Housing Social Inclusion Safety Food Security Figure 4: Dimensions and 22 categories A66 Mohamed alaa Mandour /Engineering Research Journal 177(March 2023)A64-A75 67 Table 1: Weighted KPIs discussed in Vienna Criteria Weight (%) Smart Economy 16.7 Smart People 16.7 Smart Governance 16.7 Smart Mobility 16.7 Smart Environment 16.7 Smart Living 16.7 Factors Weight (%) Innovative Spirit Entrepreneurship Economic Image & Trademarks Productivity Flexibilty of Labour Market International Embeddeddness Level of Qualification Learning Lifelong Ethnic Plurality Open - Mindness Participation in Publlic Life Public and social services Transparent Governance Local Accessibility International Accessibility Infastructure - Availability of IT Sustainability of the transport System Environmnetal conditions Air Quality Ecological Awarness Suistainable Resource Management Cultural Facilities Health conditions Individual Security Housing Quality Education Facilities Touristic Attractiveness Economic Welfare 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 5.6 5.6 5.6 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 A67 Mohamed alaa Mandour /Engineering Research Journal 177(March 2023)A64-A75 68 4. Egypt’s Vision 2030 As part of Egypt 2030 Vision, the smart clean sustainable cities initiative is a vital initiative adopted by the government. 1st Goal • Quality of life: Improving the quality of life of the Egyptian citizen and improving his standard of living. 2nd Goal 3rd Goal • Justice and Inclusion: Justice, Social Inclusion and Participation • A strong economy: a competitive and diversified economy 4th Goal 5th Goal 6th Goal • Knowledge and innovation: knowledge, innovation and scientific research • Environmental Sustainability: An integrated and sustainable ecosystem • Governance: the governance of state institutions and society 7th Goal 8th Goal 9th Goal • Egyptian peace and security • Entrepreneurial position: Strengthening Egyptian leadership • Governance: the governance of state institutions and society Figure 5: Egypt's 2030 Vision &Goals 4.1Example of Egyptian Cities The Administrative Capital is studied in this paper due to several reasons discussed below: The administrative capital is designed to be the first smart and sustainable city in the Arab Republic of Egypt by building a digital city based on modern information and communication technology infrastructure (fiber optic cables, telecommunications equipment and sensors, data centers). To ensure the instantaneous circulation of information with world-class standards to provide many electronic services to citizens to facilitate living and promote welfare and keep pace with the technological development of the cities of the fourth generation " 5.0 KPIs Definitions for smart sustainable clean cities 5.1 Energy and Environment Energy and environment pillars refer mainly to energy efficiency in the built environ- ment and other elements of the cities that imply energy consumption reduction such as smart lighting or renewable generation at the local and district/city levels (e.g., buildingintegrated RES, district heating, PV plants, wind farms, etc.). A68 Mohamed alaa Mandour /Engineering Research Journal 177(March 2023)A64-A75 69 To determine high-performance districts, the energy demand and the use and the selfconsumption of the buildings are calculated. In order to accomplish this, IPMVP (International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol) has been selected, as it is a standard for the evaluation of the energy performance. Reporting period: It is the period after the construction or renovation of the building, where the final performance is measured. This period has the requirement of real data, When applying at district/city level for shared generation systems (e.g., district heating), the boundary is rescaled. It does not only contain buildings and distribution elements, but also integrates such generation systems to calculate the indicators at consumed energy levels (i.e., considering the performance of the different elements in the generation and distribution chain). Finally, the case of lighting systems comprises the energy consumption of the bulbs and the comparative of energy when light bulbs have been replaced. In this specific case, the adjustment is not made based on climate conditions, but on hours of use. 5.2 Mobility The mobility evaluation pursued the quantification of mobility actions impacts and performance in terms of: • Reduction of air quality emissions due to replacement of ICE (internal combustion engine) by electricity powered vehicles (EVs) • Amount of travel, energy consumption and journey quality of e-vehicles • Amount of use and pattern of the charging infrastructure installed • Degree of energy managed and supplied to EVs by renewable sources • Willingness to use multimodality actions and investment in urban freight Data collected from transport facilities are used for the calculation of KPIs, identified by each mobility action with the exception of the impacts in the air quality emissions that need of a specific methodology to quantify the avoided air emissions. Thus, the evaluation approach establishes two measurement periods: baseline with ICE vehicles as reference for comparison and reporting period with e-vehicles. Additionally, this considers that distances travelled during both periods are the same. Then, the emissions avoided are measured as a function of consumed fuel or distance travelled per each type of vehicle and applying different emissions factors to each energy source used by them (e.g., diesel, electricity, etc). Standard emission factors for fuels are provided for European countries by the Covenant of Mayor and internationally by IPCC, whereas average consumption per distance travelled for each vehicle is shared by its manufacturer. This means that the vehicle features (energy consumption and type of fuel consumed) are the only factors that change among baseline and reporting period, whereas other external factors to the vehicle are not analysed since the interventions do not have any influence over them (e.g., driving speed, driving style, road characteristics, traffic and weather conditions). 5.3 Urban Infrastructure/Digitalization via ICTs Digitalization of the city is also considered in this evaluation framework, which is reached through the implementation of ICT solutions in form of urban data platform. The method A69 Mohamed alaa Mandour /Engineering Research Journal 177(March 2023)A64-A75 70 for the ICT analysis diverges from the previous infrastructure analysis, as the domain is completely different. In this specific case, software metrics are used to measure the level of digitalization of the city. Basically, the ICTs are quantified as: • Number of sensors and datasets integrated in the urban platform; • Number of available services; • Number of available open data and open APIs (application programming interface); • Number of different users, such that usability can be determined; • Response time, as performance metric to determine the time that any user should wait to receive the expected results from the urban platform services; • Scalability, as the capability for extending the resources of the urban platform; • Availability, as the time during which the urban platform does not suffer crashes. 5.4 Economy The economy pillar has as objectives the measurement of the actions’ effectiveness and the related business models, as well as the monetary impacts of the demonstrative actions in the cities, citizens and companies involved in their implementation. An analysis of cost– benefit of the solutions is performed after the calculation of KPIs identified with the data provided by the action leaders once the actions are concluded. The economic evaluation is then implemented as follows: • Financial performance of the actions through the description of the funding/financial model and the identification of the costs and revenue structure associated with the implementation, operation and maintenance of the actions; • Societal, economic and environmental benefits of actions in terms of monetary terms through the evaluation of a variety of aspects such as: jobs created, expenditure in local economy, impact in business units and improvement in air environmental quality among others. 5.5. Citizens (Social) This pillar tries to reveal the degree of satisfaction of citizens with the project solutions deployed in the city and analyze the existence of a behavioral change in the society as well as the factors that influence in the level of acceptation. The analysis is rendered through tailored questionnaires according to the object to be assessed and the target audience defined which must be the citizens affected by the interventions. The tool, which is distributed once the project actions have finished, allows for the evaluation of the final acceptance of the local population about new technologies installed, the willingness to invest in similar solutions and/or recommending these to others. This analysis also includes citizens’ perception in the technical and economic design of the solution, the amount of information received and the degree of involvement in decision making. Finally, an analysis of the respondent profile is performed (e.g., age, gender, socio-economic status) for considering this result in future social campaigns focused to upscale/replicate the solutions evaluated. Additionally, this pillar is addressed to assess the target people reached in citizen engagement activities carried out by the project to inform about benefits of energy efficiency and RES solutions and to empower citizens in the urban transformation planning A70 Mohamed alaa Mandour /Engineering Research Journal 177(March 2023)A64-A75 71 process. To this regard, the number of people reached and the diverse social background are evaluated. 5.6 Governance The governance pillar aims to assess how the project has contributed to the urban development by the means of a questionnaire based on Likert Scale and open questions, which is filled in by the main contact point of each lighthouse city at the end of the project. Main aspects to be gathered correspond to: • Function of the local authority in the development of the project: role in the financing, implementation, management and transferability of knowledge gained; • The extent to which the project has been able to influence in the local government with re-definition of city policies and the implementation of changes in the organizational scheme of the local administration or development of new rules and regulations; • To which extent the project has influenced in the identification of city priorities and most promising solutions to achieve the city vision: o How Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plans (SECAP), Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) and others city plans have been benefited from the lessons learned during the implementation of actions; o How methods applied during the definition of an innovative urban transformation strategy and the outputs obtained from energy demand of the cities, energy scenarios, techno-economic analysis and business models have contributed to the definition of a long-term advanced planning in the city. 6.Applying corresponding measures on the new Administrative Capital Dimension Smart Economy Weight (%) 12.5 Subdimension Innovative Spirit Entrepreneurship Weight (%) 2.5 KPI Weight Total Research & Development Expedinetures Expenditures from GDP 0.8 Employment Rate 0.8 Patents Patent application relative to population self employment rate 0.8 No of new registered companies Decision Making Centers and Brands GDP / Capital 1.0 Unemployment rate 1.3 Partial Employment Rate 1.3 The HQ of international Companies Market Contribution 0.6 2.5 Economic Image & Trademarks Productivity 2.5 Flexibilty of Labour Market 2.5 International Embeddeddness Charecteristics 2.5 Create job opportunities Commercial Licenses Individals standard of living Market Labour requirements Pushing towards Globalization Local Stock Market A71 1.0 1.3 1.3 0.6 Evaluation Mohamed alaa Mandour /Engineering Research Journal 177(March 2023)A64-A75 Smart Governance 12.5 Participation in Publlic Life Public and social services Transparent Governance 4.2 Transportation for Air Passengers Goods' air transportation 0.6 city representatives in relation to the population political activities for individulas the importance od politics for individuals municipal spending in relation to the population children's participation in care centers Individual satisfaction with the quality of schools 1.4 Satisfaction with tanspaency 2.1 consensus on fighting corruption public transpot network in relation to the number of individulas individual satisfaction with ease of access individual satisfaction with the quaity of public transportation 2.1 global accessibility 3 availability of computers 1.6 Availability of Broadband internet in homes transport sharing 1.6 traffic safety 1.1 economic Mobility use econmomical cars 1.1 clean Energy sources sunrise hours 1.6 availability of green areas 1.6 The rate of participation The rate of participation type of participation 4.2 spending rate 4.2 childhood represnetation Quality satisfaction measurement for education Equal opportunity Accountability Smat Mobility 12.5 Local Accessibility International Accessibility Infastructure Availability of IT Sustainability of the transport System Smart Environment 12.5 Environmnetal conditions Air Quality(No pollution ) Ecological Awarness Smart Living 12.5 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 Public Transportation availbility Access to public Transport Public Transportation Efficiency International Mobility Home Coomunications Capability Internet Service preservatio of the environment safety and security 0.6 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1 1 1 1.1 3.1 air pollution summer smog 3.1 3.1 awarness of environmental protection awarness of environmental protection water waste individual efforts to protect the environment 1.6 opinion on the subject of environmental protection 1.6 1.6 0.4 Suistainable Resource Management 3.1 waste of energy Cultural Facilities 1.8 Entertainment Effective water consumption /use in relation to the GDP electrical consumption /usage relative to GDP Cinema visit rate / person Education museum visit rate / person A72 1.6 0.4 72 Mohamed alaa Mandour /Engineering Research Journal 177(March 2023)A64-A75 Health conditions Individual Security Housing Quality 1.8 1.8 1.8 Entertainment theatre vist rate / person 0.4 public health measurements material resources for healthh HR for health Life rate / average age of individuals number of hospital beds / population number of doctors / population 0.4 public healh system quality of the health system 0.6 security crime rate 1 Crime rate (deaths) 1 measuring security efficiency The right to housing peresonal satisfaction with personal activity providing minimum standards 0.4 per capita area of populated /number of individuals individual satisfaction with housing No of students : number of residents Easy access to the education system Quality of the educational system Importance as touristical site 0.4 No of annual tourists' stays : Totaal population realizing the seriousness of poverty poverty rate 1.8 best research centers and universities number of qualified individuals at level 5-6 0.7 The number of members of the 2 phases of the population Language skills 0.7 1 cultural awarness borrowing books according to the number of individuals contribution to long term education contribute to language courses citizinship participation of forigners 1 participation of citizens residing abriad providing a climate conductive to migration turnout for regional elections 1 measuring housing efficiency 1.8 Education Facilities Touristic Attactiveness Economic Welfare Smart People Teaching and Learning 1.8 1.8 Turism Development Economic Awareness 12.5 Level of Qualification Learning Lifelong 3.1 3.125 Importance as a knowledge center International Standard classification of education stage (1 & 2) of Higher Education Cognitive Competence perception cognitive continous education Ethnic Plurality 3.1 Open - Mindness 3.125 importance of regional participation A73 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 1.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 1 1 1.0 0.5 73 Mohamed alaa Mandour /Engineering Research Journal 177(March 2023)A64-A75 information about regonal associations getting a new job 0.5 others participate in creative industry Historical /philosphical /functional reference political /religious /social significance civilizational Trait 1.5 singularity /adding personality /meaning affirmation Voumetric /technological /strength /control / glory Harmony with the surrounding environment attracting investment (Regional /Local /Global ) Landmarks 0.715 Visiual sequences and tracks 0.625 squares and visual nodes 0.625 neighborhoods , borders and landscape reduction of energy consumption standard ratios (zero carbon ) 0.625 0.8 The influence materials , technologies and operating systems Ease of access/Availability of resources Global/Regional /Local Level The economic base Renewable Growth Poles 0.625 The possibility of growth Reducing utilization of non-renewable energy resources Generation and utilization of renewable energy resources Growth Opportunities (Horizontal - Vertical ) energy consumption per Individual 0.625 utilization of renewable energy sources social awareness and training on renewable energy · Legislating and enforcement of the law on climate change · Regulations for increase of energy efficiency and savings for controlling and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions · Preparation of climate maps of settlements, and keeping them updated 0.3 creativity Civilization and Urban Identity 12.5 Cultural Identity Iconography 2.5 Symbolism 2.5 Tie to intellectual significance Development of the spirit of national belonging Formation Amazingness urban context economic return Mental Image Zero Carbon 2.5 2.5 Visual structure elements energy consumption Land use Strategic Plan Energy and cleanliness 12.5 Energy Conservation (EC) 2.5 2.5 Environmental sustainability Site Determination of policies and basic principles for compliance and preventive actions for climate change A74 0.5 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.715 0.715 0.715 0.625 0.8 0.8 0.625 0.625 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 74 Mohamed alaa Mandour /Engineering Research Journal 177(March 2023)A64-A75 Land Conservation (LC) Water Conservation (WC) Waste Reduction (WR) Accessibility Ensuring (AE) 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Reduction of pollution Conservation of topographic structure of land Conservation of habitat Increasing utilization efficiency of water resources Formation of waste and recycling systems Generation of environmentfriendly urban transportation policies and plans green spaces within settlements per area · Provision of harmony between land usage and topographic structure agricultural areas : total area 0.6 Utilization of systems allowing efficient usage of water enforcement of the law on water management Reduction Rate of water consumption · Promotions to local administrations for waste systems and recycling · Increasing public sector supervision in waste management · use of recycling technologies o Encouraging public transport usage o Developing energyefficient transportation means and systems o Minimization of private vehicle ownership 0.8 75 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.2 7.Conclusion This paper was an attempt to define measures of goals on smart sustainable clean cities. The main contribution of this paper is to set an agenda for future works: find out direct and clear connections between SCs and SDGs; propose SCs strategies that are committed to achieve the goals and measure the effects of such strategies on maintaining a smart sustainable city to ensure a high quality of life that works for Egypt’s 2030 Vision 8.References 1. 2. 3. 4. ITU-T, Smart Sustainable Cities United for Smart Sustainable Cities (U4SSC) – United for Smart Sustainable Cities (U4SSC) (itu.int) U4SSC Collection Methodology for Key Performance Indicators for Smart Sustainable Cities (itu.int) Implementing Sustainable Development Goal 11 by connecting sustainability policies and urban-planning practices through ICTs (itu.int) 5. Enhancing innovation and participation in smart sustainable cities (itu.int) 6. Sustainable Smart Cities | UNECE 7. Evaluation of Cities in the Context of Energy Efficient Urban Planning Approach To cite this article: H. 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