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Islam and contraception: A missed opportunity

2023, Islam and contraception: A missed opportunity

https://doi.org/10.1002/rfc2.49

Rapid population growth is observed in many Muslim countries which presents an obstacle to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Islam has considered the question of contraception with objectivity being a religion that underscores the importance of planning in all individual and societal affairs. There is no verse in the Quran which forbids the husband or wife to space pregnancies or reduce their number and the companions of the Prophet were allowed to practice coitus interruptus. Contraception opponents, on the other hand, claimed that any form of contraception violates God's intentions and that Islam called for a Muslim population that does not stop growing. Lack of knowledge of the position of Islam towards contraception and the religious misinterpretations that were propagated among grassroots resulted in the gap between Muslims and their doctrine regarding contraception. Raising awareness of how Islam perceived contraception and addressing questions of religious acceptability at the grassroots is one of the key factors in promoting the uptake of contraception programs in Muslim countries which will eventually scale up development efforts.

VIEWPOINT

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target 3.7 calls on countries to ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services, including for family planning, information and education by 2030. 1 Worldwide, there are more than two billion Muslims who mostly live in Arab, Middle East and South East Asia countries. 2 Rapid population growth observed in many Muslim countries, most of which fall within the category of developing countries, presents an obstacle to achieving the SDGs. 3 Globally, evidence points out to religious conservatism as one of the reasons for pushing population and family planning off the policy agenda. 4,5 Islam and contraception are perceived as incompatible by some religious scholars who claim that Islam calls for a Muslim population that does not stop growing because the larger the population the greater the power of this population, and that any form of contraception violates God's intentions. These claims are further compounded by a cultural belief that contraception is a Western agenda that aims at curtailing the growth and strength of the Muslim world. 6,7 In contrast, other religious scholars have sanctioned contraception. Their stand was based on two principles. One is the principle of planning; Islam is a religion that underscores the importance of planning in all individual and societal affairs, let alone planning a family which is highly valued in Islam being the unit of the community. The second is the principle of "permissibility", that is, in Islam everything is permitted unless explicitly designated otherwise in the Quran (Muslims Holy Book) or in the Prophet's tradition (Sunnah). There is no verse in the Quran which forbids the husband or wife to space or reduce the number of pregnancies according to their physical, economic, or cultural abilities. Concurrently, the companions of the Prophet were allowed to practice withdrawal or coitus interruptus which was the traditional way to prevent pregnancy at that time. Withdrawal was used to prevent social, economic or health risks (which need not be lifethreatening), in addition to preservation of the woman's appearance.

Islamic scholars deducted by analogous reasoning that modern methods of contraception can be allowed as long as they will not destroy fertility. 6,[8][9][10] They also clarified that Islam advocates the perpetuation of the nation based on quality rather than quantity. Consequently, they adopted a positive attitude towards the practice of contraception within the context of marriage and family to enable the couple to raise healthy, educated, useful and well-behaved children. 6,10 This positive Islamic attitude towards contraception is not clearly communicated to all Muslims. The gap between Muslims and their doctrine regarding contraception is attributed to propagating Islam as pronatalist especially among grassroots. 11,12 Given the impact contraception could have on sustainable development in Muslim countries with limited resources, the permissive Islamic teachings on contraception should be promoted.

The promotion of Islamic teachings on contraception among Muslims depends to a great extent on the religious leaders specially in communities where their opinions have a significant influence on individuals' reproductive decisions. Accordingly, efforts should be made to enrol selected religious leaders, according to preset criteria, in training courses provided by religious scholars and contraception technical experts. The focus of these training courses should be to raise their awareness on Islamic teachings on contraception and the associated health, social and economic benefits in addition to the modern methods of contraception. Religious leaders should also be trained to adequately address the misinterpretations and questions of religious acceptability at the grassroots. During the training courses, each participant should develop their own 6-month action plan for delivering the information learned, through Friday sermons, religious lessons or counselling sessions. These sessions should be assessed, according to preset criteria, before the participant receive the training course final certificate. Religious institutions, with the majority of their staff trained, could then serve as centres of excellence to provide Islam and contraception trainings, develop and disseminate sermon guides, theology-based advocacy materials and religious guides on contraception.

To safeguard against potential backfire by religious fundamentalists, entities providing contraception-related services in Muslim communities should involve the trained religious leaders in their activities, emphasise that their services are provided in the context of marriage and family and collaborate with community leaders to select the most culturally appropriate ways to outreach men and women in different communities.

FUNDING

The author did not receive any funding for developing this viewpoint.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

The author developed the view point, had full access for the data and the final responsibility to submit for publication.