Old English Primer

ēđĉēČđĎĘčėĎĒĊė ĉėĎĆēĆĕĆčĆČĎ ĎčĆĊđĆĚğĊĈ ēĉėĊĎėĎũĆē      ”‡•ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ”£Ž—Œ‡ƒ£ 2022 Copertaǣ†”‹ƒƒ’ƒŠƒ‰‹ǡ†”‡ƒ ž‘•‹ †‹–—”£ƒ ”‡†‹–ƒ–£Á†‘‡‹—Žϐ‹Ž‘Ž‘‰‹‡Ǥ ‡• ”‹‡”‡ƒ ƒ‹„Ž‹‘–‡ ‹‹ƒѵ‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ‘Ÿ‹‡‹   ǡ  Ž†‰Ž‹•Š”‹‡”Ȁ†”‹ƒƒ’ƒŠƒ‰‹ǡ‹Šƒ‡Žƒ—œ‡ ǡ†”‡‹”‹èƒǤǦ Ž—ŒǦƒ’‘ ƒǣ”‡•ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ”£Ž—Œ‡ƒ£ǡʹͲʹʹǤ ‘ጔ‹‡„‹„Ž‹‘‰”ƒϐ‹‡Ǣ ͻ͹ͺǦ͸Ͳ͸Ǧ͵͹Ǧͳͷ͹ͲǦͻ Ǥ—œ‡ ǡ‹Šƒ‡Žƒ Ǥ”‹èƒǡ†”‡‹ ͺʹͳǤͳͳͳǤͲͻ ‹$XWRULLYROXPXOXL7RDWHGUHSWXULOHUH]HUYDWH5HSURGXFHUHDLQWHJUDOăVDXSDUĠLDOăD WH[WXOXLSULQRULFHPLMORDFHIăUăDFRUGXODXWRULORUHVWHLQWHU]LVăúLVHSHGHSVHúWHFRQIRUP legii. ‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ–‡ƒƒ„‡èǦ‘Ž›ƒ‹ ”‡•ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ”£Ž—Œ‡ƒ£ ‹”‡ –‘”ǣ‘†”—샣 ‡Ž‡ƒ –”Ǥ ƒ•†‡—ͷͳǡͶͲͲ͵͹ͳŽ—ŒǦƒ’‘ ƒǡ‘Ÿ‹ƒ ‡ŽǤȀˆƒšǣȋΪͶͲȌǦʹ͸ͶǦͷͻ͹ǤͶͲͳ Ǧƒ‹Žǣ‡†‹–—”ƒ̷—„„ Ž—ŒǤ”‘ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‡†‹–—”ƒǤ—„„ Ž—ŒǤ”‘ ”‹–‡†‹‘ƒ‹ƒǤ  ͹ Foreword       ͳǤ ‹•–‘”›    ʹǤ’‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ†Š‘‘Ž‘‰›  ͵Ǥ‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›ƒ†‘”† ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ͶǤ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰›   ͷǤ›–ƒš                               ͳǤ”ƒ –‹ ‡‡–‡ ‡•      ʹǤŠ‡ ”ƒ•ƒ•‡–      ͵Ǥ(Žˆ”‹ ‘ˆ›•ŠƒǡColloquy ȋ‡š ‡”’–Ȍ   ͶǤ—Žˆ•–ƒǡInstitutes of Polity ȋ‡š ‡”’–Ȍ   ͷǤ‡†‡ǯ•–‘”›‘ˆ§†‘ǡƒ†Cædmon’s Hymn  ͸Ǥ‹‰Žˆ”‡†ǯ•”‡ˆƒ ‡–‘–Š‡Ž†‰Ž‹•Š”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ”‡‰‘”›–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–ǯ•Pastoral Careȋ‡š ‡”’–Ȍ   ͹ǤThe Letter of Alexander to Aristotle ȋ‡š ‡”’–Ȍ ͺǤThe Wonders of the East ȋ‡š ‡”’–Ȍ ͻǤThe Dream of the Rood     ͳͲǤThe Cotton Maxims (Maxims II) ͳͳǤDeor ͳʹǤWulf and Eadwacer ͳ͵ǤThe Ruin ͳͶǤThe Wanderer ͳͷǤThe Seafarer      ͳ͸ǤBeowulf ȋ‡š ‡”’–•Ȍ      ͻ ͳͳ  ͳʹ  ͳ͸  ͳͻ  ͵ͳ       ͵ͻ Ͷͳ Ͷ͵ Ͷ͹ ͷͷ ͸͵ ͸ͻ ͹͹ ͺͷ  ͻ͵ ͳͳͳ ͳʹͳ ͳʹͻ ͳ͵͵ ͳͶͳ ͳͷͷ ͳ͹ͳ ‘”‡™‘”† Š‹•Ž‹––Ž‡„‘‘‹•†‡•‹‰‡†–‘ƒ ‘’ƒ›•–—†‡–•†—”‹‰–Š‡‹” ‘—”•‡•ƒ† •‡‹ƒ”•‘ˆŽ†‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ϐ‹”•–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‹‡”‹•ƒ‹–”‘†— –‹‘–‘–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ –†‹• —••‡• •’‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡ ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™‘”† ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ƒ† •›–ƒšǤ ••‡–‹ƒŽ ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰• ƒ† ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’Š‡‘‡ƒ ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ ƒ —–•Š‡ŽŽǤ Š‡•‡ ‘†’ƒ”–‹•ƒƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–‡š–• ‘’‘•‡†‘” ‘’‹‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Žƒ–‡ •‡˜‡–Š ƒ† –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ‡Ž‡˜‡–Š ‡–—”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ •–—†‡– ™‹ŽŽ ϐ‹† ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ǡ‰‘‹ ǡŠ‡”‘‹ ǡƒ†‡Ž‡‰‹ƒ Ž†‰Ž‹•Š’‘‡•Ǥƒ••ƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘Beowulf ƒ„‡”‡ƒ†‹ ‘Œ— –‹‘™‹–Š’”‘•‡–‡š–•ƒ„‘—–Š‡”‘‡•ƒ†‘•–‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡ •ƒ‡ƒ—• ”‹’–ȋThe Wonders of the EastǡThe Letter of Alexander to AristotleȌǤ Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‡” ƒŽ•‘ ‘–ƒ‹• ’”‘•‡ –‡š–• ‘’‘•‡† „› ‹‰ Žˆ”‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‹–Š ‡–—”›ǡƒ†„›(Žˆ”‹ ƒ†—Žˆ•–ƒƒ”‘—†–Š‡›‡ƒ”ͳͲͲͲǤ Š‡–‡š–•ƒ”‡‘–ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†„›‘–‡•ƒ† ‘‡–ƒ”‹‡•ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡™‡†‘‘– ™ƒ––Š‹•„‘‘–‘—†‡”‹‡ ‘—”•‡ƒ––‡†ƒ ‡ƒ†•‡‹ƒ”ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡ Ž‡ˆ–‰‡‡”‘—••’ƒ ‡•„‡–™‡‡Ž‹‡•‹‘”†‡”–‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡•–—†‡–•–‘ƒ‘–ƒ–‡ –Š‡–‡š–•ƒ•–Š‡›”‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒŽ‘‡‘”‹ Žƒ••Ǥ –‹•Š‘’‡†–Šƒ––Š‡„‹„Ž‹‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ •—‰‰‡•–‹‘•™‹ŽŽ•–‹—Žƒ–‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ—ŽŽ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž†‰Ž‹•Š–‡š–•ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡‰Ž‘••‡† –Š‡‘–Š‡ˆƒ ‹‰’ƒ‰‡ǤŽ†‰Ž‹•Š™‘”†•ƒ”‡“—‘–‡†‹–Š‡‹”†‹ –‹‘ƒ”›ˆ‘” ȋ‘‹ƒ–‹˜‡•‹‰—Žƒ”ǡ‹ϐ‹‹–‹˜‡‡– ǤȌǢ–Š—•ǡ•–—†‡–•‡‡†–‘™‘”‘—––Š‡‹ϐŽ‡ –‡† ˆ‘”•Ǥ Š‹•’”‹‡”ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Š‡•›ŽŽƒ„—•‘ˆ ‘—”•‡•ƒ†•‡‹ƒ”•ƒ––Š‡Ǯƒ„‡èǦ‘Ž›ƒ‹ǯ ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹–‹•‘–‹–‡†‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ ǡ™‡ƒ”‡‰Žƒ†‹ˆƒ›‘‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”•Ž†‰Ž‹•ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‹–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ–Šƒ•–‘–Š‹•Ž‹––Ž‡„‘‘Ǥ Š‡’”‹‡”™ƒ• ‘ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ††‡•‹‰‡†„›†”‹ƒƒ’ƒŠƒ‰‹Ǥ‹Šƒ‡Žƒ—œ‡  ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ǡƒ††”‡‹”‹èƒ’”‡’ƒ”‡†–Š‡‰Ž‘••‡• ‘ˆ–Š‡Ž†‰Ž‹•Š–‡š–•Ǥ Ž—Œǡ‡’–‡„‡”ͳͷ–ŠǡʹͲʹʹ AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LANGUAGE ˆ›‘— ‘‡–‘Ž†‰Ž‹•Šˆ‘”–Š‡ϐ‹”•––‹‡ǡƒ†›‘—”‹–—‹–‹‘‹•–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ•›‘—™‘—Ž†ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘†‡”‰Ž‹•Šǡ–Š‹•ƒ›•–‡‡”›‘—‹–Š‡ ™”‘‰†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ˜‡ƒ–‹˜‡•’‡ƒ‡”•‘ˆ‘†‡”‰Ž‹•Š ƒ‘–—†‡”•–ƒ†Ž† ‰Ž‹•Š™‹–Š‘—–’”‘’‡”–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‡‡†–‘Ž‡ƒ”‹–Ž‹‡ƒˆ‘”‡‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‡˜‘Ž˜‡‘˜‡”–‹‡Ȃ‘–‘Ž›‹–‡”•‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”ƒ†˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›ǡ„—–ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–Š‡‹”•–”— –—”‡ƒ†’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•ǤŠ‡‰Ž‹•Š•’‘‡ ‘‡–Š‘—•ƒ†›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ƒ›ƒ––‹‡••‡‡ Ž‘•‡”–‘ ‡”ƒǡ—– Šǡƒ†–‘ƒ› ‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ†‹ƒ˜‹ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–‘‘†‡”‰Ž‹•ŠǤŠ‹•‹•™Š››‘—‡‡†–‘ Ž‡ƒ”“—‹ Ž›•‘‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ•‘ˆŽ†‰Ž‹•Š‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•– ‰Ž‹•Š–‡š–•ǤŠ‹•™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘Š‡Ž’›‘—‰ƒ‹ƒ†‡‡’‡”ǡ‘”‡‹–‹ƒ–‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡›‘—ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›’”ƒ –‹•‹‰Ǥ ‘–Š‹•‡†ǡ–Š‹••‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡„‘‘™‹ŽŽ ‘˜‡”•‘‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ Ž†‰Ž‹•Šƒ†‹–••’‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ•›–ƒšǡƒ†Ž‡š‹ ‘Ǥ ˆ›‘— ™ƒ––‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•ˆ—”–Š‡”ǡƒ•Š‘”–„‹„Ž‹‘‰”ƒ’Š›ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”™‹ŽŽ‰—‹†‡›‘—Ǥ ͳǤ ĎĘęĔėĞ Ž†‰Ž‹•ŠȋȌ‹•ƒ‡•–Ǧ ‡”ƒ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ –• Ž‘•‡•–”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ”‡Ž† ”‹•‹ƒǡŽ† ‹‰Š ‡”ƒǡƒ†Ž†ƒš‘ǤŠ—•ǡ‰Ž‹•Š‹• Ž‘•‡Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ ‡”ƒ ƒ† —– ŠǤ ‡•–Ǧ ‡”ƒ‹  †‹ƒŽ‡ –• †‡• ‡† ˆ”‘ ”‘–‘Ǧ ‡”ƒ‹  ȋ Ȍǡ ™Š‹ Š •’Ž‹–‹–‘–Š”‡‡„”ƒ Š‡•ǡƒŽ•‘‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒ•– ‡”ƒ‹ ȋƒ‹Ž› ‘–Š‹ ǡƒ‡š–‹ – Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ȍƒ†‘”–Š ‡”ƒ‹ ȋŽ†‘”•‡‹•–Š‡ ‘‘ƒ ‡•–‘”‘ˆ ‡Žƒ†‹ ǡ ƒ‹•Šǡ ‘”™‡‰‹ƒǡ ƒ† ™‡†‹•ŠȌǤ ‹‡ ƒ–‹ ȋƒ† –Š‡ ‘ƒ ‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡ ‹Ž—†‹‰‘ƒ‹ƒȌǡ ”‡‡ǡ‡”•‹ƒȋ ƒ”•‹Ȍǡ‘”ƒ•”‹–ƒ†‘–Š‡”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡••’‘‡‹ †‹ƒǡ ‡”ƒ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›†‡• ‡†ˆ”‘ƒ ‘‘ƒ ‡•–‘”ǡ ƒŽŽ‡†”‘–‘Ǧ †‘Ǧ—”‘’‡ƒȋ ȌǤ‘–‡š–•‹ ‘” Šƒ˜‡•—”˜‹˜‡†ǡ•‘–Šƒ– Ž‹‰—‹•–• ‡‡† –‘ ”‡ ‘•–”— – ™‘”†• ƒ† ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰• „› ‰‘‹‰ „ƒ ™ƒ”†• ˆ”‘ ‘‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡••Šƒ”‡†„›–Š‡‹”†‡• ‡†ƒ–•Ǥ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Š‡‘‡ƒ•‡––‹‰ƒ’ƒ”– ˆ”‘–Š‡‘–Š‡” †‘Ǧ—”‘’‡ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ‹• ƒ ‘•‘ƒ–‹  •Š‹ˆ–ǡ ‘™ ƒ• Grimm’s LawǤ Š‹• Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  Žƒ™ ‡š’Žƒ‹•–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹ ‘•‘ƒ–•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ–‹paterǡƒ†‰Ž‹•ŠfatherǤ ”‹ǯ•ƒ™†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•ƒ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† Šƒ‹”‡ƒ –‹‘Ǣ–‘ƒ‡‹–•‹’Ž‡ǡ  ˜‘‹ ‡Ž‡•••–‘’•ȏ’ǡ–ǡȐ„‡ ƒ‡ ˆ”‹ ƒ–‹˜‡•ȏˆǡɅǡšȐǢ ˜‘‹ ‡†•–‘’•ȏ„ǡ†ǡ‰Ȑ „‡ ƒ‡˜‘‹ ‡Ž‡•••–‘’•‹ ȏ’ǡ–ǡȐǢ ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‡†˜‘‹ ‡†•–‘’•ȏ„hǡ†hǡ‰hȐŽ‘•– ͳʹȀ     –Š‡‹”ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ǡ„‡ ‘‹‰ ȏ„ǡ†ǡ‰ȐǤ ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒˆ‡™ ‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‡•„‡–™‡‡ƒ•”‹–ǡƒ–‹ƒ†‘ƒ‹ƒ‘ –Š‡‘‡•‹†‡ǡƒ†‰Ž‹•Š‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”ȋ‘–‡–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•—†‡”™‡– ˜ƒ”‹‘—••‘—† Šƒ‰‡•Ȍǣ Sanskrit Latin Romanian English *p > f p‹–¢ pƒ–‡” pisc-is (patern) p‡è–‡ fƒ–Š‡” fish ȗ–ιɅ t”ž›Ǧƒ• t”µǦ• trei three ȗ‫ٴ‬ǡȗιš 䃖ž centum •—–£ hundred *b > p *d > t ȗ‫ة‬ǡȗ‰ι *bh > b (labial) d˜¢ Žƒb-ium duo doi t™‘ Œ¢ƴ— g‡ó genu(nchi) knee ˆ”¢–‡” ˆ”ƒ–‡ brother bh”¢ƴ–¢ lip ”‹ǯ•ƒ™‹••—’’Ž‡‡–‡†„›‡”‡”ǯ•ƒ™ǡ™Š‹ Š‡š’Žƒ‹•–Š‡‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ•–”‡••‘–Š‡˜‘‹ ‹‰‘ˆ•–‘’•Ǥ‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡’Žƒ ‡‘ˆƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘•‘ƒ–• ƒˆˆ‡ –‡† „› ”‹ǯ• ƒ™ ‹• –Š‡ •ƒ‡Ǣ ‘Ž› –Š‡ ƒ‡” ‘ˆ ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡˜‘ ƒŽ Š‘”†• Šƒ‰‡ȋ•‡‡†‹ƒ‰”ƒ‘–Š‡‡š–’ƒ‰‡ȌǤ ‹•–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•’‘‡„›–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š—–‹Žƒ”‘—†ͳͳͷͲǤ—”‹‰–Š‡ ‡–—”›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‘”ƒ‘“—‡•–‘ˆͳͲ͸͸–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‡˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–‘™Šƒ–‹• ‘™ ƒŽŽ‡†‹††Ž‡‰Ž‹•ŠȋȌǤ‘‡•’‡ŽŽ‹‰• Šƒ‰‡†ǡ•‘‡‹ϐŽ‡ –‹‘•™‡”‡ Ž‘•–‘”•‹’Ž‹ϐ‹‡†ǡƒ†ƒ›ƒ–‹˜‡™‘”†•™‡”‡†‘—„Ž‡†‘””‡’Žƒ ‡†„›‘”ƒ ”‡ Š™‘”†•Ǥ ‘•––‡š–•ƒ’Ž‡•—•‡†ˆ‘”Ž‡ƒ”‡”•‘ˆǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‘•‡”‡’”‘†— ‡†‹–Š‹• ’”‹‡”ǡƒ”‡™”‹––‡‹–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–Žƒ–‡‡•–Ǧƒš‘ȋȌ†‹ƒŽ‡ –ǡ„—––Š”‡‡‘–Š‡” †‹ƒŽ‡ –•ƒ”‡ƒ––‡•–‡†ȋ‘”–Š—„”‹ƒǡ‡” ‹ƒǡƒ†‡–‹•ŠȌǤ‡‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‹•„”‡ƒ‹‰ǡƒ’Š‡‘‡‘–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹• —••‡†„‡Ž‘™Ǥ ʹǤĕĊđđĎēČĆēĉčĔēĔđĔČĞ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡ ‘‘Ž‡––‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹ƒŽ’Šƒ„‡–ǡ›‘—™‹ŽŽ‘–‹ ‡–Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆæ ȋƒ•ŠȌǡþȋ–Š‘”Ȍǡƒ†ðȋ‡–ŠȌǤ •‘‡ƒ—• ”‹’–•ǡ›‘—ƒ›‡‡– the runic letter ‫”‘ˆ؃‬Ǯ™ǯǡ‘”–Š‡Ž‡––‡”‫†‡•‹Žƒ–ƒŽƒ’”‘ˆط‬Ǯ‰ǯǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡‘–—•‡† ‹–Š‹•’”‹‡”Ǥ ‘”–‡ƒ Š‹‰’—”’‘•‡•ǡ†‘–•‘˜‡”c ƒ†gƒ”’ƒŽƒ–ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ȋ¬ǡ »ȌǤ AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LANGUAGE / 13 ֱ ”‡ƒ–‘™‡ŽŠ‹ˆ– ְŽƒ ‡•‘ˆƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•‘ƒ–•ƒˆˆ‡ –‡† „› ”‹ǯ•Žƒ™Ǥ Ž†‰Ž‹•Š˜‘™‡Ž• ƒ„‡Ž‘‰ƒ†•Š‘”–Ǣ‹–Š‹•‹–”‘†— –‹‘ǡŽ‡‰–Šƒ”• ƒ”‡’Žƒ ‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡Ž‘‰˜‘™‡Ž•ȋ¢‫ ؠ‬µ Ä Û ó ‫ق‬ȌǤ ǡ˜‘™‡Ž•™‡”‡’”‘‘— ‡† ‘”‡‘”Ž‡••ƒ•™”‹––‡ǡ„—–‹ƒ”Ž›‘†‡”‰Ž‹•ŠȋȌ•‘‡˜‘™‡Ž••Š‹ˆ–‡†Ǥ•‹’Ž‹ϐ‹‡††‹ƒ‰”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡Great Vowel Shiftǡ ‘ ‡”‹‰–Š‡„ƒ•‹  Šƒ‰‡• ‘ˆŽ‘‰˜‘™‡Ž•ˆ”‘–‘‹••Š‘™ƒ„‘˜‡ǤŠ‡•‡•‹’Ž‡”—Ž‡• ƒŠ‡Ž’›‘— ”‡ ‘‰‹•‡™‘”†•–Šƒ–•–‹ŽŽ‡š‹•–‹–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǣ ȏ‡ǣȐεȏ‹ǣȐ ˆµ–ǡ•¬µ’εˆ‡‡–ǡ•Š‡‡’ ȏ‹ǣȐεȏƒÇȐ ™Äˆǡ™Ä†ε™‹ˆ‡ǡ™‹†‡ ȏ—ǣȐεȏƒᖲȐ ó–ǡŠó•ε‘—–ǡŠ‘—•‡ ȏƒǣȐεȏᖠᖲȐ ȏ‘ǣȐεȏ—ǣȐ Š¢ǡ¢ εŠ‘‡ǡ‘ƒ ˆÛ–ǡ†Ûεˆ‘‘–ǡ†‘‘ — –—ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‡””ƒ–‹ ‹–‡š–•ǡƒ†–Š—•›‘—™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ†–‡š–•’— –—ƒ–‡† „›‘†‡”‡†‹–‘”•Ȃ™Š‹ Š‘ˆ–‡”ƒ‹•‡•’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”‘‘— ‹‰  ‹‰Š– –ƒ‡ •‘‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘” ™‘”†• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡† –Š‡‹” •’‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡ „—– ‘– –Š‡‹” ‡— ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡––‹‰ ‰‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†‡” ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–•–‡’Ǥ ‘”•’‡ƒ‡”•‘ˆƒ’Š‘‡–‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•— Šƒ• ‘ƒ‹ƒǡ‹–‹‰Š–„‡‡ƒ•‹‡”„‡ ƒ—•‡›‘— ƒƒ†Œ—•–›‘—”’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ •’‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡƒ•‹›‘—”‘–Š‡”–‘‰—‡Ǥ•‹’Ž‹ϐ‹‡†‰—‹†‡–‘’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡ ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ OLD ENGLISH TEXTS 1. PRACTICE SENTENCES Š‡•‡ ƒ”–‹ϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ –‡š–• ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡ ‹ •‹’Ž‡ •‡–‡ ‡• •‘‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•ǡ—•‹‰–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–™‘”†•™Š‡‡˜‡”’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ A. ¬ ‡‘ ąÄ ˆ§†‡”Ǥ ‚ó ‡ƒ”– Ä •——Ǥ µ ‹• Š‹• ¬‹Ž†Ǥ ‡‘ ‹• Š‹‡”‡ 3 ‘Ą‘”Ǥ ‹– ‹• ó”‡ Šó•Ǥ µ •‹†‘ ‡‘™‡” ą‡»ƒ•Ǥ <µ •‹†‘ Š‹‡”ƒ ƒ’’ƒǤ Ä•‹†‘— ‡”„”‘Ą‘”Ǥ‹–•‹†‘‹ ‡”™ÄˆǤ ¬„‡‘»‡‘‰Ǥ‚ó„‹•–‡ƒŽ†Ǥ µ„‹Ą†‡ƒ†Ǥµ„‡‘ĄÛ†‹»Ǥ<µ„‡‘Ą 6 ‰Ž§†Ǥ Ä„‡‘ĄŠ¢ŽǤ ¬ Š§„„‡ ¢‡ ˆ”‡‘†Ǥ ‚ó Š§ˆ•– ¢‡ ŠŽ¢ˆ‘”†Ǥ ‡ §ˆĄ §‹»‡ ƒ’’ƒǤµŠƒ„„ƒĄ‹¬‡Ž™‡‘” Ǥ B. 9 µ‡‘”Ž‹••–”ƒ‰Ǥ ¬ ™‡ƒŽ†‡ą‘‡‡‘”ŽǤąó»‡ƒˆ•–ą§‡‘”Ž‡¢‡ •™‡‘”†Ǥ‚§•‡‘”Ž‡•ƒƒ‹•‡‘™—ŽˆǤ‚¢‡‘”Žƒ•ˆ‡‘Š–ƒĄ™‹Ą†”ƒ ƒǤ µ ›‹‰‰”µ–‡Ąą¢‡‘”Žƒ•Ǥ µ•‡ƒŽ†‡ą§‡‘”Ž—‘‹»‡Š”‹‰ƒ•Ǥ ą¢”¢‡‘”Žƒ™Äˆ‰Ž§†‡™§”‘Ǥ 42 / AN OLD ENGLISH PRIMER C. 12 ¬†”Ĉ‡Ä‡‘šƒ–ÛˆµŽ†Ǥ[Continue the conjugation] ¬ †”¢ˆ ą‘‡ Š”‘• –Û ™§–‡”Ǥ ‚ó †”‹ˆ‡ ąÄ‡ ‰µ• Š¢Ǥ ‡ †”¢ˆ Š‹•‡ ™§‰‘Ǥ Ć”‹ˆ‘Š‹‡”ƒ•¬µ’–Û•¬‹’‡‡Ǥ D. 15 µÛ ™Äˆ ‹• »‡‘‰ǡ ƒ  •µ ƒ ‹• ‡ƒŽ†Ǥ µ ‹• Š‹‡”‡ Šó•„‘†ƒǤ ‹‡”ƒ ¬‹Ž†”—•‹†‘(Žˆ”‡†ǡ(Ą‡Ž•–ƒƒ†(Ą‡ŽĄ”›Ą»‡Š¢–‡Ǥ Ä„‡‘Ą‹ 18 ‰ŽƒŽƒ†‡ »‡•‡–‡†Ǥ ƒŽŽ‡ Ž‡‘†‡ ą¢ ‹ ‰ŽƒŽƒ†‡ ™—ƒĄ —‘ ‡‰Ž‹•¬‡•’”µ ƒǤ Ä„‡‘Ą”‹•–‡»‡–”µ‘™‡ǡƒ •µƒ‹•¬‡ˆ‘Ž Š§ą‡ „‹ĄǤ 21 ‡¬‡‘”ŽŠ§ˆĄ¢‡Š—†ǡ¢‡‘šƒǡ¢‡‡ƒ”‰ƒ†–™‡Žˆ¬‹ ‡ƒǤ ‹†ą§Š—†‡Š—–‡ĄŠµǡ‹†ą§‘šƒ–‹ŽĄŠµŠ‹•ˆ‘Ž†ƒǡƒ†ą¢ ‡ƒ”‰”ƇĄŠµǤ µ»‡ˆ›ŽĄŠ‹•¬‹ ‡§Ž¬‡†§»‡ǡƒ†µ–‡ĄŠ‹‡”ƒ§»ǣ •™›Ž¬‡‹•Š‹•ŽÄˆǤ ĚėęčĊėėĆĈęĎĈĊĊēęĊēĈĊĘǣ ”— ‡ ‹– Š‡ŽŽǡ ”‡† Ǥ ‘„‹•‘ǡ A Guide to Old Englishǡ ͷth ‡†ǡ šˆ‘”†ǣ ‹Ž‡›ǡ 1992ǡͳ͹ͳǦͳ͹ʹǤ 16.  ȍȎ Ċĝęǣ Beowulf is the longest and most complex Old English poem. Its 3182 lines represent about one tenth of the entire Old English poetic corpus. The epic about a Geatish hero slaying monsters in Denmark and at home is a testament of the Germanic heroic world. This syncretic mirror for princes mixes, like the Franks Casket, Christian and pagan elements; the poem contains heroic dignity and Christian piety, gnomic utterances and elegiac melancholy. Beowulf was copied by two scribes in the Nowell Codex (London, The British Library, Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, fols 132r-201v, s. Xex-XIi). Scholars have proposed dates of composition from the sixth to the early eleventh century. ĉĎęĎĔēĘĆēĉėĆēĘđĆęĎĔēĘǣ Alexander, Michael (ed.), ‡‘™—Žˆǣ Ž‘••‡†‡š–ǡ‘†‘ǣ‡‰—‹ǡʹͲͲͲȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ —쇕 —ǡ ƒǡ ‡‘ ‡˜‹ì Š‹ ȋ–”ǤȌǡ Beowulfǡ ‘–‡• „› ‹”‰‹Ž‹— g–‡ˆ£‡• —Ǧ”£‰£‡è–‹ǡ — Šƒ”‡•–ǣǡͳͻ͸ͻǤ Fulk, R. D. (ed., tr.), Š‡‡‘™—Žˆƒ—• ”‹’–Ǥ‘’Ž‡–‡‡š–•ƒ†Š‡ ‹‰Š–ƒ– ‹•„—”‰, ȋ—„ƒ”–‘ƒ•‡†‹‡˜ƒŽ‹„”ƒ”›͵Ȍǡƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ ƒ”˜ƒ”†ǡʹͲͳͲǡͺͷǦʹͻͷǤ Fulk, R. D., Robert E. Bjork, John D. Niles (eds), Žƒ‡„‡”ǯ•‡‘™—Žˆǣ ‘—”–Š†‹–‹‘ǡ‘”‘–‘ǣ ‘ˆ‘”‘–‘ǡʹͲͲͺǤ ęĚĉĎĊĘǣ Bjork, Robert E., John D. Niles, ‡‘™—Žˆ ƒ†„‘‘ǡš‡–‡”ǣ‘ˆš‡–‡”ǡͳͻͻ͸Ǥ Chase, Colin (ed.), Š‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ‡‘™—Žˆǡ‘”‘–‘ǣ‘ˆ‘”‘–‘ǡͳͻͻ͹Ǥ Lee, Alvin A., ‘Ž†Ǧ ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ”–ŠǦ”ƒ‰‘ǣ‡‘™—Žˆƒ•‡–ƒ’Š‘”ǡ‘”‘–‘ǣ‘ˆ‘”‘–‘ǡ ͳͻͻͺǤ Leneghan, Francis, Š‡›ƒ•–‹ ”ƒƒ‘ˆ‡‘™—Žˆǡƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣǤǤ”‡™‡”ǡʹͲʹͲǤ Nicholson, Lewis E. (ed.), –Š‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ‡‘™—Žˆ”‹–‹ ‹•ǡ‘–”‡ƒ‡ǡ ǣ‘ˆ‘–”‡ ƒ‡ǡͳͻ͸͵Ǥ Orchard, Andy, ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‘’ƒ‹‘–‘‡‘™—Žˆǡƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣǤǤ”‡™‡”ǡʹͲͲ͵Ǥ ƒ’ƒŠƒ‰‹ǡ†”‹ƒǡǮŠ‡‰Ž‘Ǧƒš‘ ‡”‘ǣ‰‡Ž‘”‡‘ǫǯǡ‹‰‡•‡–†±‘•, ed. by Leo ƒ””—–Š‡”•ǡƒ”‹•ǣ”‡••‡•†‡Žǯ‹˜‡”•‹–±†‡ƒ”‹•Ǧ‘”„‘‡ǡʹͲͲ͵ǡ͹ͷǦͳͲͲǤ Stanley, Eric Gerald, –Š‡ ‘”‡‰”‘—†ǣ‡‘™—Žˆǡƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣǤǤ”‡™‡”ǡͳͻͻͶǤ ͳ͹ʹȀ     ǤĈĞđĉĈĊċĎēČǡĆ ĔĔĉĎēČ ™§–Ǩ‡ ƒ”†‡ƒ‹‰‡ƒ”†ƒ‰—ǡ þeodcyninga þrym gefrunon, 3 Š—Ąƒ§ą‡Ž‹‰ƒ•‡ŽŽ‡ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ ˆ– ›Ž† ‡ϐ‹‰• ‡ƒą‡ƒą”‡ƒ–—ǡ 6 ‘‡‰—§‰ą—ǡ‡‘†‘•‡–Žƒ‘ˆ–‡ƒŠǡ ‡‰•‘†‡‡‘”Žƒ•Ǥ›ĄĄƒ§”‡•–™‡ƒ”Ą ˆ‡ƒ• ‡ƒˆ–ˆ—†‡ǡŠ‡ą§•ˆ”‘ˆ”‡‰‡„ƒ†ǡ weox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þah, ͻ 12 ‘Ąą§–Š‹§‰Š™›Ž ąƒ”ƒ›„•‹––‡†”ƒ ofer hronrade hyran scolde, ‰‘„ƒ‰›Ž†ƒǤ‚§–™§•‰‘† ›‹‰Ǩ §‡ƒˆ‡”ƒ™§•§ˆ–‡” ‡‡†ǡ geong in geardum, þone god sende folce to frofre; fyrenðearfe ongeat ͳͷ ą‡Š‹‡§”†”—‰‘ƒŽ†‘”Ž‡ƒ•‡ lange hwile. BEOWULF / ͳ͹͵ hwæt lo, behold Gardene Spear-Danes geardæg yore-day þeodcyning people-king þrym glory gefrignan learn, hear of hu how æþeling prince ellen might, courage fremman do, perform oft often  ›Ž† ‡ϐ‹‰αƒ‡ǣŠ‹‡Ž†ǡ•‘‘ˆŠ‡ƒˆsceaþa enemy þreat army monig many mægþ clan meodsetl mead-seat, throne ofteon take away egisan terrify eorl warrior syððan after ærestϐ‹”•–weorðan become feasceaft wretched ϐ‹†ƒϐ‹†frofor help gebidan experience weaxan grow wolcen cloud, sky weorðmynd glory, honour þeon prosper oðþæt until æghwylc each ymbsittend neighbour ofer over hronrad whale-road, sea hyran obey sculan shall, have to gombe tribute gyldan pay þæt that beon be god good cyning king eafora son cennan conceive, give birth geong young geard yard, court folc people frofor help fyrenðearfϐ‹‡”›Ǧ‡‡†ǡ–‡””‹„Ž‡‡‡†ongietan understand ær before dreogan endure ealdorlease leaderless lange long hwile time, while