On the history of the introduction of elections in Malaya during the colonial period, which was essentially 'election without democracy' because no colonial power endorsed democratic principles. Election was a tool of colonial social control and solving conflict through the ballot box. It engenders 'electocracy', namely, a bureaucratic institution anchored in election. Its success depends on the level of political literacy amongst the voters and elections become a stage for party leaders gladiator-like struggle.
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