Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2001
John Stanley Beard was born on February 15, 1916 at Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire in England. T... more John Stanley Beard was born on February 15, 1916 at Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire in England. That first ten years of his career was dedicated to work in the Caribbean and the Tropical America region. For Beard, his first tour of duty 1937-1939 was to be Trinidad. The journey took a couple of weeks by sea on a Dutch boat. He was to assume the post of Divisional Officer as a replacement for John Cater, so he was sent directly to San Fernando headquarters. Beard had no idea what to expect from Trinidad but was pleasantly surprised.
The impact of fire on the stand structure of Mauritia flexuosa Linn f. was investigated in a trop... more The impact of fire on the stand structure of Mauritia flexuosa Linn f. was investigated in a tropical savanna-forest system by comparing savanna margins that are either protected from or regularly exposed to moderate to low intensity savanna fires. Mauritia flexuosa populations within different environments were sampled over two years to measure: stand density, size class distribution, operational sex ratio, and fecundity. It was found that the canopy was significantly more open in the fire-impacted margins. There were no significant differences in diameter at breast height, but non fire-impacted margins had significantly taller adult palms. The overall reproductive output was significantly higher in the fire-impacted margin and there was a marked trade-off in reproductive output, with palms in fire-impacted margins producing lighter fruit, but three times as many individual fruit. In all margins, stands formed an ‘inverseJ’ size class distribution, indicating a stable population st...
Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2001
Bambusa vulgaris (Bamboo) is widespread in Trinidad. It occurs at all elevations and in all count... more Bambusa vulgaris (Bamboo) is widespread in Trinidad. It occurs at all elevations and in all counties of the island. A study was conducted in the Arena Forest Reserve to determine whether or not B. vulgaris had an effect on the vegetation surrounding it, and whether or not it was an invasive species in a closed canopy forest in Trinidad. Species composition, diversity and density of all trees and seedlings within the immediate area of effect of four bamboo clumps in the Reserve were recorded and the parameters compared with an area of natural forest of the same size in the immediate vicinity. The abiotic conditions of dead organic matter (DOM) depth, and canopy closure were also compared between bamboo and natural forest plots. It was found that B. vulgaris does not appear to be invasive in the closed canopy areas of the Arena Forest Reserve in Trinidad, but where it exists it modifies its environment to the detriment of some tree species and the apparent benefit of others.
Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2002
A baseline vegetation survey was carried out on the site of a proposed eco-lodge and an area of c... more A baseline vegetation survey was carried out on the site of a proposed eco-lodge and an area of contiguous forest in a neighbouring forest reserve near Brasso Seco-Paria. Tree species characteristic of abandoned cacao plantations were recorded on both the eco-lodge site and the adjacent forest, indicating disturbance and the possibility that the cacao plantation had extended over the forest reserve boundary in the past. Both the eco-lodge site and the adjacent forest had species characteristic of succession subsequent to disturbance, indicating that disturbance in the adjacent forest may be ongoing. Recommendations made for tree species to plant on the eco-Iodge site so as to move the tree species community composition closer to a natural forest community composition and to attract wildlife for eco-tourists.
Do arboreal termite nests increase mortality in Mauritia flexuosa L. f. (Arecaceae) during wildfires?, 2021
Moriche palm (Mauritia flexuosa Linn f. [Arecaceae]) is a dominant species in the savanna margins... more Moriche palm (Mauritia flexuosa Linn f. [Arecaceae]) is a dominant species in the savanna margins of the Caribbean island of Trinidad. The savanna margins are frequently subjected to fires and the� moriche palm, like many palm species, is adapted to cope with a degree of fire damage. These palms also frequently host large termite nests that tend to burn during fires, which causes further damage to the palm stems. This paper explores the possibility that the combination of termite nests and frequent fires can increase tree mortality. Two post-fire surveys were conducted to record, evidence of fire exposure, fire damage to termite nests and fire damage to palm stems. In both surveys, the majority of palms with termite nests suffered fire damage to their stems, while none of the termite-free palms showed damage. Furthermore, a comparison of nest size and damage to the bark showed stems with larger nests had significantly more damage than those with smaller or no nests. The results sugg...
1. Plant functional traits are thought to drive biomass production and biogeochemical cycling in ... more 1. Plant functional traits are thought to drive biomass production and biogeochemical cycling in tropical forests, but it remains unclear how nitrogen (N)-fixing legumes influence the functional traits of neighboring trees and forest-wide biomass dynamics. Further, the degree to which effects of N-fixers are density-dependent and may depend on stem size and spatial scale remain largely unknown. 2. Here, we examine 30-years of stem demography data for ~20,000 trees in a lowland tropical forest in Trinidad that span a wide range of functional traits thought to drive aboveground biomass (AGB) dynamics. 3. These forests show positive but decreasing long-term net AGB accumulation resulting from constant average productivity but increasing mortality of non-fixing trees over time. We find that high abundance of N-fixing trees is associated with compositional shifts in non-fixer functional traits that confer lower competitive performance and biomass accumulation. Across tree size classes, most interactions between N-fixers and non-fixers were negative, density dependent, and strongest at smaller spatial scales. 4. Synthesis. Overall, our findings suggest that local trait-based interactions between N-fixing and non-fixing trees can influence long-term carbon accumulation in tropical forests.
Augustine, trinidad and tobago. 5 trinidad Ministry of Agriculture, Land and fisheries, forestry ... more Augustine, trinidad and tobago. 5 trinidad Ministry of Agriculture, Land and fisheries, forestry Division, Point fortin, trinidad and tobago. correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to e.n.J.B.
For the successful conservation of a species, habitat loss and fragmentation must be controlled t... more For the successful conservation of a species, habitat loss and fragmentation must be controlled through a protected area network that adequately covers its habitat. Here the suitable habitats of all of Trinidad and Tobago’s endemic plant species are determined and used to perform a gap analysis of a proposed protected area network. Data from a recently completed botanical survey, the WorldClim 2 environmental parameters, and a range of other sources were used to determine the habitat of each species using the species distribution model MaxEnt. Modelled habitat suitability for each species was combined and used to create maps showing endemic richness, weighted endemism and corrected weighted endemism, and to rank areas by conservation value using Zonation. The coverage of the proposed protected area network and a land use map were overlaid on these modelled distributions. We identified data limitations which meant that more than half of the 66 endemic species could not be modelled with confidence. For the remaining species, we found that the proposed protected area network contains just 13 ± 7% of the total modelled habitat of the endemic species. For eight endemic species > 25% of the suitable habitat is degraded. Model analysis indicated that elevation and temperature seasonality are the most important drivers of endemism. Based on a gap analysis the inclusion of high elevation areas of Trinidad’s Northern Range in the proposed protected area network would expand the coverage to include > 25% of the total modelled habitat of the endemic species, thus greatly increasing the long-term sustainability of the endemic species populations.
Abstract Trees, ground flora and epiphytes were surveyed across 81 sites on Little Tobago Island,... more Abstract Trees, ground flora and epiphytes were surveyed across 81 sites on Little Tobago Island, Trinidad and Tobago. Micro-climatic and edaphic parameters were measured at each site. Cluster analysis was used to identify possible vegetation groups. Ordination and logistic regression analysis were used to detect environmental gradients and to describe the influence of the environmental variables on individual plant species. One hundred and sixteen species were found on the island, of which 101 were recorded in this survey. The vegetation community was dominated by native species with individuals of the tree species Coccothrinax barbadensis, Guapira fragrans, Bursera simaruba, and Diospyros inconstans accounting for 66% of all trees surveyed. The sites were classified into five cluster groups based on species composition. One group consisting of 3 sample sites was dominated by the exotic species Bambusa vulgaris and had a significantly different structure due to the multi-stemmed clump habit of the species. No spatial pattern was identified in the distribution of abiotic variables across the island which contributed to the lack of spatial pattern in the distribution of individual plant species. The species found in this survey largely matched those found by Beard in 1944 with a couple of exceptions which may be due to misidentifications in 1944 or decline in species due to disturbance by stochastic events such as hurricanes.
Studies of small-scale spatial genetic structure are crucial to the implementation of successful ... more Studies of small-scale spatial genetic structure are crucial to the implementation of successful conservation and management plans as they enhance our capacity to predict a population's ability to respond to changing environments. This is especially true in the tropics, where high rates of fragmentation and land-use change create potential barriers to genetic exchanges. We examined the genetic diversity of wild populations of the economically important palm, Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae) in and around the Aripo Savannas Scientific Reserve on the island of Trinidad. In a small collection area of roughly 10 km 2 we found both spatial and inter-generational, or temporal, genetic differentiation and high levels of nearest-neighbor mating. We suggest that these spatial and temporal genetic patterns reflect recent and drastic anthropogenic changes to the landscape of the study sites, which we hypothesize have created barriers to gene flow through animal-mediated seed dispersal and pollination.
Living World, J. Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists‟ …, 2002
It is thought that the tropical tree Mora excelsa may be an invader of the high diversity Mixed F... more It is thought that the tropical tree Mora excelsa may be an invader of the high diversity Mixed Forest in Trinidad, reducing the diversity of the Mixed Forest, dominating the canopy and creating a stable Mora Forest type. A pilot transplant study was conducted in the Victoria-Mayaro Forest Reserve to assess if Mora excelsa seeds could survive post dispersal predation and germinate, and if the resulting seedlings could grow in a Mixed Forest adjacent to a Mora Forest. This would indicate if mora has the potential to expand beyond the current boundaries between the forest types. The transplant experiment showed mora seeds could germinate in Mixed Forest albeit in half the numbers that they could in the Mora Forest. It also showed the mora seedlings could grow in the Mixed Forest. It was concluded that mora could potentially invade adjacent neighbouring Mixed Forest at least up to the seedling stage, and could expand the extent of the Mora Forest type.
Soil spatial patterns in tropical forest may impact, or to some extent control, important charact... more Soil spatial patterns in tropical forest may impact, or to some extent control, important characteristics of tropical forests such as forest biodiversity and carbon emissions. However, tropical forests are highly heterogeneous and therefore determining soil spatial patterns using traditional methods is highly labor intensive and destructive. As a result, rapid soil pattern-property assessment methods for use under tropical conditions are of great interest for evaluating soil patterns and properties at the plot scale. We evaluated the potential of electromagnetic-induction imaging (EMI) for determining spatial variation of soil properties in native tropical forest and teak plots during the dry and wet season. Geostatistical analysis of apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measured by the EMI sensor revealed consistent semi-variogram ranges of ?30 m over both time (dry season, wet season) and sites (native forest, teak). Analyses of measured soil properties with principal component analyses were similar for both plots: clay-silt content, sand content and soil hygroscopic water coefficient (SHC) were the leading components of the main axes. However, multiple linear regression models revealed a more complex picture. In the teak monoculture, ECa was correlated with soil texture (i.e., clay-silt content) and electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract (ECe) (R2 = 0.93), while in the native forest ECa was correlated with texture and residual soil water repellency (SWR) (R2 = 0.85). This finding indicates that SWR may play an important role in determining wetting patterns in tropical forests, with implications for resource distribution and gas emissions and may provide a basis for future investigations of soil-tree relationships.
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or b... more All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Seasonally dry tropical forests are distributed across Latin America and the Caribbean and are hi... more Seasonally dry tropical forests are distributed across Latin America and the Caribbean and are highly threatened, with less than 10% of their original extent remaining in many countries. Using 835 inventories covering 4660 species of woody plants, we show marked floristic turnover among inventories and regions, which may be higher than in other neotropical biomes, such as savanna. Such high floristic turnover indicates that numerous conservation areas across many countries will be needed to protect the full diversity of tropical dry forests. Our results provide a scientific framework within which national decision-makers can contextualize the floristic significance of their dry forest at a regional and continental scale.
... geographical information systems and global datasets MICHAEL P. OATHAM* & NATALIE... more ... geographical information systems and global datasets MICHAEL P. OATHAM* & NATALIE BOODRAM Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago ... Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent & the Grenadines. Page 4. ...
Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2001
John Stanley Beard was born on February 15, 1916 at Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire in England. T... more John Stanley Beard was born on February 15, 1916 at Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire in England. That first ten years of his career was dedicated to work in the Caribbean and the Tropical America region. For Beard, his first tour of duty 1937-1939 was to be Trinidad. The journey took a couple of weeks by sea on a Dutch boat. He was to assume the post of Divisional Officer as a replacement for John Cater, so he was sent directly to San Fernando headquarters. Beard had no idea what to expect from Trinidad but was pleasantly surprised.
The impact of fire on the stand structure of Mauritia flexuosa Linn f. was investigated in a trop... more The impact of fire on the stand structure of Mauritia flexuosa Linn f. was investigated in a tropical savanna-forest system by comparing savanna margins that are either protected from or regularly exposed to moderate to low intensity savanna fires. Mauritia flexuosa populations within different environments were sampled over two years to measure: stand density, size class distribution, operational sex ratio, and fecundity. It was found that the canopy was significantly more open in the fire-impacted margins. There were no significant differences in diameter at breast height, but non fire-impacted margins had significantly taller adult palms. The overall reproductive output was significantly higher in the fire-impacted margin and there was a marked trade-off in reproductive output, with palms in fire-impacted margins producing lighter fruit, but three times as many individual fruit. In all margins, stands formed an ‘inverseJ’ size class distribution, indicating a stable population st...
Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2001
Bambusa vulgaris (Bamboo) is widespread in Trinidad. It occurs at all elevations and in all count... more Bambusa vulgaris (Bamboo) is widespread in Trinidad. It occurs at all elevations and in all counties of the island. A study was conducted in the Arena Forest Reserve to determine whether or not B. vulgaris had an effect on the vegetation surrounding it, and whether or not it was an invasive species in a closed canopy forest in Trinidad. Species composition, diversity and density of all trees and seedlings within the immediate area of effect of four bamboo clumps in the Reserve were recorded and the parameters compared with an area of natural forest of the same size in the immediate vicinity. The abiotic conditions of dead organic matter (DOM) depth, and canopy closure were also compared between bamboo and natural forest plots. It was found that B. vulgaris does not appear to be invasive in the closed canopy areas of the Arena Forest Reserve in Trinidad, but where it exists it modifies its environment to the detriment of some tree species and the apparent benefit of others.
Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2002
A baseline vegetation survey was carried out on the site of a proposed eco-lodge and an area of c... more A baseline vegetation survey was carried out on the site of a proposed eco-lodge and an area of contiguous forest in a neighbouring forest reserve near Brasso Seco-Paria. Tree species characteristic of abandoned cacao plantations were recorded on both the eco-lodge site and the adjacent forest, indicating disturbance and the possibility that the cacao plantation had extended over the forest reserve boundary in the past. Both the eco-lodge site and the adjacent forest had species characteristic of succession subsequent to disturbance, indicating that disturbance in the adjacent forest may be ongoing. Recommendations made for tree species to plant on the eco-Iodge site so as to move the tree species community composition closer to a natural forest community composition and to attract wildlife for eco-tourists.
Do arboreal termite nests increase mortality in Mauritia flexuosa L. f. (Arecaceae) during wildfires?, 2021
Moriche palm (Mauritia flexuosa Linn f. [Arecaceae]) is a dominant species in the savanna margins... more Moriche palm (Mauritia flexuosa Linn f. [Arecaceae]) is a dominant species in the savanna margins of the Caribbean island of Trinidad. The savanna margins are frequently subjected to fires and the� moriche palm, like many palm species, is adapted to cope with a degree of fire damage. These palms also frequently host large termite nests that tend to burn during fires, which causes further damage to the palm stems. This paper explores the possibility that the combination of termite nests and frequent fires can increase tree mortality. Two post-fire surveys were conducted to record, evidence of fire exposure, fire damage to termite nests and fire damage to palm stems. In both surveys, the majority of palms with termite nests suffered fire damage to their stems, while none of the termite-free palms showed damage. Furthermore, a comparison of nest size and damage to the bark showed stems with larger nests had significantly more damage than those with smaller or no nests. The results sugg...
1. Plant functional traits are thought to drive biomass production and biogeochemical cycling in ... more 1. Plant functional traits are thought to drive biomass production and biogeochemical cycling in tropical forests, but it remains unclear how nitrogen (N)-fixing legumes influence the functional traits of neighboring trees and forest-wide biomass dynamics. Further, the degree to which effects of N-fixers are density-dependent and may depend on stem size and spatial scale remain largely unknown. 2. Here, we examine 30-years of stem demography data for ~20,000 trees in a lowland tropical forest in Trinidad that span a wide range of functional traits thought to drive aboveground biomass (AGB) dynamics. 3. These forests show positive but decreasing long-term net AGB accumulation resulting from constant average productivity but increasing mortality of non-fixing trees over time. We find that high abundance of N-fixing trees is associated with compositional shifts in non-fixer functional traits that confer lower competitive performance and biomass accumulation. Across tree size classes, most interactions between N-fixers and non-fixers were negative, density dependent, and strongest at smaller spatial scales. 4. Synthesis. Overall, our findings suggest that local trait-based interactions between N-fixing and non-fixing trees can influence long-term carbon accumulation in tropical forests.
Augustine, trinidad and tobago. 5 trinidad Ministry of Agriculture, Land and fisheries, forestry ... more Augustine, trinidad and tobago. 5 trinidad Ministry of Agriculture, Land and fisheries, forestry Division, Point fortin, trinidad and tobago. correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to e.n.J.B.
For the successful conservation of a species, habitat loss and fragmentation must be controlled t... more For the successful conservation of a species, habitat loss and fragmentation must be controlled through a protected area network that adequately covers its habitat. Here the suitable habitats of all of Trinidad and Tobago’s endemic plant species are determined and used to perform a gap analysis of a proposed protected area network. Data from a recently completed botanical survey, the WorldClim 2 environmental parameters, and a range of other sources were used to determine the habitat of each species using the species distribution model MaxEnt. Modelled habitat suitability for each species was combined and used to create maps showing endemic richness, weighted endemism and corrected weighted endemism, and to rank areas by conservation value using Zonation. The coverage of the proposed protected area network and a land use map were overlaid on these modelled distributions. We identified data limitations which meant that more than half of the 66 endemic species could not be modelled with confidence. For the remaining species, we found that the proposed protected area network contains just 13 ± 7% of the total modelled habitat of the endemic species. For eight endemic species > 25% of the suitable habitat is degraded. Model analysis indicated that elevation and temperature seasonality are the most important drivers of endemism. Based on a gap analysis the inclusion of high elevation areas of Trinidad’s Northern Range in the proposed protected area network would expand the coverage to include > 25% of the total modelled habitat of the endemic species, thus greatly increasing the long-term sustainability of the endemic species populations.
Abstract Trees, ground flora and epiphytes were surveyed across 81 sites on Little Tobago Island,... more Abstract Trees, ground flora and epiphytes were surveyed across 81 sites on Little Tobago Island, Trinidad and Tobago. Micro-climatic and edaphic parameters were measured at each site. Cluster analysis was used to identify possible vegetation groups. Ordination and logistic regression analysis were used to detect environmental gradients and to describe the influence of the environmental variables on individual plant species. One hundred and sixteen species were found on the island, of which 101 were recorded in this survey. The vegetation community was dominated by native species with individuals of the tree species Coccothrinax barbadensis, Guapira fragrans, Bursera simaruba, and Diospyros inconstans accounting for 66% of all trees surveyed. The sites were classified into five cluster groups based on species composition. One group consisting of 3 sample sites was dominated by the exotic species Bambusa vulgaris and had a significantly different structure due to the multi-stemmed clump habit of the species. No spatial pattern was identified in the distribution of abiotic variables across the island which contributed to the lack of spatial pattern in the distribution of individual plant species. The species found in this survey largely matched those found by Beard in 1944 with a couple of exceptions which may be due to misidentifications in 1944 or decline in species due to disturbance by stochastic events such as hurricanes.
Studies of small-scale spatial genetic structure are crucial to the implementation of successful ... more Studies of small-scale spatial genetic structure are crucial to the implementation of successful conservation and management plans as they enhance our capacity to predict a population's ability to respond to changing environments. This is especially true in the tropics, where high rates of fragmentation and land-use change create potential barriers to genetic exchanges. We examined the genetic diversity of wild populations of the economically important palm, Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae) in and around the Aripo Savannas Scientific Reserve on the island of Trinidad. In a small collection area of roughly 10 km 2 we found both spatial and inter-generational, or temporal, genetic differentiation and high levels of nearest-neighbor mating. We suggest that these spatial and temporal genetic patterns reflect recent and drastic anthropogenic changes to the landscape of the study sites, which we hypothesize have created barriers to gene flow through animal-mediated seed dispersal and pollination.
Living World, J. Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists‟ …, 2002
It is thought that the tropical tree Mora excelsa may be an invader of the high diversity Mixed F... more It is thought that the tropical tree Mora excelsa may be an invader of the high diversity Mixed Forest in Trinidad, reducing the diversity of the Mixed Forest, dominating the canopy and creating a stable Mora Forest type. A pilot transplant study was conducted in the Victoria-Mayaro Forest Reserve to assess if Mora excelsa seeds could survive post dispersal predation and germinate, and if the resulting seedlings could grow in a Mixed Forest adjacent to a Mora Forest. This would indicate if mora has the potential to expand beyond the current boundaries between the forest types. The transplant experiment showed mora seeds could germinate in Mixed Forest albeit in half the numbers that they could in the Mora Forest. It also showed the mora seedlings could grow in the Mixed Forest. It was concluded that mora could potentially invade adjacent neighbouring Mixed Forest at least up to the seedling stage, and could expand the extent of the Mora Forest type.
Soil spatial patterns in tropical forest may impact, or to some extent control, important charact... more Soil spatial patterns in tropical forest may impact, or to some extent control, important characteristics of tropical forests such as forest biodiversity and carbon emissions. However, tropical forests are highly heterogeneous and therefore determining soil spatial patterns using traditional methods is highly labor intensive and destructive. As a result, rapid soil pattern-property assessment methods for use under tropical conditions are of great interest for evaluating soil patterns and properties at the plot scale. We evaluated the potential of electromagnetic-induction imaging (EMI) for determining spatial variation of soil properties in native tropical forest and teak plots during the dry and wet season. Geostatistical analysis of apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measured by the EMI sensor revealed consistent semi-variogram ranges of ?30 m over both time (dry season, wet season) and sites (native forest, teak). Analyses of measured soil properties with principal component analyses were similar for both plots: clay-silt content, sand content and soil hygroscopic water coefficient (SHC) were the leading components of the main axes. However, multiple linear regression models revealed a more complex picture. In the teak monoculture, ECa was correlated with soil texture (i.e., clay-silt content) and electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract (ECe) (R2 = 0.93), while in the native forest ECa was correlated with texture and residual soil water repellency (SWR) (R2 = 0.85). This finding indicates that SWR may play an important role in determining wetting patterns in tropical forests, with implications for resource distribution and gas emissions and may provide a basis for future investigations of soil-tree relationships.
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or b... more All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Seasonally dry tropical forests are distributed across Latin America and the Caribbean and are hi... more Seasonally dry tropical forests are distributed across Latin America and the Caribbean and are highly threatened, with less than 10% of their original extent remaining in many countries. Using 835 inventories covering 4660 species of woody plants, we show marked floristic turnover among inventories and regions, which may be higher than in other neotropical biomes, such as savanna. Such high floristic turnover indicates that numerous conservation areas across many countries will be needed to protect the full diversity of tropical dry forests. Our results provide a scientific framework within which national decision-makers can contextualize the floristic significance of their dry forest at a regional and continental scale.
... geographical information systems and global datasets MICHAEL P. OATHAM* & NATALIE... more ... geographical information systems and global datasets MICHAEL P. OATHAM* & NATALIE BOODRAM Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago ... Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent & the Grenadines. Page 4. ...
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