Papers by Christopher Candland
The Islamic Welfare State: Muslim Charity, Human Security, and Government Legitimacy in Pakistan, Apr 30, 2024
The Islamic Welfare State explains the relationship between government legitimacy, everyday secur... more The Islamic Welfare State explains the relationship between government legitimacy, everyday security, and Islam as lived in a major Muslim-majority country.
Islam is a compelling, community-strengthening faith that motivates people to provide essential services to the needy, to foster moral sentiments that build social solidarity, and thereby to challenge the legitimacy of government when they are focused on 'protecting Islam' and promoting 'national security' rather than protecting or enhancing the lives of ordinary people.
The focus is on ground realities, on the activities of welfare workers and beneficiaries, mostly patients and students from low-income families, through four kinds of Islamic charity, traditional, professional, partisan, and state.
Politika : jurnal ilmu politik, Oct 5, 2022
International Labour Review, Jun 1, 2009
.Outside of the International Labour Organization, the United States uses two main channels to pr... more .Outside of the International Labour Organization, the United States uses two main channels to promote labour standards internationally: bilateral or regional trade agreements and “labour diplomacy”. Examining developments in these areas between 2001 and 2008, the author argues that the Bush Administration weakened the United States' capacity to uphold internationally recognized core labour standards. Although it concluded an unprecedented number of free trade agreements, their labour clauses are largely devoid of meaningful enforcement mechanisms – suggesting a closer connection with general foreign policy objectives than with concern for workers' rights. Furthermore, the work of the Federal Advisory Committee on Labor Diplomacy was eventually suspended.
Revue Internationale Du Travail, Jun 1, 2009
En dehors de l'Organisation internationale du Travail, les Etats-Unis utilisent deux moyens de pr... more En dehors de l'Organisation internationale du Travail, les Etats-Unis utilisent deux moyens de promouvoir les normes du travail à l'échelle internationale: les accords de libre-échange et «les relations internationales en matière de travail». Examinant la période 2001-2008, l'auteur avance que l'administration Bush a affaibli la capacité des Etats-Unis de défendre les normes fondamentales du travail internationalement reconnues. Les clauses sur le travail des accords de libre-échange, sans mécanismes d'application efficaces, relèveraient de visées de politique étrangère plus que du souci des droits des travailleurs. En outre, l'activité du Comité consultatif fédéral sur les relations internationales en matière de travail a été suspendue. ous observons ici la direction dans laquelle l'administration de George * L'auteur enseigne les sciences politiques au Wellesley College. Il a collaboré en tant que spécialiste des échanges à la sous-commission des échanges de la Chambre des représentants des Etats-Unis en 2002, et en tant que conseiller principal au Comité consultatif fédéral sur les relations internationales en matière de travail (Labor Diplomacy) du Département d'Etat des Etats-Unis de 2003 à 2004. Les points de vue présentés ici ne sauraient être attribués à quelque membre ou employé de la sous-commission ou du comité consultatif. Les articles paraissant dans la RIT, de même que les désignations territoriales utilisées, n'engagent que les auteurs et leur publication ne signifie pas que le BIT souscrit aux opinions qui y sont exprimées.
Journal of International Affairs, Jun 22, 1997
... In the 1920s, Mohandas Gandhi reorganized the party, which helped it to evolve into one of th... more ... In the 1920s, Mohandas Gandhi reorganized the party, which helped it to evolve into one of the world's largest membership-based, mass organizations. ... Under Indira Gandhi, the Congress party in government helped to undermine the Congress organization. Pluralism. ...
Springer eBooks, 2001
estern donors just do not grasp the deep spiritual and cultural dimensions necessary for real dev... more estern donors just do not grasp the deep spiritual and cultural dimensions necessary for real development and what these mean for the people. In essence, for western donors, nonconformity with so-called normal patterns of materialistic development is not permissible.' Ariyaratne (1995a), p. 12 [355]
Page 23. 1 ORGANIZED LABOR AND DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION First of all, we must have the Government... more Page 23. 1 ORGANIZED LABOR AND DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION First of all, we must have the Government thoroughly with us, heart and soul. 1 GV Joshi Political regimesdemocratic or authoritarianshape social organizations and mold the state itself. ...
Critical Asian Studies, Mar 1, 2007
Why have Pakistani workers failed to transform their evident street power into sustained influenc... more Why have Pakistani workers failed to transform their evident street power into sustained influence in formal politics? Throughout South Asia, worker' organizations formed alliances with political parties, political parties formed workers' organizations, and governments incorporated worker' organizations into state consultation machinery. With the exception of Pakistan, in each of the countries of South Asia, representatives at these workers organizations have become members of parliament and cabinet ministers. In India, a workers' representatives even became president. Why have workers' representatives been almost completely absent in Pakistani governments? This essay argues that Pakistan's traumatic creation-one of the twentieth century's greatest humanitarian disasters-unleashed ruling class insecurities that were unfavorable to workers' organizations. The managers of the new state demanded centralized power. Authoritarian colonial institutions were ready at hand. Pakistan's international alliance with U.S.-anticommunist alliances led to the suppression of workers' organizations and precluded their influence in formal politics. The ruling classes targeted workers' organizations. Pakistani governments ensured that workers' organizations were excluded from formal politics. Before concluding, the essay considers whether military governments are necessarily inimical to workers' organizations. Why have Pakistan's workers exhibited considerable influence through street and factory protest but almost none in formal politics? Workers' organizations have obtained (or had once obtained) a significant measure of political power in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and Nepal, but not in Pakistan. Organized workers in Pakistan have had little or no influence on political parties or the state. 1 Pakistan's contrasting experience allows us to see how specific politi-Critical Asian Studies
Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks, 2001
Within two decades of its independence, American economic advisors declared Pakistan’s economic d... more Within two decades of its independence, American economic advisors declared Pakistan’s economic development a resounding success.2 Since its creation in August 1947, Pakistan had achieved and maintained high rates of growth of gross national product (GNP), averaging more than 6 percent per annum. According to dominant economic thought when Pakistan was in its formative years, the key to development — defined as growth of GNP per capita — was the concentration of capital. Thus, Pakistan’s economic planners aimed to achieve high growth rates by concentrating capital, and diverting a minimum of resources to social welfare. Inequality was an explicit component of Pakistan’s strategy of economic growth through ‘functional inequality’.3 Given the emphasis placed at that time on the ‘social utility of greed’, it seems a little strange that many now regard Pakistan’s combination of high gross domestic product growth rates and low levels of human development as ‘enigmatic’ or ‘paradoxical’.4 In view of the low priority given to human development in the past, it is not surprising that Pakistan currently suffers some of the lowest rates of literacy, life expectancy, infant and maternal survival in the world.
Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Dec 1, 1995
Oxford University Press eBooks, Sep 20, 2001
In India, an impressive labour movement based on political unionism developed and exercised some ... more In India, an impressive labour movement based on political unionism developed and exercised some influence over economic policy. In Pakistan, an assertive and often militant workers’ movement emerged, was severely repressed, and exercised little influence over economic policy. The paper assesses the ability of trade unions in each country to oppose recent economic reforms, specifically the privatization efforts of each government. The capacity to oppose industrial restructuring is traced to the differing structure of labour institutions, specifically trade union relationships with political parties and workers’ representation in trade unions. In conclusion, the paper draws from a debate within the Indian trade union movement concerning the limitations of political unionism and the need for new union strategies. It suggests that a new unionism, with wider networks among other social organizations and deeper roots in local communities, must also include a new political dimension.
Political Science Quarterly, 1999
Globalization has expanded transnational consumption networks and made labour processes increasin... more Globalization has expanded transnational consumption networks and made labour processes increasingly informal, transforming the very nature of work. Globally, formal employment is shrinking. The urban informal sector grew twice as fast as the organized sector in the 1980s. In South Asia, which contains nearly 20 per cent of the world labour force, more than 90 per cent is in the informal sector. Large employers and even public sector enterprises, many having banned recruitment for regular employment decades ago, employ casual and contract workers (cf. Chowdhury 1996). The rediscovery of the informal sector and the renewed management emphasis on keeping labour informal, on contract, on an independent, freelance, or household basis, or in an otherwise unregulated and unprotected condition, challenges the ability of trade unions to organize and to represent labour. Organized labour finds itself in the midst of a historic economic challenge. Not only does it suffer from the general crisis of legitimacy in the conventional organizations and associations of modern political life. It has also been shaken from its foundations in an increasingly informal economy.
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Papers by Christopher Candland
Islam is a compelling, community-strengthening faith that motivates people to provide essential services to the needy, to foster moral sentiments that build social solidarity, and thereby to challenge the legitimacy of government when they are focused on 'protecting Islam' and promoting 'national security' rather than protecting or enhancing the lives of ordinary people.
The focus is on ground realities, on the activities of welfare workers and beneficiaries, mostly patients and students from low-income families, through four kinds of Islamic charity, traditional, professional, partisan, and state.
Islam is a compelling, community-strengthening faith that motivates people to provide essential services to the needy, to foster moral sentiments that build social solidarity, and thereby to challenge the legitimacy of government when they are focused on 'protecting Islam' and promoting 'national security' rather than protecting or enhancing the lives of ordinary people.
The focus is on ground realities, on the activities of welfare workers and beneficiaries, mostly patients and students from low-income families, through four kinds of Islamic charity, traditional, professional, partisan, and state.