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richard young

Wayne State University, Psychiatry, Faculty Member

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Highly motivated academic, scientific and engineering technical lead with extensive experience in academic and industrial research.

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Papers by richard young

Self-Regulation Minimizes Crash Risk from Attentional Effects of Cognitive Load during Auditory-Vocal Tasks

SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety, 2014

This study reanalyzes the data from a recent experimental report from the University of Utah inve... more This study reanalyzes the data from a recent experimental report from the University of Utah investigating the effect on driving performance of auditory-vocal secondary tasks (such as cell phone and passenger conversations, speech-to-text, and a complex artificial cognitive task). The current objective is to estimate the relative risk of crashes associated with such auditory-vocal tasks. Contrary to the Utah study's assumption of an increase in crash risk from the attentional effects of cognitive load, a deeper analysis of the Utah data shows that driver self-regulation provides an effective countermeasure that offsets possible increases in crash risk. For example, drivers self-regulated their following distances to compensate for the slight increases in brake response time while performing auditory-vocal tasks. This new finding is supported by naturalistic driving data showing that cell phone conversation does not increase crash risk above that of normal baseline driving. The Utah data are next compared to those from a larger study that included visual-manual as well as auditory-vocal tasks. The Utah auditory-vocal tasks had negligible effects on response time compared to visual-manual tasks with socially acceptable crash risk, such as manual radio tuning. In conclusion, auditory-vocal tasks such as those in the Utah study are not expected to increase crash risk or impair real-world operation of an automobile, compared to normal baseline driving without performing such tasks.

Development of the Enhanced Peripheral Detection Task: A Surrogate Test for Driver Distraction

SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems, 2012

Up to now, there is no standard methodology that addresses how driver distraction is affected by ... more Up to now, there is no standard methodology that addresses how driver distraction is affected by perceptual demand and working memory demand - aside from visual allocation. In 2009, the Peripheral Detection Task (PDT) became a NHTSA recommended measure for driver distraction [1]. Then the PDT task was renamed as the Detection Response Task (DRT) because the International Standards Organization (ISO) has identified this task as a potential method for assessing selective attention in detection of visual, auditory, tactile and haptic events while driving. The DRT is also under consideration for adoption as an ISO standard surrogate test for driver performance for new telematics designs. The Wayne State University (WSU) driver imaging group [2, 3] improved the PDT and created the Enhanced Peripheral Detection Task I (EPDT-I) [4]. The EPDT-I is composed of a simple visual event detection task and a video of a real-world driving scene. It is simple, easy to learn and run, and convenient for use in the lab, road, or brain imaging environments [5]. With the success of EPDT-I, the WSU driver imaging group further developed the Enhanced Peripheral Detection Task-II (EPDT-II; also called “Wayne State Enhanced DRT” or “Wayne State EDRT”) by adding a number of features to engage participants more with the primary driving task and to assess attentional processes in greater detail. This research also compared performance in the EPDT-II at our lab, EEG, and neuroimaging environments to the open road for validation purposes [6]. In conclusion, the Wayne State EDRT provides a sensitive and up-to-date surrogate test for measuring driver distraction in the lab and on the road.

Towards Operationalizing Driver Distraction

Proceedings of the 7th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design : driving assessment 2013, 2013

Driver distraction has been the subject of much research interest and scientific inquiry. Operati... more Driver distraction has been the subject of much research interest and scientific inquiry. Operationalizing driver distraction is a complex task-one that is necessary for advancing both science and public policy in this domain. While many operational definitions can be gathered from the literature, gaps are common. In order to fill such gaps, 21 experts reviewed 55 driver distraction definitions in the literature. Aided by the results of a pre-workshop questionnaire the experts narrowed these definitions. The Regan et al. (2011) definition of driver distraction was agreed to at a workshop. Subsidiary terms related to this definition were defined to improve clarity and applicability of the definition. It is hoped that a consistent and agreed definition of driver distraction and its associated terms will advance scientific progress in understanding and measuring driver distraction.

An Evaluation of Alternative Methods for Assessing Driver Workload in the Early Development of In-Vehicle Information Systems

SAE Technical Paper Series, 2002

This study examined whether the effect of subsidiary tasks on driving performance can be predicte... more This study examined whether the effect of subsidiary tasks on driving performance can be predicted from stationary (static) testing. Alternative methods for assessing the performance of drivers during their use of in-vehicle information systems were examined. These methods included static testing in stationary vehicles, as well as dynamic, on-road testing. The measures that were obtained from static tests were evaluated in terms of how well they could predict measures obtained from driving performance during on-road testing (which included concurrent use of secondary information systems). The results indicated that measures obtained in static test settings were highly correlated with corresponding measures obtained from on-road performance testing. Also, the regression slopes and intercepts of on-road driving performance measures when predicting on-road lane deviations were more closely approximated under static conditions which required drivers to attend to concurrent, driving-like activities as well as secondary tasks. It is suggested that tests using multiple measures, together with a multivariate model, may hold the most promise for predicting eventual on-road driver performance in the early development of in-vehicle information systems. Although additional research and theoretical development are required, this research demonstrates that a set of relatively simple measures obtained analytically and from static testing can be used even now to help guide early system development.

Eye Glance Analysis of the Surrogate Tests for Driver Distraction

Proceedings of the 8th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design: driving assessment 2015, 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the eye glance patterns of Detection Response Tasks (DRT... more The purpose of this study was to examine the eye glance patterns of Detection Response Tasks (DRTs) for assessment of driver distraction during simulated driving. Several types of DRTs across visual, tactile and haptic modalities were used to investigate driver distraction by the ISO Driving Distraction working group. As part of the working group, we conducted a simulated driving study examining driver performance while engaging the primary driving task with visual-manual or auditory-verbal secondary tasks. Results of eye glance analysis showed that the visual DRTs increased visual load in driving more than the tactile DRT. Subsequently, the visual DRTs marginally increased the total glance time for forward view by 6.27 seconds and significantly increased the detection response time by 135.79 ms than the tactile DRT. As for the secondary tasks, the visual-manual secondary task yielded significantly longer total eye-offthe-road time (effect size = 50.75 ms), as well as DRT response times than the auditory-verbal ones time (effect size = 55.85 ms). This study allowed us to examine the relationships between rated situational awareness, DRT performance, and glance patterns, yielding insights into the relationship between objective task performance measures and subjective ratings. OBJECTIVES Detection Response Tasks (DRTs) are testing methods that can provide periodic probing into the attentional resources of a person as they engage in a variety of ongoing activities. The basic design of a DRT is to present a probe (often called an event), whether visual, auditory, or tactile, to a participant who is engaged in one or more ongoing activities, and measure how it takes the participant to respond to the event, typically by pressing a button or a pedal. In a multitasking driving task, increased cognitive demand of secondary tasks can have a significant influence on attentional networks in the brain by increasing event response times (RTs), event miss rates, the duration of single glances off the road and neural activations in brain regions specific for orienting attention and executive function (

The Dimensions of Driver Performance during Secondary Manual Tasks

Proceedings of the 2nd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design: Driving Assessment 2003, 2005

All subjects were given a demo trial, then a training trial, for every task while in the training... more All subjects were given a demo trial, then a training trial, for every task while in the training area. The training for each task was done immediately before the road test trial. This procedure, as per previous investigations with this method (not shown), typically produces a level of training that is likely at or near the maximum of the short-term learning curve for that particular task for that subject.

Conversations on an Embedded Phone While Driving: Predicted vs. Observed Real-World Airbag Deployment Crash Rates

Proceedings of the 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle, 2007

To evaluate hypotheses that may help explain the discrepancy between the predicted vs. observed r... more To evaluate hypotheses that may help explain the discrepancy between the predicted vs. observed real-world airbag-deployment crash rates during conversation on a mobile phone embedded in a vehicle. METHOD Previous epidemiological, laboratory, and closed-road studies predict a 2-8 times increase in relative risk of phone conversations during real-world driving compared to baseline driving. Counts of real-world crashes clearly associated with portable cell usage are difficult to obtain and incomplete. However a large and complete body of real-world data exists of conversation usage on mobile phones embedded in vehicles and crashes severe enough to deploy an airbag (Young, 2001). The degree of discrepancy between the observed numbers of real-world crashes in these studies and the predicted risks of wireless conversations from previous studies is calculated. Hypotheses are presented and evaluated that may help to explain the discrepancy.

Road-to-Lab: Validation of the Static Load Test for Predicting On-Road Driving Performance While Using Advanced In-Vehicle Information and Communication Devices

Driving assessment 2005 : proceedings of the 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design, 2005

Association Between Embedded Cellular Phone Calls and Vehicle Crashes Involving Airbag Deployment

Proceedings of the First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design: driving assessment 2001, 2001

A study was done of a cellular telephone system embedded in a vehicle by the vehicle manufacturer... more A study was done of a cellular telephone system embedded in a vehicle by the vehicle manufacturer. This study examined voice calls to a service advisor made with a single button press (an OnStar call). The OnStar system also automatically places a call to an advisor notifying of an airbag deployment (an airbag call). The main objective of this study was to determine the probability of an airbag-deployment crash, given that an OnStar call was in progress. The complete OnStar database from October 1996 to May 2001 was searched for all occurrences of OnStar calls associated with airbag calls. In the total population of about eight million OnStar calls, there were eight cases of an OnStar voice conversation being followed in less than 10 minutes by an airbag call. The advisor's written comments in these eight cases indicated there were even fewer cases, likely only two, in which the phone was actually in use at the time of the crash. The comments contained no specific indications that the OnStar calls contributed to causing the crashes, but did contain indications of other possible causes, such as a driver's selfreport of drowsiness. The conclusions are: (1) An embedded cell phone call with an advisor followed by airbag-deployment crash within 10 minutes is rare, occurring at a frequency of one event per million calls during the fiveyear period of the study; (2) An embedded cell phone in use at the time of an airbag-deployment crash is even more rare, occurring at a frequency of one event per four million calls; (3) Embedded cell phone usage uniquely causing an airbag-deployment crash occurs even more rarely.

The Tactile Detection Response Task: Preliminary Validation for Measuring the Attentional Effects of Cognitive Load

Proceedings of the 7th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design : driving assessment 2013, 2013

Donders, Franciscus C. 1868. La vitesse des actes psychiques. Archives néerlandaises des sciences... more Donders, Franciscus C. 1868. La vitesse des actes psychiques. Archives néerlandaises des sciences exactes et naturelles 3: 296-317 Posner, Michael I. (1976). Chronometric Explorations of Mind. Hillsdale, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Greenshields, B. D. (1936). Reaction time in automobile driving. Journal of applied psychology (0021-9010), 20 (3), p. 353 Miura, T. (1986). Coping with situational demands: A study of eye movements and peripheral vision. In M. Gale, Freeman, CM Haslegrave, P. Smith & S. Taylor (Eds.), Vision in Vehicles II. Amsterdam: Elsevier, North Holland. • Although we recently collected data on 4 versions of the DRT (Tactile, Head-Mounted, Remote, and Extended), we report here today only on the Tactile Detection Response Task (TDRT).

Driving Consistency Errors Overestimate Crash Risk from Cellular Conversation in Two Case-Crossover Studies

Proceedings of the 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design : driving assessment 2011, 2011

The goal of this study is to help resolve the discrepancy in relative risk estimates between rece... more The goal of this study is to help resolve the discrepancy in relative risk estimates between recent and early epidemiological studies of call-crash association. Recent epidemiological studies estimate a crash risk for cellular conversation near that of baseline driving-a relative risk of about one. In contrast, two early case-crossover studies estimated a relative crash risk of about four for cellular conversation while driving. One hypothesis to explain this fourfold discrepancy is that the early studies had less driving time in the control window on a day before the crash, than in the crash window just before the crash. This bias in driving exposure translated into relatively lower exposure to cellular conversation during control windows than during crash windows, thereby introducing an overestimate of the relative risk for cellular conversation while driving. To test this hypothesis, the present study developed a new driving consistency index (DCI), which measures the percentage overlap in driving times from one day to the next. The mean DCI for 240 vehicles in a Chicago GPS study with known driving times for two successive days was a surprisingly low 14.8%, substantially below the driving consistency estimates in the early case-crossover studies. After adjustment by the mean DCI, the relative risk estimates for cellular conversation while driving in the early case-crossover studies are about one, resolving the discrepancy with the more recent epidemiological studies.

Validation of the Static Load Test for Event Detection During Hands-Free Conversation

Proceedings of the 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design : Driving Assessment 2009, 2009

Objective. To see if visual event reaction times (RTs) during handsfree conversation conditions i... more Objective. To see if visual event reaction times (RTs) during handsfree conversation conditions in the Enhanced Static Load Test (ESLT) can predict RTs in similar conditions in on-road driving. Methods. Brake reaction times to random center and side light events were measured while watching a driving video, attempting to keep a marker in the center of the lane with a steering wheel, answering the phone by pressing a button, and carrying on neutral or angry handsfree conversations in covert (silent) or overt mode on a hands-free phone device. Open-road tests were conducted in traffic for subjects with similar side and front light events, with foot reaction times measured while engaged in the same secondary tasks and conditions. Results. Mean RTs for the task segments in the lab were predictive of the mean RTs for the corresponding task segments in the on-road test (r = 0.90, df = 16, p < 0.000001). Conclusion. This study validates the Enhanced Static Load Test as predictive of visual event RTs during open-road driving for the range of experimental conditions and tasks considered.

An Unbiased Estimate of the Relative Crash Risk of Cell Phone Conversation while Driving an Automobile

SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety, 2014

Under the "rare-disease assumption" [1, p. 207], the risk ratio, rate ratio, and odds ratio all a... more Under the "rare-disease assumption" [1, p. 207], the risk ratio, rate ratio, and odds ratio all approximate one another; hence, the term "relative risk" will be used here as a synonym to represent any of them, as in common epidemiological practice [2, p. 96]. 2. These epidemiological terms may be unfamiliar to many in traffic safety. See Rothman [2, Chapter 5] for an introductory description. 3. Studies such as [3] that use billing records as its basic data source can make conclusions only about talking and no other aspect of cell phone use. Billing records record outbound time-stamps only after a caller finishes dialing, hits "send," the call is successfully routed, and the called party answers. There is no billing record if there is a crash while reaching for a phone, looking up phone numbers, dialing, or any other activity before the called party answers. If talking is interrupted by a crash, then talking is the proximate cause, not dialing or those other prior activities. Therefore, the term "Talk" will be used in the rest of this paper to refer to "cell phone conversation." 4. It is possible that more than one Talk occurred in a given 10-min window. If so, these would have been tabulated as a single count by the Toronto methods. Thus, technically the counts in Table 1 are not counts of Talk, but rather counts of subjects who engaged in at least one call in a given window.

Physiological model of motion analysis for machine vision

Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display IV, 1993

ABSTRACT

Review of "Real-World Personal Conversations Using a Hands-Free Embedded Wireless Device While Driving: Effect On Airbag Deployment

A compact, low-cost laminar disposable package and manufacture therefor, for use in surgical proc... more A compact, low-cost laminar disposable package and manufacture therefor, for use in surgical procedures. Such packages are used by medical personnel as convenient magnetic receptacles and use stations to receive medical sharps at point of use and, upon closure, the packages guard against chance loss of needles and other sharps while also guarding against injuries incidental to the disposal of surgical-medical sharps.

Effect of emotional speech tone on driving from lab to road

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications - AutomotiveUI '10, 2010

Evoked Response Potential (ERP) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) recordings in th... more Evoked Response Potential (ERP) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) recordings in this study shed light on underlying neural mechanisms for higher cognitive processes and attention allocation during multitasking of cell phone conversations and driving. Behavioral results indicated that hands-free cellular phone conversations caused statistically significant but small reaction time effects for visual event detection during simulated and on-road driving. The validated Static Load driving paradigm gives rise to high correlations of red light reaction times between lab and on-road. Both ERP and fMRI findings suggested that cognitive distractions are correlated with increased cognitive load and attentional distribution. The novel contribution of this ERP and fMRI study is that adding an angry emotional valence to the speech increased the alertness level, resulting in reduced driver distraction, likely via increases in right frontoparietal networks and dampened or desynchronized left frontal activity.

Bridging the gap between vision and commercial applications

SPIE Proceedings, 1995

There is a large gap between academic vision research and industrial machine vision applications.... more There is a large gap between academic vision research and industrial machine vision applications. A cross-fertilization between academic and industrial researchers is of mutual benefit: it leads to practical applications of benefit to industry, as well as offering real-world challenges that deepen research understanding. A cross-disciplinary atmosphere between academia and industry should be encouraged by appropriate funding sources in government, academia, and industry. Three real-life projects in the author's experience at General Motors demonstrate the potential pay-offs of such an approach. An understanding of human hyperacuity mechanisms (i.e., vernier acuity, or the ability to judge distances between lines at higher accuracy than the resolution limit of the human photoreceptors) led to a subpixel method for finding circuit board locations to extremely high accuracy using a low-cost machine vision system (Young, SPIE Proc., v. 728, 1986). Research 011 the neural basis of primate color vision led to a proposed new type of color display, based on opponent mechanisms, that should be cheaper than conventional RGB displays (Young, SPIE, v. 1250, 1990). Also, a study of primate motion vision led to a proposed new low-cost motion sensor (Young & Lesperance, SPIE Proc., v. 1913, 1993). The vision machines on the plant floor, and the sensor and display devices needed for vehicles of the 21st century, will greatly benefit from closer interaction between academic and industrial researchers.

Neuroimaging the Conversation Effect on Visual Detection - FINAL-presentation-no abstract

Neuroimaging the Conversation Effect on Visual Conversation Effect on Visual Detection during Driving

ABSTRACT

Drowsy Driving Increases Severity of Safety-Critical Events and Is Decreased by Cell Phone Conversation

download?docid=c836b191-d4a3-4b7a-ad4f-f5ecd80141a5, 2013.

Self-Regulation Minimizes Crash Risk from Attentional Effects of Cognitive Load during Auditory-Vocal Tasks

SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety, 2014

This study reanalyzes the data from a recent experimental report from the University of Utah inve... more This study reanalyzes the data from a recent experimental report from the University of Utah investigating the effect on driving performance of auditory-vocal secondary tasks (such as cell phone and passenger conversations, speech-to-text, and a complex artificial cognitive task). The current objective is to estimate the relative risk of crashes associated with such auditory-vocal tasks. Contrary to the Utah study's assumption of an increase in crash risk from the attentional effects of cognitive load, a deeper analysis of the Utah data shows that driver self-regulation provides an effective countermeasure that offsets possible increases in crash risk. For example, drivers self-regulated their following distances to compensate for the slight increases in brake response time while performing auditory-vocal tasks. This new finding is supported by naturalistic driving data showing that cell phone conversation does not increase crash risk above that of normal baseline driving. The Utah data are next compared to those from a larger study that included visual-manual as well as auditory-vocal tasks. The Utah auditory-vocal tasks had negligible effects on response time compared to visual-manual tasks with socially acceptable crash risk, such as manual radio tuning. In conclusion, auditory-vocal tasks such as those in the Utah study are not expected to increase crash risk or impair real-world operation of an automobile, compared to normal baseline driving without performing such tasks.

Development of the Enhanced Peripheral Detection Task: A Surrogate Test for Driver Distraction

SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems, 2012

Up to now, there is no standard methodology that addresses how driver distraction is affected by ... more Up to now, there is no standard methodology that addresses how driver distraction is affected by perceptual demand and working memory demand - aside from visual allocation. In 2009, the Peripheral Detection Task (PDT) became a NHTSA recommended measure for driver distraction [1]. Then the PDT task was renamed as the Detection Response Task (DRT) because the International Standards Organization (ISO) has identified this task as a potential method for assessing selective attention in detection of visual, auditory, tactile and haptic events while driving. The DRT is also under consideration for adoption as an ISO standard surrogate test for driver performance for new telematics designs. The Wayne State University (WSU) driver imaging group [2, 3] improved the PDT and created the Enhanced Peripheral Detection Task I (EPDT-I) [4]. The EPDT-I is composed of a simple visual event detection task and a video of a real-world driving scene. It is simple, easy to learn and run, and convenient for use in the lab, road, or brain imaging environments [5]. With the success of EPDT-I, the WSU driver imaging group further developed the Enhanced Peripheral Detection Task-II (EPDT-II; also called “Wayne State Enhanced DRT” or “Wayne State EDRT”) by adding a number of features to engage participants more with the primary driving task and to assess attentional processes in greater detail. This research also compared performance in the EPDT-II at our lab, EEG, and neuroimaging environments to the open road for validation purposes [6]. In conclusion, the Wayne State EDRT provides a sensitive and up-to-date surrogate test for measuring driver distraction in the lab and on the road.

Towards Operationalizing Driver Distraction

Proceedings of the 7th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design : driving assessment 2013, 2013

Driver distraction has been the subject of much research interest and scientific inquiry. Operati... more Driver distraction has been the subject of much research interest and scientific inquiry. Operationalizing driver distraction is a complex task-one that is necessary for advancing both science and public policy in this domain. While many operational definitions can be gathered from the literature, gaps are common. In order to fill such gaps, 21 experts reviewed 55 driver distraction definitions in the literature. Aided by the results of a pre-workshop questionnaire the experts narrowed these definitions. The Regan et al. (2011) definition of driver distraction was agreed to at a workshop. Subsidiary terms related to this definition were defined to improve clarity and applicability of the definition. It is hoped that a consistent and agreed definition of driver distraction and its associated terms will advance scientific progress in understanding and measuring driver distraction.

An Evaluation of Alternative Methods for Assessing Driver Workload in the Early Development of In-Vehicle Information Systems

SAE Technical Paper Series, 2002

This study examined whether the effect of subsidiary tasks on driving performance can be predicte... more This study examined whether the effect of subsidiary tasks on driving performance can be predicted from stationary (static) testing. Alternative methods for assessing the performance of drivers during their use of in-vehicle information systems were examined. These methods included static testing in stationary vehicles, as well as dynamic, on-road testing. The measures that were obtained from static tests were evaluated in terms of how well they could predict measures obtained from driving performance during on-road testing (which included concurrent use of secondary information systems). The results indicated that measures obtained in static test settings were highly correlated with corresponding measures obtained from on-road performance testing. Also, the regression slopes and intercepts of on-road driving performance measures when predicting on-road lane deviations were more closely approximated under static conditions which required drivers to attend to concurrent, driving-like activities as well as secondary tasks. It is suggested that tests using multiple measures, together with a multivariate model, may hold the most promise for predicting eventual on-road driver performance in the early development of in-vehicle information systems. Although additional research and theoretical development are required, this research demonstrates that a set of relatively simple measures obtained analytically and from static testing can be used even now to help guide early system development.

Eye Glance Analysis of the Surrogate Tests for Driver Distraction

Proceedings of the 8th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design: driving assessment 2015, 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the eye glance patterns of Detection Response Tasks (DRT... more The purpose of this study was to examine the eye glance patterns of Detection Response Tasks (DRTs) for assessment of driver distraction during simulated driving. Several types of DRTs across visual, tactile and haptic modalities were used to investigate driver distraction by the ISO Driving Distraction working group. As part of the working group, we conducted a simulated driving study examining driver performance while engaging the primary driving task with visual-manual or auditory-verbal secondary tasks. Results of eye glance analysis showed that the visual DRTs increased visual load in driving more than the tactile DRT. Subsequently, the visual DRTs marginally increased the total glance time for forward view by 6.27 seconds and significantly increased the detection response time by 135.79 ms than the tactile DRT. As for the secondary tasks, the visual-manual secondary task yielded significantly longer total eye-offthe-road time (effect size = 50.75 ms), as well as DRT response times than the auditory-verbal ones time (effect size = 55.85 ms). This study allowed us to examine the relationships between rated situational awareness, DRT performance, and glance patterns, yielding insights into the relationship between objective task performance measures and subjective ratings. OBJECTIVES Detection Response Tasks (DRTs) are testing methods that can provide periodic probing into the attentional resources of a person as they engage in a variety of ongoing activities. The basic design of a DRT is to present a probe (often called an event), whether visual, auditory, or tactile, to a participant who is engaged in one or more ongoing activities, and measure how it takes the participant to respond to the event, typically by pressing a button or a pedal. In a multitasking driving task, increased cognitive demand of secondary tasks can have a significant influence on attentional networks in the brain by increasing event response times (RTs), event miss rates, the duration of single glances off the road and neural activations in brain regions specific for orienting attention and executive function (

The Dimensions of Driver Performance during Secondary Manual Tasks

Proceedings of the 2nd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design: Driving Assessment 2003, 2005

All subjects were given a demo trial, then a training trial, for every task while in the training... more All subjects were given a demo trial, then a training trial, for every task while in the training area. The training for each task was done immediately before the road test trial. This procedure, as per previous investigations with this method (not shown), typically produces a level of training that is likely at or near the maximum of the short-term learning curve for that particular task for that subject.

Conversations on an Embedded Phone While Driving: Predicted vs. Observed Real-World Airbag Deployment Crash Rates

Proceedings of the 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle, 2007

To evaluate hypotheses that may help explain the discrepancy between the predicted vs. observed r... more To evaluate hypotheses that may help explain the discrepancy between the predicted vs. observed real-world airbag-deployment crash rates during conversation on a mobile phone embedded in a vehicle. METHOD Previous epidemiological, laboratory, and closed-road studies predict a 2-8 times increase in relative risk of phone conversations during real-world driving compared to baseline driving. Counts of real-world crashes clearly associated with portable cell usage are difficult to obtain and incomplete. However a large and complete body of real-world data exists of conversation usage on mobile phones embedded in vehicles and crashes severe enough to deploy an airbag (Young, 2001). The degree of discrepancy between the observed numbers of real-world crashes in these studies and the predicted risks of wireless conversations from previous studies is calculated. Hypotheses are presented and evaluated that may help to explain the discrepancy.

Road-to-Lab: Validation of the Static Load Test for Predicting On-Road Driving Performance While Using Advanced In-Vehicle Information and Communication Devices

Driving assessment 2005 : proceedings of the 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design, 2005

Association Between Embedded Cellular Phone Calls and Vehicle Crashes Involving Airbag Deployment

Proceedings of the First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design: driving assessment 2001, 2001

A study was done of a cellular telephone system embedded in a vehicle by the vehicle manufacturer... more A study was done of a cellular telephone system embedded in a vehicle by the vehicle manufacturer. This study examined voice calls to a service advisor made with a single button press (an OnStar call). The OnStar system also automatically places a call to an advisor notifying of an airbag deployment (an airbag call). The main objective of this study was to determine the probability of an airbag-deployment crash, given that an OnStar call was in progress. The complete OnStar database from October 1996 to May 2001 was searched for all occurrences of OnStar calls associated with airbag calls. In the total population of about eight million OnStar calls, there were eight cases of an OnStar voice conversation being followed in less than 10 minutes by an airbag call. The advisor's written comments in these eight cases indicated there were even fewer cases, likely only two, in which the phone was actually in use at the time of the crash. The comments contained no specific indications that the OnStar calls contributed to causing the crashes, but did contain indications of other possible causes, such as a driver's selfreport of drowsiness. The conclusions are: (1) An embedded cell phone call with an advisor followed by airbag-deployment crash within 10 minutes is rare, occurring at a frequency of one event per million calls during the fiveyear period of the study; (2) An embedded cell phone in use at the time of an airbag-deployment crash is even more rare, occurring at a frequency of one event per four million calls; (3) Embedded cell phone usage uniquely causing an airbag-deployment crash occurs even more rarely.

The Tactile Detection Response Task: Preliminary Validation for Measuring the Attentional Effects of Cognitive Load

Proceedings of the 7th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design : driving assessment 2013, 2013

Donders, Franciscus C. 1868. La vitesse des actes psychiques. Archives néerlandaises des sciences... more Donders, Franciscus C. 1868. La vitesse des actes psychiques. Archives néerlandaises des sciences exactes et naturelles 3: 296-317 Posner, Michael I. (1976). Chronometric Explorations of Mind. Hillsdale, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Greenshields, B. D. (1936). Reaction time in automobile driving. Journal of applied psychology (0021-9010), 20 (3), p. 353 Miura, T. (1986). Coping with situational demands: A study of eye movements and peripheral vision. In M. Gale, Freeman, CM Haslegrave, P. Smith & S. Taylor (Eds.), Vision in Vehicles II. Amsterdam: Elsevier, North Holland. • Although we recently collected data on 4 versions of the DRT (Tactile, Head-Mounted, Remote, and Extended), we report here today only on the Tactile Detection Response Task (TDRT).

Driving Consistency Errors Overestimate Crash Risk from Cellular Conversation in Two Case-Crossover Studies

Proceedings of the 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design : driving assessment 2011, 2011

The goal of this study is to help resolve the discrepancy in relative risk estimates between rece... more The goal of this study is to help resolve the discrepancy in relative risk estimates between recent and early epidemiological studies of call-crash association. Recent epidemiological studies estimate a crash risk for cellular conversation near that of baseline driving-a relative risk of about one. In contrast, two early case-crossover studies estimated a relative crash risk of about four for cellular conversation while driving. One hypothesis to explain this fourfold discrepancy is that the early studies had less driving time in the control window on a day before the crash, than in the crash window just before the crash. This bias in driving exposure translated into relatively lower exposure to cellular conversation during control windows than during crash windows, thereby introducing an overestimate of the relative risk for cellular conversation while driving. To test this hypothesis, the present study developed a new driving consistency index (DCI), which measures the percentage overlap in driving times from one day to the next. The mean DCI for 240 vehicles in a Chicago GPS study with known driving times for two successive days was a surprisingly low 14.8%, substantially below the driving consistency estimates in the early case-crossover studies. After adjustment by the mean DCI, the relative risk estimates for cellular conversation while driving in the early case-crossover studies are about one, resolving the discrepancy with the more recent epidemiological studies.

Validation of the Static Load Test for Event Detection During Hands-Free Conversation

Proceedings of the 5th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design : Driving Assessment 2009, 2009

Objective. To see if visual event reaction times (RTs) during handsfree conversation conditions i... more Objective. To see if visual event reaction times (RTs) during handsfree conversation conditions in the Enhanced Static Load Test (ESLT) can predict RTs in similar conditions in on-road driving. Methods. Brake reaction times to random center and side light events were measured while watching a driving video, attempting to keep a marker in the center of the lane with a steering wheel, answering the phone by pressing a button, and carrying on neutral or angry handsfree conversations in covert (silent) or overt mode on a hands-free phone device. Open-road tests were conducted in traffic for subjects with similar side and front light events, with foot reaction times measured while engaged in the same secondary tasks and conditions. Results. Mean RTs for the task segments in the lab were predictive of the mean RTs for the corresponding task segments in the on-road test (r = 0.90, df = 16, p < 0.000001). Conclusion. This study validates the Enhanced Static Load Test as predictive of visual event RTs during open-road driving for the range of experimental conditions and tasks considered.

An Unbiased Estimate of the Relative Crash Risk of Cell Phone Conversation while Driving an Automobile

SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety, 2014

Under the "rare-disease assumption" [1, p. 207], the risk ratio, rate ratio, and odds ratio all a... more Under the "rare-disease assumption" [1, p. 207], the risk ratio, rate ratio, and odds ratio all approximate one another; hence, the term "relative risk" will be used here as a synonym to represent any of them, as in common epidemiological practice [2, p. 96]. 2. These epidemiological terms may be unfamiliar to many in traffic safety. See Rothman [2, Chapter 5] for an introductory description. 3. Studies such as [3] that use billing records as its basic data source can make conclusions only about talking and no other aspect of cell phone use. Billing records record outbound time-stamps only after a caller finishes dialing, hits "send," the call is successfully routed, and the called party answers. There is no billing record if there is a crash while reaching for a phone, looking up phone numbers, dialing, or any other activity before the called party answers. If talking is interrupted by a crash, then talking is the proximate cause, not dialing or those other prior activities. Therefore, the term "Talk" will be used in the rest of this paper to refer to "cell phone conversation." 4. It is possible that more than one Talk occurred in a given 10-min window. If so, these would have been tabulated as a single count by the Toronto methods. Thus, technically the counts in Table 1 are not counts of Talk, but rather counts of subjects who engaged in at least one call in a given window.

Physiological model of motion analysis for machine vision

Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display IV, 1993

ABSTRACT

Review of "Real-World Personal Conversations Using a Hands-Free Embedded Wireless Device While Driving: Effect On Airbag Deployment

A compact, low-cost laminar disposable package and manufacture therefor, for use in surgical proc... more A compact, low-cost laminar disposable package and manufacture therefor, for use in surgical procedures. Such packages are used by medical personnel as convenient magnetic receptacles and use stations to receive medical sharps at point of use and, upon closure, the packages guard against chance loss of needles and other sharps while also guarding against injuries incidental to the disposal of surgical-medical sharps.

Effect of emotional speech tone on driving from lab to road

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications - AutomotiveUI '10, 2010

Evoked Response Potential (ERP) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) recordings in th... more Evoked Response Potential (ERP) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) recordings in this study shed light on underlying neural mechanisms for higher cognitive processes and attention allocation during multitasking of cell phone conversations and driving. Behavioral results indicated that hands-free cellular phone conversations caused statistically significant but small reaction time effects for visual event detection during simulated and on-road driving. The validated Static Load driving paradigm gives rise to high correlations of red light reaction times between lab and on-road. Both ERP and fMRI findings suggested that cognitive distractions are correlated with increased cognitive load and attentional distribution. The novel contribution of this ERP and fMRI study is that adding an angry emotional valence to the speech increased the alertness level, resulting in reduced driver distraction, likely via increases in right frontoparietal networks and dampened or desynchronized left frontal activity.

Bridging the gap between vision and commercial applications

SPIE Proceedings, 1995

There is a large gap between academic vision research and industrial machine vision applications.... more There is a large gap between academic vision research and industrial machine vision applications. A cross-fertilization between academic and industrial researchers is of mutual benefit: it leads to practical applications of benefit to industry, as well as offering real-world challenges that deepen research understanding. A cross-disciplinary atmosphere between academia and industry should be encouraged by appropriate funding sources in government, academia, and industry. Three real-life projects in the author's experience at General Motors demonstrate the potential pay-offs of such an approach. An understanding of human hyperacuity mechanisms (i.e., vernier acuity, or the ability to judge distances between lines at higher accuracy than the resolution limit of the human photoreceptors) led to a subpixel method for finding circuit board locations to extremely high accuracy using a low-cost machine vision system (Young, SPIE Proc., v. 728, 1986). Research 011 the neural basis of primate color vision led to a proposed new type of color display, based on opponent mechanisms, that should be cheaper than conventional RGB displays (Young, SPIE, v. 1250, 1990). Also, a study of primate motion vision led to a proposed new low-cost motion sensor (Young & Lesperance, SPIE Proc., v. 1913, 1993). The vision machines on the plant floor, and the sensor and display devices needed for vehicles of the 21st century, will greatly benefit from closer interaction between academic and industrial researchers.

Neuroimaging the Conversation Effect on Visual Detection - FINAL-presentation-no abstract

Neuroimaging the Conversation Effect on Visual Conversation Effect on Visual Detection during Driving

ABSTRACT

Drowsy Driving Increases Severity of Safety-Critical Events and Is Decreased by Cell Phone Conversation

download?docid=c836b191-d4a3-4b7a-ad4f-f5ecd80141a5, 2013.