Artykuł podsumowuje 10 lat funkcjonowania czasopisma "Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies" w... more Artykuł podsumowuje 10 lat funkcjonowania czasopisma "Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies" wydawanego na Wydziale Filologicznym Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku i współpracy jego redakcji z Repozytorium Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku. "Crossroads" jest czasopismem anglistycznym, ukazującym się od początku on-line, w otwartym dostępie, a kolejne etapy jego działalności łączą się ściśle z aktywnością Repozytorium na rzecz upowszechniania idei otwartego dostępu i zapewniania dostępności publikacjom wydawanym przez pracowników Uczelni.
This study is concerned with the translation of address terms in serial storytelling. It adopts t... more This study is concerned with the translation of address terms in serial storytelling. It adopts the interpersonal pragmatics perspective on address terms and treats them as elements of fictional charactersʼ relational work, i.e. the work they do to negotiate their relationships in interaction. More specifically, this paper focuses on the renditions of the form Doc as used by detective Jane Rizzoli to address doctor Maura Isles in the Polish translation of Tess Gerritsenʼs Rizzoli and Isles crime fiction series. Since English and Polish have different address systems (N-V-T and T-V, respectively) and there are no informal terms equivalent to Doc to address a female doctor in Polish, its renditions depend entirely on the translatorʼs ability to understand and recreate the charactersʼ relational interaction. The Polish translators of the Rizzoli and Isles series showed different degrees of attention to the interactional coherence of the translation, which is why some of its parts conta...
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
The discursive practices of individual academic disciplines differ in many ways, which is why num... more The discursive practices of individual academic disciplines differ in many ways, which is why numerous studies of academic discourse adopt cross-disciplinary perspectives to explore the character and extent of those differences. Less attention has, however, been given to interdisciplinary discourses which incorporate the findings and/or research methods from a number of disciplines. This paper focuses on the discourse of one of the new critical interdisciplinarities: posthumanism. More specifically, it examines how posthumanist discourse integrates knowledge produced by the soft and hard sciences (as well as other sources) to build its perspective on animals and their relations with humans. Using Martin and White’s (2005) appraisal framework to study knowledge claims collected from selected scholarly monographs adopting a posthumanist perspective, this study demonstrates that posthumanist claims referring to biological knowledge and experiential evidence tend to contain neutral, pos...
Epistemic modality has received a significant amount of scholarly at-tention in Anglophone lingui... more Epistemic modality has received a significant amount of scholarly at-tention in Anglophone linguistics. However, for many years, most of the research focused on modal verbs, while other means of expressing modal-ity remained considerably understudied. Recently, the tendency appears to have changed. Many recent publications concerning epistemic modality discuss modal adverbs and particles (e.g. Nuyts 2001; Wierzbicka 2006; Simon-Vandenbergen and Aijmer 2007) and modal adjectives (e.g. Nuyts 2001; Van linden 2012). The discussion is also becoming increasingly cross-linguistic: English adverbs and particles are put in a contrastive perspective with their equivalents in other languages, such as German, Dutch, Swedish and French. The major concern of most recent publica-tions in the field is establishing classification criteria for each type of the modal expressions in question, and delimiting the categories in the languages discussed. Such was also the aim of the recent monograph
This project is financed from the grant received from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher E... more This project is financed from the grant received from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education under the Regional Initiative of Excellence programme for the years 2019-2022; project number 009/RID/2018/19, the amount of funding: PLN 10 947.15. It has also received financial support from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education under subsidy for maintaining the research potential of the Faculty of Philology, University of Bialystok.
Studies of linguistic manifestations of cross-cultural differences between speech communities con... more Studies of linguistic manifestations of cross-cultural differences between speech communities constitute a relatively recent development within contrastive linguistics. They have been initiated by Anna Wierzbicka, who has studied both the differences between the meanings of individual words and speech practices across languages. Wierzbicka and her colleagues have demonstrated that the meanings of many words, as well as realisations of speech acts, are culture specific (cf. e.g. Goddard 2006). Wierzbicka's work has stimulated a number of individual scholars and linguistic circles in Poland who have concentrated in their works on some specific words and categories (e.g. the EMBER Project on the conceptualisation of such abstract categories as 'belief', 'reason', 'emotion' directed by Fabiszak at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań) and specific speech practices (e.g. the analysis of narzekanie 'griping' in Polish by Kornacki 2010). Words which are "particularly important and revealing in a given culture" may be referred to as "key words" of that culture (Wierzbicka 1997: 15-16). One of such culture specific words in English is the word fact. Wierzbicka (2006) and Shapiro (2000) argue that the "respect for facts" is one of the most distinctive features of English culture. The concept of fact is not alien to Polish, which makes use of numerous expressions containing fakt, its Polish counterpart. However, it seems that the socio-cultural and intellectual climate of Poland has been traditionally more favourable towards the more abstract concept of truth. It is possible though that with the globalisation of English, its cultural heritage, and its speech patterns, Polish and other languages have experienced some degree of influence in the area of "respect for facts". The aim of the present paper is to compare the ways in which the concepts of fact and truth are expressed in English and Polish with reference to the cultural history of England and Poland. The study is corpus based: the English material is extracted from the British National Corpus (100 million words), and quotations from Polish come from two electronic corpora: the PWN corpus (40 million words) and the IPI PAN corpus (250 million words). 2. The 'Anglo' respect for facts and its cultural background The term 'Anglo' is sometimes used to refer to the countries where English is the primary language, i.e. the UK, the USA, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand (Wierzbicka 2006). Those countries share a set of values and cultural norms which are reflected in English vocabulary, fixed expressions, grammar and speech practices. One of the most characteristic features of English as used in 'Anglo' culture is the special distinction it draws "between empirical and any other kind of knowledge, a distinction that other languages do not make" (Wierzbicka 2010: 117). Empirical knowledge refers to 'matters of fact', while other kinds of knowledge are 'matters of opinion'. Originally, the word fact was almost exclusively used in legal language. Shapiro (2000) argues that the English legal system, with its institution of lay jurors who were given the task of fact finding, made it possible for facts to be 'transported' to various nonlegal contexts. She writes: "experience with 'facts' and fact determination became familiar to that quite substantial group of ordinary individuals eligible to serve on juries. (...) The quite widespread experience and familiarity with legal institutions and the language of fact and methods of fact determination thus brought facts easily to the attention of the English so that they became part of the 'furniture of the mind'" (Shapiro 2000: 9). Shapiro also links the 'Anglo' respect for facts to the English Protestants' desire to establish the truth of the Bible in rational terms: "English Protestant Christianity would integrate the legal concept 'fact' and legal language of establishing 'facts' into its very fabric, thus deepening the impact
The aim of this article is to discuss recent borrowings of English proverbs into Polish. Foreign ... more The aim of this article is to discuss recent borrowings of English proverbs into Polish. Foreign proverbs are often cited when members of a linguistic community wish to signal their identification with another community, which is why changes in proverbial language may be indicative of the adoption of new cultural patterns by a society. It seems that a few English proverbs have begun to replace outdated Polish sayings, while some others, such as those reflecting patterns of Anglo-American culture, are being added to the stock of traditional Polish proverbs. The present study is corpus based. It discusses the contexts in which the proverbs appear in Polish, the metalinguistic tags used to introduce them, and the cultural significance of these borrowings.
1. Introduction The inflectional pattern of nouns in Early and Late Modern English is almost iden... more 1. Introduction The inflectional pattern of nouns in Early and Late Modern English is almost identical with today's. One interesting exception is the treatment of abstract and mass nouns which in Present-Day English have no plural form and are considered indivisible. In Early Modern English they were regularly used in the plural (Schlauch 1959: 95) and in the course of Late Modern English they seem to have been systematically reclassified (Denison 1998: 96). The paper provides a synchronic analysis of selected countable, uncountable and collective nouns in the early eighteenth century English. The study is based on a corpus comprising five language registers: newspaper articles, letters, plays, novels and military documents. It outlines the overall tendencies in the treatment of certain nouns as countable, uncountable and collective in the corpus, as well as points out the discrepancies in their usage in different language registers. The study forms a part of my research into th...
Abstract: The subject of this article is the use of sayings considered to be contemporary English... more Abstract: The subject of this article is the use of sayings considered to be contemporary English proverbs in Polish, and their status in Polish. The appearance of new proverbs in Polish, both native and borrowed from other languages, has not received much scholarly attention. ...
Cross-Cultural Perspective. A contrastive study of English and Polish tags used to introduce prov... more Cross-Cultural Perspective. A contrastive study of English and Polish tags used to introduce proverbs Abstract. This paper is an attempt to compare the forms and usage of proverb introducers in English and in Polish. It has often been observed that the word proverb is used less often to introduce proverbs in English than its equivalents in other languages, and its relatively low frequency in the British National Corpus as compared to the frequencies of its equivalents in the corpora of Polish or Czech (cf. Čermák 2004) seems to support this claim. The use of the word proverb is likely to be related to the status of proverbs and language-specific ways of speaking, therefore an attempt is made here to discuss the use of proverb and its Polish equivalent przysłowie with reference to English and Polish cultural history.
This paper is an attempt to compare the forms and usage of proverb introducers in English and in ... more This paper is an attempt to compare the forms and usage of proverb introducers in English and in Polish. It has often been observed that the word proverb is used less often to introduce proverbs in English than its equivalents in other languages, and its relatively low frequency in the British National Corpus as compared to the frequencies of its equivalents in the corpora of Polish or Czech (cf. Cermak 2004) seems to support this claim. The use of the word proverb is likely to be related to the status of proverbs and language-specific ways of speaking, therefore an attempt is made here to discuss the use of proverb and its Polish equivalent przyslowie with reference to English and Polish cultural history.
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
The aim of this paper is to identify and systematize the functions of clearly in academic discour... more The aim of this paper is to identify and systematize the functions of clearly in academic discourse. The adverb shows a continuum of manner and modal meanings, and signals the existence of reliable evidence for claims, which makes it a useful rhetorical device in research articles. The study is based on a corpus of 80 research articles (ca. 580,000 words) representing three disciplines and three branches of science: linguistics (the humanities), sociology (social sciences) and physics (natural sciences). It shows that clearly is used to involve the reader in the process of data analysis (both manner and modal uses), to summarize the findings, make conclusions (modal uses), and to appeal to shared knowledge (discourse marker). Appeals to shared knowledge are only attested in the subcorpora of linguistics and sociology, which tend to adopt a more interactional style of writing than the natural sciences, while the other functions are found in the research articles of all three disciplines. Using White’s (2003) notion of heteroglossic (dis)engagement, clearly can be said to have dialogically contractive functions. Its presence in the text indicates the author’s wish to encourage the reader to adopt his/her perspective.
The increasing interest in cross-linguistic research in the area of epistemic modality calls for ... more The increasing interest in cross-linguistic research in the area of epistemic modality calls for developing a common theoretical framework within which the inventories and uses of epistemics can be compared across languages. The aim of this study is to compare the repertoires of English and Polish adverbs of certainty taking as the starting point the classification employed by Simon-Vandenbergen and Aijmer (2007). It attempts to examine the validity of their typology for cross-linguistic studies with reference to data from English and Polish. The uses of English and Polish epistemics are illustrated with examples from the British National Corpus and the PWN corpus, respectively. Because the means of expressing epistemic modality differ both the cross-linguistically and cross-culturally, the findings are placed in a cross-cultural perspective.
The category of epistemic adverbs has recently received increased attention in both Anglophone an... more The category of epistemic adverbs has recently received increased attention in both Anglophone and Polish linguistics, but English–Polish contrastive research in this area has so far been rather fragmentary. English and Polish grammars differ considerably in the ways they classify epistemic adverbs. The differences largely result from the different understanding of adverbs as a category, which in English grammar tends to be presented as broad and heterogeneous while in Polish grammar – rather narrow and uniform. Polish equivalents of English epistemic adverbs are classified as particles – a distinct word class with its own characteristic properties. This paper presents an overview of approaches to epistemic adverbs taken in Anglophone and Polish linguistics with the aim of identifying their convergent points and suggesting a framework for a contrastive analysis. In the case of Anglophone research, the focus is largely on discourse studies because epistemic adverbs are usually seen a...
Artykuł podsumowuje 10 lat funkcjonowania czasopisma "Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies" w... more Artykuł podsumowuje 10 lat funkcjonowania czasopisma "Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies" wydawanego na Wydziale Filologicznym Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku i współpracy jego redakcji z Repozytorium Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku. "Crossroads" jest czasopismem anglistycznym, ukazującym się od początku on-line, w otwartym dostępie, a kolejne etapy jego działalności łączą się ściśle z aktywnością Repozytorium na rzecz upowszechniania idei otwartego dostępu i zapewniania dostępności publikacjom wydawanym przez pracowników Uczelni.
This study is concerned with the translation of address terms in serial storytelling. It adopts t... more This study is concerned with the translation of address terms in serial storytelling. It adopts the interpersonal pragmatics perspective on address terms and treats them as elements of fictional charactersʼ relational work, i.e. the work they do to negotiate their relationships in interaction. More specifically, this paper focuses on the renditions of the form Doc as used by detective Jane Rizzoli to address doctor Maura Isles in the Polish translation of Tess Gerritsenʼs Rizzoli and Isles crime fiction series. Since English and Polish have different address systems (N-V-T and T-V, respectively) and there are no informal terms equivalent to Doc to address a female doctor in Polish, its renditions depend entirely on the translatorʼs ability to understand and recreate the charactersʼ relational interaction. The Polish translators of the Rizzoli and Isles series showed different degrees of attention to the interactional coherence of the translation, which is why some of its parts conta...
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
The discursive practices of individual academic disciplines differ in many ways, which is why num... more The discursive practices of individual academic disciplines differ in many ways, which is why numerous studies of academic discourse adopt cross-disciplinary perspectives to explore the character and extent of those differences. Less attention has, however, been given to interdisciplinary discourses which incorporate the findings and/or research methods from a number of disciplines. This paper focuses on the discourse of one of the new critical interdisciplinarities: posthumanism. More specifically, it examines how posthumanist discourse integrates knowledge produced by the soft and hard sciences (as well as other sources) to build its perspective on animals and their relations with humans. Using Martin and White’s (2005) appraisal framework to study knowledge claims collected from selected scholarly monographs adopting a posthumanist perspective, this study demonstrates that posthumanist claims referring to biological knowledge and experiential evidence tend to contain neutral, pos...
Epistemic modality has received a significant amount of scholarly at-tention in Anglophone lingui... more Epistemic modality has received a significant amount of scholarly at-tention in Anglophone linguistics. However, for many years, most of the research focused on modal verbs, while other means of expressing modal-ity remained considerably understudied. Recently, the tendency appears to have changed. Many recent publications concerning epistemic modality discuss modal adverbs and particles (e.g. Nuyts 2001; Wierzbicka 2006; Simon-Vandenbergen and Aijmer 2007) and modal adjectives (e.g. Nuyts 2001; Van linden 2012). The discussion is also becoming increasingly cross-linguistic: English adverbs and particles are put in a contrastive perspective with their equivalents in other languages, such as German, Dutch, Swedish and French. The major concern of most recent publica-tions in the field is establishing classification criteria for each type of the modal expressions in question, and delimiting the categories in the languages discussed. Such was also the aim of the recent monograph
This project is financed from the grant received from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher E... more This project is financed from the grant received from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education under the Regional Initiative of Excellence programme for the years 2019-2022; project number 009/RID/2018/19, the amount of funding: PLN 10 947.15. It has also received financial support from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education under subsidy for maintaining the research potential of the Faculty of Philology, University of Bialystok.
Studies of linguistic manifestations of cross-cultural differences between speech communities con... more Studies of linguistic manifestations of cross-cultural differences between speech communities constitute a relatively recent development within contrastive linguistics. They have been initiated by Anna Wierzbicka, who has studied both the differences between the meanings of individual words and speech practices across languages. Wierzbicka and her colleagues have demonstrated that the meanings of many words, as well as realisations of speech acts, are culture specific (cf. e.g. Goddard 2006). Wierzbicka's work has stimulated a number of individual scholars and linguistic circles in Poland who have concentrated in their works on some specific words and categories (e.g. the EMBER Project on the conceptualisation of such abstract categories as 'belief', 'reason', 'emotion' directed by Fabiszak at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań) and specific speech practices (e.g. the analysis of narzekanie 'griping' in Polish by Kornacki 2010). Words which are "particularly important and revealing in a given culture" may be referred to as "key words" of that culture (Wierzbicka 1997: 15-16). One of such culture specific words in English is the word fact. Wierzbicka (2006) and Shapiro (2000) argue that the "respect for facts" is one of the most distinctive features of English culture. The concept of fact is not alien to Polish, which makes use of numerous expressions containing fakt, its Polish counterpart. However, it seems that the socio-cultural and intellectual climate of Poland has been traditionally more favourable towards the more abstract concept of truth. It is possible though that with the globalisation of English, its cultural heritage, and its speech patterns, Polish and other languages have experienced some degree of influence in the area of "respect for facts". The aim of the present paper is to compare the ways in which the concepts of fact and truth are expressed in English and Polish with reference to the cultural history of England and Poland. The study is corpus based: the English material is extracted from the British National Corpus (100 million words), and quotations from Polish come from two electronic corpora: the PWN corpus (40 million words) and the IPI PAN corpus (250 million words). 2. The 'Anglo' respect for facts and its cultural background The term 'Anglo' is sometimes used to refer to the countries where English is the primary language, i.e. the UK, the USA, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand (Wierzbicka 2006). Those countries share a set of values and cultural norms which are reflected in English vocabulary, fixed expressions, grammar and speech practices. One of the most characteristic features of English as used in 'Anglo' culture is the special distinction it draws "between empirical and any other kind of knowledge, a distinction that other languages do not make" (Wierzbicka 2010: 117). Empirical knowledge refers to 'matters of fact', while other kinds of knowledge are 'matters of opinion'. Originally, the word fact was almost exclusively used in legal language. Shapiro (2000) argues that the English legal system, with its institution of lay jurors who were given the task of fact finding, made it possible for facts to be 'transported' to various nonlegal contexts. She writes: "experience with 'facts' and fact determination became familiar to that quite substantial group of ordinary individuals eligible to serve on juries. (...) The quite widespread experience and familiarity with legal institutions and the language of fact and methods of fact determination thus brought facts easily to the attention of the English so that they became part of the 'furniture of the mind'" (Shapiro 2000: 9). Shapiro also links the 'Anglo' respect for facts to the English Protestants' desire to establish the truth of the Bible in rational terms: "English Protestant Christianity would integrate the legal concept 'fact' and legal language of establishing 'facts' into its very fabric, thus deepening the impact
The aim of this article is to discuss recent borrowings of English proverbs into Polish. Foreign ... more The aim of this article is to discuss recent borrowings of English proverbs into Polish. Foreign proverbs are often cited when members of a linguistic community wish to signal their identification with another community, which is why changes in proverbial language may be indicative of the adoption of new cultural patterns by a society. It seems that a few English proverbs have begun to replace outdated Polish sayings, while some others, such as those reflecting patterns of Anglo-American culture, are being added to the stock of traditional Polish proverbs. The present study is corpus based. It discusses the contexts in which the proverbs appear in Polish, the metalinguistic tags used to introduce them, and the cultural significance of these borrowings.
1. Introduction The inflectional pattern of nouns in Early and Late Modern English is almost iden... more 1. Introduction The inflectional pattern of nouns in Early and Late Modern English is almost identical with today's. One interesting exception is the treatment of abstract and mass nouns which in Present-Day English have no plural form and are considered indivisible. In Early Modern English they were regularly used in the plural (Schlauch 1959: 95) and in the course of Late Modern English they seem to have been systematically reclassified (Denison 1998: 96). The paper provides a synchronic analysis of selected countable, uncountable and collective nouns in the early eighteenth century English. The study is based on a corpus comprising five language registers: newspaper articles, letters, plays, novels and military documents. It outlines the overall tendencies in the treatment of certain nouns as countable, uncountable and collective in the corpus, as well as points out the discrepancies in their usage in different language registers. The study forms a part of my research into th...
Abstract: The subject of this article is the use of sayings considered to be contemporary English... more Abstract: The subject of this article is the use of sayings considered to be contemporary English proverbs in Polish, and their status in Polish. The appearance of new proverbs in Polish, both native and borrowed from other languages, has not received much scholarly attention. ...
Cross-Cultural Perspective. A contrastive study of English and Polish tags used to introduce prov... more Cross-Cultural Perspective. A contrastive study of English and Polish tags used to introduce proverbs Abstract. This paper is an attempt to compare the forms and usage of proverb introducers in English and in Polish. It has often been observed that the word proverb is used less often to introduce proverbs in English than its equivalents in other languages, and its relatively low frequency in the British National Corpus as compared to the frequencies of its equivalents in the corpora of Polish or Czech (cf. Čermák 2004) seems to support this claim. The use of the word proverb is likely to be related to the status of proverbs and language-specific ways of speaking, therefore an attempt is made here to discuss the use of proverb and its Polish equivalent przysłowie with reference to English and Polish cultural history.
This paper is an attempt to compare the forms and usage of proverb introducers in English and in ... more This paper is an attempt to compare the forms and usage of proverb introducers in English and in Polish. It has often been observed that the word proverb is used less often to introduce proverbs in English than its equivalents in other languages, and its relatively low frequency in the British National Corpus as compared to the frequencies of its equivalents in the corpora of Polish or Czech (cf. Cermak 2004) seems to support this claim. The use of the word proverb is likely to be related to the status of proverbs and language-specific ways of speaking, therefore an attempt is made here to discuss the use of proverb and its Polish equivalent przyslowie with reference to English and Polish cultural history.
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
The aim of this paper is to identify and systematize the functions of clearly in academic discour... more The aim of this paper is to identify and systematize the functions of clearly in academic discourse. The adverb shows a continuum of manner and modal meanings, and signals the existence of reliable evidence for claims, which makes it a useful rhetorical device in research articles. The study is based on a corpus of 80 research articles (ca. 580,000 words) representing three disciplines and three branches of science: linguistics (the humanities), sociology (social sciences) and physics (natural sciences). It shows that clearly is used to involve the reader in the process of data analysis (both manner and modal uses), to summarize the findings, make conclusions (modal uses), and to appeal to shared knowledge (discourse marker). Appeals to shared knowledge are only attested in the subcorpora of linguistics and sociology, which tend to adopt a more interactional style of writing than the natural sciences, while the other functions are found in the research articles of all three disciplines. Using White’s (2003) notion of heteroglossic (dis)engagement, clearly can be said to have dialogically contractive functions. Its presence in the text indicates the author’s wish to encourage the reader to adopt his/her perspective.
The increasing interest in cross-linguistic research in the area of epistemic modality calls for ... more The increasing interest in cross-linguistic research in the area of epistemic modality calls for developing a common theoretical framework within which the inventories and uses of epistemics can be compared across languages. The aim of this study is to compare the repertoires of English and Polish adverbs of certainty taking as the starting point the classification employed by Simon-Vandenbergen and Aijmer (2007). It attempts to examine the validity of their typology for cross-linguistic studies with reference to data from English and Polish. The uses of English and Polish epistemics are illustrated with examples from the British National Corpus and the PWN corpus, respectively. Because the means of expressing epistemic modality differ both the cross-linguistically and cross-culturally, the findings are placed in a cross-cultural perspective.
The category of epistemic adverbs has recently received increased attention in both Anglophone an... more The category of epistemic adverbs has recently received increased attention in both Anglophone and Polish linguistics, but English–Polish contrastive research in this area has so far been rather fragmentary. English and Polish grammars differ considerably in the ways they classify epistemic adverbs. The differences largely result from the different understanding of adverbs as a category, which in English grammar tends to be presented as broad and heterogeneous while in Polish grammar – rather narrow and uniform. Polish equivalents of English epistemic adverbs are classified as particles – a distinct word class with its own characteristic properties. This paper presents an overview of approaches to epistemic adverbs taken in Anglophone and Polish linguistics with the aim of identifying their convergent points and suggesting a framework for a contrastive analysis. In the case of Anglophone research, the focus is largely on discourse studies because epistemic adverbs are usually seen a...
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