4. Our main results imply that, in general, it is better to share information from the independen... more 4. Our main results imply that, in general, it is better to share information from the independent (completely random) to the dependent model than the alternative way. However, it depends on different factors such as the spatial range or the spatial arrangement of sampling locations.
Continuous space species distribution models (SDMs) have a long-standing history as a valuable to... more Continuous space species distribution models (SDMs) have a long-standing history as a valuable tool in ecological statistical analysis. Geostatistical and preferential models are both common models in ecology. Geostatistical models are employed when the process under study is independent of the sampling locations, while preferential models are employed when sampling locations are dependent on the process under study. But, what if we have both types of data collectd over the same process? Can we combine them? If so, how should we combine them? This study investigated the suitability of both geostatistical and preferential models, as well as a mixture model that accounts for the different sampling schemes. Results suggest that in general the preferential and mixture models have satisfactory and close results in most cases, while the geostatistical models presents systematically worse estimates at higher spatial complexity, smaller number of samples and lower proportion of completely random samples.
Although cities globally are increasingly mobilizing re-naturing projects to address diverse urba... more Although cities globally are increasingly mobilizing re-naturing projects to address diverse urban socio-environmental and health challenges, there is mounting evidence that these interventions may also be linked to the phenomenon known as green gentrification. However, to date the empirical evidence on the relationship between greenspaces and gentrification regarding associations with different greenspace types remains scarce. This study focused on 28 mid-sized cities in North America and Western Europe. We assessed improved access to different types of greenspace (i.e. total area of parks, gardens, nature preserves, recreational areas or greenways [i] added before the 2000s or [ii] added before the 2010s) and gentrification processes (including [i] gentrification for the 2000s; [ii] gentrification for the 2010s; [iii] gentrification throughout the decades of the 2000s and 2010s) in each small geographical unit of each city. To estimate the associations, we developed a Bayesian hie...
Although urban greening is universally recognized as an essential part of sustainable and climate... more Although urban greening is universally recognized as an essential part of sustainable and climate-responsive cities, a growing literature on green gentrification argues that new green infrastructure, and greenspace in particular, can contribute to gentrification, thus creating social and racial inequalities in access to the benefits of greenspace and further environmental and climate injustice. In response to limited quantitative evidence documenting the temporal relationship between new greenspaces and gentrification across entire cities, let alone across various international contexts, we employ a spatially weighted Bayesian model to test the green gentrification hypothesis across 28 cities in 9 countries in North America and Europe. Here we show a strong positive and relevant relationship for at least one decade between greening in the 1990s–2000s and gentrification that occurred between 2000–2016 in 17 of the 28 cities. Our results also determine whether greening plays a “lead”,...
Spatial models often assume isotropy and stationarity, implying that spatial dependence is direct... more Spatial models often assume isotropy and stationarity, implying that spatial dependence is direction invariant and uniform throughout the study area. However, these assumptions are violated when dispersal barriers are present in the form of geographical features or disease control interventions. Despite this, the issue of non-stationarity has been little explored in the context of plant health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different barriers in the distribution of the quarantine plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa in the demarcated area in Alicante, Spain. Occurrence data from the official surveys in 2018 were analyzed with four spatial Bayesian hierarchical models: i) a stationary model representing a scenario without any control interventions or geographical features; ii) a model with mountains as physical barriers; iii) a model with a continuous or iv) discontinuous perimeter barrier as control interventions surrounding the infested area....
Modelización espacial bayesiana aplicada a las prospecciones de <em>Xylella fastidiosa</... more Modelización espacial bayesiana aplicada a las prospecciones de <em>Xylella fastidiosa</em> en Alicante
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific r... more HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Usefulness of Bayesian modeling in risk analysis and prevention of Home Leisure and Sport Injuries (HLIs) Madelyn Rojas Castro, Marina Travanca, Marta Avalos, David Valentin Conesa, Emmanuel Lagarde
La mancha foliar, causada por Mycosphaerella nawae, es la principal enfermedad fungica del caqui ... more La mancha foliar, causada por Mycosphaerella nawae, es la principal enfermedad fungica del caqui en Espana. Este patogeno estaba restringido a las zonas humedas de Japon y Corea, pero ha conseguido adaptarse perfectamente a las condiciones semi-aridas de la cuenca mediterranea. Actualmente, el control economico de la mancha foliar del caqui requiere de la aplicacion de tratamientos fungicidas. El Decreto 1311/2012, para el uso sostenible de los productos fitosanitarios, establece la necesidad de optimizar la eficiencia de las actuales estrategias de tratamientos fungicidas, empleando para ello sistemas de ayuda en la toma de decisiones. En este articulo se presenta de forma resumida un modelo para estimar la disponibilidad de inoculo de M. nawae en la hojarasca a partir de datos meteorologicos. Con este sistema de ayuda es posible determinar el periodo critico de infeccion y programar adecuadamente los tratamientos fungicidas. Aunque la presencia del caqui en Espana se remonta al si...
Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting / Revista Española de Financiación y Contabilidad, 2019
This paper analyses the determinants of the going public decision of the non-financial firms that... more This paper analyses the determinants of the going public decision of the non-financial firms that were listed in the Spanish Continuous Market through an Initial Public Offering of shares (IPO) in the period 1997-2013. We employ series of characteristics related to the firms and the economic environment and logit regression methods in order to find the model that best fits the firms that went public, using the firms that could have gone public in the same period, but opted not to, as a control sample. In Spain, the firms that went public were characterized by being relatively larger and riskier than those that did not. In addition, their IPOs came after a period of investment and growth, although it does not appear that they intended to rebalance their financial structure or reduce their financial costs. Likewise, our results are robust across different sensitivity analyses. Our results suggest that Spanish IPO firms do not fit the Continental European model for going public. Therefore, it seems that differences between the Continental European and the Anglo-Saxon model are fading.
Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics, 2019
A methodological approach for modelling the spatial multivariate distribution of multiple bioclim... more A methodological approach for modelling the spatial multivariate distribution of multiple bioclimatic indices is presented. The value of the indices is modelled by means of a Bayesian conditional coregionalised linear model. Elicitation of prior distributions and approximation of posterior distributions of the parameters in the proposed model are also discussed. A posterior predictive distribution and a spatial bioclimatic probability distribution for each bioclimatic index are obtained. This allows researchers to obtain the probability of each location belonging to different bioclimates. The presented methodology is applied in a practical setting showing that the spatial bioclimatic probability distributions are more realistic than the ones obtained in the univariate setting, while providing an interesting tool in the context of climate change.
Understanding the spatio-temporal dynamism and environmental relationships of species is essentia... more Understanding the spatio-temporal dynamism and environmental relationships of species is essential for the conservation of natural resources. Many spatio-temporally sampled processes result in continuous positive [0, ∞) abundance datasets that have many
X. fastidiosa causes serious diseases in a broad range of woody plants (EFSA 2015). The pathogen ... more X. fastidiosa causes serious diseases in a broad range of woody plants (EFSA 2015). The pathogen is xylem-limited and vectored by insects. Several subspecies have been described, differing in their host range, aggressiveness, and vectors. The movement of infected plants and vectors are considered the main pathways of introduction. In 2013, olive quick decline, caused by X. fastidiosasubsp. pauca, was first reported in Apulia in south-eastern Italy (Martelli et al.2016) and Philaenus spumariuswas confirmed as the main vector. Spatio-temporal analysis can inform about the epidemiological factors driving disease distribution and may assist to limit further spread. A mechanistic model was recently developed for the early stages of X. fastidiosainvasion in Apulia (White et al.2017). In the present study, spatio-temporal models were fitted to the distribution of X. fastidiosain Apulia from 2013 to 2016. Different sampling strategies were followed each year, so the analysis was focused onl...
Many ecological processes are measured as proportions and are spatially sampled. In all these cas... more Many ecological processes are measured as proportions and are spatially sampled. In all these cases the standard procedure has long been the transformation of proportional data with the arcsine square root or logit transformation, without considering the spatial correlation in any way. This paper presents a robust regression model to analyse this kind of data using a beta regression and including a spatially correlated term within the Bayesian framework. As a practical example, we apply the proposed approach to a spatio-temporally sampled fishery discard dataset
4. Our main results imply that, in general, it is better to share information from the independen... more 4. Our main results imply that, in general, it is better to share information from the independent (completely random) to the dependent model than the alternative way. However, it depends on different factors such as the spatial range or the spatial arrangement of sampling locations.
Continuous space species distribution models (SDMs) have a long-standing history as a valuable to... more Continuous space species distribution models (SDMs) have a long-standing history as a valuable tool in ecological statistical analysis. Geostatistical and preferential models are both common models in ecology. Geostatistical models are employed when the process under study is independent of the sampling locations, while preferential models are employed when sampling locations are dependent on the process under study. But, what if we have both types of data collectd over the same process? Can we combine them? If so, how should we combine them? This study investigated the suitability of both geostatistical and preferential models, as well as a mixture model that accounts for the different sampling schemes. Results suggest that in general the preferential and mixture models have satisfactory and close results in most cases, while the geostatistical models presents systematically worse estimates at higher spatial complexity, smaller number of samples and lower proportion of completely random samples.
Although cities globally are increasingly mobilizing re-naturing projects to address diverse urba... more Although cities globally are increasingly mobilizing re-naturing projects to address diverse urban socio-environmental and health challenges, there is mounting evidence that these interventions may also be linked to the phenomenon known as green gentrification. However, to date the empirical evidence on the relationship between greenspaces and gentrification regarding associations with different greenspace types remains scarce. This study focused on 28 mid-sized cities in North America and Western Europe. We assessed improved access to different types of greenspace (i.e. total area of parks, gardens, nature preserves, recreational areas or greenways [i] added before the 2000s or [ii] added before the 2010s) and gentrification processes (including [i] gentrification for the 2000s; [ii] gentrification for the 2010s; [iii] gentrification throughout the decades of the 2000s and 2010s) in each small geographical unit of each city. To estimate the associations, we developed a Bayesian hie...
Although urban greening is universally recognized as an essential part of sustainable and climate... more Although urban greening is universally recognized as an essential part of sustainable and climate-responsive cities, a growing literature on green gentrification argues that new green infrastructure, and greenspace in particular, can contribute to gentrification, thus creating social and racial inequalities in access to the benefits of greenspace and further environmental and climate injustice. In response to limited quantitative evidence documenting the temporal relationship between new greenspaces and gentrification across entire cities, let alone across various international contexts, we employ a spatially weighted Bayesian model to test the green gentrification hypothesis across 28 cities in 9 countries in North America and Europe. Here we show a strong positive and relevant relationship for at least one decade between greening in the 1990s–2000s and gentrification that occurred between 2000–2016 in 17 of the 28 cities. Our results also determine whether greening plays a “lead”,...
Spatial models often assume isotropy and stationarity, implying that spatial dependence is direct... more Spatial models often assume isotropy and stationarity, implying that spatial dependence is direction invariant and uniform throughout the study area. However, these assumptions are violated when dispersal barriers are present in the form of geographical features or disease control interventions. Despite this, the issue of non-stationarity has been little explored in the context of plant health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different barriers in the distribution of the quarantine plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa in the demarcated area in Alicante, Spain. Occurrence data from the official surveys in 2018 were analyzed with four spatial Bayesian hierarchical models: i) a stationary model representing a scenario without any control interventions or geographical features; ii) a model with mountains as physical barriers; iii) a model with a continuous or iv) discontinuous perimeter barrier as control interventions surrounding the infested area....
Modelización espacial bayesiana aplicada a las prospecciones de <em>Xylella fastidiosa</... more Modelización espacial bayesiana aplicada a las prospecciones de <em>Xylella fastidiosa</em> en Alicante
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific r... more HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Usefulness of Bayesian modeling in risk analysis and prevention of Home Leisure and Sport Injuries (HLIs) Madelyn Rojas Castro, Marina Travanca, Marta Avalos, David Valentin Conesa, Emmanuel Lagarde
La mancha foliar, causada por Mycosphaerella nawae, es la principal enfermedad fungica del caqui ... more La mancha foliar, causada por Mycosphaerella nawae, es la principal enfermedad fungica del caqui en Espana. Este patogeno estaba restringido a las zonas humedas de Japon y Corea, pero ha conseguido adaptarse perfectamente a las condiciones semi-aridas de la cuenca mediterranea. Actualmente, el control economico de la mancha foliar del caqui requiere de la aplicacion de tratamientos fungicidas. El Decreto 1311/2012, para el uso sostenible de los productos fitosanitarios, establece la necesidad de optimizar la eficiencia de las actuales estrategias de tratamientos fungicidas, empleando para ello sistemas de ayuda en la toma de decisiones. En este articulo se presenta de forma resumida un modelo para estimar la disponibilidad de inoculo de M. nawae en la hojarasca a partir de datos meteorologicos. Con este sistema de ayuda es posible determinar el periodo critico de infeccion y programar adecuadamente los tratamientos fungicidas. Aunque la presencia del caqui en Espana se remonta al si...
Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting / Revista Española de Financiación y Contabilidad, 2019
This paper analyses the determinants of the going public decision of the non-financial firms that... more This paper analyses the determinants of the going public decision of the non-financial firms that were listed in the Spanish Continuous Market through an Initial Public Offering of shares (IPO) in the period 1997-2013. We employ series of characteristics related to the firms and the economic environment and logit regression methods in order to find the model that best fits the firms that went public, using the firms that could have gone public in the same period, but opted not to, as a control sample. In Spain, the firms that went public were characterized by being relatively larger and riskier than those that did not. In addition, their IPOs came after a period of investment and growth, although it does not appear that they intended to rebalance their financial structure or reduce their financial costs. Likewise, our results are robust across different sensitivity analyses. Our results suggest that Spanish IPO firms do not fit the Continental European model for going public. Therefore, it seems that differences between the Continental European and the Anglo-Saxon model are fading.
Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics, 2019
A methodological approach for modelling the spatial multivariate distribution of multiple bioclim... more A methodological approach for modelling the spatial multivariate distribution of multiple bioclimatic indices is presented. The value of the indices is modelled by means of a Bayesian conditional coregionalised linear model. Elicitation of prior distributions and approximation of posterior distributions of the parameters in the proposed model are also discussed. A posterior predictive distribution and a spatial bioclimatic probability distribution for each bioclimatic index are obtained. This allows researchers to obtain the probability of each location belonging to different bioclimates. The presented methodology is applied in a practical setting showing that the spatial bioclimatic probability distributions are more realistic than the ones obtained in the univariate setting, while providing an interesting tool in the context of climate change.
Understanding the spatio-temporal dynamism and environmental relationships of species is essentia... more Understanding the spatio-temporal dynamism and environmental relationships of species is essential for the conservation of natural resources. Many spatio-temporally sampled processes result in continuous positive [0, ∞) abundance datasets that have many
X. fastidiosa causes serious diseases in a broad range of woody plants (EFSA 2015). The pathogen ... more X. fastidiosa causes serious diseases in a broad range of woody plants (EFSA 2015). The pathogen is xylem-limited and vectored by insects. Several subspecies have been described, differing in their host range, aggressiveness, and vectors. The movement of infected plants and vectors are considered the main pathways of introduction. In 2013, olive quick decline, caused by X. fastidiosasubsp. pauca, was first reported in Apulia in south-eastern Italy (Martelli et al.2016) and Philaenus spumariuswas confirmed as the main vector. Spatio-temporal analysis can inform about the epidemiological factors driving disease distribution and may assist to limit further spread. A mechanistic model was recently developed for the early stages of X. fastidiosainvasion in Apulia (White et al.2017). In the present study, spatio-temporal models were fitted to the distribution of X. fastidiosain Apulia from 2013 to 2016. Different sampling strategies were followed each year, so the analysis was focused onl...
Many ecological processes are measured as proportions and are spatially sampled. In all these cas... more Many ecological processes are measured as proportions and are spatially sampled. In all these cases the standard procedure has long been the transformation of proportional data with the arcsine square root or logit transformation, without considering the spatial correlation in any way. This paper presents a robust regression model to analyse this kind of data using a beta regression and including a spatially correlated term within the Bayesian framework. As a practical example, we apply the proposed approach to a spatio-temporally sampled fishery discard dataset
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