Introduction 1. Islam and Politics in Turkey 2. Turkish Organized Islam in Europe 3. Diyanet 4. S... more Introduction 1. Islam and Politics in Turkey 2. Turkish Organized Islam in Europe 3. Diyanet 4. Suleymanl?s 5. Milli Goeru? 6. Gulen-movement (Hizmet) 7. Alevis 8. Other Movements and Organizations Conclusion
In February 1988, the Dutch government published a policy document on imams and their training. 1... more In February 1988, the Dutch government published a policy document on imams and their training. 1 In previous years, it had strongly advocated such training. The policy document was the preliminary conclusion of a-sometimes heated-debate: Who is in control of future imams? Will the Dutch borders be closed to imams from Turkey and Morocco?
NTT Journal for Theology and the Study of Religion, 2008
This article explores the conflict potential in the relation between Sunnis and Alevis in Turkey.... more This article explores the conflict potential in the relation between Sunnis and Alevis in Turkey. Using the theoretical framework that Schuyt proposes to analyze conflicts, the author argues that the risk of a violent confrontation between the two groups is relatively low. This argument is based, among other, on the complexity of the individual and collective identities of the members of both groups. There is, however, a risk that attempts of the Turkish religious authorities to assimilate the Alevis and to deny them the right to develop a separate religious identity will increase the existing tensions between the two groups.
The Gulen-movement was founded in Turkey in the 1960s. It is one of the fastest growing Islamic m... more The Gulen-movement was founded in Turkey in the 1960s. It is one of the fastest growing Islamic movements in the world. They have established schools, institutions, and business companies in more than one hundred countries. The movement was founded by its present spiritual leader Fethullah Gulen and emerged in the early 1980s in the changing political and economic environment of Turkey. In the 1990s the movement expanded internationally. Today they count as the most influential Islamic movement in the Turkish political landscape and beyond. The modus operandi of the Gulen-movement as well as its internal structure is markedly different from the established organizations. It has made the organization effective on the one hand, but also suspicious in the eyes of many policy makers on the other.
In September 1993 the Dutch Islamic Broadcasting Foundation (IBF) concluded its seventh season of... more In September 1993 the Dutch Islamic Broadcasting Foundation (IBF) concluded its seventh season of broadcasting on Dutch radio and television. They did not have much reason to celebrate, however, since afterwards the responsible authorities did not allow them to continue their activities, but transferred their broadcasting authorisation to a rival organisation, the Dutch Muslim Broadcasting Council (DMC). The history of the IBF illustrates the complex nature of the representation of Muslims in a Western-European country. The complexity is due to the ongoing process of institutionalisation of the various Muslim communities, and the fluctuation and the changes of leadership within their organisations and of the relations between them.
The team 'influence from abroad' is an extremely difficult issue. After finalising two national r... more The team 'influence from abroad' is an extremely difficult issue. After finalising two national reports, we decided to structure the final project report along four main dimensions (explained below). Following a general historical account of Islam in Turkey (chapter 2), the first dimension concerns the
Two seemingly opposing trends can be observed in the development of Turkish Islam in Europe. On t... more Two seemingly opposing trends can be observed in the development of Turkish Islam in Europe. On the one hand the transnational field has been intensified and transformed, partly as the result of modern means of communication and the explosive growth of social media. On the other hand an increasing number of young Turkish Muslims are rooted in local society of residence, and organized Islam in Europe increasingly evolves according to its own dynamics, independent from Turkey. This is not a contradiction, but part of the contemporary global conditions. The Turkish-Islamic landscape should be approached as a transnational field that is structured not anymore by unequal migrant family networks stretching between two nation-states, but by multi-polar transnational networks and new senses of belonging sustained by modern media.
Introduction 1. Islam and Politics in Turkey 2. Turkish Organized Islam in Europe 3. Diyanet 4. S... more Introduction 1. Islam and Politics in Turkey 2. Turkish Organized Islam in Europe 3. Diyanet 4. Suleymanl?s 5. Milli Goeru? 6. Gulen-movement (Hizmet) 7. Alevis 8. Other Movements and Organizations Conclusion
In February 1988, the Dutch government published a policy document on imams and their training. 1... more In February 1988, the Dutch government published a policy document on imams and their training. 1 In previous years, it had strongly advocated such training. The policy document was the preliminary conclusion of a-sometimes heated-debate: Who is in control of future imams? Will the Dutch borders be closed to imams from Turkey and Morocco?
NTT Journal for Theology and the Study of Religion, 2008
This article explores the conflict potential in the relation between Sunnis and Alevis in Turkey.... more This article explores the conflict potential in the relation between Sunnis and Alevis in Turkey. Using the theoretical framework that Schuyt proposes to analyze conflicts, the author argues that the risk of a violent confrontation between the two groups is relatively low. This argument is based, among other, on the complexity of the individual and collective identities of the members of both groups. There is, however, a risk that attempts of the Turkish religious authorities to assimilate the Alevis and to deny them the right to develop a separate religious identity will increase the existing tensions between the two groups.
The Gulen-movement was founded in Turkey in the 1960s. It is one of the fastest growing Islamic m... more The Gulen-movement was founded in Turkey in the 1960s. It is one of the fastest growing Islamic movements in the world. They have established schools, institutions, and business companies in more than one hundred countries. The movement was founded by its present spiritual leader Fethullah Gulen and emerged in the early 1980s in the changing political and economic environment of Turkey. In the 1990s the movement expanded internationally. Today they count as the most influential Islamic movement in the Turkish political landscape and beyond. The modus operandi of the Gulen-movement as well as its internal structure is markedly different from the established organizations. It has made the organization effective on the one hand, but also suspicious in the eyes of many policy makers on the other.
In September 1993 the Dutch Islamic Broadcasting Foundation (IBF) concluded its seventh season of... more In September 1993 the Dutch Islamic Broadcasting Foundation (IBF) concluded its seventh season of broadcasting on Dutch radio and television. They did not have much reason to celebrate, however, since afterwards the responsible authorities did not allow them to continue their activities, but transferred their broadcasting authorisation to a rival organisation, the Dutch Muslim Broadcasting Council (DMC). The history of the IBF illustrates the complex nature of the representation of Muslims in a Western-European country. The complexity is due to the ongoing process of institutionalisation of the various Muslim communities, and the fluctuation and the changes of leadership within their organisations and of the relations between them.
The team 'influence from abroad' is an extremely difficult issue. After finalising two national r... more The team 'influence from abroad' is an extremely difficult issue. After finalising two national reports, we decided to structure the final project report along four main dimensions (explained below). Following a general historical account of Islam in Turkey (chapter 2), the first dimension concerns the
Two seemingly opposing trends can be observed in the development of Turkish Islam in Europe. On t... more Two seemingly opposing trends can be observed in the development of Turkish Islam in Europe. On the one hand the transnational field has been intensified and transformed, partly as the result of modern means of communication and the explosive growth of social media. On the other hand an increasing number of young Turkish Muslims are rooted in local society of residence, and organized Islam in Europe increasingly evolves according to its own dynamics, independent from Turkey. This is not a contradiction, but part of the contemporary global conditions. The Turkish-Islamic landscape should be approached as a transnational field that is structured not anymore by unequal migrant family networks stretching between two nation-states, but by multi-polar transnational networks and new senses of belonging sustained by modern media.
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Papers by Nico Landman