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Juan Sequeda

The University of Texas at Austin, Computer Sciences, Graduate Student

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My main research interest is the Semantic Web and Ontologies. I am currently interested in how we can connect the existing data in relational databases with the ontologies of the Semantic Web.
Supervisors: Daniel P. Miranker PhD

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Papers by Juan Sequeda

DIRECT MAPPING SQL DATABASES TO THE SEMANTIC WEB: A SURVEY

The Semantic Web anticipates rich, integrated access to a large number of information sources on ... more The Semantic Web anticipates rich, integrated access to a large number of information sources on the Internet. Since a large number of websites are backed by SQL databases, methods that automate the integration of these databases with the Semantic Web are crucial. This paper surveys methods used to create ontological descriptions of databases by examining the database schema, normally known as direct mapping methods. Compared to wrapping methods, which map databases to existing legacy ontologies, direct mapping methods have the advantage that they are intrinsically automated.

On directly mapping relational databases to RDF and OWL

Mapping relational databases to RDF is a fundamental problem for the development of the Semantic ... more Mapping relational databases to RDF is a fundamental problem for the development of the Semantic Web. We present a solution, inspired by draft methods defined by the W3C where relational databases are directly mapped to RDF and OWL. Given a relational database schema and its integrity constraints, this direct mapping produces an OWL ontology, which, provides the basis for generating RDF instances. The semantics of this mapping is defined using Datalog. Two fundamental properties are information preservation and query preservation. We prove that our mapping satisfies both conditions, even for relational databases that contain null values. We also consider two desirable properties: monotonicity and semantics preservation. We prove that our mapping is monotone and also prove that no monotone mapping, including ours, is semantic preserving. We realize that monotonicity is an obstacle for semantic preservation and thus present a non-monotone direct mapping that is semantics preserving.

Ultrawrap: Using SQL Views for RDB2RDF

Ultrawrap is an automatic wrapping system that synthesizes an OWL ontology from the database's SQ... more Ultrawrap is an automatic wrapping system that synthesizes an OWL ontology from the database's SQL schema and provides SPARQL query services for legacy relational databases. The system intentionally defines triples by using SQL view statements. The benefits of this organization include, the virtualization of the triple table assures real-time consistency between relational and semantic accesses to the database and the existing SQL optimizer implements the most challenging aspects of rewriting SPARQL to equivalent queries on the relational representation of the data. Initial experiments are auspicious.

A Bootstrapping Architecture for Integration of Relational Databases to the Semantic Web

The vision of the Semantic Web is to create a web of data with well-defined meaning. Most data in... more The vision of the Semantic Web is to create a web of data with well-defined meaning. Most data in the current web is managed by relational databases. Thus, it is imperative for the Semantic Web community to offer easily implemented solutions to bridging relational database content and RDF. Direct mappings means to use the SQL schema to create an OWL ontology and use it to represent the data in RDF. Direct mapping methods have an advantage that they are, intrinsically, automated. If a SQL-schema was created using contemporary model-driven software engineering tools, the resulting OWL ontology can be semantically rich. However, few SQL databases are so developed and therefore semantically weak. We suggest that direct-mapping methods can be integrated by a refinement process. We propose a two step bootstrapping architecture of integrating relational databases with the Semantic Web by first generating a "databasederived putative ontology" and second, refining the putative ontology with a domain ontology and database individuals.

Mapping between the OBO and OWL ontology languages

BackgroundOntologies are commonly used in biomedicine to organize concepts to describe domains su... more BackgroundOntologies are commonly used in biomedicine to organize concepts to describe domains such as anatomies, environments, experiment, taxonomies etc. NCBO BioPortal currently hosts about 180 different biomedical ontologies. These ontologies have been mainly expressed in either the Open Biomedical Ontology (OBO) format or the Web Ontology Language (OWL). OBO emerged from the Gene Ontology, and supports most of the biomedical ontology content. In comparison, OWL is a Semantic Web language, and is supported by the World Wide Web consortium together with integral query languages, rule languages and distributed infrastructure for information interchange. These features are highly desirable for the OBO content as well. A convenient method for leveraging these features for OBO ontologies is by transforming OBO ontologies to OWL.ResultsWe have developed a methodology for translating OBO ontologies to OWL using the organization of the Semantic Web itself to guide the work. The approach reveals that the constructs of OBO can be grouped together to form a similar layer cake. Thus we were able to decompose the problem into two parts. Most OBO constructs have easy and obvious equivalence to a construct in OWL. A small subset of OBO constructs requires deeper consideration. We have defined transformations for all constructs in an effort to foster a standard common mapping between OBO and OWL. Our mapping produces OWL-DL, a Description Logics based subset of OWL with desirable computational properties for efficiency and correctness. Our Java implementation of the mapping is part of the official Gene Ontology project source.ConclusionsOur transformation system provides a lossless roundtrip mapping for OBO ontologies, i.e. an OBO ontology may be translated to OWL and back without loss of knowledge. In addition, it provides a roadmap for bridging the gap between the two ontology languages in order to enable the use of ontology content in a language independent manner.

A Completely Automatic Direct Mapping of Relational Databases to RDF and OWL

Integrating relational databases with the Semantic Web can be accomplish by means of two primary ... more Integrating relational databases with the Semantic Web can be accomplish by means of two primary approaches: automatic direct mapping or developers detailing application specific mappings. Both approaches are the subject of the W3C Relational Database to RDF (RDB2RDF) Working Group. Intuitively, a direct mapping is a default and automatic way to translate a relational database schema and its content to OWL and RDF. In this poster, we present a specification, expressed in Datalog, of a direct mapping inspired by the current Direct Mapping draft of the W3C RDB2RDF Working Group. We are currently studying four fundamental properties: monotonicity, information preservation, query preservation and semantics preservation. In particular, we observe that the combination of these properties needs to be addressed very carefully.

Overcoming database heterogeneity to facilitate social networks: the Colombian displaced population as a case study

In this paper we describe a two-step approach for the publication of data about displaced people ... more In this paper we describe a two-step approach for the publication of data about displaced people in Colombia, whose lack of homogeneity represents a major barrier for the application of adequate policies. This data is available in heterogeneous data sources, mainly relational, and is not connected to social networking sites. Our approach consists in a first step where ontologies are automatically derived from existing relational databases, exploiting the semantics underlying the SQL-DDL schema description, and a second step where these ontologies are aligned with existing ontologies (FOAF in our example), facilitating a better integration of data coming from multiple sources.

SPARQL Execution as Fast as SQL Execution on Relational Data

Relational Database to RDF (RDB2RDF) systems executes SPARQL queries on the relational data. Past... more Relational Database to RDF (RDB2RDF) systems executes SPARQL queries on the relational data. Past studies have shown that RDB2RDF systems do not perform well, in other words, the execution time of a SPARQL query on a RDB2RDF system compared to its semantically equivalent SQL query is much slower. Therefore, we ask ourselves, what optimizations are needed in order to support effective SPARQL execution on relationally stored data? We experimented on Microsoft SQL Server, using the Barton and Berlin SPARQL Benchmark, and Ultrawrap, an automatic RDB2RDF wrapping system that has been architectured to leverage the SQL optimizer. Our initial results identify two important optimizations for effective SPARQL execution using Ultrawrap: detection of unsatisfiable conditions and self-join elimination.

Diamond Debugger Demo: Rete-Based Processing of Linked Data

Abstract. Diamond is a Rete match based system that evaluates SPARQL queries on Linked Data. The ... more Abstract. Diamond is a Rete match based system that evaluates SPARQL queries on Linked Data. The evaluation of SPARQL query predicates is a useful intermediate milestone for a system ultimately intended to support full rule-based inference on Linked Data. A byproduct is the integrated graphical rule debugging environment is a first of its kind debug environment for SPARQL queries. Keywords: Rete, SPARQL, Linked Data, Semantic Web

Towards a Query Language for the Web of Data (A Vision Paper)

Abstract: Research on querying the Web of Data is still in its infancy. In this paper, we provide... more Abstract: Research on querying the Web of Data is still in its infancy. In this paper, we provide an initial set of general features that we envision should be considered in order to define a query language for the Web of Data. Furthermore, for each of these features, we pose questions that have not been addressed before in the context of querying the Web of Data. We believe that addressing these questions and studying these features may guide the next 10 years of research on the Web of Data.

Direct mapping SQL databases to the semantic web: A survey

Abstract The Semantic Web anticipates rich, integrated access to a large number of information so... more Abstract The Semantic Web anticipates rich, integrated access to a large number of information sources on the Internet. Since a large number of websites are backed by SQL databases, methods that automate the integration of these databases with the Semantic Web are crucial. This paper surveys methods used to create ontological descriptions of databases by examining the database schema, normally known as direct mapping methods.

On directly mapping relational databases to rdf and owl (extended version)

Abstract: Mapping relational databases to RDF is a fundamental problem for the development of the... more Abstract: Mapping relational databases to RDF is a fundamental problem for the development of the Semantic Web. We present a solution, inspired by draft methods defined by the W3C where relational databases are directly mapped to RDF and OWL. Given a relational database schema and its integrity constraints, this direct mapping produces an OWL ontology, which, provides the basis for generating RDF instances. The semantics of this mapping is defined using Datalog.

Generating data wrapping ontologies from sensor networks: A case study

Information coming from sensor networks is being increasingly used in a variety of systems (decis... more Information coming from sensor networks is being increasingly used in a variety of systems (decision support systems, information portals, etc), normally combined with information coming from more traditional sources (eg, relational databases, web documents, etc). However, existing ontology based information integration approaches cannot be easily used for this combination task since they are mainly focused on the integration of information coming from these traditional sources, and do not support sensor network data.

Ontology-Based Data Access Using Views

The OWL 2 QL profile, which is based on DL-LiteR, has been designed so that query answering is po... more The OWL 2 QL profile, which is based on DL-LiteR, has been designed so that query answering is possible using relational database technology via query rewriting. Unfortunately, given a query Q posed in terms of an OWL 2 QL ontology O, the size of the rewritten query, Q o, which can be evaluated directly on the relational database, is worst case exponential wrt the size of Q and O [1]. This means that the computation and evaluation of Q o can be costly.

A Taxonomy of Verification and Validation of Software Requirement and Specifications 1

Abstract. Assuring the quality of software requirement specifications is critical. Poor requireme... more Abstract. Assuring the quality of software requirement specifications is critical. Poor requirement specifications may make costly errors during the development process. Therefore methods and techniques for verification and validation of software requirement specifications are fundamentally important. This survey presents taxonomy of verification and validation of requirements and specifications that represents the “flow” from requirements to specifications.

SQL Databases are a Moving Target

Abstract Our position is founded on two assumptions. First, we assume that the SQL data definitio... more Abstract Our position is founded on two assumptions. First, we assume that the SQL data definition language (SQL-DDL) is capable of encoding substantial domain semantics, albeit not in ways syntactically accessible to inference engines. Second, the layered architecture of the Semantic Web, aka the layer cake, transcends the Semantic Web. In other words, we assume that the hierarchy of increasingly expressive Semantic Web languages embody a generalizable organizational principle.

On Ambiguity and Query-Specific Ontology Mapping

Abstract. In the course of developing an ontology-based data integration system (OBDI) that inclu... more Abstract. In the course of developing an ontology-based data integration system (OBDI) that includes automatic integration of data sources, and thus, includes algorithmic ontology mapping, we have made the following observations. A mapping method may determine that an entity in one ontology maps with equal likelihood to two or more entities in the other ontology. The mapping and reformulation of certain queries is correct only if one pairing is chosen. The correct choice may be different for different queries.

Generating Data Wrapping Ontologies from Sensor Networks: a case study Short Paper

Abstract. Information coming from sensor networks is being increasingly used in a variety of syst... more Abstract. Information coming from sensor networks is being increasingly used in a variety of systems (decision support systems, information portals, etc), normally combined with information coming from more traditional sources (eg, relational databases, web documents, etc). However, existing ontologybased information integration approaches cannot be easily used for this combination task since they are mainly focused on the integration of information coming from these traditional sources, and do not support sensor network data.

Queries, the Missing Link in Automatic Data Integration

Abstract. This paper introduces the ontology mapping approach of a system that automatically inte... more Abstract. This paper introduces the ontology mapping approach of a system that automatically integrates data sources into an ontology-based data integration system (OBDI). In addition to the target and source ontologies, the mapping algorithm requires a SPARQL query to determine the ontology mapping. Further, the mapping algorithm is dynamic: running each time a query is processed and producing only a partial mapping sufficient to reformulate the query.

CMAPS supporting the development of OWL ontologies

ABSTRACT In this paper, we present MAP2OWL, a software tool that allows the development of OWL on... more ABSTRACT In this paper, we present MAP2OWL, a software tool that allows the development of OWL ontologies as concept maps. MAP2OWL uses existing OWL constructs to represent conceptual maps; in this way, domain experts develop ontolologies in a graphical conceptual way, not having to be aware of syntactic matters, or issues related to interfaces that were designed for knowledge engineers.

DIRECT MAPPING SQL DATABASES TO THE SEMANTIC WEB: A SURVEY

The Semantic Web anticipates rich, integrated access to a large number of information sources on ... more The Semantic Web anticipates rich, integrated access to a large number of information sources on the Internet. Since a large number of websites are backed by SQL databases, methods that automate the integration of these databases with the Semantic Web are crucial. This paper surveys methods used to create ontological descriptions of databases by examining the database schema, normally known as direct mapping methods. Compared to wrapping methods, which map databases to existing legacy ontologies, direct mapping methods have the advantage that they are intrinsically automated.

On directly mapping relational databases to RDF and OWL

Mapping relational databases to RDF is a fundamental problem for the development of the Semantic ... more Mapping relational databases to RDF is a fundamental problem for the development of the Semantic Web. We present a solution, inspired by draft methods defined by the W3C where relational databases are directly mapped to RDF and OWL. Given a relational database schema and its integrity constraints, this direct mapping produces an OWL ontology, which, provides the basis for generating RDF instances. The semantics of this mapping is defined using Datalog. Two fundamental properties are information preservation and query preservation. We prove that our mapping satisfies both conditions, even for relational databases that contain null values. We also consider two desirable properties: monotonicity and semantics preservation. We prove that our mapping is monotone and also prove that no monotone mapping, including ours, is semantic preserving. We realize that monotonicity is an obstacle for semantic preservation and thus present a non-monotone direct mapping that is semantics preserving.

Ultrawrap: Using SQL Views for RDB2RDF

Ultrawrap is an automatic wrapping system that synthesizes an OWL ontology from the database's SQ... more Ultrawrap is an automatic wrapping system that synthesizes an OWL ontology from the database's SQL schema and provides SPARQL query services for legacy relational databases. The system intentionally defines triples by using SQL view statements. The benefits of this organization include, the virtualization of the triple table assures real-time consistency between relational and semantic accesses to the database and the existing SQL optimizer implements the most challenging aspects of rewriting SPARQL to equivalent queries on the relational representation of the data. Initial experiments are auspicious.

A Bootstrapping Architecture for Integration of Relational Databases to the Semantic Web

The vision of the Semantic Web is to create a web of data with well-defined meaning. Most data in... more The vision of the Semantic Web is to create a web of data with well-defined meaning. Most data in the current web is managed by relational databases. Thus, it is imperative for the Semantic Web community to offer easily implemented solutions to bridging relational database content and RDF. Direct mappings means to use the SQL schema to create an OWL ontology and use it to represent the data in RDF. Direct mapping methods have an advantage that they are, intrinsically, automated. If a SQL-schema was created using contemporary model-driven software engineering tools, the resulting OWL ontology can be semantically rich. However, few SQL databases are so developed and therefore semantically weak. We suggest that direct-mapping methods can be integrated by a refinement process. We propose a two step bootstrapping architecture of integrating relational databases with the Semantic Web by first generating a "databasederived putative ontology" and second, refining the putative ontology with a domain ontology and database individuals.

Mapping between the OBO and OWL ontology languages

BackgroundOntologies are commonly used in biomedicine to organize concepts to describe domains su... more BackgroundOntologies are commonly used in biomedicine to organize concepts to describe domains such as anatomies, environments, experiment, taxonomies etc. NCBO BioPortal currently hosts about 180 different biomedical ontologies. These ontologies have been mainly expressed in either the Open Biomedical Ontology (OBO) format or the Web Ontology Language (OWL). OBO emerged from the Gene Ontology, and supports most of the biomedical ontology content. In comparison, OWL is a Semantic Web language, and is supported by the World Wide Web consortium together with integral query languages, rule languages and distributed infrastructure for information interchange. These features are highly desirable for the OBO content as well. A convenient method for leveraging these features for OBO ontologies is by transforming OBO ontologies to OWL.ResultsWe have developed a methodology for translating OBO ontologies to OWL using the organization of the Semantic Web itself to guide the work. The approach reveals that the constructs of OBO can be grouped together to form a similar layer cake. Thus we were able to decompose the problem into two parts. Most OBO constructs have easy and obvious equivalence to a construct in OWL. A small subset of OBO constructs requires deeper consideration. We have defined transformations for all constructs in an effort to foster a standard common mapping between OBO and OWL. Our mapping produces OWL-DL, a Description Logics based subset of OWL with desirable computational properties for efficiency and correctness. Our Java implementation of the mapping is part of the official Gene Ontology project source.ConclusionsOur transformation system provides a lossless roundtrip mapping for OBO ontologies, i.e. an OBO ontology may be translated to OWL and back without loss of knowledge. In addition, it provides a roadmap for bridging the gap between the two ontology languages in order to enable the use of ontology content in a language independent manner.

A Completely Automatic Direct Mapping of Relational Databases to RDF and OWL

Integrating relational databases with the Semantic Web can be accomplish by means of two primary ... more Integrating relational databases with the Semantic Web can be accomplish by means of two primary approaches: automatic direct mapping or developers detailing application specific mappings. Both approaches are the subject of the W3C Relational Database to RDF (RDB2RDF) Working Group. Intuitively, a direct mapping is a default and automatic way to translate a relational database schema and its content to OWL and RDF. In this poster, we present a specification, expressed in Datalog, of a direct mapping inspired by the current Direct Mapping draft of the W3C RDB2RDF Working Group. We are currently studying four fundamental properties: monotonicity, information preservation, query preservation and semantics preservation. In particular, we observe that the combination of these properties needs to be addressed very carefully.

Overcoming database heterogeneity to facilitate social networks: the Colombian displaced population as a case study

In this paper we describe a two-step approach for the publication of data about displaced people ... more In this paper we describe a two-step approach for the publication of data about displaced people in Colombia, whose lack of homogeneity represents a major barrier for the application of adequate policies. This data is available in heterogeneous data sources, mainly relational, and is not connected to social networking sites. Our approach consists in a first step where ontologies are automatically derived from existing relational databases, exploiting the semantics underlying the SQL-DDL schema description, and a second step where these ontologies are aligned with existing ontologies (FOAF in our example), facilitating a better integration of data coming from multiple sources.

SPARQL Execution as Fast as SQL Execution on Relational Data

Relational Database to RDF (RDB2RDF) systems executes SPARQL queries on the relational data. Past... more Relational Database to RDF (RDB2RDF) systems executes SPARQL queries on the relational data. Past studies have shown that RDB2RDF systems do not perform well, in other words, the execution time of a SPARQL query on a RDB2RDF system compared to its semantically equivalent SQL query is much slower. Therefore, we ask ourselves, what optimizations are needed in order to support effective SPARQL execution on relationally stored data? We experimented on Microsoft SQL Server, using the Barton and Berlin SPARQL Benchmark, and Ultrawrap, an automatic RDB2RDF wrapping system that has been architectured to leverage the SQL optimizer. Our initial results identify two important optimizations for effective SPARQL execution using Ultrawrap: detection of unsatisfiable conditions and self-join elimination.

Diamond Debugger Demo: Rete-Based Processing of Linked Data

Abstract. Diamond is a Rete match based system that evaluates SPARQL queries on Linked Data. The ... more Abstract. Diamond is a Rete match based system that evaluates SPARQL queries on Linked Data. The evaluation of SPARQL query predicates is a useful intermediate milestone for a system ultimately intended to support full rule-based inference on Linked Data. A byproduct is the integrated graphical rule debugging environment is a first of its kind debug environment for SPARQL queries. Keywords: Rete, SPARQL, Linked Data, Semantic Web

Towards a Query Language for the Web of Data (A Vision Paper)

Abstract: Research on querying the Web of Data is still in its infancy. In this paper, we provide... more Abstract: Research on querying the Web of Data is still in its infancy. In this paper, we provide an initial set of general features that we envision should be considered in order to define a query language for the Web of Data. Furthermore, for each of these features, we pose questions that have not been addressed before in the context of querying the Web of Data. We believe that addressing these questions and studying these features may guide the next 10 years of research on the Web of Data.

Direct mapping SQL databases to the semantic web: A survey

Abstract The Semantic Web anticipates rich, integrated access to a large number of information so... more Abstract The Semantic Web anticipates rich, integrated access to a large number of information sources on the Internet. Since a large number of websites are backed by SQL databases, methods that automate the integration of these databases with the Semantic Web are crucial. This paper surveys methods used to create ontological descriptions of databases by examining the database schema, normally known as direct mapping methods.

On directly mapping relational databases to rdf and owl (extended version)

Abstract: Mapping relational databases to RDF is a fundamental problem for the development of the... more Abstract: Mapping relational databases to RDF is a fundamental problem for the development of the Semantic Web. We present a solution, inspired by draft methods defined by the W3C where relational databases are directly mapped to RDF and OWL. Given a relational database schema and its integrity constraints, this direct mapping produces an OWL ontology, which, provides the basis for generating RDF instances. The semantics of this mapping is defined using Datalog.

Generating data wrapping ontologies from sensor networks: A case study

Information coming from sensor networks is being increasingly used in a variety of systems (decis... more Information coming from sensor networks is being increasingly used in a variety of systems (decision support systems, information portals, etc), normally combined with information coming from more traditional sources (eg, relational databases, web documents, etc). However, existing ontology based information integration approaches cannot be easily used for this combination task since they are mainly focused on the integration of information coming from these traditional sources, and do not support sensor network data.

Ontology-Based Data Access Using Views

The OWL 2 QL profile, which is based on DL-LiteR, has been designed so that query answering is po... more The OWL 2 QL profile, which is based on DL-LiteR, has been designed so that query answering is possible using relational database technology via query rewriting. Unfortunately, given a query Q posed in terms of an OWL 2 QL ontology O, the size of the rewritten query, Q o, which can be evaluated directly on the relational database, is worst case exponential wrt the size of Q and O [1]. This means that the computation and evaluation of Q o can be costly.

A Taxonomy of Verification and Validation of Software Requirement and Specifications 1

Abstract. Assuring the quality of software requirement specifications is critical. Poor requireme... more Abstract. Assuring the quality of software requirement specifications is critical. Poor requirement specifications may make costly errors during the development process. Therefore methods and techniques for verification and validation of software requirement specifications are fundamentally important. This survey presents taxonomy of verification and validation of requirements and specifications that represents the “flow” from requirements to specifications.

SQL Databases are a Moving Target

Abstract Our position is founded on two assumptions. First, we assume that the SQL data definitio... more Abstract Our position is founded on two assumptions. First, we assume that the SQL data definition language (SQL-DDL) is capable of encoding substantial domain semantics, albeit not in ways syntactically accessible to inference engines. Second, the layered architecture of the Semantic Web, aka the layer cake, transcends the Semantic Web. In other words, we assume that the hierarchy of increasingly expressive Semantic Web languages embody a generalizable organizational principle.

On Ambiguity and Query-Specific Ontology Mapping

Abstract. In the course of developing an ontology-based data integration system (OBDI) that inclu... more Abstract. In the course of developing an ontology-based data integration system (OBDI) that includes automatic integration of data sources, and thus, includes algorithmic ontology mapping, we have made the following observations. A mapping method may determine that an entity in one ontology maps with equal likelihood to two or more entities in the other ontology. The mapping and reformulation of certain queries is correct only if one pairing is chosen. The correct choice may be different for different queries.

Generating Data Wrapping Ontologies from Sensor Networks: a case study Short Paper

Abstract. Information coming from sensor networks is being increasingly used in a variety of syst... more Abstract. Information coming from sensor networks is being increasingly used in a variety of systems (decision support systems, information portals, etc), normally combined with information coming from more traditional sources (eg, relational databases, web documents, etc). However, existing ontologybased information integration approaches cannot be easily used for this combination task since they are mainly focused on the integration of information coming from these traditional sources, and do not support sensor network data.

Queries, the Missing Link in Automatic Data Integration

Abstract. This paper introduces the ontology mapping approach of a system that automatically inte... more Abstract. This paper introduces the ontology mapping approach of a system that automatically integrates data sources into an ontology-based data integration system (OBDI). In addition to the target and source ontologies, the mapping algorithm requires a SPARQL query to determine the ontology mapping. Further, the mapping algorithm is dynamic: running each time a query is processed and producing only a partial mapping sufficient to reformulate the query.

CMAPS supporting the development of OWL ontologies

ABSTRACT In this paper, we present MAP2OWL, a software tool that allows the development of OWL on... more ABSTRACT In this paper, we present MAP2OWL, a software tool that allows the development of OWL ontologies as concept maps. MAP2OWL uses existing OWL constructs to represent conceptual maps; in this way, domain experts develop ontolologies in a graphical conceptual way, not having to be aware of syntactic matters, or issues related to interfaces that were designed for knowledge engineers.