Background: Blood pressure is directly and causally associated with body mass index (BMI) in popu... more Background: Blood pressure is directly and causally associated with body mass index (BMI) in populations worldwide. However, the relationship may vary across BMI in populations of African origin. Methods: We compared the relationship between blood pressure and BMI in populations of African origin, using 13 samples from Africa, the Caribbean, the United Kingdom and the United States. We had access to data from individual participants for age, height, weight, blood pressure, and treatment of hypertension. Analysis was restricted to 18,072 participants (age 35-64 years; 44% men). We carried out multivariate regression analysis to estimate the relationship between blood pressure and BMI by country and by sex. The use of antihypertensive treatment was taken into account by exclusion and by sensitivity analysis. Results: There was a positive relationship between both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and BMI. In men the slopes for systolic blood pressure varied from 0.27 mm Hg per kg/m 2 (95% confidence interval ϭ Ϫ0.01 to 0.56) in the United States to 1.72 mm Hg per kg/m 2 (95% confidence interval ϭ 0.92 to 2.53) in Ghana (Kumasi). In women, the slopes varied from 0.08 (Ϫ0.54 to 0.72) in South Africa to 1.32 (0.98 to 1.66) in the Republic of Congo. Similar variation in trends was seen for diastolic blood pressure. The higher the BMI, the shallower the slopes ͓Ϫ0.10 (Ϫ0.15 to Ϫ0.06) for systolic, Ϫ0.09 (Ϫ0.12 to Ϫ0.06) for diastolic͔. No differences were seen after excluding persons who were being treated for hypertension. Conclusions: Blood pressure and BMI levels vary among populations of the African diaspora. The effect of BMI on blood pressure levels diminishes as BMI increases. These results suggest a complex relationship among excess body weight, adiposity, and energy expenditure.
Freud introduce el tèrmino "narcisismo" en los "Tres ensayos" (l905) (en las revisiones hechas en... more Freud introduce el tèrmino "narcisismo" en los "Tres ensayos" (l905) (en las revisiones hechas en l9l5) en relaciòn a la teorìa de la libido, definiendo a la libido yoica o narcisista como "la subrogaciòn psìquica de la libido sexual" y como "el gran reservorio desde el cual son emitidas las investiduras de objeto y al cual vuelven a replegarse". Dice que "la investidura libidinal narcisista del yo serìa el estado originario realizado en la primera infancia, que es sòlo ocultado por los envìos posteriores de la libido, pero se conserva en el fondo tras ello". En una nota al pie,en la misma obra,al tratar la elecciòn de objeto en los homosexuales, plantea "la vigencia de la elecciòn narcisista de objeto". Emplea entonces el tèrmino "narcisismo" en dos sentidos: para referirise a una investidura libidinal inicial del yo, y para definir un tipo de elecciòn de objeto.Entiendo que estos dos sentidos corresponden a lo que màs adelante (l9l4),conceptualizarà como "narcisismo primario" y "narcisismo secundario". Relata Rodriguè (1996) que 1909 "fue el año de la gran fusiòn entre Freud y Jung". En las "noches de los mièrcoles", "Sadger comenzò a hablar d e narcisismo" y Jung interesa a Freud en la mitologìa.Fue "el contacto con Jung el que lo llevò tambièn a interesarse en Da Vinci". "El tema de la homosexualidad,propia o ajena,es central en este ensayo".
Background: Blood pressure is directly and causally associated with body mass index (BMI) in popu... more Background: Blood pressure is directly and causally associated with body mass index (BMI) in populations worldwide. However, the relationship may vary across BMI in populations of African origin. Methods: We compared the relationship between blood pressure and BMI in populations of African origin, using 13 samples from Africa, the Caribbean, the United Kingdom and the United States. We had access to data from individual participants for age, height, weight, blood pressure, and treatment of hypertension. Analysis was restricted to 18,072 participants (age 35-64 years; 44% men). We carried out multivariate regression analysis to estimate the relationship between blood pressure and BMI by country and by sex. The use of antihypertensive treatment was taken into account by exclusion and by sensitivity analysis. Results: There was a positive relationship between both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and BMI. In men the slopes for systolic blood pressure varied from 0.27 mm Hg per kg/m 2 (95% confidence interval ϭ Ϫ0.01 to 0.56) in the United States to 1.72 mm Hg per kg/m 2 (95% confidence interval ϭ 0.92 to 2.53) in Ghana (Kumasi). In women, the slopes varied from 0.08 (Ϫ0.54 to 0.72) in South Africa to 1.32 (0.98 to 1.66) in the Republic of Congo. Similar variation in trends was seen for diastolic blood pressure. The higher the BMI, the shallower the slopes ͓Ϫ0.10 (Ϫ0.15 to Ϫ0.06) for systolic, Ϫ0.09 (Ϫ0.12 to Ϫ0.06) for diastolic͔. No differences were seen after excluding persons who were being treated for hypertension. Conclusions: Blood pressure and BMI levels vary among populations of the African diaspora. The effect of BMI on blood pressure levels diminishes as BMI increases. These results suggest a complex relationship among excess body weight, adiposity, and energy expenditure.
Freud introduce el tèrmino "narcisismo" en los "Tres ensayos" (l905) (en las revisiones hechas en... more Freud introduce el tèrmino "narcisismo" en los "Tres ensayos" (l905) (en las revisiones hechas en l9l5) en relaciòn a la teorìa de la libido, definiendo a la libido yoica o narcisista como "la subrogaciòn psìquica de la libido sexual" y como "el gran reservorio desde el cual son emitidas las investiduras de objeto y al cual vuelven a replegarse". Dice que "la investidura libidinal narcisista del yo serìa el estado originario realizado en la primera infancia, que es sòlo ocultado por los envìos posteriores de la libido, pero se conserva en el fondo tras ello". En una nota al pie,en la misma obra,al tratar la elecciòn de objeto en los homosexuales, plantea "la vigencia de la elecciòn narcisista de objeto". Emplea entonces el tèrmino "narcisismo" en dos sentidos: para referirise a una investidura libidinal inicial del yo, y para definir un tipo de elecciòn de objeto.Entiendo que estos dos sentidos corresponden a lo que màs adelante (l9l4),conceptualizarà como "narcisismo primario" y "narcisismo secundario". Relata Rodriguè (1996) que 1909 "fue el año de la gran fusiòn entre Freud y Jung". En las "noches de los mièrcoles", "Sadger comenzò a hablar d e narcisismo" y Jung interesa a Freud en la mitologìa.Fue "el contacto con Jung el que lo llevò tambièn a interesarse en Da Vinci". "El tema de la homosexualidad,propia o ajena,es central en este ensayo".
Uploads
Papers by Pascal Loyola