Despite the awareness of the importance of mental health problems among adolescents in developed ... more Despite the awareness of the importance of mental health problems among adolescents in developed countries like Australia, inequality has not been widely researched. This study, is therefore, aimed to measure and compare household income-related and area-based socioeconomic inequalities in mental health problems (bullying victimization, mental disorders–single and multiple, self-harm and suicidality–ideation, plan and attempt) among Australian adolescents aged 12–17 years. Young Minds Matter (YMM)—the 2nd national cross-sectional mental health and well-being survey involving Australian children and adolescents conducted in 2013–14, was used in this study to select data for adolescents aged 12–17 years (n = 2521). Outcome variables included: bullying, mental disorders, self-harm, and suicidal ideation, plan and attempt. The Erreygers’s corrected concentration index (CI) approach was used to measure the socioeconomic inequalities in mental health problems using two separate rank varia...
The understanding of the role of informal employment in economic growth is important to facilitat... more The understanding of the role of informal employment in economic growth is important to facilitate developing countries in safeguarding the decent work, productive employment, and inclusive growth agenda mentioned in Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 8. The present study attempts to this end by investigating the role of informal employment on economic growth with an aim to assist in fulfilling target 8.3 of SDG. This study utilizes the data available for 20 developing countries for the period 2011–2019. Panel data analysis techniques have been applied, considering the percentage of total employment in the informal sector as the main explanatory variable of the models. The relevant macroeconomic indicators are included in the model as control variables. Empirical findings from Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), and Dynamic Fixed Effect (DFE) models indicate a positive effect of informal employment on the economic growth of developi...
Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES), 2020
LA conceived the paper, designed the method, screened articles, made the full-paper review of the... more LA conceived the paper, designed the method, screened articles, made the full-paper review of the eligible articles and carried out the descriptive analysis of included articles, drafted and edited the manuscript. RK, MR and SN verified the articles, oversee the data analysis, reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors contributed in search of articles, interpretation of results, critical review and revision of the manuscript.
Understanding the factors that enhance or limit children’s physical and mental health is a topic ... more Understanding the factors that enhance or limit children’s physical and mental health is a topic of increasing interest to researchers and policymakers alike, as child health is known to have short-term effects on academic attainment and long-term effects on adolescent and adult health and labour market outcomes. Income is one important precursor of child physical and general health, but studies examining income gradients in child mental health remain scarce. To our knowledge, only Johnston et al. (2014) have examined these relationships using British data. Their findings indicate that income has a positive effect on child’s mental health, but the magnitude of such an effect varies depending on who assesses child’s mental health (the child, the mother or a teacher). In this paper, we shed further light on these issues using longitudinal data from a large, national cohort of Australian children. We contribute to the literature by: (i) adding further covariates and applying panel appr...
This paper examines short-run and long-run relationship between ageing population and economic gr... more This paper examines short-run and long-run relationship between ageing population and economic growth in Bangladesh using time series data for the period of 1972-2015. We employ bivariate endogenous growth model, ARDL bounds test and Johensen test to investigate the relationship between the population aged 65 years and above, and per capita gross domestic product (GDP). The study has found that there is a long-run positive relationship between the aging population and per capita real GDP. The relationship runs from aging population to per capita real GDP, given that, there is an increasing capital formation process in the economy. Therefore, elderly population is not a matter of concern for Bangladesh as long as per capita capital formation has been greater than that of per capita ageing population.
Objective This study investigates the associations between maternal health and health-related beh... more Objective This study investigates the associations between maternal health and health-related behaviours (nutrition, physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking) both during pregnancy and up to 15 months from childbirth and children’s health outcomes during infancy and adolescence (general health, presence of a chronic illness, and physical health outcome index). Methods This study used Wave 1 (2004) and Wave 7 (2016) data from the Longitudinal Survey of Australian Children (LSAC). We measured mothers’ general health, presence of a medical condition during pregnancy and mental health during pregnancy or in the year after childbirth. We subsequently measured the children’s general health, presence of a medical condition, and physical health outcome index at ages 0–1 (infancy) and 12–13 (adolescence). Binary logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to examine the association between the mothers’ health-related variables and their children’s health. Results Our res...
International Journal of Educational Development, 2021
Abstract This study estimates the private average rate of return (ARR) and internal rate of retur... more Abstract This study estimates the private average rate of return (ARR) and internal rate of return (IRR) to education in rural Bangladesh. Using data from the Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS) 2015, we estimate average returns using the Mincerian method and IRR using the full method, accounting for both the direct and indirect costs of schooling. To account for endogeneity and selection bias, we use parental education as an instrumental variable and apply the Heckman correction method. We find an average return of 18 %, an IRR of 12 % for tertiary education, 4.86 % for secondary, and 5.24 % for primary. In the agricultural sector specifically, however, returns to tertiary education are more in line with primary and secondary education.
This paper examines the short-run and long-run relationships between an ageing population and eco... more This paper examines the short-run and long-run relationships between an ageing population and economic growth in Bangladesh using time series data for the period between 1972-2015. We employed a bivariate endogenous growth model to investigate the relationship between the population aged 65 years and above and per capita gross domestic product (GDP). The study found that there is a long-run positive relationship between the ageing population and per capita real GDP. The relationship runs from an ageing population to per capita real GDP, given that there is an increasing capital formation process in the economy. Therefore, the elderly population is not a matter of concern for Bangladesh as long as per capita capital formation has been greater than that of per capita ageing population.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of microcredit on women’s empowerment... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of microcredit on women’s empowerment in rural Bangladesh using the latest primary data. Design/methodology/approach Primary data have been collected by a household survey in the four districts of Bangladesh. Logistic regression is used to estimate the odd of improving women empowerment after participating in microfinance. Findings The results show positive impacts of microfinance on most of the selected indicators for women’s empowerment. Research limitations/implications Lack of control groups and baseline data are the main limitation of this research. Future research can address this issue by selecting institutions with baseline data or control groups. Practical implications The findings of the study can help policy makers to adopt appropriate policies that integrate empowerment in development projects with women. Social implications The results of this research could encourage more women to participate in microfinance a...
Background: The total health expenditure (as a percentage of GDP) and health outcomes in the regi... more Background: The total health expenditure (as a percentage of GDP) and health outcomes in the region of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and Association for South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) are lower than that of the OECD region and the world. This study investigated the relationship between different types of healthcare expenditures (public, private and total) and three main health status outcomes-life expectancy at birth, crude death rate and infant mortality rate-in the region. Methodology: Using the World Bank data set for 15 countries over a 20-year period (1995-2014), a panel data analysis was conducted where relevant fixed and random effect models were estimated to determine the effects of healthcare expenditure on health outcomes. The main variables studied were total health expenditure, public health expenditure, private health expenditure, GDP per capita, improved sanitation, life expectancy at birth, crude death rate and infant mortality rate. Results: Total health expenditure, public health expenditure and private health expenditure significantly reduced infant mortality rates, and, the extent of effect of private health expenditure was greater than that of public health expenditure. Private health expenditure also had a significant role in reducing the crude death rate. Per capita income growth and improved sanitation facilities also had significant positive roles in improving population health in the region. Conclusions: Health expenditure in the SAARC-ASEAN region should be increased as our results indicated that it improved the health status of the population in the region. Public sector health funds must be appropriately and efficiently used, and accountability and transparency regarding spending of public health funds should be ensured. Finally, government and private institutes should implement appropriate strategies to improve sanitation facilities.
Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 2016
The purpose of this study is to explore the nature and extent of financial exclusion in Australia... more The purpose of this study is to explore the nature and extent of financial exclusion in Australia focussing particularly the Muslim community. Financial exclusion refers to a situation where people lack access to affordable and appropriate financial services and products. In 2013, 16.9% of adults living in Australia were severely or fully financially excluded; that is, almost one in six adults had no access to at least two basic financial products. This paper is based on literature reviews, secondary data and the authors' personal experience in association with banking industry. The finding of this paper concludes that financial exclusion remains a problem in Australia and there is still lack of information about financial exclusion based on ethnicity or religious group in Australia. It also appears that very limited financial institutions in Australia are offering Islamic financial products and services to cater for the needs of some 476,000 Muslims in Australia. These Muslims communities may have been financially excluded due to their faith and religious belief, because Islam prohibits Riba (usury and/or interest) which is widely practiced in conventional banking. Islamic finance can mitigate the severity of the problem.
This paper examines the extent to which participation in microfinance programs improves health se... more This paper examines the extent to which participation in microfinance programs improves health service uses and health-seeking behaviour of participants. The study collects and analyses data from 439 households across 20 villages of four districts covered by three popular microfinance programs in Bangladesh. Our results suggest that participation in a microfinance program is positively associated with improvements in health services uses and health-seeking behaviour. Participation in microfinance programs is found to be associated with significant improvement in three health-related issues: antenatal care, diarrhoea remedial, and immunisation. A positive association between participation in microfinance and other health service uses is also found with weak statistical evidence.
Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, Jan 22, 2018
The role of screening and treatment for abnormal vaginal flora (AVF) on adverse pregnancy outcome... more The role of screening and treatment for abnormal vaginal flora (AVF) on adverse pregnancy outcomes remains unclear. Using data from women who participated in a population-based cluster randomized trial who were screened and treated for AVF, we report risk factors for AVF and association of persistent AVF with adverse perinatal outcomes. Pregnant women (n=4,221) <19 weeks of gestation provided self-administered mid-vaginal swabs; smears were Nugent scored. AVF was treated with oral clindamycin; if AVF was present 3 weeks after treatment, persistent AVF was re-treated. We examined risk factors for AVF and the association of persistent AVF with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The prevalence of AVF was 16.5%; 9.8% of women had bacterial vaginosis and 6.8% had intermediate flora. Lower economic and educational status of women were associated with increased risk of AVF. One-third of women with AVF had persistent abnormal flora; these women had higher risk of a composite measure of adverse ...
Background Mental health problems, such as depression in children have far-reaching negative effe... more Background Mental health problems, such as depression in children have far-reaching negative effects on child, family and society as whole. It is necessary to identify the reasons that contribute to this mental illness. Detecting the appropriate signs to anticipate mental illness as depression in children and adolescents is vital in making an early and accurate diagnosis to avoid severe consequences in the future. There has been no research employing machine learning (ML) approaches for depression detection among children and adolescents aged 4–17 years in a precisely constructed high prediction dataset, such as Young Minds Matter (YMM). As a result, our objective is to 1) create a model that can predict depression in children and adolescents aged 4–17 years old, 2) evaluate the results of ML algorithms to determine which one outperforms the others and 3) associate with the related issues of family activities and socioeconomic difficulties that contribute to depression. Methods The ...
Previous literature has produced inconclusive evidence on the link between microcredit and women’... more Previous literature has produced inconclusive evidence on the link between microcredit and women’s empowerment. This study, therefore, has re-visited the issue by conducting a household survey in the 4 districts of Bangladesh to examine whether microcredit is really empowering. In doing so, we have done a thorough review of the previous literature. Our results from the logistic regression indicate that microfinance has actually increased women’s empowerment in Bangladesh. We have found positive impact of most of the selected indicators on women’s empowerment. However, for achieving full benefit of microfinance in empowering women it must be supplemented by a significant amount of skills training and educational opportunities for these poor women and intensive awareness campaigns with an integrated approach.
Background Over four million people in Australia have some form of disability, of whom 2.1 millio... more Background Over four million people in Australia have some form of disability, of whom 2.1 million are of working age. This paper estimates the costs of disability in Australia using the standard-of-living approach. This approach defines the cost of disability as additional income required for people with a disability to achieve a similar living standard to those without a disability. We analyse data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey using a hybrid panel data model. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the costs of disability in Australia using a high quality, large, nationally-representative longitudinal data set. Methods This study estimates the costs of disability in Australia by using the Standard of Living (SoL) and a dynamic model approach. It examines the dynamics of disability and income by using lagged disability and income status. The study also controls for unobserved individual heterogeneity and endogen...
SummaryThis paper examines the impact of childhood malnutrition on schooling performance in rural... more SummaryThis paper examines the impact of childhood malnutrition on schooling performance in rural Bangladesh. The results reveal that malnourished children are less likely to enrol in school on time and achieve an age-appropriate grade by 26 percentage points and 31 percentage points, respectively. Other important determinants of schooling outcomes include infrastructure and education level of parents. One major contribution of this paper is the control for the endogeneity of malnutrition status, which otherwise might lead to bias estimates.
Despite the awareness of the importance of mental health problems among adolescents in developed ... more Despite the awareness of the importance of mental health problems among adolescents in developed countries like Australia, inequality has not been widely researched. This study, is therefore, aimed to measure and compare household income-related and area-based socioeconomic inequalities in mental health problems (bullying victimization, mental disorders–single and multiple, self-harm and suicidality–ideation, plan and attempt) among Australian adolescents aged 12–17 years. Young Minds Matter (YMM)—the 2nd national cross-sectional mental health and well-being survey involving Australian children and adolescents conducted in 2013–14, was used in this study to select data for adolescents aged 12–17 years (n = 2521). Outcome variables included: bullying, mental disorders, self-harm, and suicidal ideation, plan and attempt. The Erreygers’s corrected concentration index (CI) approach was used to measure the socioeconomic inequalities in mental health problems using two separate rank varia...
The understanding of the role of informal employment in economic growth is important to facilitat... more The understanding of the role of informal employment in economic growth is important to facilitate developing countries in safeguarding the decent work, productive employment, and inclusive growth agenda mentioned in Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 8. The present study attempts to this end by investigating the role of informal employment on economic growth with an aim to assist in fulfilling target 8.3 of SDG. This study utilizes the data available for 20 developing countries for the period 2011–2019. Panel data analysis techniques have been applied, considering the percentage of total employment in the informal sector as the main explanatory variable of the models. The relevant macroeconomic indicators are included in the model as control variables. Empirical findings from Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), and Dynamic Fixed Effect (DFE) models indicate a positive effect of informal employment on the economic growth of developi...
Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES), 2020
LA conceived the paper, designed the method, screened articles, made the full-paper review of the... more LA conceived the paper, designed the method, screened articles, made the full-paper review of the eligible articles and carried out the descriptive analysis of included articles, drafted and edited the manuscript. RK, MR and SN verified the articles, oversee the data analysis, reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors contributed in search of articles, interpretation of results, critical review and revision of the manuscript.
Understanding the factors that enhance or limit children’s physical and mental health is a topic ... more Understanding the factors that enhance or limit children’s physical and mental health is a topic of increasing interest to researchers and policymakers alike, as child health is known to have short-term effects on academic attainment and long-term effects on adolescent and adult health and labour market outcomes. Income is one important precursor of child physical and general health, but studies examining income gradients in child mental health remain scarce. To our knowledge, only Johnston et al. (2014) have examined these relationships using British data. Their findings indicate that income has a positive effect on child’s mental health, but the magnitude of such an effect varies depending on who assesses child’s mental health (the child, the mother or a teacher). In this paper, we shed further light on these issues using longitudinal data from a large, national cohort of Australian children. We contribute to the literature by: (i) adding further covariates and applying panel appr...
This paper examines short-run and long-run relationship between ageing population and economic gr... more This paper examines short-run and long-run relationship between ageing population and economic growth in Bangladesh using time series data for the period of 1972-2015. We employ bivariate endogenous growth model, ARDL bounds test and Johensen test to investigate the relationship between the population aged 65 years and above, and per capita gross domestic product (GDP). The study has found that there is a long-run positive relationship between the aging population and per capita real GDP. The relationship runs from aging population to per capita real GDP, given that, there is an increasing capital formation process in the economy. Therefore, elderly population is not a matter of concern for Bangladesh as long as per capita capital formation has been greater than that of per capita ageing population.
Objective This study investigates the associations between maternal health and health-related beh... more Objective This study investigates the associations between maternal health and health-related behaviours (nutrition, physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking) both during pregnancy and up to 15 months from childbirth and children’s health outcomes during infancy and adolescence (general health, presence of a chronic illness, and physical health outcome index). Methods This study used Wave 1 (2004) and Wave 7 (2016) data from the Longitudinal Survey of Australian Children (LSAC). We measured mothers’ general health, presence of a medical condition during pregnancy and mental health during pregnancy or in the year after childbirth. We subsequently measured the children’s general health, presence of a medical condition, and physical health outcome index at ages 0–1 (infancy) and 12–13 (adolescence). Binary logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to examine the association between the mothers’ health-related variables and their children’s health. Results Our res...
International Journal of Educational Development, 2021
Abstract This study estimates the private average rate of return (ARR) and internal rate of retur... more Abstract This study estimates the private average rate of return (ARR) and internal rate of return (IRR) to education in rural Bangladesh. Using data from the Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS) 2015, we estimate average returns using the Mincerian method and IRR using the full method, accounting for both the direct and indirect costs of schooling. To account for endogeneity and selection bias, we use parental education as an instrumental variable and apply the Heckman correction method. We find an average return of 18 %, an IRR of 12 % for tertiary education, 4.86 % for secondary, and 5.24 % for primary. In the agricultural sector specifically, however, returns to tertiary education are more in line with primary and secondary education.
This paper examines the short-run and long-run relationships between an ageing population and eco... more This paper examines the short-run and long-run relationships between an ageing population and economic growth in Bangladesh using time series data for the period between 1972-2015. We employed a bivariate endogenous growth model to investigate the relationship between the population aged 65 years and above and per capita gross domestic product (GDP). The study found that there is a long-run positive relationship between the ageing population and per capita real GDP. The relationship runs from an ageing population to per capita real GDP, given that there is an increasing capital formation process in the economy. Therefore, the elderly population is not a matter of concern for Bangladesh as long as per capita capital formation has been greater than that of per capita ageing population.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of microcredit on women’s empowerment... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of microcredit on women’s empowerment in rural Bangladesh using the latest primary data. Design/methodology/approach Primary data have been collected by a household survey in the four districts of Bangladesh. Logistic regression is used to estimate the odd of improving women empowerment after participating in microfinance. Findings The results show positive impacts of microfinance on most of the selected indicators for women’s empowerment. Research limitations/implications Lack of control groups and baseline data are the main limitation of this research. Future research can address this issue by selecting institutions with baseline data or control groups. Practical implications The findings of the study can help policy makers to adopt appropriate policies that integrate empowerment in development projects with women. Social implications The results of this research could encourage more women to participate in microfinance a...
Background: The total health expenditure (as a percentage of GDP) and health outcomes in the regi... more Background: The total health expenditure (as a percentage of GDP) and health outcomes in the region of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and Association for South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) are lower than that of the OECD region and the world. This study investigated the relationship between different types of healthcare expenditures (public, private and total) and three main health status outcomes-life expectancy at birth, crude death rate and infant mortality rate-in the region. Methodology: Using the World Bank data set for 15 countries over a 20-year period (1995-2014), a panel data analysis was conducted where relevant fixed and random effect models were estimated to determine the effects of healthcare expenditure on health outcomes. The main variables studied were total health expenditure, public health expenditure, private health expenditure, GDP per capita, improved sanitation, life expectancy at birth, crude death rate and infant mortality rate. Results: Total health expenditure, public health expenditure and private health expenditure significantly reduced infant mortality rates, and, the extent of effect of private health expenditure was greater than that of public health expenditure. Private health expenditure also had a significant role in reducing the crude death rate. Per capita income growth and improved sanitation facilities also had significant positive roles in improving population health in the region. Conclusions: Health expenditure in the SAARC-ASEAN region should be increased as our results indicated that it improved the health status of the population in the region. Public sector health funds must be appropriately and efficiently used, and accountability and transparency regarding spending of public health funds should be ensured. Finally, government and private institutes should implement appropriate strategies to improve sanitation facilities.
Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 2016
The purpose of this study is to explore the nature and extent of financial exclusion in Australia... more The purpose of this study is to explore the nature and extent of financial exclusion in Australia focussing particularly the Muslim community. Financial exclusion refers to a situation where people lack access to affordable and appropriate financial services and products. In 2013, 16.9% of adults living in Australia were severely or fully financially excluded; that is, almost one in six adults had no access to at least two basic financial products. This paper is based on literature reviews, secondary data and the authors' personal experience in association with banking industry. The finding of this paper concludes that financial exclusion remains a problem in Australia and there is still lack of information about financial exclusion based on ethnicity or religious group in Australia. It also appears that very limited financial institutions in Australia are offering Islamic financial products and services to cater for the needs of some 476,000 Muslims in Australia. These Muslims communities may have been financially excluded due to their faith and religious belief, because Islam prohibits Riba (usury and/or interest) which is widely practiced in conventional banking. Islamic finance can mitigate the severity of the problem.
This paper examines the extent to which participation in microfinance programs improves health se... more This paper examines the extent to which participation in microfinance programs improves health service uses and health-seeking behaviour of participants. The study collects and analyses data from 439 households across 20 villages of four districts covered by three popular microfinance programs in Bangladesh. Our results suggest that participation in a microfinance program is positively associated with improvements in health services uses and health-seeking behaviour. Participation in microfinance programs is found to be associated with significant improvement in three health-related issues: antenatal care, diarrhoea remedial, and immunisation. A positive association between participation in microfinance and other health service uses is also found with weak statistical evidence.
Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, Jan 22, 2018
The role of screening and treatment for abnormal vaginal flora (AVF) on adverse pregnancy outcome... more The role of screening and treatment for abnormal vaginal flora (AVF) on adverse pregnancy outcomes remains unclear. Using data from women who participated in a population-based cluster randomized trial who were screened and treated for AVF, we report risk factors for AVF and association of persistent AVF with adverse perinatal outcomes. Pregnant women (n=4,221) <19 weeks of gestation provided self-administered mid-vaginal swabs; smears were Nugent scored. AVF was treated with oral clindamycin; if AVF was present 3 weeks after treatment, persistent AVF was re-treated. We examined risk factors for AVF and the association of persistent AVF with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The prevalence of AVF was 16.5%; 9.8% of women had bacterial vaginosis and 6.8% had intermediate flora. Lower economic and educational status of women were associated with increased risk of AVF. One-third of women with AVF had persistent abnormal flora; these women had higher risk of a composite measure of adverse ...
Background Mental health problems, such as depression in children have far-reaching negative effe... more Background Mental health problems, such as depression in children have far-reaching negative effects on child, family and society as whole. It is necessary to identify the reasons that contribute to this mental illness. Detecting the appropriate signs to anticipate mental illness as depression in children and adolescents is vital in making an early and accurate diagnosis to avoid severe consequences in the future. There has been no research employing machine learning (ML) approaches for depression detection among children and adolescents aged 4–17 years in a precisely constructed high prediction dataset, such as Young Minds Matter (YMM). As a result, our objective is to 1) create a model that can predict depression in children and adolescents aged 4–17 years old, 2) evaluate the results of ML algorithms to determine which one outperforms the others and 3) associate with the related issues of family activities and socioeconomic difficulties that contribute to depression. Methods The ...
Previous literature has produced inconclusive evidence on the link between microcredit and women’... more Previous literature has produced inconclusive evidence on the link between microcredit and women’s empowerment. This study, therefore, has re-visited the issue by conducting a household survey in the 4 districts of Bangladesh to examine whether microcredit is really empowering. In doing so, we have done a thorough review of the previous literature. Our results from the logistic regression indicate that microfinance has actually increased women’s empowerment in Bangladesh. We have found positive impact of most of the selected indicators on women’s empowerment. However, for achieving full benefit of microfinance in empowering women it must be supplemented by a significant amount of skills training and educational opportunities for these poor women and intensive awareness campaigns with an integrated approach.
Background Over four million people in Australia have some form of disability, of whom 2.1 millio... more Background Over four million people in Australia have some form of disability, of whom 2.1 million are of working age. This paper estimates the costs of disability in Australia using the standard-of-living approach. This approach defines the cost of disability as additional income required for people with a disability to achieve a similar living standard to those without a disability. We analyse data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey using a hybrid panel data model. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the costs of disability in Australia using a high quality, large, nationally-representative longitudinal data set. Methods This study estimates the costs of disability in Australia by using the Standard of Living (SoL) and a dynamic model approach. It examines the dynamics of disability and income by using lagged disability and income status. The study also controls for unobserved individual heterogeneity and endogen...
SummaryThis paper examines the impact of childhood malnutrition on schooling performance in rural... more SummaryThis paper examines the impact of childhood malnutrition on schooling performance in rural Bangladesh. The results reveal that malnourished children are less likely to enrol in school on time and achieve an age-appropriate grade by 26 percentage points and 31 percentage points, respectively. Other important determinants of schooling outcomes include infrastructure and education level of parents. One major contribution of this paper is the control for the endogeneity of malnutrition status, which otherwise might lead to bias estimates.
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Papers by Rasheda Khanam